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HTTP/3
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<h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>HTTP/3 originates from an <a href="/facts/Internet_Draft/h13QYxXa">Internet Draft</a> adopted by the QUIC working group. The original proposal was named "HTTP/2 Semantics Using The QUIC Transport Protocol",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> and later renamed "Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) over QUIC".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p><p>On 28 October 2018 in a mailing list discussion, Mark Nottingham, Chair of the <a href="/facts/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force/tIcCsFhX">IETF</a> HTTP and QUIC Working Groups, proposed renaming HTTP-over-QUIC to HTTP/3, to "clearly identify it as another binding of HTTP semantics to the wire protocol [...] so people understand its separation from QUIC".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> Nottingham's proposal was accepted by fellow IETF members a few days later. The HTTP working group was chartered to assist the QUIC working group during the design of HTTP/3, then assume responsibility for maintenance after publication.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> </p><p>Support for HTTP/3 was added to <a href="/facts/Google_Chrome/4INfWq37">Chrome</a> (Canary build) in September 2019 and then eventually reached stable builds, but was disabled by a feature flag. It was enabled by default in April 2020.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> Firefox added support for HTTP/3 in November 2019 through a feature flag<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> and started enabling it by default in April 2021 in Firefox 88.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> Experimental support for HTTP/3 was added to Safari Technology Preview on April 8, 2020<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> and was included with Safari 14 that ships with <a href="/facts/IOS_14/byEDcEJ3">iOS 14</a> and <a href="/facts/MacOS_11/RV8pCK4d">macOS 11</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> but it's still disabled by default as of Safari 16, on both macOS and iOS. </p><p>On 6 June 2022, <a href="/facts/IETF/tIcCsFhX">IETF</a> published HTTP/3 as a <a href="/facts/Proposed_Standard/LT6VEfhg">Proposed Standard</a> in <a href="/facts/RFC_(identifier)/esftTvE7">RFC</a> <a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9114">9114</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="comparison-with-http11-and-http2">Comparison with HTTP/1.1 and HTTP/2</h2> <p>HTTP semantics are consistent across versions: the same <a href="/facts/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol/TWtvf7JD">request methods</a>, <a href="/facts/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol/TWtvf7JD">status codes</a>, and <a href="/facts/List_of_HTTP_header_fields/hEkcQe2f">message fields</a> are typically applicable to all versions. The differences are in the mapping of these semantics to underlying transports. Both <a href="/facts/HTTP/1.1/TWtvf7JD">HTTP/1.1</a> and <a href="/facts/HTTP/2/L7V7rfeP">HTTP/2</a> use <a href="/facts/Transmission_Control_Protocol/WW4sPrt9">TCP</a> as their transport. HTTP/3 uses <a href="/facts/QUIC/nQt0oLRW">QUIC</a>, a <a href="/facts/Transport_layer/UmIGUCeK">transport layer</a> <a href="/facts/Network_protocol/5uady7cB">network protocol</a> which uses <a href="/facts/User_space/0yIzMY8t">user space</a> <a href="/facts/Congestion_control/9ohkRMso">congestion control</a> over the <a href="/facts/User_Datagram_Protocol/dxLU0D6q">User Datagram Protocol</a> (UDP). The switch to QUIC aims to fix a major problem of HTTP/2 called "<a href="/facts/Head-of-line_blocking/jJ6X5ufJ">head-of-line blocking</a>": because the parallel nature of HTTP/2's multiplexing is not visible to TCP's <a href="/facts/Packet_loss/6fuIcFHk">loss recovery mechanisms</a>, a lost or reordered <a href="/facts/Network_packet/xCYf8SJu">packet</a> causes all active <a href="/facts/Transaction_processing/Q0WHeD9R">transactions</a> to experience a stall regardless of whether that transaction was impacted by the lost packet. Because QUIC provides native multiplexing, lost packets only impact the streams where data has been lost. </p><p>Proposed <a href="/facts/Domain_Name_System/rfxdWFsj">DNS resource records</a> SVCB (service binding) and HTTPS would allow connecting without first receiving the Alt-Svc header via previous HTTP versions, therefore removing the 1 RTT of handshaking of TCP.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> There is client support for HTTPS resource records since Firefox 92, iOS 14, reported Safari 14 support, and Chromium supports it behind a flag.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="implementations">Implementations</h2> <h3>Client</h3> Browser support for HTTP/3<table><tbody><tr><th>Browser</th><th colspan="2">Version implemented (disabled by default)</th><th colspan="2">Version shipped (enabled by default)</th><th>Comment</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Google_Chrome/4INfWq37">Chrome</a></td><td>Stable build (79)</td><td>December 2019</td><td>87<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a></td><td>April 2020<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a></td><td>Earlier versions implemented other drafts of QUIC</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Microsoft_Edge/BGoJEFX9">Edge</a></td><td>Stable build (79)</td><td>December 2019</td><td>87</td><td>April 2020</td><td>Edge 79 was the first version based on Chromium</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Firefox/xez2zv8H">Firefox</a></td><td>Stable build (72.0.1)</td><td>January 2020</td><td>88<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a></td><td>April 2021<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Safari_(web_browser)/9R8v7tNl">Safari</a></td><td>Stable build (14.0)</td><td>September 2020</td><td>16.4</td><td>March 2023</td><td>Apple is testing HTTP/3 support on some Safari users starting with Safari 16.4.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Libraries</h3> <p><a href="/facts/Open-source_software/HzTaB8E9">Open-source</a> <a href="/facts/Library_(computing)/xRzL3P7q">libraries</a> that implement client or server logic for QUIC and HTTP/3 include<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> </p> Libraries implementing HTTP/3<table><tbody><tr><th>Name</th><th>Client</th><th>Server</th><th>Programming language</th><th>Company</th><th>Repository</th></tr><tr><td>lsquic</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>C</td><td><a href="/facts/LiteSpeed/Mfa85jNb">LiteSpeed</a></td><td><a href="https://github.com/litespeedtech/lsquic">https://github.com/litespeedtech/lsquic</a></td></tr><tr><td>nghttp3</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>C</td><td></td><td><a href="https://github.com/ngtcp2/nghttp3">https://github.com/ngtcp2/nghttp3</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/H2O_(web_server)/Lzc25Dfw">h2o</a></td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>C</td><td></td><td><a href="https://github.com/h2o/h2o">https://github.com/h2o/h2o</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/CURL/01m2dW2j">libcurl</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a></td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>C</td><td></td><td><a href="https://github.com/curl/curl">https://github.com/curl/curl</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/MsQuic/vgGvmlte">MsQuic</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a></td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>C</td><td><a href="/facts/Microsoft/nGIDDXdx">Microsoft</a></td><td><a href="https://github.com/microsoft/msquic">https://github.com/microsoft/msquic</a></td></tr><tr><td>proxygen</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>C++</td><td><a href="/facts/Facebook/0IhXFR6u">Facebook</a></td><td><a href="https://github.com/facebook/proxygen#quic-and-http3">https://github.com/facebook/proxygen#quic-and-http3</a></td></tr><tr><td>Cronet</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>C++</td><td><a href="/facts/Google/GT9Sugza">Google</a></td><td><a href="https://github.com/chromium/chromium/tree/main/net/quic">https://github.com/chromium/chromium/tree/main/net/quic</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/.NET/PDMQdfFu">.NET</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a></td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>C# (using MsQuic)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Microsoft/nGIDDXdx">Microsoft</a></td><td><a href="https://github.com/dotnet">https://github.com/dotnet</a></td></tr><tr><td>quic-go</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Go</td><td></td><td><a href="https://github.com/quic-go/quic-go">https://github.com/quic-go/quic-go</a></td></tr><tr><td>http3</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Haskell</td><td></td><td><a href="https://github.com/kazu-yamamoto/http3">https://github.com/kazu-yamamoto/http3</a></td></tr><tr><td>Kwik</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Java</td><td></td><td><a href="https://github.com/ptrd/kwik">https://github.com/ptrd/kwik</a></td></tr><tr><td>Flupke</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Java</td><td></td><td><a href="https://bitbucket.org/pjtr/flupke">https://bitbucket.org/pjtr/flupke</a></td></tr><tr><td>aioquic</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Python</td><td></td><td><a href="https://github.com/aiortc/aioquic">https://github.com/aiortc/aioquic</a></td></tr><tr><td>quiche</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Rust</td><td><a href="/facts/Cloudflare/CmQr5dy4">Cloudflare</a></td><td><a href="https://github.com/cloudflare/quiche">https://github.com/cloudflare/quiche</a></td></tr><tr><td>neqo</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Rust</td><td><a href="/facts/Mozilla/FevL9Itn">Mozilla</a></td><td><a href="https://github.com/mozilla/neqo">https://github.com/mozilla/neqo</a></td></tr><tr><td>quinn</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Rust</td><td></td><td><a href="https://github.com/quinn-rs/quinn">https://github.com/quinn-rs/quinn</a></td></tr><tr><td>s2n-quic</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Rust</td><td><a href="/facts/Amazon_Web_Services/UFVN2796">Amazon Web Services</a></td><td><a href="https://github.com/aws/s2n-quic">https://github.com/aws/s2n-quic</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Server</h3> <ul><li>On 7 June 2021, <a href="/facts/LiteSpeed_Web_Server/Mfa85jNb">LiteSpeed Web Server</a> (and OpenLiteSpeed) 6.0.2 was released and became the first version to enable HTTP/3 by default.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Caddy_(web_server)/72MsLBP6">Caddy</a> web server v2.6.0 (released 20 September 2022) has HTTP/3 enabled by default.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nginx/AlTYUuTp">Nginx</a> supports HTTP/3 since 1.25.0 (released 23 May 2023). A technology preview of nginx with HTTP/3 support was released in June 2020.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> Binary packages of nginx with HTTP/3 support have been released in February 2023.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a></li> <li>Cloudflare distributes a patch for nginx that integrates the quiche HTTP/3 library into it.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Internet_Information_Services/nqmfJr3T">Microsoft IIS</a> support for HTTP/3 is enabled natively with Windows Server 2022/Windows 11.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/HAProxy/152UEPQP">HAProxy</a> supports HTTP/3 over QUIC since version 2.6 released on 31 May 2022.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nimble_Streamer/F6Qpetb8">Nimble Streamer</a> supports HTTP/3 since 4.1.8-1<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a> for HTTP-based protocols.</li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul> <li>Internet portal</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Fast_and_Secure_Protocol/al49t53t">Fast and Secure Protocol</a> – Terminal command scheme used to transfer data</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://httpwg.org/specs/rfc9114.html">Official website</a> </li> <li><a href="https://github.com/quicwg">IETF QUIC Working Group</a> on <a href="/facts/GitHub/n1hNCsc3">GitHub</a></li> <li><a href="https://http3-explained.haxx.se/">HTTP/3 explained</a> (<a href="/facts/Daniel_Stenberg/ukAoQWYY">Daniel Stenberg</a>)</li> <li><a href="https://caniuse.com/http3">HTTP/3 on canIuse.com</a></li> <li><a href="https://github.com/quicwg/base-drafts/wiki/Implementations">List of QUIC implementations on the IETF QUIC Working Group Wiki</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>V. Cerf; Y. Dalal; C. Sunshine (December 1974). SPECIFICATION OF INTERNET TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROGRAM. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC0675. RFC 675. Obsolete. Obsoleted by RFC 7805. NIC 2. INWG 72. <a href="/wiki/Vinton_Cerf" target="_blank">/wiki/Vinton_Cerf</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>J. Iyengar; M. Thomson, eds. (May 2021). QUIC: A UDP-Based Multiplexed and Secure Transport. Internet Engineering Task Force. doi:10.17487/RFC9000. ISSN 2070-1721. RFC 9000. Proposed Standard. <a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9000" target="_blank">https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9000</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"What is HTTP/3?". Cloudflare. Archived from the original on 4 July 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2022. <a href="https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/performance/what-is-http3/" target="_blank">https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/performance/what-is-http3/</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Perna, Gianluca; Trevisan, Martino; Giordano, Danilo; Drago, Idilio (1 April 2022). "A first look at HTTP/3 adoption and performance". Computer Communications. 187: 115–124. doi:10.1016/j.comcom.2022.02.005. hdl:11368/3025202. ISSN 0140-3664. S2CID 246936473. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140366422000421" target="_blank">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140366422000421</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"HTTP/3 is Fast". Request Metrics. Retrieved 1 July 2022. <a href="https://requestmetrics.com/web-performance/http3-is-fast" target="_blank">https://requestmetrics.com/web-performance/http3-is-fast</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>""HTTP/3" | Can I use... Support tables for HTML5, CSS3, etc". canIuse.com. Retrieved 11 August 2024. <a href="https://caniuse.com/http3" target="_blank">https://caniuse.com/http3</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"Usage of HTTP/3 for websites". World Wide Web Technology Surveys. W3Techs. Retrieved 11 August 2024. <a href="https://w3techs.com/technologies/details/ce-http3" target="_blank">https://w3techs.com/technologies/details/ce-http3</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"Enabling QUIC in tip-of-tree". groups.google.com. Retrieved 8 April 2021. <a href="https://groups.google.com/a/chromium.org/g/net-dev/c/5M9Z5mtvg_Y/m/iw9co1VrBQAJ" target="_blank">https://groups.google.com/a/chromium.org/g/net-dev/c/5M9Z5mtvg_Y/m/iw9co1VrBQAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>""HTTP/3" | Can I use... Support tables for HTML5, CSS3, etc". canIuse.com. Retrieved 11 August 2024. <a href="https://caniuse.com/http3" target="_blank">https://caniuse.com/http3</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Damjanovic, Dragana (16 April 2021). "QUIC and HTTP/3 Support now in Firefox Nightly and Beta". Mozilla Hacks – the Web developer blog. Retrieved 17 April 2021. <a href="https://hacks.mozilla.org/2021/04/quic-and-http-3-support-now-in-firefox-nightly-and-beta" target="_blank">https://hacks.mozilla.org/2021/04/quic-and-http-3-support-now-in-firefox-nightly-and-beta</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"Safari 14 Release Notes". developer.apple.com. Retrieved 4 December 2020. <a href="https://developer.apple.com/documentation/safari-release-notes/safari-14-release-notes" target="_blank">https://developer.apple.com/documentation/safari-release-notes/safari-14-release-notes</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Shade, Robbie (8 July 2016). HTTP/2 Semantics Using The QUIC Transport Protocol. IETF. I-D draft-shade-quic-http2-mapping. <a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-shade-quic-http2-mapping" target="_blank">https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-shade-quic-http2-mapping</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Cimpanu, Catalin (12 November 2018). "HTTP-over-QUIC to be renamed HTTP/3". ZDNet. Retrieved 12 November 2018. <a href="https://www.zdnet.com/article/http-over-quic-to-be-renamed-http3/" target="_blank">https://www.zdnet.com/article/http-over-quic-to-be-renamed-http3/</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Nottingham, Mark (28 October 2018). "Identifying our deliverables". IETF Mail Archive. <a href="https://mailarchive.ietf.org/arch/msg/quic/RLRs4nB1lwFCZ_7k0iuz0ZBa35s" target="_blank">https://mailarchive.ietf.org/arch/msg/quic/RLRs4nB1lwFCZ_7k0iuz0ZBa35s</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>"Hypertext Transfer Protocol Charter". ietf.org. Retrieved 2 September 2020. <a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/charter-ietf-httpbis/08/" target="_blank">https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/charter-ietf-httpbis/08/</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>"Enabling QUIC in tip-of-tree". groups.google.com. Retrieved 8 April 2021. <a href="https://groups.google.com/a/chromium.org/g/net-dev/c/5M9Z5mtvg_Y/m/iw9co1VrBQAJ" target="_blank">https://groups.google.com/a/chromium.org/g/net-dev/c/5M9Z5mtvg_Y/m/iw9co1VrBQAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>""HTTP/3" | Can I use... Support tables for HTML5, CSS3, etc". canIuse.com. 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