Swami Vivekananda

<h2 id="early-life-18631888">Early life (1863–1888)</h2>

<h3>Birth and childhood</h3>

Vivekananda was born as Narendranath Datta (name shortened to Narendra or Naren)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> in a <a href="/facts/Bengali_Kayastha/1Y4NJ829">Bengali Kayastha</a> family<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a> in his ancestral home at <a href="/facts/Ramakrishna_Mission_Swami_Vivekananda%2527s_Ancestral_House_and_Cultural_Centre/QIENhVdr">3 Gourmohan Mukherjee Street</a> in Calcutta,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a> the capital of British India, on 12 January 1863 during the <a href="/facts/Makar_Sankranti/xFIwVQ3P">Makar Sankranti</a> festival.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a> He was one of nine siblings.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a> His father, <a href="/facts/Vishwanath_Datta/qjlvbg7Y">Vishwanath Datta</a>, was an attorney at the <a href="/facts/Calcutta_High_Court/h5yug2Kr">Calcutta High Court</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a> Durgacharan Datta, Narendra's grandfather was a <a href="/facts/Sanskrit/ychfjhlx">Sanskrit</a> and <a href="/facts/Persian_language/jfUYbHbt">Persian</a> scholar<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a> who left his family and became a monk at age twenty-five.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a> His mother, Bhubaneswari Devi, was a devout housewife.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a> The progressive, rational attitude of Narendra's father and the religious temperament of his mother helped shape his thinking and personality.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a> Narendranath was interested in spirituality from a young age and used to <a href="/facts/Meditation/mlU2nUt7">meditate</a> before the images of deities such as <a href="/facts/Shiva/SaHL5XBS">Shiva</a>, <a href="/facts/Rama/0FUIok3H">Rama</a>, <a href="/facts/Sita/V8oYDKKE">Sita</a>, and <a href="/facts/Hanuman/KnG1RY1m">Hanuman</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a> He was fascinated by wandering ascetics and monks.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a> Narendra was mischievous and restless as a child, and his parents often had difficulty controlling him. His mother said, "I prayed to Shiva for a son and he has sent me one of his demons".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a>

<h3>Education </h3>
In 1871, at the age of eight, Narendranath enrolled at Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar's <a href="/facts/Vidyasagar_College/zgIn1g7J">Metropolitan Institution</a>, where he went to school until his family moved to <a href="/facts/Raipur/3cWJrofI">Raipur</a> in 1877.[30] In 1879, after his family's return to Calcutta, he was the only student to receive first-division marks in the <a href="/facts/Presidency_University%2c_Kolkata/scBI67K7">Presidency College</a> entrance examination.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a> He was an avid reader in a wide range of subjects, including philosophy, religion, history, social science, art and literature.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a> He was also interested in <a href="/facts/Hindu_texts/ItJyVEyn">Hindu scriptures</a>, including the <a href="/facts/Vedas/yQgc8B2x">Vedas</a>, the <a href="/facts/Upanishads/hr64Hhdn">Upanishads</a>, the <a href="/facts/Bhagavad_Gita/hMnHVqcD">Bhagavad Gita</a>, the <a href="/facts/Ramayana/z2DykxzF">Ramayana</a>, the <a href="/facts/Mahabharata/EKbN9XwS">Mahabharata</a> and the <a href="/facts/Puranas/AQ7FeRsA">Puranas</a>. Narendra was trained in <a href="/facts/Indian_classical_music/u74W31Gw">Indian classical music</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a> and regularly participated in physical exercise, sports and organised activities. He studied Western logic, <a href="/facts/Western_philosophy/4m6EnYCI">Western philosophy</a> and <a href="/facts/History_of_Europe/UwUVuaUH">European history</a> at the <a href="/facts/Scottish_Church_College%2c_Calcutta/8YWvdgGW">General Assembly's Institution</a> (now known as the Scottish Church College).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a> In 1881, he passed the <a href="/facts/Fine_art/eCVxehXE">Fine Arts</a> examination, and completed a <a href="/facts/Bachelor_of_Arts/2pa1nwfR">Bachelor of Arts</a> degree in 1884.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a> Narendra studied the works of <a href="/facts/David_Hume/aTwlJ80V">David Hume</a>, <a href="/facts/Immanuel_Kant/vIxjdy6I">Immanuel Kant</a>, <a href="/facts/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte/s44rX8qD">Johann Gottlieb Fichte</a>, <a href="/facts/Baruch_Spinoza/CB9g9BbG">Baruch Spinoza</a>, <a href="/facts/Georg_W._F._Hegel/5NXGjvSb">Georg W. F. Hegel</a>, <a href="/facts/Arthur_Schopenhauer/pYt2cRmc">Arthur Schopenhauer</a>, <a href="/facts/Auguste_Comte/Jr0EkS1q">Auguste Comte</a>, <a href="/facts/John_Stuart_Mill/0QxUR9l7">John Stuart Mill</a> and <a href="/facts/Charles_Darwin/uwDLGItY">Charles Darwin</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a> He became fascinated with the <a href="/facts/Evolutionism/Mrl8xAkT">evolutionism</a> of <a href="/facts/Herbert_Spencer/d1qsSq4r">Herbert Spencer</a> and corresponded with him.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a> He translated Spencer's book Education (1861) into Bengali.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a> While studying Western philosophers, he also learned Sanskrit scriptures and <a href="/facts/Bengali_literature/8BI4kNxC">Bengali literature</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a>
<a href="/facts/William_Hastie/SIpCq2to">William Hastie</a> (the principal of Christian College, Calcutta, from where Narendra graduated) wrote of him: "Narendra is really a genius. I have travelled far and wide but I have never come across a lad of his talents and possibilities, even in German universities, among philosophical students. He is bound to make his mark in life".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a> He was known for his prodigious memory and speed reading ability, and a number of anecdotes attest to this.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a> Some accounts have called Narendra a shrutidhara (a person with a prodigious memory).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a>

<h3>Initial spiritual forays</h3>
See also: <a href="/facts/Swami_Vivekananda_and_meditation/RgRq74HU">Swami Vivekananda and meditation</a>
In 1880, Narendra joined <a href="/facts/Keshab_Chandra_Sen/g0cFGwuu">Keshab Chandra Sen</a>'s <a href="/facts/Nava_Vidhan/g0cFGwuu">Nava Vidhan</a>, which was established by Sen after meeting <a href="/facts/Ramakrishna/5av3DLgM">Ramakrishna Paramahamsa</a> and reconverting from Christianity to Hinduism.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a> Narendra became a member of a <a href="/facts/Freemasonry/zgLC9973">Freemasonry</a> lodge "at some point before 1884"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a> and of the <a href="/facts/Sadharan_Brahmo_Samaj/pumATwDk">Sadharan Brahmo Samaj</a> in his twenties, a breakaway faction of the <a href="/facts/Brahmo_Samaj/ECeGbPem">Brahmo Samaj</a> led by <a href="/facts/Keshab_Chandra_Sen/g0cFGwuu">Keshab Chandra Sen</a> and <a href="/facts/Debendranath_Tagore/JW7Nks8H">Debendranath Tagore</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51">51</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52">52</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53">53</a> From 1881 to 1884, he was also active in Sen's <a href="/facts/Band_of_Hope/G5btmlFE">Band of Hope</a>, which tried to discourage youths from smoking and drinking.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54">54</a>
It was in this cultic milieu that Narendra became acquainted with Western <a href="/facts/Western_esotericism/AW5dDFh1">esotericism</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55">55</a> His initial beliefs were shaped by Brahmo concepts, which denounced polytheism and caste restrictions,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56">56</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57">57</a> and proposed a "streamlined, rationalized, monotheistic theology strongly coloured by a selective and modernistic reading of the Upanisads and of the Vedanta."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58">58</a> <a href="/facts/Ram_Mohan_Roy/6Gyla8K2">Rammohan Roy</a>, the founder of the Brahmo Samaj who was strongly influenced by <a href="/facts/Unitarianism/34Ix8PPh">unitarianism</a>, strove towards a <a href="/facts/Universalism/KWh6A8Cl">universalistic</a> interpretation of Hinduism.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59">59</a> His ideas were "altered [...] considerably" by Debendranath Tagore, who had a <a href="/facts/Romanticism/lfG31kE3">romantic</a> approach to the development of these new doctrines, and questioned central Hindu beliefs like reincarnation and karma, and rejected the authority of the Vedas.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60">60</a> Tagore, and later Sen, also brought this "neo-Hinduism" closer in line with western <a href="/facts/Western_esotericism/AW5dDFh1">esotericism</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61">61</a> Sen was influenced by <a href="/facts/Transcendentalism/wVGXKSI6">transcendentalism</a>, an American philosophical-religious movement strongly connected with unitarianism, which emphasised personal <a href="/facts/Religious_experience/QY5LYzon">religious experience</a> over mere reasoning and <a href="/facts/Theology/N71Fyw2M">theology</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62">62</a> Sen's focus on creating "an accessible, non-renunciatory, everyman type of spirituality" that introduced "lay systems of spiritual practice" was an influence on the teachings Vivekananda later popularised in the west.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63">63</a>
Not satisfied with his knowledge of philosophy, Narendra came to "the question which marked the real beginning of his intellectual quest for God."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64">64</a> He asked several prominent Calcutta residents if they had come "face to face with God", but none of their answers satisfied him.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65">65</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66">66</a> At this time, Narendra met Debendranath Tagore (the leader of Brahmo Samaj) and asked if he had seen God. Instead of answering his question, Tagore said, "My boy, you have the <a href="/facts/Yogi/juLpk6k8">Yogi</a>'s eyes."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67">67</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68">68</a> According to Banhatti, it was Ramakrishna who first truly answered Narendra's question, by saying "Yes, I see Him as I see you, only in an infinitely intenser sense."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69">69</a> De Michelis, however, suggests that Vivekananda was more influenced by the Brahmo Samaj and its new ideas than by Ramakrishna.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70">70</a> According to De Michelis, it was Sen's influence that brought Vivekananda fully into contact with western esotericism, and it was via Sen that he met Ramakrishna.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71">71</a> <a href="/facts/Swami_Medhananda/hx15n7sn">Swami Medhananda</a> agrees that the Brahmo Samaj was a formative influence,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72">72</a> but affirms that "it was Narendra's momentous encounter with Ramakrishna that changed the course of his life by turning him away from Brahmoism."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73">73</a>

<h3>Meeting Ramakrishna</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Relationship_between_Ramakrishna_and_Swami_Vivekananda/36MWGm9X">Relationship between Ramakrishna and Swami Vivekananda</a>
See also: <a href="/facts/Swami_Vivekananda%2527s_prayer_to_Kali_at_Dakshineswar/53htleNQ">Swami Vivekananda's prayer to Kali at Dakshineswar</a>
Narendra first met Ramakrishna in 1881. When Narendra's father died in 1884, Ramakrishna became his primary spiritual focus.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74">74</a>
Narendra's introduction to Ramakrishna occurred in a literature class at General Assembly's Institution, when Professor William Hastie was lecturing on <a href="/facts/William_Wordsworth/ISecKTd9">William Wordsworth</a>'s poem, <a href="/facts/The_Excursion/p106m67J">The Excursion</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75">75</a> While explaining the word "trance" in the poem, Hastie suggested that his students visit Ramakrishna of <a href="/facts/Dakshineswar/LIH9pbB8">Dakshineswar</a> to understand the true meaning of trance. This prompted Narendra, among others in the class, to visit Ramakrishna.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76">76</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77">77</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78">78</a>
They probably first met personally in November 1881,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79">79</a> though Narendra did not consider this their first meeting, and neither man mentioned this meeting later.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80">80</a> At the time, Narendra was preparing for his upcoming F. A. examination. <a href="/facts/Ram_Chandra_Datta/ey3kml96">Ram Chandra Datta</a> accompanied him to <a href="/facts/Surendra_Nath_Mitra/nr0Aq2XL">Surendra Nath Mitra</a>'s house where Ramakrishna had been invited to deliver a lecture.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81">81</a> According to Makarand Paranjape, at this meeting Ramakrishna asked Narendra to sing. Impressed by his talent, he asked Narendra to come to Dakshineshwar.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82">82</a>
Narendra went to Dakshineswar in late 1881 or early 1882 and met Ramakrishna.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83">83</a> This meeting proved to be a turning point in his life.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84">84</a> Although he did not initially accept Ramakrishna as his teacher and rebelled against his ideas, he was attracted by his personality and frequently visited him.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85">85</a> He initially saw Ramakrishna's ecstasies and visions as "mere figments of imagination"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86">86</a> and "hallucinations".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87">87</a> As a member of Brahmo Samaj, he opposed idol worship, <a href="/facts/Polytheism/zxpjmWbq">polytheism</a>, and Ramakrishna's worship of <a href="/facts/Kali/00Jylv53">Kali</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88">88</a> He even rejected the <a href="/facts/Advaita_Vedanta/7Md58suk">Advaita Vedanta</a> teaching of "identity with the absolute" as blasphemy and madness, and often ridiculed the idea.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89">89</a> Ramakrishna was unperturbed and advised him: "Try to see the truth from all angles".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90">90</a>
Narendra's father's sudden death in 1884 left the family bankrupt; creditors began demanding the repayment of loans, and relatives threatened to evict the family from their ancestral home. Once the son of a well-to-do family, Narendra became one of the poorest students in his college.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91">91</a> His attempts to find work were unsuccessful. He questioned God's existence,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92">92</a> but found solace in Ramakrishna, and his visits to Dakshineswar increased.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93">93</a>
One day, Narendra asked Ramakrishna to pray to the goddess Kali for his family's financial welfare. Ramakrishna instead suggested he go to the temple himself and pray. Narendra went to the temple three times, but did not pray for any kind of worldly necessities. He ultimately prayed for true knowledge and devotion from the goddess.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94">94</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95">95</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96">96</a> He gradually became ready to renounce everything for the sake of realising God, and accepted Ramakrishna as his <a href="/facts/Guru/FEoxB7Le">Guru</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97">97</a>
In 1885, Ramakrishna developed <a href="/facts/Head_and_neck_cancer/v8T8bNs7">throat cancer</a>. He was transferred to Calcutta and then to a garden house in <a href="/facts/Cossipore/NjzH4tfo">Cossipore</a>. Narendra and Ramakrishna's <a href="/facts/Disciples_of_Ramakrishna/vhtde82M">other disciples</a> took care of him during his last days, and Narendra's spiritual education continued. At Cossipore, he experienced <a href="/facts/Nirvikalpa/3C2UUUkN">Nirvikalpa</a> <a href="/facts/Samadhi/3C2UUUkN">samadhi</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98">98</a> Narendra and several other disciples received <a href="/facts/Ochre/5ehfU8lA">ochre</a> robes from Ramakrishna, forming his first monastic order.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99">99</a> He was taught that service to men was the most effective worship of God.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100">100</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101">101</a> Ramakrishna asked him to take care of the other monastic disciples, and likewise asked them to see Narendra as their leader.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102">102</a> Ramakrishna died in the early morning hours of 16 August 1886 in Cossipore.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103">103</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104">104</a>

<h3>Founding of Ramakrishna Math</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Baranagar_Math/f6zIeudM">Baranagar Math</a>
After Ramakrishna's death, support from devotees and admirers diminished. Unpaid rent accumulated, forcing Narendra and the other disciples to look for a new place to live.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105">105</a> Many returned home, adopting a <a href="/facts/Grihastha/A0uDCcCS">Grihastha</a> (family-oriented) way of life.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106">106</a> Narendra decided to convert a dilapidated house at <a href="/facts/Baranagar/vHwRVoFY">Baranagar</a> into a new math (monastery) for the remaining disciples. Rent for the Baranagar Math was low, and was raised by mādhukarī (holy begging). It became the first building of the <a href="/facts/Ramakrishna_Math/q8en31aB">Ramakrishna Math</a>, the monastery of the <a href="/facts/Monasticism/f0IhfXxb">monastic order</a> of <a href="/facts/Ramakrishna/5av3DLgM">Ramakrishna</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107">107</a> Narendra and other disciples used to spend many hours practicing <a href="/facts/Meditation/mlU2nUt7">meditation</a> and religious austerities every day.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108">108</a> Narendra recalled the early days of practice in the monastery:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109">109</a>

<blockquote>We used to get up at 3:00 am and become absorbed in <a href="/facts/Japa/RmMElcfv">japa</a> and meditation. What a strong spirit of detachment we had in those days! We had no thought even as to whether the world existed or not.</blockquote>
In 1887, Narendra compiled a Bengali song anthology named <a href="/facts/Sangeet_Kalpataru/UL9d3nfG">Sangeet Kalpataru</a> with Vaishnav Charan Basak. Narendra collected and arranged most of the songs in this compilation, but unfavourable circumstances prevented its completion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110">110</a>

<h3>Monastic vows</h3>
In December 1886, the mother of one of the monks, Baburam, invited Narendra and his brother monks to <a href="/facts/Antpur/W6rTQY5c">Antpur</a> village. In Antpur, on the Christmas Eve of 1886, the 23 year old Narendra and eight other disciples took formal monastic vows at the Radha Gobinda Jiu temple.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111">111</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112">112</a> They decided to live their lives as their master lived.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113">113</a>

<h2 id="travels-in-india-18881893">Travels in India (1888–1893)</h2>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Swami_Vivekananda%2527s_travels_in_India_(1888%25E2%2580%25931893)/K2oLs2g8">Swami Vivekananda's travels in India (1888–1893)</a>
In 1888, Narendra left the monastery as a Parivrâjaka – a wandering monk, "without fixed abode, without ties, independent and strangers wherever they go".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114">114</a> His sole possessions were a <a href="/facts/Kamandalu/pCesUSn8">kamandalu</a> (water pot), staff and his two favourite books: the <a href="/facts/Bhagavad_Gita/hMnHVqcD">Bhagavad Gita</a> and <a href="/facts/The_Imitation_of_Christ/o6uMMyRm">The Imitation of Christ</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115">115</a> Narendra travelled extensively in India for five years, visiting centres of learning and acquainting himself with diverse religious traditions and social patterns.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116">116</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117">117</a> He developed sympathy for the suffering and poverty of the people, and resolved to uplift the nation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:118" href="#fn:118">118</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:119" href="#fn:119">119</a> Living primarily on <a href="/facts/Bhiksha/3rxS0mPb">bhiksha</a> (alms), he travelled on foot and by railway. During his travels he met and stayed with Indians from all religions and walks of life: scholars, <a href="/facts/Dewans/YYNDXoRc">dewans</a>, <a href="/facts/Raja/db0wbaMT">rajas</a>, Hindus, Muslims, Christians, <a href="/facts/Paraiyar/NKTRWTdK">paraiyars</a> (low-caste workers) and government officials.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:120" href="#fn:120">120</a> On the suggestion of his patron, friend and disciple Raja <a href="/facts/Ajit_Singh_of_Khetri/QHEAURMr">Ajit Singh of Khetri</a>, he adopted the name "Vivekananda"–a conglomerate of the Sanskrit words: <a href="/facts/Viveka/IbuYhmAv">viveka</a> and <a href="/facts/%25C4%2580nanda_(Hindu_philosophy)/lhp3RmFB">ānanda</a>, meaning "the bliss of discerning wisdom". As Vivekananda he departed <a href="/facts/Bombay/BdoEc10R">Bombay</a> for Chicago, on 31 May 1893, intending to participate in the World's Parliament of Religions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:121" href="#fn:121">121</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:122" href="#fn:122">122</a>

<h2 id="first-visit-to-the-west-18931897">First visit to the West (1893–1897)</h2>
See also: <a href="/facts/Swami_Vivekananda_at_the_Parliament_of_the_World%2527s_Religions/BxrfCxIS">Swami Vivekananda at the Parliament of the World's Religions</a>
Vivekananda visited several cities in <a href="/facts/Empire_of_Japan/gMpNKg2W">Japan</a> (including Nagasaki, Kobe, Yokohama, Osaka, Kyoto and Tokyo),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:123" href="#fn:123">123</a> <a href="/facts/Qing_Dynasty/5j6r4p5m">China</a> and <a href="/facts/Canada/D5P9yqs6">Canada</a> en route to the United States,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:124" href="#fn:124">124</a> reaching Chicago on 30 July 1893.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:125" href="#fn:125">125</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:126" href="#fn:126">126</a> The "<a href="/facts/Parliament_of_Religions/swqPTAVG">Parliament of Religions</a>" took place in September 1893.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:127" href="#fn:127">127</a> An initiative of the <a href="/facts/Swedenborgianism/aQBcWrb5">Swedenborgian</a> layman and Illinois Supreme Court judge <a href="/facts/Charles_C._Bonney/PrVf8BnK">Charles C. Bonney</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:128" href="#fn:128">128</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:129" href="#fn:129">129</a> the Congress sought to gather all the religions of the world, with the aim of showing "the substantial unity of many religions in the good deeds of the religious life."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:130" href="#fn:130">130</a> The Brahmo Samaj and the <a href="/facts/Theosophical_Society/XNh99neb">Theosophical Society</a> were invited as representative of <a href="/facts/Hinduism/oxV9YvQh">Hinduism</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:131" href="#fn:131">131</a>
Vivekananda wished to participate, but learned that only individuals with credentials from a <a href="/facts/Bona_fide/oSeufTYc">bona fide</a> organisation would be accepted as delegates.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:132" href="#fn:132">132</a> Disappointed, he contacted Professor <a href="/facts/John_Henry_Wright/lcIpuXEq">John Henry Wright</a> of <a href="/facts/Harvard_University/Lhy9L1cx">Harvard University</a>, who had invited him to speak at Harvard.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:133" href="#fn:133">133</a> Vivekananda wrote of the professor: "He urged upon me the necessity of going to the <a href="/facts/Parliament_of_Religions/swqPTAVG">Parliament of Religions</a>, which he thought would give an introduction to the nation".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:134" href="#fn:134">134</a> On hearing that Vivekananda lacked the credentials to speak at the Parliament, Wright said: "To ask for your credentials is like asking the sun to state its right to shine in the heavens".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:135" href="#fn:135">135</a> Vivekananda submitted an application introducing himself as a monk "of the oldest order of sannyāsis ... founded by Sankara".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:136" href="#fn:136">136</a> The application was supported by the Brahmo Samaj representative <a href="/facts/Protap_Chandra_Mozoomdar/vNcwC1rW">Protapchandra Mozoombar</a>, who was also a member of the Parliament's selection committee.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:137" href="#fn:137">137</a>

<h3>Parliament of the World's Religions</h3>
The Parliament of the World's Religions opened on 11 September 1893 at the <a href="/facts/Art_Institute_of_Chicago/wR8T2yev">Art Institute of Chicago</a>, as part of the <a href="/facts/World%2527s_Columbian_Exposition/L2EMHI1z">World's Columbian Exposition</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:138" href="#fn:138">138</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:139" href="#fn:139">139</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:140" href="#fn:140">140</a> On this day, Vivekananda gave a brief speech representing India and <a href="/facts/Hinduism/oxV9YvQh">Hinduism</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:141" href="#fn:141">141</a> He bowed to <a href="/facts/Saraswati/g71swLDQ">Saraswati</a> (the Hindu goddess of learning) and began his speech with "Sisters and brothers of America!".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:142" href="#fn:142">142</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:143" href="#fn:143">143</a> At these words, Vivekananda received a two-minute standing ovation from the crowd of seven thousand.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:144" href="#fn:144">144</a> When silence was restored he began his address, greeting the youngest of the nations on behalf of "the most ancient order of monks in the world, the Vedic order of sannyasins, a religion which has taught the world both tolerance and universal acceptance".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:145" href="#fn:145">145</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:146" href="#fn:146">146</a> Vivekananda quoted one illustrative passage from the "<a href="/facts/Shiva_mahimna_stotram/JvvfDsUD">Shiva mahimna stotram</a>" (Verse 7): "As the different streams having their sources in different places all mingle their water in the sea, so, O Lord, the different paths which men take, through different tendencies, various though they appear, crooked or straight, all lead to Thee!" and another from the Bhagavad Gita (4.11) "Whosoever comes to Me, through whatsoever form, I reach him; all men are struggling through paths that in the end lead to Me."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:147" href="#fn:147">147</a> According to Sailendra Nath Dhar, "it was only a short speech, but it voiced the spirit of the Parliament."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:148" href="#fn:148">148</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:149" href="#fn:149">149</a>
Parliament President <a href="/facts/John_Henry_Barrows/EBtKPuvx">John Henry Barrows</a> said, "India, the Mother of religions was represented by Swami Vivekananda, the Orange-monk who exercised the most wonderful influence over his auditors".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:150" href="#fn:150">150</a> Vivekananda attracted widespread attention in the press, which called him the "cyclonic monk from India". The New York Critique wrote, "He is an orator by divine right, and his strong, intelligent face in its picturesque setting of yellow and orange was hardly less interesting than those earnest words, and the rich, rhythmical utterance he gave them". The <a href="/facts/New_York_Herald/MUYnwRe2">New York Herald</a> noted, "Vivekananda is undoubtedly the greatest figure in the Parliament of Religions. After hearing him we feel how foolish it is to send <a href="/facts/Christian_missionary/xaxfBxWk">missionaries</a> to this learned nation".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:151" href="#fn:151">151</a> American newspapers reported Vivekananda as "the greatest figure in the parliament of religions" and "the most popular and influential man in the parliament".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:152" href="#fn:152">152</a>
The <a href="/facts/Boston_Evening_Transcript/Ymr0pzh1">Boston Evening Transcript</a> reported that Vivekananda was "a great favourite at the parliament... if he merely crosses the platform, he is applauded".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:153" href="#fn:153">153</a> He spoke several more times "at receptions, the scientific section, and private homes"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:154" href="#fn:154">154</a> on topics related to Hinduism, <a href="/facts/Buddhism/G0wsjrSl">Buddhism</a> and harmony among religions. Vivekananda's speeches at the Parliament had the common theme of universality, emphasising religious tolerance.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:155" href="#fn:155">155</a> He soon became known as a "handsome oriental" and made a huge impression as an orator.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:156" href="#fn:156">156</a> Hearing Vivekananda speak, Harvard psychology professor <a href="/facts/William_James/IdmT5LX7">William James</a> said, "that man is simply a wonder for oratorical power. He is an honor to humanity."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:157" href="#fn:157">157</a>

<h3>Lecture tours in the UK and US</h3>
After the Parliament of Religions, Vivekananda toured many parts of the US as a guest. His popularity gave him an unprecedented opportunity to communicate his views on life and religion to great numbers of people.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:158" href="#fn:158">158</a> During a question-answer session at Brooklyn Ethical Society, he remarked, "I have a message to the West as <a href="/facts/Gautama_Buddha/8UchTM1s">Buddha</a> had a message to the East." On another occasion he described his mission thus:<blockquote>I do not come to convert you to a new belief. I want you to keep your own belief; I want to make the <a href="/facts/Methodist/XXvj9D0G">Methodist</a> a better Methodist; the <a href="/facts/Presbyterian/LdbUk62a">Presbyterian</a> a better Presbyterian; the <a href="/facts/Unitarianism/34Ix8PPh">Unitarian</a> a better Unitarian. I want to teach you to live the truth, to reveal the light within your own soul.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:159" href="#fn:159">159</a></blockquote>
Vivekananda spent nearly two years lecturing in the eastern and central United States, primarily in <a href="/facts/Chicago/yPMokrXH">Chicago</a>, <a href="/facts/Detroit/wMe6MCub">Detroit</a>, <a href="/facts/Boston/exjfn6xf">Boston</a>, and <a href="/facts/New_York_City/YlyvFmVC">New York</a>. He founded the <a href="/facts/Vedanta_Society/8jyB8Mvc">Vedanta Society</a> of New York in 1894.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:160" href="#fn:160">160</a> His demanding schedule eventually began to affect his health,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:161" href="#fn:161">161</a> and in Spring 1895 he ended his lecture tours and began giving free, private classes in Vedanta and <a href="/facts/Yoga/HrhU9JdW">yoga</a>. Beginning in June 1895, he gave <a href="/facts/Inspired_Talks/QpskVzBS">private lectures</a> to a dozen of his disciples at <a href="/facts/Thousand_Island_Park%2c_New_York/nreeEWss">Thousand Island Park, New York</a> for two months.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:162" href="#fn:162">162</a> Vivekananda was offered academic positions in two American universities (one the chair in <a href="/facts/Eastern_Philosophy/nkrrXEFz">Eastern Philosophy</a> at <a href="/facts/Harvard_University/Lhy9L1cx">Harvard University</a> and a similar position at <a href="/facts/Columbia_University/Hlf1gw53">Columbia University</a>); he declined both, since his duties would conflict with his commitment as a monk.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:163" href="#fn:163">163</a>
Vivekananda travelled to the United Kingdom in 1895 and again in 1896.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:164" href="#fn:164">164</a> In November 1895 he met an Irish woman, Margaret Elizabeth Noble, who would become one of his closest disciples, known as <a href="/facts/Sister_Nivedita/7EVckUn0">Sister Nivedita</a> (a name given her by the Swami, meaning "dedicated to God").<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:165" href="#fn:165">165</a> On his second visit, in May 1896, Vivekananda met <a href="/facts/Max_M%25C3%25BCller/huQekMHa">Max Müller</a>, a noted <a href="/facts/Indologist/WJU9K3X6">Indologist</a> from <a href="/facts/Oxford_University/ExVVQL6V">Oxford University</a> who wrote Ramakrishna's first biography in the West.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:166" href="#fn:166">166</a> From the UK, he visited other European countries. In Germany, he met <a href="/facts/Paul_Deussen/qvQoF1a1">Paul Deussen</a>, another renowned Indologist.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:167" href="#fn:167">167</a>

Vivekananda's success led to a change in mission, namely the establishment of Vedanta centres in the West.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:168" href="#fn:168">168</a> He adapted traditional Hindu ideas and religiosity to suit the needs and understandings of his western audiences, who were more familiar with western esoteric traditions and movements.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:169" href="#fn:169">169</a> An important element in his adaptation of Hindu religiosity was the introduction of his "four yogas" model, based in <a href="/facts/Raja_yoga/W4d5roPL">Raja yoga</a>, which offered a practical means to realise the divine force within, a central goal of modern western esotericism.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:170" href="#fn:170">170</a> In 1896, his book <a href="/facts/Raja_Yoga_(book)/dUUMt0ja">Raja Yoga</a>, an interpretation and adaptation of <a href="/facts/Patanjali/VpekjMkK">Patanjali</a>'s <a href="/facts/Yoga_sutras/UJsCct23">Yoga sutras</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:171" href="#fn:171">171</a> was published, becoming an instant success; it became highly influential in the western understanding of <a href="/facts/Yoga/HrhU9JdW">yoga</a>, in <a href="/facts/Elizabeth_de_Michelis/h9CGhQhp">Elizabeth de Michelis</a>'s view marking the beginning of <a href="/facts/Modern_yoga/5hBB6Cyf">modern yoga</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:172" href="#fn:172">172</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:173" href="#fn:173">173</a>
Vivekananda attracted followers and admirers in the US and Europe, including <a href="/facts/Josephine_MacLeod/mzjJzJ2S">Josephine MacLeod</a>, <a href="/facts/Betty_Leggett/F6bqx8A7">Betty Leggett</a>, <a href="/facts/Alberta_Montagu%2c_Countess_of_Sandwich/0mw2tozF">Lady Sandwich</a>, <a href="/facts/William_James/IdmT5LX7">William James</a>, <a href="/facts/Josiah_Royce/Lg0ze3e8">Josiah Royce</a>, <a href="/facts/Robert_G._Ingersoll/lzKGR6Xr">Robert G. Ingersoll</a>, <a href="/facts/Lord_Kelvin/LTIxG1jV">Lord Kelvin</a>, <a href="/facts/Harriet_Monroe/3yUlAxly">Harriet Monroe</a>, <a href="/facts/Ella_Wheeler_Wilcox/dSrabqWx">Ella Wheeler Wilcox</a>, <a href="/facts/Sarah_Bernhardt/0Ekaxn4v">Sarah Bernhardt</a>, <a href="/facts/Nikola_Tesla/MzqGhnkj">Nikola Tesla</a>, <a href="/facts/Emma_Calv%25C3%25A9/VAhIuNIk">Emma Calvé</a> and <a href="/facts/Hermann_Ludwig_Ferdinand_von_Helmholtz/oFISedae">Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:174" href="#fn:174">174</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:175" href="#fn:175">175</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:176" href="#fn:176">176</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:177" href="#fn:177">177</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:178" href="#fn:178">178</a> He initiated several followers, including Marie Louise (a French woman) who became <a href="/facts/Swami_Abhayananda/1s1BvebF">Swami Abhayananda</a>, and Leon Landsberg who became Swami Kripananda,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:179" href="#fn:179">179</a> so that they could serve the mission of the Vedanta Society.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:180" href="#fn:180">180</a> He also initiated Christina Greenstidel of Detroit, who became <a href="/facts/Sister_Christine/GLcStd9M">Sister Christine</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:181" href="#fn:181">181</a> with whom he developed a close father–daughter relationship.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:182" href="#fn:182">182</a>
While in America, Vivekananda was given land to establish a retreat for Vedanta students, in the mountains to the southeast of <a href="/facts/San_Jose%2c_California/PCaTmTDq">San Jose, California</a>. He called it "Peace retreat", or Shanti Asrama.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:183" href="#fn:183">183</a> There were twelve main centres established in America, the largest being the Vedanta Society of Southern California in Hollywood. There is also a Vedanta Press in Hollywood which publishes books about Vedanta and English translations of Hindu scriptures and texts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:184" href="#fn:184">184</a>
From the West, Vivekananda revived his work in India. He regularly corresponded with his followers and brother monks, offering advice and financial support. His letters from this period reflect his campaign of social service,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:185" href="#fn:185">185</a> and were strongly worded.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:186" href="#fn:186">186</a> He wrote to <a href="/facts/Akhandananda/Eyw4bSJF">Akhandananda</a>, "Go from door to door amongst the poor and lower classes of the town of Khetri and teach them religion. Also, let them have oral lessons on geography and such other subjects. No good will come of sitting idle and having princely dishes, and saying "Ramakrishna, O Lord!"—unless you can do some good to the poor".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:187" href="#fn:187">187</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:188" href="#fn:188">188</a> In 1895, Vivekananda founded the periodical <a href="/facts/Vedanta_Kesari/PfwGpUYT">Brahmavadin</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:189" href="#fn:189">189</a> His translation of the first six chapters of <a href="/facts/The_Imitation_of_Christ/o6uMMyRm">The Imitation of Christ</a> was published in Brahmavadin in 1899.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:190" href="#fn:190">190</a> Vivekananda left for India from England on 16 December 1896, accompanied by his disciples Captain and Mrs. Sevier and J.J. Goodwin. On the way, they visited France and Italy, and set sail for India from Naples on 30 December 1896.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:191" href="#fn:191">191</a> He was followed to India by Sister Nivedita, who devoted the rest of her life to the education of Indian women and the goal of India's independence.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:192" href="#fn:192">192</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:193" href="#fn:193">193</a>

<h2 id="back-in-india-18971899">Back in India (1897–1899)</h2>
Vivekananda arrived in <a href="/facts/Colombo/dcLPUe6t">Colombo</a>, <a href="/facts/British_Ceylon/NWNgm3LG">British Ceylon</a> (now <a href="/facts/Sri_Lanka/VtTBmysE">Sri Lanka</a>) on 15 January 1897,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:194" href="#fn:194">194</a> and received a warm welcome. In Colombo, he gave his first public speech in the East. He travelled from <a href="/facts/Colombo/dcLPUe6t">Colombo</a> to <a href="/facts/Pamban/WynnKT3C">Pamban</a>, <a href="/facts/Rameswaram/fyXsuhBF">Rameswaram</a>, <a href="/facts/Ramnad/Py5benlX">Ramnad</a>, <a href="/facts/Madurai/TaUDwHAq">Madurai</a>, <a href="/facts/Kumbakonam/PQDe2Qkw">Kumbakonam</a> and <a href="/facts/Madras/8ngv75bW">Madras</a>, delivering lectures. Common people and rajas gave him an enthusiastic reception. During his train travels, people often sat on the rails to force the train to stop, so they could hear him.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:195" href="#fn:195">195</a> From <a href="/facts/Madras/8ngv75bW">Madras</a> (now Chennai), he continued his journey to Calcutta and <a href="/facts/Almora/5UBLqmoT">Almora</a>. While in the West, Vivekananda spoke about India's great spiritual heritage; in India, he repeatedly addressed social issues: uplifting the people, eliminating the <a href="/facts/Caste_system_in_India/WceUIyoX">caste system</a>, promoting science and industrialisation, addressing widespread poverty, and ending colonial rule. The lectures, published as <a href="/facts/Lectures_from_Colombo_to_Almora/8lyUnWEd">Lectures from Colombo to Almora</a>, demonstrated his fervent nationalism and spiritual ideology.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:196" href="#fn:196">196</a>
On 1 May 1897 in Calcutta, Vivekananda founded the <a href="/facts/Ramakrishna_Mission/7V0aLukc">Ramakrishna Mission</a>, an institution dedicated to social service, with ideals based on Karma Yoga.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:197" href="#fn:197">197</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:198" href="#fn:198">198</a> Its governing body consists of the trustees of the <a href="/facts/Ramakrishna_Math/q8en31aB">Ramakrishna Math</a> (which conducts religious work).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:199" href="#fn:199">199</a> Both Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission have their headquarters at <a href="/facts/Belur_Math/4tdfd9H0">Belur Math</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:200" href="#fn:200">200</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:201" href="#fn:201">201</a> Vivekananda founded two other monasteries: one in Mayavati in the <a href="/facts/Himalayas/eRSf0yyE">Himalayas</a> (near <a href="/facts/Almora/5UBLqmoT">Almora</a>), the <a href="/facts/Advaita_Ashrama/UobKppwc">Advaita Ashrama</a> and another in <a href="/facts/Madras/8ngv75bW">Madras</a> (now Chennai). Two journals were founded: <a href="/facts/Prabuddha_Bharata/StR3wek4">Prabuddha Bharata</a> in English and Udbhodan in Bengali.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:202" href="#fn:202">202</a> That year, <a href="/facts/Famine/EUEEuh4h">famine</a>-relief work was begun by <a href="/facts/Swami_Akhandananda/Eyw4bSJF">Swami Akhandananda</a> in the <a href="/facts/Murshidabad/g5MSFMLL">Murshidabad</a> district.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:203" href="#fn:203">203</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:204" href="#fn:204">204</a>
Vivekananda earlier inspired <a href="/facts/Jamsetji_Tata/Vas9H1qk">Jamsetji Tata</a> to set up a research and educational institution when they travelled together from <a href="/facts/Yokohama/q5RcVlLf">Yokohama</a> to Chicago on Vivekananda's first visit to the West in 1893. Tata now asked him to head his <a href="/facts/IISc/GNxvFXWn">Research Institute of Science</a>; Vivekananda declined the offer, citing a conflict with his "spiritual interests".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:205" href="#fn:205">205</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:206" href="#fn:206">206</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:207" href="#fn:207">207</a> He visited <a href="/facts/Punjab_Province_(British_India)/wWz41Ad1">Punjab</a>, attempting to mediate an ideological conflict between <a href="/facts/Arya_Samaj/0ee9QLtl">Arya Samaj</a> (a reformist Hindu movement) and sanatan (orthodox Hindus).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:208" href="#fn:208">208</a> After brief visits to <a href="/facts/Lahore/cjHrUPaD">Lahore</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:209" href="#fn:209">209</a> <a href="/facts/Delhi/Xa6CKgnf">Delhi</a> and <a href="/facts/Khetri/vydoC741">Khetri</a>, Vivekananda returned to Calcutta in January 1898. He consolidated the work of the math and trained disciples for several months. Vivekananda composed "<a href="/facts/Khandana_Bhava%25E2%2580%2593Bandhana/5fT60nBR">Khandana Bhava–Bandhana</a>", a prayer song dedicated to Ramakrishna, in 1898.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:210" href="#fn:210">210</a>

<h2 id="second-visit-to-the-west-and-final-years-18991902">Second visit to the West and final years (1899–1902)</h2>
See also: <a href="/facts/Swami_Vivekananda_in_California/uYjRx5GQ">Swami Vivekananda in California</a>
Despite declining health, Vivekananda left for the West for a second time in June 1899.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:211" href="#fn:211">211</a> On this occasion, he was accompanied by Sister Nivedita and <a href="/facts/Swami_Turiyananda/WKjIWFgw">Swami Turiyananda</a>. After a brief stay in England, he went to the United States where he established <a href="/facts/Vedanta_Society/8jyB8Mvc">Vedanta Societies</a> in San Francisco and New York and founded a shanti ashrama (peace retreat) in California. He travelled to Paris for the Congress of Religions in 1900.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:212" href="#fn:212">212</a> His lectures at the Congress concerned the worship of the <a href="/facts/Lingam/hNfv8zYH">lingam</a> and the authenticity of the <a href="/facts/Bhagavad_Gita/hMnHVqcD">Bhagavad Gita</a>. Vivekananda then visited <a href="/facts/Brittany/XvquwmIg">Brittany</a>, <a href="/facts/Vienna/NSpIURsA">Vienna</a>, <a href="/facts/Istanbul/Xo1hzGWH">Istanbul</a>, <a href="/facts/Athens/mBxlp8X1">Athens</a> and <a href="/facts/Khedivate_of_Egypt/nrRH0px9">Egypt</a>. The French philosopher <a href="/facts/Jules_Bois/P1Y2Sxpt">Jules Bois</a> was his host for most of this period. Vivekananda returned to Calcutta on 9 December 1900.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:213" href="#fn:213">213</a>
After a brief visit to the <a href="/facts/Advaita_Ashrama/UobKppwc">Advaita Ashrama</a> in Mayavati, Vivekananda settled at Belur Math, where he continued co-ordinating the works of the Ramakrishna Mission, the math, and the initiatives in England and the US. He had many visitors, including royalty and politicians. Due to deteriorating health, Vivekananda was unable to attend the Congress of Religions in Japan in 1901, but he made pilgrimages to <a href="/facts/Bodhgaya/940DyT3t">Bodhgaya</a> and <a href="/facts/Varanasi/w0ELEKrB">Varanasi</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:214" href="#fn:214">214</a> His health problems, including <a href="/facts/Asthma/7GkJvxn3">asthma</a>, <a href="/facts/Diabetes/2xeHXbsI">diabetes</a> and chronic <a href="/facts/Insomnia/C1TnQTb2">insomnia</a>, restricted his activity.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:215" href="#fn:215">215</a>

<h2 id="death">Death</h2>
On 4 July 1902 (the day of his death),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:216" href="#fn:216">216</a> Vivekananda awoke early, went to the monastery at Belur Math and meditated for three hours. He taught <a href="/facts/Yajurveda/XS4Hepvu">Shukla-Yajur-Veda</a>, Sanskrit grammar and the philosophy of yoga to pupils, later discussing with colleagues a planned Vedic college in the Ramakrishna Math.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:217" href="#fn:217">217</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:218" href="#fn:218">218</a> At 7:00 pm Vivekananda went to his room, asking not to be disturbed; he died at 9:20 p.m. while meditating.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:219" href="#fn:219">219</a> The rupture of a blood vessel in his brain was reported as a possible cause of death.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:220" href="#fn:220">220</a> According to his disciples, the rupture was due to his <a href="/facts/Brahmarandhra/YIYY7J5M">brahmarandhra</a> (an opening in the crown of his head) being pierced when he attained <a href="/facts/Mahasam%25C4%2581dhi/k4BMC2wF">mahasamādhi</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:221" href="#fn:221">221</a> Vivekananda fulfilled his prophecy that he would not live forty years.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:222" href="#fn:222">222</a> He was cremated on a sandalwood <a href="/facts/Funeral_pyre/rvRJW5Dg">funeral pyre</a> on the bank of the <a href="/facts/Ganga/q0IGurvB">Ganga</a> in Belur, opposite where Ramakrishna was cremated sixteen years earlier.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:223" href="#fn:223">223</a>

<h2 id="teachings-and-philosophy">Teachings and philosophy</h2>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Teachings_and_philosophy_of_Swami_Vivekananda/C5pEeBKX">Teachings and philosophy of Swami Vivekananda</a>
See also: <a href="/facts/Neo-Vedanta/ULPCyyWw">Neo-Vedanta</a> and <a href="/facts/Muscular_Hinduism/dMQK8uQn">Muscular Hinduism</a>
Vivekananda synthesised and popularised various strands of Hindu thought, most notably <a href="/facts/Classical_yoga/UJsCct23">classical yoga</a> and <a href="/facts/Advaita_Vedanta/7Md58suk">Advaita Vedanta</a>. As a young man, he had been influenced by western ideas such as <a href="/facts/Universalism/KWh6A8Cl">Universalism</a>, via <a href="/facts/Unitarianism/34Ix8PPh">Unitarian</a> missionaries who collaborated with the <a href="/facts/Brahmo_Samaj/ECeGbPem">Brahmo Samaj</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:224" href="#fn:224">224</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:225" href="#fn:225">225</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:226" href="#fn:226">226</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:227" href="#fn:227">227</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:228" href="#fn:228">228</a> His initial beliefs were shaped by Brahmo concepts, which included belief in a formless God, the deprecation of <a href="/facts/Idolatry/VRA0DKEd">idolatry</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:229" href="#fn:229">229</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:230" href="#fn:230">230</a> and, according to Michelis, a "streamlined, rationalized, monotheistic theology strongly coloured by a selective and modernistic reading of the Upanisads and of the Vedanta".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:231" href="#fn:231">231</a>
Influenced by Ramakrishna, he came to see the Vedanta as providing the ontological basis for śivajñāne jīver sevā – the spiritual practice of serving human beings as actual manifestations of the divine.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:232" href="#fn:232">232</a> For Vivekananda, the practice of remembering the presence of the divine in all people, regardless of social status, promoted social harmony and helped develop the capacity for love.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:233" href="#fn:233">233</a>

<h3>Vedanta and yoga</h3>
Vivekananda thought that the essence of Hinduism was best expressed in <a href="/facts/Adi_Shankara/QU5pCWV6">Adi Shankara</a>'s Advaita Vedanta philosophy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:234" href="#fn:234">234</a> He adhered to Ramakrishna's teaching that the Absolute is both immanent and transcendent.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:235" href="#fn:235">235</a> According to Anil Sooklal, Vivekananda's neo-Vedanta "reconciles Dvaita or dualism and Advaita or non-dualism," viewing <a href="/facts/Brahman/GM0QaQ9U">Brahman</a> as "one without a second" yet both saguna (qualified) and nirguna (qualityless).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:236" href="#fn:236">236</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:237" href="#fn:237">237</a> According to Jackson, the Vedanta acquires a modern and Universalistic form in Vivekananda's summary, showing also the influence of classical yoga:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:238" href="#fn:238">238</a>

<blockquote>Each soul is potentially divine. The goal is to manifest this Divinity within by controlling nature, external and internal. Do this either by work, or worship, or mental discipline, or philosophy—by one, or more, or all of these—and be free. This is the whole of religion. Doctrines, or dogmas, or rituals, or books, or temples, or forms, are but secondary details.</blockquote>
Vivekananda's emphasis on nirvikalpa samadhi was preceded by medieval yogic influences on Advaita Vedanta.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:239" href="#fn:239">239</a> In line with Advaita Vedanta texts like <a href="/facts/D%25C5%2597g-D%25C5%2597%25C5%259Bya-Viveka/SqT4Vago">Dŗg-Dŗśya-Viveka</a> (14th century) and <a href="/facts/Vedantasara_(of_Sadananda)/tadcVkqw">Vedantasara (of Sadananda)</a> (15th century), Vivekananda saw <a href="/facts/Samadhi/3C2UUUkN">samadhi</a> as a means to attain liberation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:240" href="#fn:240">240</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:241" href="#fn:241">241</a>
An important element in his adaptation of Hindu religiosity was the introduction of his four yogas model, which includes <a href="/facts/Raja_yoga/W4d5roPL">Raja yoga</a>, his interpretation of Patanjali's <a href="/facts/Yoga_sutras/UJsCct23">Yoga sutras</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:242" href="#fn:242">242</a> This offered a practical means to realise the divine force within, a central idea in modern Western esotericism.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:243" href="#fn:243">243</a> His book <a href="/facts/Raja_Yoga_(book)/dUUMt0ja">Raja Yoga</a> was highly influential in the Western understanding of yoga.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:244" href="#fn:244">244</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:245" href="#fn:245">245</a>

<h3>Western esotericism</h3>
Via his affiliations with <a href="/facts/Keshub_Chandra_Sen/g0cFGwuu">Keshub Chandra Sen</a>'s <a href="/facts/Nava_Vidhan/g0cFGwuu">Nava Vidhan</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:246" href="#fn:246">246</a> the <a href="/facts/Freemasonry/zgLC9973">Freemasonry</a> lodge,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:247" href="#fn:247">247</a> the <a href="/facts/Sadharan_Brahmo_Samaj/pumATwDk">Sadharan Brahmo Samaj</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:248" href="#fn:248">248</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:249" href="#fn:249">249</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:250" href="#fn:250">250</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:251" href="#fn:251">251</a> and Sen's <a href="/facts/Band_of_Hope/G5btmlFE">Band of Hope</a>, Vivekananda became acquainted with Western <a href="/facts/Western_esotericism/AW5dDFh1">esotericism</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:252" href="#fn:252">252</a> His knowledge of Western esotericism aided his success in Western esoteric circles, beginning with his speech in 1893 at the Parliament of Religions. He adapted traditional Hindu ideas and religiosity to suit the needs and understandings of his Western audiences, particularly those familiar with Western esoteric traditions and movements such as <a href="/facts/Transcendentalism/wVGXKSI6">Transcendentalism</a> and <a href="/facts/New_thought/UDIc51Dt">New thought</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:253" href="#fn:253">253</a>
Vivekananda's notion of <a href="/facts/Involution_(esoterism)/BmQ6nhPv">involution</a> was probably influenced by western <a href="/facts/Theosophy/7I4EqMbt">Theosophists</a>, Darwin's notion of evolution, and possibly also the <a href="/facts/Samkhya/KWysYyfE">Samkhya</a> term <a href="/facts/Satkaryavada/sCRVoAdn">sātkarya</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:254" href="#fn:254">254</a> According to Meera Nanda, "Vivekananda uses the word involution exactly how it appears in Theosophy: the descent, or the involvement, of divine consciousness into matter."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:255" href="#fn:255">255</a> Theosophic ideas on involution have "much in common" with "theories of the descent of God in Gnosticism, Kabbalah, and other esoteric schools".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:256" href="#fn:256">256</a> With spirit, Vivekananda refers to <a href="/facts/Prana/DtHXJtby">prana</a> or <a href="/facts/Purusha/DfgHDrm3">purusha</a>, derived from Samkhya and <a href="/facts/Classical_yoga/UJsCct23">classical yoga</a> as presented by Patanjali in the <a href="/facts/Yoga_sutras/UJsCct23">Yoga sutras</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:257" href="#fn:257">257</a>

<h3>Moral and social philosophy</h3>
Vivekananda linked <a href="/facts/Morality/CSjHHvff">morality</a> with control of the mind, seeing truth, purity and unselfishness as traits which strengthened it.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:258" href="#fn:258">258</a> He advised his followers to be holy, unselfish and to have shraddhā (faith). Vivekananda supported <a href="/facts/Brahmacharya/9AQTN45f">brahmacharya</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:259" href="#fn:259">259</a> believing it the source of his physical and mental stamina and eloquence.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:260" href="#fn:260">260</a>
Nationalism was a prominent theme in Vivekananda's thought. He believed that a country's future depends on its people, and his teachings focused on human development.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:261" href="#fn:261">261</a> He wanted "to set in motion a machinery which will bring noblest ideas to the doorstep of even the poorest and the meanest".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:262" href="#fn:262">262</a>

<h2 id="influence-and-legacy">Influence and legacy</h2>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Influence_and_legacy_of_Swami_Vivekananda/oncvfzSy">Influence and legacy of Swami Vivekananda</a>
Swami Vivekananda was one of the most influential philosophers and social reformers in his contemporary India. He is considered to be the most successful and influential missionary of <a href="/facts/Vedanta/CIeFg7fC">Vedanta</a> to the <a href="/facts/Western_world/UQl4e7du">Western world</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:263" href="#fn:263">263</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:264" href="#fn:264">264</a>

<h3>Neo-Vedanta</h3>
Vivekananda is considered to be a representative of <a href="/facts/Neo-Vedanta/ULPCyyWw">Neo-Vedanta</a> – a modern interpretation of certain aspects of Hinduism that are thought to be compatible with <a href="/facts/Western_esotericism/AW5dDFh1">western esoteric traditions</a>, such as <a href="/facts/Transcendentalism/wVGXKSI6">Transcendentalism</a>, <a href="/facts/New_Thought/UDIc51Dt">New Thought</a> and <a href="/facts/Theosophy_(Blavatskian)/7I4EqMbt">Theosophy</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:265" href="#fn:265">265</a> His reinterpretation created a new understanding and appreciation of Hinduism inside and outside India,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:266" href="#fn:266">266</a> and paved the way for the enthusiastic reception of other forms of Indian spiritual self-improvement in the West, such as yoga and <a href="/facts/Transcendental_Meditation/fTWw9Vf9">Transcendental Meditation</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:267" href="#fn:267">267</a> According to <a href="/facts/Agehananda_Bharati/kfdLVvep">Agehananda Bharati</a>: "...modern Hindus derive their knowledge of Hinduism from Vivekananda, directly or indirectly".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:268" href="#fn:268">268</a> Vivekananda espoused the idea that all sects within Hinduism (and all religions) are different paths to the same goal.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:269" href="#fn:269">269</a>

<h3>Indian nationalism</h3>
Vivekananda's nationalism gave unprecedented substance to the emerging <a href="/facts/Indian_nationalism/rrm9FhR1">nationalist</a> ideal of British-ruled India. According to social reformer <a href="/facts/Charles_Freer_Andrews/lWAXY0KX">Charles Freer Andrews</a>, "The Swami's intrepid patriotism gave a new colour to the national movement throughout India. More than any other single individual of that period Vivekananda had made his contribution to the new awakening of India".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:270" href="#fn:270">270</a> Vivekananda drew attention to the extent of poverty in the country, and maintained that addressing such poverty was a prerequisite for national awakening.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:271" href="#fn:271">271</a> His nationalistic ideas influenced many Indian thinkers and leaders. <a href="/facts/Sri_Aurobindo/mNucDNvV">Sri Aurobindo</a> regarded Vivekananda as the one who awakened India spiritually.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:272" href="#fn:272">272</a> <a href="/facts/Mahatma_Gandhi/epTj0j19">Mahatma Gandhi</a> counted him among the few Hindu reformers "who have maintained this Hindu religion in a state of splendor by cutting down the dead wood of tradition".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:273" href="#fn:273">273</a>

<h3>Name-giving</h3>
In September 2010, the then Union Finance Minister <a href="/facts/Pranab_Mukherjee/FYaazkYH">Pranab Mukherjee</a>, who later became <a href="/facts/President_of_India/fYp1dsHb">President of India</a>, approved in principle the Swami Vivekananda Values Education Project at a cost of ₹1 billion (US$12 million). The project's objectives included publishing Vivekananda's works in a number of languages, and involving youth with competitions, essays, discussions and study circles.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:274" href="#fn:274">274</a> In 2011, the West Bengal Police Training College was renamed the Swami Vivekananda State Police Academy, West Bengal.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:275" href="#fn:275">275</a> The state technical university in <a href="/facts/Chhattisgarh/zUPy1wyT">Chhattisgarh</a> has been named the <a href="/facts/Chhattisgarh_Swami_Vivekanand_Technical_University/jdYE50su">Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:276" href="#fn:276">276</a> In 2012, the <a href="/facts/Raipur/3cWJrofI">Raipur</a> airport was renamed <a href="/facts/Swami_Vivekananda_Airport/hKKXDwFj">Swami Vivekananda Airport</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:277" href="#fn:277">277</a>

<h3>Celebrations</h3>
National Youth Day in India is observed on Vivekananda's birthday (12 January). The day he delivered his speech at the Parliament of Religions (11 September) is observed as "World Brotherhood Day".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:278" href="#fn:278">278</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:279" href="#fn:279">279</a> The <a href="/facts/150th_birth_anniversary_of_Swami_Vivekananda/janXLTov">150th birth anniversary of Swami Vivekananda</a> was celebrated in India and abroad. The Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports in India, officially observed 2013 as the occasion in a declaration.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:280" href="#fn:280">280</a>

<h3>Movies</h3>
Indian film director Utpal Sinha made a film, <a href="/facts/The_Light%3a_Swami_Vivekananda/tzKCCmD7">The Light: Swami Vivekananda</a> as a tribute for his 150th birth anniversary.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:281" href="#fn:281">281</a> Other Indian films about his life include: Swamiji (1949) by <a href="/facts/Amar_Mullick/HNMKgXzA">Amar Mullick</a>, <a href="/facts/Swami_Vivekananda_(1955_film)/L5SXnBmz">Swami Vivekananda</a> (1955) by Amar Mullick, <a href="/facts/Bireswar_Vivekananda/BWko7qFk">Birieswar Vivekananda</a> (1964) by Modhu Bose, Life and Message of Swami Vivekananda (1964) documentary film by <a href="/facts/Bimal_Roy/VKyHSnSS">Bimal Roy</a>, <a href="/facts/Swami_Vivekananda_(1998_film)/vaAtNNhg">Swami Vivekananda</a> (1998) by <a href="/facts/G._V._Iyer/Frf4bu91">G. V. Iyer</a>, <a href="/facts/Swamiji_(film)/Uv5WbMb8">Swamiji</a> (2012) <a href="/facts/Laser_show/YkI9btKB">laser light</a> film by <a href="/facts/Manick_Sorcar/DBq2AKEU">Manick Sorcar</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:282" href="#fn:282">282</a> Sound of Joy, an Indian 3D-<a href="/facts/Animated_short_film/093f9nUg">animated short film</a> directed by Sukankan Roy depicts the spiritual journey of Vivekananda. It won the <a href="/facts/National_Film_Award_for_Best_Non-Feature_Animation_Film/Rv4dqfH1">National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Animation Film</a> in 2014.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:283" href="#fn:283">283</a>

<h2 id="works">Works</h2>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Bibliography_of_Swami_Vivekananda/3pNzNgGp">Bibliography of Swami Vivekananda</a>

Although Vivekananda was a powerful writer in English and Bengali,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:284" href="#fn:284">284</a> most of his published works were based on lectures given at various places around the world. Since most of these lectures were delivered spontaneously and with minimal preparation, his written style often retained the variability characteristic of his speech, and could be "in turn discursive or expository, conversational or declamatory."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:285" href="#fn:285">285</a> His main work, <a href="/facts/Raja_Yoga_(book)/dUUMt0ja">Raja Yoga</a>, consists of his own reworking of a series of talks delivered in New York.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:286" href="#fn:286">286</a>
<a href="/facts/Bartaman_Bharat/YykSUHRa">Bartaman Bharat</a>, meaning "Present-day India",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:287" href="#fn:287">287</a> is a Bengali-language essay, first published in the March 1899 issue of Udbodhan, the Bengali-language magazine of Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission. The essay was reprinted as a book in 1905 and later included in the fourth volume of The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:288" href="#fn:288">288</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:289" href="#fn:289">289</a> In this essay, Vivekananda's refrain to the readers is to honour every Indian as a brother, regardless of poverty, social status or caste.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:290" href="#fn:290">290</a>

<h3>Publications</h3>

Published in his lifetime<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:291" href="#fn:291">291</a>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Sangeet_Kalpataru/UL9d3nfG">Sangeet Kalpataru</a> (1887, with Vaishnav Charan Basak)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:292" href="#fn:292">292</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Karma_Yoga_(book)/DN1uKdz7">Karma Yoga</a> (1896)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:293" href="#fn:293">293</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:294" href="#fn:294">294</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Raja_Yoga_(book)/dUUMt0ja">Raja Yoga</a> (1896 [1899 edition])<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:295" href="#fn:295">295</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Vedanta_Philosophy%3a_An_address_before_the_Graduate_Philosophical_Society/GF6zoSfH">Vedanta Philosophy: An address before the Graduate Philosophical Society</a> (1896)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Lectures_from_Colombo_to_Almora/8lyUnWEd">Lectures from Colombo to Almora</a> (1897)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Bartaman_Bharat/YykSUHRa">Bartaman Bharat</a> (in Bengali) (March 1899), Udbodhan</li>
<li><a href="/facts/My_Master_(book)/qyu5F2Qo">My Master</a> (1901), The Baker and Taylor Company, New York</li>
<li>Vedânta philosophy: lectures on Jnâna Yoga (1902) Vedânta Society, New York <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/919769260">919769260</a></li>
<li>Jnana yoga (1899)</li></ul>
Published after his death (1902)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:296" href="#fn:296">296</a>
<ul><li>Addresses on Bhakti Yoga</li>
<li>Bhakti Yoga</li>
<li>The East and the West (1909)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:297" href="#fn:297">297</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Inspired_Talks/QpskVzBS">Inspired Talks</a> (1909)</li>
<li>Narada Bhakti Sutras – translation</li>
<li>Para Bhakti or Supreme Devotion</li>
<li>Practical Vedanta</li>
<li>Speeches and writings of Swami Vivekananda; a comprehensive collection</li>
<li>Complete Works: a collection of his writings, lectures and discourses in a set of nine volumes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:298" href="#fn:298">298</a></li>
<li>Seeing Beyond the Circle (2005)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:299" href="#fn:299">299</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="notes">Notes</h2>

<h2 id="sources">Sources</h2>

<ul><li>Adiswarananda, Swami, ed. (2006), <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UY5wPUBjGbAC&pg=PA179">Vivekananda, world teacher: his teachings on the spiritual unity of humankind</a>, Woodstock, Vermont: SkyLight Paths Pub, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 1-59473-210-8</li>
<li>Arrington, Robert L.; Chakrabarti, Tapan Kumar (2001), "Swami Vivekananda", A Companion to the Philosophers, Blackwell Publishing, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-631-22967-4</li>
<li>Arora, V. K. (1968), "Communion with Brahmo Samaj", The social and political philosophy of Swami Vivekananda, Punthi Pustak</li>
<li>Badrinath, Chaturvedi (2006). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qo1X96E0JPAC">Swami Vivekananda, the Living Vedanta</a>. Penguin Books India. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-14-306209-7.</li>
<li>Banhatti, G.S. (1995), <a href="/facts/Life_and_Philosophy_of_Swami_Vivekananda/NY1IHfXU">Life and Philosophy of Swami Vivekananda</a>, Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-81-7156-291-6</li>
<li>Banhatti, G.S. (1963), The Quintessence of Vivekananda, Pune, India: Suvichar Prakashan Mandal, <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1048955252">1048955252</a></li>
<li>Bharathi, K.S. (1998b), Encyclopaedia of eminent thinkers, vol. 8, New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-81-7022-709-0</li>
<li>Bhide, Nivedita Raghunath (2008), <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UGvPCzkjoc0C">Swami Vivekananda in America</a>, Vivekananda Kendra, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-81-89248-22-2</li>
<li>Bhuyan, P. R. (2003), <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLmFDRortS0C&pg=PR1">Swami Vivekananda: Messiah of Resurgent India</a>, New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-81-269-0234-7</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Marie_Louise_Burke/bgpKr6M5">Burke, Marie Louise</a> (1958), Swami Vivekananda in America: New Discoveries, Kolkata: Advaita Ashrama, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-902479-99-9 {{citation}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Marie_Louise_Burke/bgpKr6M5">Burke, Marie Louise</a> (1985), Swami Vivekananda in the West: New Discoveries (in six volumes) (3rd ed.), Kolkata: Advaita Ashrama, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-87481-219-0</li>
<li>Chattopadhyaya, Rajagopal (1999), <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EtcoeaQIQdAC&pg=PA285">Swami Vivekananda in India: A Corrective Biography</a>, Motilal Banarsidass, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-81-208-1586-5</li>
<li>Chetananda, Swami (1997). God lived with them: life stories of sixteen monastic disciples of Sri Ramakrishna. St. Louis, Missouri: Vedanta Society of St. Louis. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-916356-80-9.</li>
<li>Clarke, Peter Bernard (2006), New Religions in Global Perspective, Routledge</li>
<li>Comans, Michael (1993), <a href="http://www.realization.org/page/doc2/doc200.html">The Question of the Importance of Samadhi in Modern and Classical Advaita Vedanta. In: Philosophy East and West Vol. 43, No. 1 (January 1993), pp. 19-38.</a></li>
<li>Dalal, Roshen (October 2011). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&pg=PA465">Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide</a>. Penguin Books India. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-14-341421-6.</li>
<li>Das, Sisir Kumar (1991), <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sHklK65TKQ0C&pg=PA530">A History of Indian Literature: 1800–1910, Western impact : Indian response</a>, Sahitya Akademi, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-81-7201-006-5</li>
<li>Von Dense, Christian D. (1999), Philosophers and Religious Leaders, Greenwood Publishing Group</li>
<li>Dhar, Shailendra Nath (1976), A Comprehensive Biography of Swami Vivekananda (2nd ed.), Madras, India: Vivekananda Prakashan Kendra, <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/708330405">708330405</a></li>
<li>Dutta, Krishna (2003), Calcutta: a cultural and literary history, Oxford: Signal Books, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-56656-721-3</li>
<li>Dutt, Harshavardhan (2005), Immortal Speeches, New Delhi: Unicorn Books, p. 121, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-81-7806-093-4</li>
<li>Farquhar, J. N. (1915), Modern Religious Movements in India, London: Macmillan</li>
<li>Flood, Gavin D. (1996), An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press</li>
<li>Ganguly, Adwaita P. (2001), <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nbdgnHO6NgQC&pg=PA27">Life and Times of Netaji Subhas: From Cuttack to Cambridge, 1897–1921</a>, VRC Publications, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-81-87530-02-2</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Georg_Feuerstein/SCahKpUK">Feuerstein, Georg</a> (2002), The Yoga Tradition, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass</li>
<li>Ghosh, Gautam (2003). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ThLiJ4cplZwC&pg=PT31">The Prophet of Modern India: A Biography of Swami Vivekananda</a>. Rupa & Company. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-81-291-0149-5.</li>
<li>Gosling, David L. (2007). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a6-8-tkr5MIC&pg=PA18">Science and the Indian Tradition: When Einstein Met Tagore</a>. Routledge. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-134-14333-7.</li>
<li>Gupta, Raj Kumar (1986), <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S720d-apN-kC&pg=PA118">The Great Encounter: A Study of Indo-American Literary and Cultural Relations</a>, Delhi: Abhinav Publications, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-81-7017-211-6, retrieved 19 December 2012</li>
<li>Halbfass, Wilhelm (1995), Philology and Confrontation: Paul Hacker on Traditional and Modern Vedānta, SUNY Press</li>
<li>Heehs, Peter (2020), "Sri Aurobindo's Theory of Spiritual Evolution", in Mackenzie Brown, C. (ed.), Asian Religious Responses to Darwinism: Evolutionary Theories in Middle Eastern, South Asian, and East Asian Cultural Contexts, Springer Nature</li>
<li>Houghton, Walter Raleigh, ed. (1893), The parliament of religions and religious congresses at the World's Columbian exposition (3rd ed.), Frank Tennyson Neely, <a href="/facts/OL_(identifier)/A13NLNNh">OL</a> <a href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL14030155M">14030155M</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Christopher_Isherwood/Rk9CEhpn">Isherwood, Christopher</a> (1976), <a href="https://archive.org/details/meditationitsmet00vive">Meditation and Its Methods According to Swami Vivekananda</a>, Hollywood, California: Vedanta Press, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-87481-030-1</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Christopher_Isherwood/Rk9CEhpn">Isherwood, Christopher</a>; Adjemian, Robert (1987), "On Swami Vivekananda", The Wishing Tree, Hollywood, California: Vedanta Press, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-06-250402-9</li>
<li>Jackson, Carl T (1994), "The Founders", Vedanta for the West: the Ramakrishna movement in the United States, Indianapolis, Indiana: Indiana University Press, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-253-33098-7</li>
<li>Kashyap, Shivendra (2012), <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hkzL6loGmEIC&pg=PA12">Saving Humanity: Swami Vivekanand Perspective</a>, Vivekanand Swadhyay Mandal, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-81-923019-0-7</li>
<li>Kapur, Devesh (2010), Diaspora, development, and democracy: the domestic impact of international migration from India, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-691-12538-1</li>
<li>Kattackal, Jacob (1982), Religion and ethics in Advaita, Kottayam, Kerala: St. Thomas Apostolic Seminary, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-3-451-27922-5</li>
<li>Kearney, Richard (13 August 2013). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8J4ntz59PgwC&pg=PT169">Anatheism: Returning to God After God</a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-231-51986-1.</li>
<li>King, Richard (2002), Orientalism and Religion: Post-Colonial Theory, India and "The Mystic East", Routledge</li>
<li>Kipf, David (1979), The Brahmo Samaj and the shaping of the modern Indian mind, Atlantic Publishers & Distri</li>
<li>Kishore, B. R. (2001). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XR_aR1bUd5EC">Swami Vivekanand</a>. Diamond Pocket Books. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-81-7182-952-1.</li>
<li>Kraemer, Hendrik (1960), "Cultural response of Hindu India", World cultures and world religions, London: Westminster Press, <a href="/facts/ASIN_(identifier)/twP2MtLk">ASIN</a> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0007DLYAK">B0007DLYAK</a></li>
<li>Madaio, James (2017), "Rethinking Neo-Vedānta: Swami Vivekananda and the Selective Historiography of Advaita Vedānta", Religions, 8 (6): 101, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel8060101">10.3390/rel8060101</a></li>
<li>Maharaj, Ayon (2020). "Śivajñāne jīver sevā: Reexamining Swami Vivekananda's Practical Vedānta in the Light of Sri Ramakrishna". Journal of Dharma Studies. 2 (2): 175–187. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs42240-019-00046-x">10.1007/s42240-019-00046-x</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:202387300">202387300</a>.</li>
<li>Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra (1963), Swami Vivekananda Centenary Memorial Volume, Kolkata: Swami Vivekananda Centenary, p. 577, <a href="/facts/ASIN_(identifier)/twP2MtLk">ASIN</a> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0007J2FTS">B0007J2FTS</a></li>
<li>Malagi, R.A.; Naik, M.K. (2003), "Stirred Spirit: The Prose of Swami Vivekananda", Perspectives on Indian Prose in English, New Delhi: Abhinav Publications, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-81-7017-150-8</li>
<li>McRae, John R. (1991), "Oriental Verities on the American Frontier: The 1893 World's Parliament of Religions and the Thought of Masao Abe", Buddhist-Christian Studies, 11, University of Hawai'i Press: 7–36, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1390252">10.2307/1390252</a>, <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1390252">1390252</a></li>
<li>Medhananda, Swami (2022). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yGibzgEACAAJ">Swami Vivekananda's Vedāntic Cosmopolitanism</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-19-762446-3.</li>
<li>Michelis, Elizabeth De (2004), A History of Modern Yoga: Patanjali and Western Esotericism, Continuum, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8264-8772-8</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Elizabeth_De_Michelis/h9CGhQhp">De Michelis, Elizabeth</a> (8 December 2005). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sHBBDq_Ul3sC&pg=PA124">A History of Modern Yoga: Patanjali and Western Esotericism</a>. Continuum. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8264-8772-8.</li>
<li>Miller, Timothy (1995), <a href="https://archive.org/details/americasalternat00mill">"The Vedanta Movement and Self-Realization fellowship"</a>, America's Alternative Religions, Albany, New York: SUNY Press, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-7914-2398-1</li>
<li>Minor, Robert Neil (1986), <a href="https://archive.org/details/modernindianinte0000unse">"Swami Vivekananda's use of the Bhagavad Gita"</a>, Modern Indian Interpreters of the Bhagavad Gita, Albany, New York: SUNY Press, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-88706-297-1</li>
<li>Mittra, Sitansu Sekhar (2001). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WPFeBY9YEAQC&pg=PA88">Bengal's Renaissance</a>. Academic Publishers. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-81-87504-18-4.</li>
<li>Mohapatra, Amulya Ranjan (2009). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QGgF5HeIBOgC&pg=PA14">Swaraj - Thoughts of Gandhi, Tilak, Aurobindo, Raja Rammohun Roy, Tagore & Vivekananda</a>. Readworthy. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-81-89973-82-7.</li>
<li>Mukherji, Mani Shankar (2011), <a href="/facts/The_Monk_as_Man/k0smMTeK">The Monk As Man: The Unknown Life of Swami Vivekananda</a>, Penguin Books India, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-14-310119-2</li>
<li>Nanda, Meera (2010), "Madame Blavatsky's Children: Modern Hindu Encounters with Darwinism", in Lewis, James R.; Hammer, Olav (eds.), Handbook of Religion and the Authority of Science, BRILL</li>
<li>Nikhilananda, Swami (April 1964), "Swami Vivekananda Centenary", Philosophy East and West, 14 (1), University of Hawai'i Press: 73–75, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1396757">10.2307/1396757</a>, <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1396757">1396757</a></li>
<li>Nikhilananda, Swami (1953), <a href="http://www.vivekananda.net/PDFBooks/BiographybyNikhilananda.pdf">Vivekananda: A Biography</a> (PDF), New York: Ramakrishna-Vivekananda Center, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-911206-25-6, retrieved 19 March 2012 {{citation}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)</li>
<li>Pangborn, Cyrus R.; Smith, Bardwell L. (1976), "The Ramakrishna Math and Mission", Hinduism: New Essays in the History of Religions, Brill Archive</li>
<li>Paranjape, Makarand (2005), Penguin Swami Vivekananda Reader, Penguin India, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-14-303254-2</li>
<li>Paranjape, Makarand R. (2012). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-UjZlNCh-qwC">Making India: Colonialism, National Culture, and the Afterlife of Indian English Authority</a>. Springer. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-94-007-4661-9.</li>
<li>Parel, Anthony (2000), <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sErf-DzVI9EC&q=gandhi+on+vivekananda&pg=PA77">Gandhi, Freedom, and Self-Rule</a>, Lexington Books, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-7391-0137-7</li>
<li>Paul, Dr S. (2003). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KekbVbtSnJcC">Great Men Of India : Swami Vivekananda</a>. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-81-207-9138-1.</li>
<li>Piazza, Paul (1978). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JyoPkIUAnIIC&pg=PA59">Christopher Isherwood: Myth and Anti-Myth</a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-231-51358-6.</li>
<li>Prabhananda, Swami (June 2003), <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081010111951/http://www.ibe.unesco.org/fileadmin/user_upload/archive/publications/ThinkersPdf/vivekane.pdf">"Profiles of famous educators: Swami Vivekananda"</a> (PDF), Prospects, XXXIII (2), Netherlands: <a href="/facts/Springer_Science%252BBusiness_Media/nAesf6nT">Springer</a>: 231–245, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1023603115703">10.1023/A:1023603115703</a>, <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162659685">162659685</a>, archived from <a href="http://www.ibe.unesco.org/fileadmin/user_upload/archive/publications/ThinkersPdf/vivekane.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 10 October 2008, retrieved 20 December 2008</li>
<li>Rambachan, Anantanand (1994), The limits of scripture: Vivekananda's reinterpretation of the Vedas, Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8248-1542-4</li>
<li>Richards, Glyn (1996), "Vivekananda", A Source-Book of Modern Hinduism, Routledge, pp. 77–78, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-7007-0317-3</li>
<li>Rinehart, Robin (1 January 2004). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hMPYnfS_R90C&pg=PA392">Contemporary Hinduism: Ritual, Culture, and Practice</a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-57607-905-8.</li>
<li>Rolland, Romain (1929a), "Naren the Beloved Disciple", The Life of Ramakrishna, Hollywood, California: Vedanta Press, pp. 169–193, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-81-85301-44-0 {{citation}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)</li>
<li>Rolland, Romain (1929b), "The River Re-Enters the Sea", The Life of Ramakrishna, Hollywood, California: Vedanta Press, pp. 201–214, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-81-85301-44-0 {{citation}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)</li>
<li>Rolland, Romain (2008), <a href="https://archive.org/details/lifeofvivekanand00roll/page/328">The Life of Vivekananda and the Universal Gospel</a> (24th ed.), Advaita Ashrama, p. <a href="https://archive.org/details/lifeofvivekanand00roll/page/328">328</a>, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-81-85301-01-3</li>
<li>Seifer, Marc (2001), Wizard: The Life and Times of Nikola Tesla : Biography of a Genius, Citadel, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8065-1960-9</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Amiya_Prosad_Sen/PBLrx9zv">Sen, Amiya</a> (2003), Gupta, Narayani (ed.), Swami Vivekananda, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-19-564565-0</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Amiya_Prosad_Sen/PBLrx9zv">Sen, Amiya</a> (2006), <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=usBhrZcnJ78C">Indispensable Vivekananda: anthology for our times</a>, Orient Blackswan, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-81-7824-130-2</li>
<li>Sharma, Arvind (1988), "Swami Vivekananda's Experiences", Neo-Hindu Views of Christianity, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-90-04-08791-0</li>
<li>Sharma, Benishankar (1963), Swami Vivekananda: A Forgotten Chapter of His Life, Kolkata: Oxford Book & Stationary Co., <a href="/facts/ASIN_(identifier)/twP2MtLk">ASIN</a> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0007JR46C">B0007JR46C</a></li>
<li>Shattuck, Cybelle T. (1999), "The modern period ii: forces of change", Hinduism, London: Routledge, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-415-21163-5</li>
<li>Sheean, Vincent (2005), "Forerunners of Gandhi", Lead, Kindly Light: Gandhi and the Way to Peace, Kessinger Publishing, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-4179-9383-3</li>
<li>Shetty, B. Vithal (2009), World as seen under the lens of a scientist, Bloomington, Indiana: Xlibris Corporation, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-4415-0471-5</li>
<li>Sil, Narasingha Prosad (1997), Swami Vivekananda: A Reassessment, Selinsgrove, Pennsylvania: Susquehanna University Press, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-945636-97-0</li>
<li>Sooklal, Anil (1993), <a href="https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/AJA10165320_85">"The Neo-Vedanta Philosophy of Swami Vivekananda"</a>, Nidan, 5</li>
<li>Taft, Michael (2014), Nondualism: A Brief History of a Timeless Concept, Cephalopod Rex</li>
<li>Thomas, Abraham Vazhayil (1974), Christians in Secular India, Madison, New Jersey: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8386-1021-3</li>
<li>Thomas, Wendell (1 August 2003). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UK1zdGslGCQC">Hinduism Invades America 1930</a>. Kessinger Publishing. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-7661-8013-0.</li>
<li>Urban, Hugh B. (1 January 2007). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wvtLClojU_4C&pg=PA314">Tantra: Sex, Secrecy, Politics and Power in the Study of Religion</a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publisher. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-81-208-2932-9.</li>
<li>Virajananda, Swami, ed. (2006) [1910], The Life of the swami Vivekananda by his eastern and western disciples... in two volumes (6th ed.), Kolkata: Advaita Ashrama, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 81-7505-044-6</li>
<li>Virajananda, Swami (1918), <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8CAMAQAAMAAJ">The Life of the Swami Vivekananda</a>, vol. 4, Prabuddha Bharata Office, Advaita Ashrama, retrieved 21 December 2012</li>
<li>Vivekananda, Swami (2001) [1907], <a href="http://www.ramakrishnavivekananda.info/vivekananda/complete_works.htm">Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda</a>, vol. 9 Volumes, Advaita Ashrama, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-81-85301-75-4</li>
<li>Vivekananda, Swami (1996), Swami Lokeswarananda (ed.), My India : the India eternal (1st ed.), Calcutta: Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture, pp. 1–2, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 81-85843-51-1</li>
<li>Vrajaprana, Pravrajika (1996). A portrait of Sister Christine. Calcutta: Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-81-85843-80-3.</li>
<li>Wuthnow, Robert (1 July 2011). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WxltPmukv0gC&pg=PA64">America and the Challenges of Religious Diversity</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-4008-3724-3.</li>
<li>Wolffe, John (2004). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-QedEtzRncC&pg=PA158">Religion in History: Conflict, Conversion and Coexistence</a>. Manchester University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-7190-7107-2.</li></ul>

<h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2>
Bibliography

Main article: <a href="/facts/Bibliography_of_Swami_Vivekananda/3pNzNgGp">Bibliography of Swami Vivekananda</a>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Sister_Nivedita/7EVckUn0">Sister Nivedita</a> (1913). <a href="/facts/Saradananda/4TrPVqCq">Swami Saradananda</a> (ed.). <a href="/facts/Notes_of_Some_Wanderings_with_the_Swami_Vivekananda/YyI0HmlB">Notes of Some Wanderings with the Swami Vivekananda</a>. Calcutta: The Brahmachari Gonendranath Udbodhan Office.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Sister_Gargi/bgpKr6M5">Burke, Marie Louise</a> (1957). <a href="/facts/Swami_Vivekananda_in_the_West%3a_New_Discoveries/znHuEAkf">Swami Vivekananda in the West: New Discoveries</a>. Kolkata: <a href="/facts/Advaita_Ashrama/UobKppwc">Advaita Ashrama</a>.</li>
<li>Sambudhdhananda, Swami (1963). <a href="/facts/Swami_Vivekananda_on_Himself/fwCmb2UV">Swami Vivekananda on Himself</a>. Kolkata: <a href="/facts/Advaita_Ashrama/UobKppwc">Advaita Ashrama</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 81-7505-280-5. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)</li>
<li>Gokhale, B. G. (January 1964). "Swami Vivekananda and Indian Nationalism". <a href="/facts/Journal_of_Bible_and_Religion/zCtbRpsk">Journal of Bible and Religion</a>. 32 (1). <a href="/facts/Oxford_University_Press/CYyTzzWG">Oxford University Press</a>: 35–42. <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1460427">1460427</a>.</li>
<li>Banhatti, G. S. (1989). <a href="/facts/Life_and_Philosophy_of_Swami_Vivekananda/NY1IHfXU">Life and Philosophy of Swami Vivekananda</a>. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers & Dist. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-81-7156-291-6.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/R._C._Majumdar/Rrhrhjx5">Majumdar, R. C.</a> (1999). Swami Vivekananda: A historical review. Calcutta: <a href="/facts/Advaita_Ashrama/UobKppwc">Advaita Ashrama</a>.</li>
<li>King, Richard (2002). Orientalism and Religion: Post-Colonial Theory, India and "The Mystic East". <a href="/facts/Routledge/aSwcES11">Routledge</a>.</li>
<li>Bhuyan, Pranaba Ranjan (2003). Swami Vivekananda: Messiah of Resurgent India. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers & Dist. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-81-269-0234-7.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Sankar_(writer)/Ew7aAEt5">Mukherjee, Mani Shankar</a> (2011) [2003]. Achena Ajana Vivekananda [<a href="/facts/The_Monk_as_Man%3a_The_Unknown_Life_of_Swami_Vivekananda/k0smMTeK">The Monk as Man: The Unknown Life of Swami Vivekananda</a>]. <a href="/facts/Penguin_Books_India/Q2ETlwbp">Penguin Books India</a>.</li>
<li>Chauhan, Abnish Singh (2004). Swami Vivekananda: Select Speeches. Prakash Book Depot. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-81-7977-466-3.</li>
<li>Chauhan, Abnish Singh (2006). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IdjPPgAACAAJ">Speeches of Swami Vivekananda and Subhash Chandra Bose: A Comparative Study</a>. Prakash Book Depot. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-81-7977-149-5.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Jyotirmaya_Sharma/Sva2f4gQ">Sharma, Jyotirmaya</a> (2013). <a href="https://www.academia.edu/18844967">A Restatement of Religion: Swami Vivekananda and the Making of Hindu Nationalism</a>. <a href="/facts/Yale_University_Press/oavMPaT7">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-300-19740-2.[permanent dead link]</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Rajiv_Malhotra/LFBEAcF8">Malhotra, Rajiv</a> (2016). Indra's Net: Defending Hinduism's Philosophical Unity (revised ed.). Noida, India: <a href="/facts/HarperCollins_Publishers_India/HHLz5lk5">HarperCollins Publishers India</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-93-5177-179-1. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 93-5177-179-2</li></ul>
Other sources

<ul><li>Mitra, Sarbajit (22 October 2023). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231022083154/https://m.thewire.in/article/history/a-cricket-match-in-bengals-chinsurah-and-its-fascinating-connection-to-the-1857-revolt">"A Cricket Match in Bengal's Chinsurah and its Fascinating Connection to the 1857 Revolt"</a>. thewire.in. Kolkata: The Wire. Archived from <a href="https://m.thewire.in/article/history/a-cricket-match-in-bengals-chinsurah-and-its-fascinating-connection-to-the-1857-revolt">the original</a> on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2023.</li>
<li>Mukhopadhyay, Atreyo (4 May 2019). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230416020605/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2019/may/04/when-swami-vivekananda-claimed-seven-wickets-and-other-eden-gardens-tales-1972482.html">"When Swami Vivekananda claimed seven wickets and other Eden Gardens tales"</a>. newindianexpress.com. Kolkata: The New Indian Express. Express News Service. Archived from <a href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2019/may/04/when-swami-vivekananda-claimed-seven-wickets-and-other-eden-gardens-tales-1972482.html">the original</a> on 16 April 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2021.</li></ul>
<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Swami Vivekananda.

Wikiquote has quotations related to Swami Vivekananda.

<ul><li><a href="https://openlibrary.org/subjects/person:vivekananda_swami_(1863-1902)">Works about Vivekananda</a> via the <a href="/facts/Open_Library/A13NLNNh">Open Library</a></li>
<li><a href="https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL154597A/Vivekananda">Works by Vivekananda</a> via the <a href="/facts/Open_Library/A13NLNNh">Open Library</a></li>
<li><a href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Vivekananda%2C%20Swami%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Swami%20Vivekananda%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Vivekananda%2C%20Swami%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Swami%20Vivekananda%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Vivekananda%2C%20S%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Swami%20Vivekananda%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Vivekananda%2C%20Swami%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Swami%20Vivekananda%22%29%20OR%20%28%221863-1902%22%20AND%20Vivekananda%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Swami Vivekananda</a> at the <a href="/facts/Internet_Archive/PHStU8Lo">Internet Archive</a></li>
<li><a href="https://librivox.org/author/1306">Works by Swami Vivekananda</a> at <a href="/facts/LibriVox/FF71kJKC">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) </li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120330175816/http://www.belurmath.org/swamivivekananda.htm">Biography</a> at <a href="/facts/Belur_Math/4tdfd9H0">Belur Math</a>'s official website</li>
<li><a href="http://cwsv.belurmath.org/">Complete Works of Vivekananda, Belur Math publication</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180221125350/http://cwsv.belurmath.org/">Archived</a> 21 February 2018 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a></li>
<li>WBEZ Chicago <a href="https://www.wbez.org/curious-city/2024/05/09/how-are-honorary-street-signs-created-in-chicago">Curious City podcast</a>: In response to a listener question, a reporter explains Swami Vivekananda's Chicago connection while tracking down his missing honorary street sign.</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Bengali: স্বামী বিবেকানন্দ; pronounced [ʃami bibekanɔndo]; listenⓘ; IAST: Svāmī Vivekānanda <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" target="_blank">/wiki/Bengali_language</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">নরেন্দ্রনাথ দত্ত; pronounced [nɔrendronatʰ dɔto] <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Bengali" target="_blank">/wiki/Help:IPA/Bengali</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">"Swami Vivekananda: A short biography". OneIndia. Retrieved 3 May 2017. <a href="http://www.oneindia.com/feature/swami-vivekananda-a-short-biography-1980622.html" target="_blank">http://www.oneindia.com/feature/swami-vivekananda-a-short-biography-1980622.html</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">"Life History & Teachings of Swami Vivekanand". Archived from the original on 9 May 2017. Retrieved 3 May 2017. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170509141232/http://www.culturalindia.net/reformers/vivekananda.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170509141232/http://www.culturalindia.net/reformers/vivekananda.html</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">"International Yoga Day: How Swami Vivekananda helped popularise the ancient Indian regimen in the West". The Indian Express. 21 June 2017. <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/research/international-yoga-day-2017-how-swami-vivekananda-helped-popularise-the-ancient-indian-regimen-in-the-west-4715411/" target="_blank">https://indianexpress.com/article/research/international-yoga-day-2017-how-swami-vivekananda-helped-popularise-the-ancient-indian-regimen-in-the-west-4715411/</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Feuerstein 2002, p. 600. - Feuerstein, Georg (2002), The Yoga Tradition, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Syman, Stefanie (2010). The Subtle Body: The Story of Yoga in America. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-374-23676-2. <a href="978-0-374-23676-2" target="_blank">978-0-374-23676-2</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Clarke 2006, p. 209. - Clarke, Peter Bernard (2006), New Religions in Global Perspective, Routledge <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Barrows, John Henry (1893). The World's Parliament of Religions. The Parliament of Religions Publishing Company. p. 101. <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Dutt 2005, p. 121. - Dutt, Harshavardhan (2005), Immortal Speeches, New Delhi: Unicorn Books, p. 121, ISBN 978-81-7806-093-4 <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">"Sisters and brothers of America — full text of Swami Vivekananda's iconic Chicago speech". ThePrint. 4 July 2019. <a href="https://theprint.in/india/sisters-and-brothers-of-america-full-text-of-swami-vivekanandas-iconic-chicago-speech/257916/" target="_blank">https://theprint.in/india/sisters-and-brothers-of-america-full-text-of-swami-vivekanandas-iconic-chicago-speech/257916/</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Jackson 1994, p. 115. - Jackson, Carl T (1994), "The Founders", Vedanta for the West: the Ramakrishna movement in the United States, Indianapolis, Indiana: Indiana University Press, ISBN 978-0-253-33098-7 <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Feuerstein 2002, p. 600. - Feuerstein, Georg (2002), The Yoga Tradition, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Von Dense 1999, p. 191. - Von Dense, Christian D. (1999), Philosophers and Religious Leaders, Greenwood Publishing Group <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">"Know About Swami Vivekananda on National Youth Day 2022". SA News Channel. 11 January 2022. Retrieved 12 January 2022. <a href="https://news.jagatgururampalji.org/national-youth-day/" target="_blank">https://news.jagatgururampalji.org/national-youth-day/</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">"National Youth Day 2022: Images, Wishes, and Quotes by Swami Vivekananda That Continue to Inspire us Even Today!". News18. 12 January 2022. Retrieved 12 January 2022. <a href="https://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/national-youth-day-2022-images-wishes-and-famous-quotes-by-swami-vivekananda-that-continue-to-inspire-us-even-today-4645769.html" target="_blank">https://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/national-youth-day-2022-images-wishes-and-famous-quotes-by-swami-vivekananda-that-continue-to-inspire-us-even-today-4645769.html</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Paul 2003, p. 5. - Paul, Dr S. (2003). Great Men Of India : Swami Vivekananda. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 978-81-207-9138-1. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KekbVbtSnJcC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=KekbVbtSnJcC</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">Banhatti 1995, p. 1. - Banhatti, G.S. (1995), Life and Philosophy of Swami Vivekananda, Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, ISBN 978-81-7156-291-6 <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Steven Kemper (2015). Rescued from the Nation: Anagarika Dharmapala and the Buddhist World. University of Chicago Press. p. 236. ISBN 978-0-226-19910-8. <a href="978-0-226-19910-8" target="_blank">978-0-226-19910-8</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">"Devdutt Pattanaik: Dayanand & Vivekanand". 15 January 2017. <a href="http://www.mid-day.com/articles/devdutt-pattanaik-dayanand--vivekanand/17911158" target="_blank">http://www.mid-day.com/articles/devdutt-pattanaik-dayanand--vivekanand/17911158</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Badrinath 2006, p. 2. - Badrinath, Chaturvedi (2006). Swami Vivekananda, the Living Vedanta. Penguin Books India. ISBN 978-0-14-306209-7. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qo1X96E0JPAC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=Qo1X96E0JPAC</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">Mukherji 2011, p. 5. - Mukherji, Mani Shankar (2011), The Monk As Man: The Unknown Life of Swami Vivekananda, Penguin Books India, ISBN 978-0-14-310119-2 <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">Banhatti 1995, p. 1. - Banhatti, G.S. (1995), Life and Philosophy of Swami Vivekananda, Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, ISBN 978-81-7156-291-6 <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">Badrinath 2006, p. 3. - Badrinath, Chaturvedi (2006). Swami Vivekananda, the Living Vedanta. Penguin Books India. ISBN 978-0-14-306209-7. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qo1X96E0JPAC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=Qo1X96E0JPAC</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">Bhuyan 2003, p. 4. - Bhuyan, P. R. (2003), Swami Vivekananda: Messiah of Resurgent India, New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, ISBN 978-81-269-0234-7 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLmFDRortS0C&pg=PR1" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLmFDRortS0C&pg=PR1</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">Banhatti 1995, p. 2. - Banhatti, G.S. (1995), Life and Philosophy of Swami Vivekananda, Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, ISBN 978-81-7156-291-6 <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">Bhuyan 2003, p. 4. - Bhuyan, P. R. (2003), Swami Vivekananda: Messiah of Resurgent India, New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, ISBN 978-81-269-0234-7 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLmFDRortS0C&pg=PR1" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLmFDRortS0C&pg=PR1</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">Nikhilananda 1964. - Nikhilananda, Swami (April 1964), "Swami Vivekananda Centenary", Philosophy East and West, 14 (1), University of Hawai'i Press: 73–75, doi:10.2307/1396757, JSTOR 1396757 <a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1396757" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1396757</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">Sen 2003, p. 20. - Sen, Amiya (2003), Gupta, Narayani (ed.), Swami Vivekananda, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-564565-0 <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">Bhuyan 2003, p. 5. - Bhuyan, P. R. (2003), Swami Vivekananda: Messiah of Resurgent India, New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, ISBN 978-81-269-0234-7 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLmFDRortS0C&pg=PR1" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLmFDRortS0C&pg=PR1</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">Sen 2003, p. 20. - Sen, Amiya (2003), Gupta, Narayani (ed.), Swami Vivekananda, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-564565-0 <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">Banhatti 1995, p. 2. - Banhatti, G.S. (1995), Life and Philosophy of Swami Vivekananda, Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, ISBN 978-81-7156-291-6 <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">Banhatti 1995, p. 4. - Banhatti, G.S. (1995), Life and Philosophy of Swami Vivekananda, Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, ISBN 978-81-7156-291-6 <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">Arrington & Chakrabarti 2001, pp. 628–631. - Arrington, Robert L.; Chakrabarti, Tapan Kumar (2001), "Swami Vivekananda", A Companion to the Philosophers, Blackwell Publishing, ISBN 978-0-631-22967-4 <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">Sen 2003, p. 21. - Sen, Amiya (2003), Gupta, Narayani (ed.), Swami Vivekananda, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-564565-0 <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:36">Sen 2006, pp. 12–14. - Sen, Amiya (2006), Indispensable Vivekananda: anthology for our times, Orient Blackswan, ISBN 978-81-7824-130-2 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=usBhrZcnJ78C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=usBhrZcnJ78C</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:37">Sen 2003, pp. 104–105. - Sen, Amiya (2003), Gupta, Narayani (ed.), Swami Vivekananda, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-564565-0 <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:38">Pangborn & Smith 1976, p. 106. - Pangborn, Cyrus R.; Smith, Bardwell L. (1976), "The Ramakrishna Math and Mission", Hinduism: New Essays in the History of Religions, Brill Archive <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:39">Dhar 1976, p. 53. - Dhar, Shailendra Nath (1976), A Comprehensive Biography of Swami Vivekananda (2nd ed.), Madras, India: Vivekananda Prakashan Kendra, OCLC 708330405 <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/708330405" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/708330405</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:40">Malagi & Naik 2003, pp. 36–37. - Malagi, R.A.; Naik, M.K. (2003), "Stirred Spirit: The Prose of Swami Vivekananda", Perspectives on Indian Prose in English, New Delhi: Abhinav Publications, ISBN 978-81-7017-150-8 <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:41">Prabhananda 2003, p. 233. - Prabhananda, Swami (June 2003), "Profiles of famous educators: Swami Vivekananda" (PDF), Prospects, XXXIII (2), Netherlands: Springer: 231–245, doi:10.1023/A:1023603115703, S2CID 162659685, archived from the original (PDF) on 10 October 2008, retrieved 20 December 2008 <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081010111951/http://www.ibe.unesco.org/fileadmin/user_upload/archive/publications/ThinkersPdf/vivekane.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20081010111951/http://www.ibe.unesco.org/fileadmin/user_upload/archive/publications/ThinkersPdf/vivekane.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:42">Banhatti 1995, pp. 7–9. - Banhatti, G.S. (1995), Life and Philosophy of Swami Vivekananda, Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, ISBN 978-81-7156-291-6 <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:43">Chattopadhyaya 1999, p. 31. - Chattopadhyaya, Rajagopal (1999), Swami Vivekananda in India: A Corrective Biography, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-1586-5 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EtcoeaQIQdAC&pg=PA285" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=EtcoeaQIQdAC&pg=PA285</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:44">Malagi & Naik 2003, pp. 36–37. - Malagi, R.A.; Naik, M.K. (2003), "Stirred Spirit: The Prose of Swami Vivekananda", Perspectives on Indian Prose in English, New Delhi: Abhinav Publications, ISBN 978-81-7017-150-8 <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:45">K.R.Gupta; Amita Gupta, eds. (2006). Concise Encyclopaedia of India. Atlantic. p. 1066. ISBN 978-81-269-0639-0. <a href="978-81-269-0639-0" target="_blank">978-81-269-0639-0</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:46">Banhatti 1995, pp. 156, 157. - Banhatti, G.S. (1995), Life and Philosophy of Swami Vivekananda, Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, ISBN 978-81-7156-291-6 <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:47">Swami Vivekananda's 114th death anniversary: Lesser known facts about the spiritual leader. India Today. 4 July 2016. <a href="https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/swami-vivekanandas-114th-death-anniversary-lesser-known-facts-about-this-monk-327208-2016-07-04" target="_blank">https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/swami-vivekanandas-114th-death-anniversary-lesser-known-facts-about-this-monk-327208-2016-07-04</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:48">De Michelis 2005, p. 99. - De Michelis, Elizabeth (8 December 2005). A History of Modern Yoga: Patanjali and Western Esotericism. Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-8772-8. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sHBBDq_Ul3sC&pg=PA124" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=sHBBDq_Ul3sC&pg=PA124</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:49">De Michelis 2005, p. 100. - De Michelis, Elizabeth (8 December 2005). A History of Modern Yoga: Patanjali and Western Esotericism. Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-8772-8. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sHBBDq_Ul3sC&pg=PA124" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=sHBBDq_Ul3sC&pg=PA124</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:50">De Michelis 2005, p. 99. - De Michelis, Elizabeth (8 December 2005). A History of Modern Yoga: Patanjali and Western Esotericism. Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-8772-8. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sHBBDq_Ul3sC&pg=PA124" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=sHBBDq_Ul3sC&pg=PA124</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:51">Sen 2006, pp. 12–14. - Sen, Amiya (2006), Indispensable Vivekananda: anthology for our times, Orient Blackswan, ISBN 978-81-7824-130-2 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=usBhrZcnJ78C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=usBhrZcnJ78C</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:52">Banhatti 1995, p. 8. - Banhatti, G.S. (1995), Life and Philosophy of Swami Vivekananda, Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, ISBN 978-81-7156-291-6 <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:53">Badrinath 2006, p. 20. - Badrinath, Chaturvedi (2006). Swami Vivekananda, the Living Vedanta. Penguin Books India. ISBN 978-0-14-306209-7. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qo1X96E0JPAC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=Qo1X96E0JPAC</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:54">De Michelis 2005, p. 99. - De Michelis, Elizabeth (8 December 2005). A History of Modern Yoga: Patanjali and Western Esotericism. Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-8772-8. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sHBBDq_Ul3sC&pg=PA124" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=sHBBDq_Ul3sC&pg=PA124</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:55">De Michelis 2005, p. 19-90, 97–100. - De Michelis, Elizabeth (8 December 2005). A History of Modern Yoga: Patanjali and Western Esotericism. Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-8772-8. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sHBBDq_Ul3sC&pg=PA124" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=sHBBDq_Ul3sC&pg=PA124</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:56">Bhuyan 2003, p. 5. - Bhuyan, P. R. (2003), Swami Vivekananda: Messiah of Resurgent India, New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, ISBN 978-81-269-0234-7 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLmFDRortS0C&pg=PR1" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLmFDRortS0C&pg=PR1</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:57">Chattopadhyaya 1999, p. 29. - Chattopadhyaya, Rajagopal (1999), Swami Vivekananda in India: A Corrective Biography, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-1586-5 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EtcoeaQIQdAC&pg=PA285" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=EtcoeaQIQdAC&pg=PA285</a> <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:58">De Michelis 2005, p. 46. - De Michelis, Elizabeth (8 December 2005). A History of Modern Yoga: Patanjali and Western Esotericism. Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-8772-8. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sHBBDq_Ul3sC&pg=PA124" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=sHBBDq_Ul3sC&pg=PA124</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:59">De Michelis 2005, p. 46. - De Michelis, Elizabeth (8 December 2005). A History of Modern Yoga: Patanjali and Western Esotericism. Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-8772-8. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sHBBDq_Ul3sC&pg=PA124" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=sHBBDq_Ul3sC&pg=PA124</a> <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:60">De Michelis 2005, p. 46-47. - De Michelis, Elizabeth (8 December 2005). A History of Modern Yoga: Patanjali and Western Esotericism. Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-8772-8. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sHBBDq_Ul3sC&pg=PA124" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=sHBBDq_Ul3sC&pg=PA124</a> <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:61">De Michelis 2005, p. 47. - De Michelis, Elizabeth (8 December 2005). A History of Modern Yoga: Patanjali and Western Esotericism. Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-8772-8. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sHBBDq_Ul3sC&pg=PA124" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=sHBBDq_Ul3sC&pg=PA124</a> <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:62">De Michelis 2005, p. 81. - De Michelis, Elizabeth (8 December 2005). A History of Modern Yoga: Patanjali and Western Esotericism. Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-8772-8. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sHBBDq_Ul3sC&pg=PA124" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=sHBBDq_Ul3sC&pg=PA124</a> <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:63">De Michelis 2005, p. 49. - De Michelis, Elizabeth (8 December 2005). A History of Modern Yoga: Patanjali and Western Esotericism. Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-8772-8. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sHBBDq_Ul3sC&pg=PA124" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=sHBBDq_Ul3sC&pg=PA124</a> <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:64">Banhatti 1995, p. 8. - Banhatti, G.S. (1995), Life and Philosophy of Swami Vivekananda, Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, ISBN 978-81-7156-291-6 <a href="#fnref:64" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:65">Sen 2006, pp. 12–13. - Sen, Amiya (2006), Indispensable Vivekananda: anthology for our times, Orient Blackswan, ISBN 978-81-7824-130-2 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=usBhrZcnJ78C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=usBhrZcnJ78C</a> <a href="#fnref:65" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:66">Pangborn & Smith 1976, p. 106. - Pangborn, Cyrus R.; Smith, Bardwell L. (1976), "The Ramakrishna Math and Mission", Hinduism: New Essays in the History of Religions, Brill Archive <a href="#fnref:66" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:67">Banhatti 1995, p. 8. - Banhatti, G.S. (1995), Life and Philosophy of Swami Vivekananda, Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, ISBN 978-81-7156-291-6 <a href="#fnref:67" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:68">Chattopadhyaya 1999, p. 31. - Chattopadhyaya, Rajagopal (1999), Swami Vivekananda in India: A Corrective Biography, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-1586-5 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EtcoeaQIQdAC&pg=PA285" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=EtcoeaQIQdAC&pg=PA285</a> <a href="#fnref:68" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:69">Banhatti 1995, p. 8. - Banhatti, G.S. (1995), Life and Philosophy of Swami Vivekananda, Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, ISBN 978-81-7156-291-6 <a href="#fnref:69" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:70">De Michelis 2005, p. 49. - De Michelis, Elizabeth (8 December 2005). A History of Modern Yoga: Patanjali and Western Esotericism. Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-8772-8. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sHBBDq_Ul3sC&pg=PA124" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=sHBBDq_Ul3sC&pg=PA124</a> <a href="#fnref:70" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:71">De Michelis 2005, p. 50. - De Michelis, Elizabeth (8 December 2005). A History of Modern Yoga: Patanjali and Western Esotericism. Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-8772-8. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sHBBDq_Ul3sC&pg=PA124" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=sHBBDq_Ul3sC&pg=PA124</a> <a href="#fnref:71" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:72">Medhananda 2022, p. 17. - Medhananda, Swami (2022). Swami Vivekananda's Vedāntic Cosmopolitanism. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-762446-3. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yGibzgEACAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=yGibzgEACAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:72" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:73">Medhananda 2022, p. 22. - Medhananda, Swami (2022). Swami Vivekananda's Vedāntic Cosmopolitanism. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-762446-3. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yGibzgEACAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=yGibzgEACAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:73" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:74">De Michelis 2005, p. 101. - De Michelis, Elizabeth (8 December 2005). A History of Modern Yoga: Patanjali and Western Esotericism. Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-8772-8. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sHBBDq_Ul3sC&pg=PA124" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=sHBBDq_Ul3sC&pg=PA124</a> <a href="#fnref:74" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:75">Chattopadhyaya 1999, p. 29. - Chattopadhyaya, Rajagopal (1999), Swami Vivekananda in India: A Corrective Biography, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-1586-5 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EtcoeaQIQdAC&pg=PA285" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=EtcoeaQIQdAC&pg=PA285</a> <a href="#fnref:75" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:76">Chattopadhyaya 1999, p. 43. - Chattopadhyaya, Rajagopal (1999), Swami Vivekananda in India: A Corrective Biography, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-1586-5 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EtcoeaQIQdAC&pg=PA285" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=EtcoeaQIQdAC&pg=PA285</a> <a href="#fnref:76" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:77">Ghosh 2003, p. 31. - Ghosh, Gautam (2003). The Prophet of Modern India: A Biography of Swami Vivekananda. Rupa & Company. ISBN 978-81-291-0149-5. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ThLiJ4cplZwC&pg=PT31" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=ThLiJ4cplZwC&pg=PT31</a> <a href="#fnref:77" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:78">Badrinath 2006, p. 18. - Badrinath, Chaturvedi (2006). Swami Vivekananda, the Living Vedanta. Penguin Books India. ISBN 978-0-14-306209-7. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qo1X96E0JPAC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=Qo1X96E0JPAC</a> <a href="#fnref:78" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:79">The exact date of the meeting is unknown. Vivekananda researcher Shailendra Nath Dhar studied the Calcutta University Calendar of 1881—1882 and found in that year, examination started on 28 November and ended on 2 December[64] <a href="#fnref:79" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:80">Chattopadhyaya 1999, p. 43. - Chattopadhyaya, Rajagopal (1999), Swami Vivekananda in India: A Corrective Biography, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-1586-5 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EtcoeaQIQdAC&pg=PA285" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=EtcoeaQIQdAC&pg=PA285</a> <a href="#fnref:80" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:81">Badrinath 2006, p. 21. - Badrinath, Chaturvedi (2006). Swami Vivekananda, the Living Vedanta. Penguin Books India. ISBN 978-0-14-306209-7. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qo1X96E0JPAC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=Qo1X96E0JPAC</a> <a href="#fnref:81" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:82">Paranjape 2012, p. 132. - Paranjape, Makarand R. (2012). Making India: Colonialism, National Culture, and the Afterlife of Indian English Authority. Springer. ISBN 978-94-007-4661-9. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-UjZlNCh-qwC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=-UjZlNCh-qwC</a> <a href="#fnref:82" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:83">Chattopadhyaya 1999, p. 43. - Chattopadhyaya, Rajagopal (1999), Swami Vivekananda in India: A Corrective Biography, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-1586-5 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EtcoeaQIQdAC&pg=PA285" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=EtcoeaQIQdAC&pg=PA285</a> <a href="#fnref:83" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:84">Prabhananda 2003, p. 232. - Prabhananda, Swami (June 2003), "Profiles of famous educators: Swami Vivekananda" (PDF), Prospects, XXXIII (2), Netherlands: Springer: 231–245, doi:10.1023/A:1023603115703, S2CID 162659685, archived from the original (PDF) on 10 October 2008, retrieved 20 December 2008 <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081010111951/http://www.ibe.unesco.org/fileadmin/user_upload/archive/publications/ThinkersPdf/vivekane.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20081010111951/http://www.ibe.unesco.org/fileadmin/user_upload/archive/publications/ThinkersPdf/vivekane.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:84" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:85">Banhatti 1995, pp. 10–13. - Banhatti, G.S. (1995), Life and Philosophy of Swami Vivekananda, Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, ISBN 978-81-7156-291-6 <a href="#fnref:85" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:86">Nikhilananda 1964. - Nikhilananda, Swami (April 1964), "Swami Vivekananda Centenary", Philosophy East and West, 14 (1), University of Hawai'i Press: 73–75, doi:10.2307/1396757, JSTOR 1396757 <a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1396757" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1396757</a> <a href="#fnref:86" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:87">Rolland 1929a, pp. 169–193. - Rolland, Romain (1929a), "Naren the Beloved Disciple", The Life of Ramakrishna, Hollywood, California: Vedanta Press, pp. 169–193, ISBN 978-81-85301-44-0 <a href="#fnref:87" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:88">Arora 1968, p. 4. - Arora, V. K. (1968), "Communion with Brahmo Samaj", The social and political philosophy of Swami Vivekananda, Punthi Pustak <a href="#fnref:88" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:89">Rolland 1929a, pp. 169–193. - Rolland, Romain (1929a), "Naren the Beloved Disciple", The Life of Ramakrishna, Hollywood, California: Vedanta Press, pp. 169–193, ISBN 978-81-85301-44-0 <a href="#fnref:89" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:90">Banhatti 1995, pp. 10–13. - Banhatti, G.S. (1995), Life and Philosophy of Swami Vivekananda, Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, ISBN 978-81-7156-291-6 <a href="#fnref:90" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:91">Bhuyan 2003, p. 8. - Bhuyan, P. R. (2003), Swami Vivekananda: Messiah of Resurgent India, New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, ISBN 978-81-269-0234-7 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLmFDRortS0C&pg=PR1" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLmFDRortS0C&pg=PR1</a> <a href="#fnref:91" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:92">Sil 1997, p. 38. - Sil, Narasingha Prosad (1997), Swami Vivekananda: A Reassessment, Selinsgrove, Pennsylvania: Susquehanna University Press, ISBN 0-945636-97-0 <a href="#fnref:92" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:93">Sil 1997, pp. 39–40. - Sil, Narasingha Prosad (1997), Swami Vivekananda: A Reassessment, Selinsgrove, Pennsylvania: Susquehanna University Press, ISBN 0-945636-97-0 <a href="#fnref:93" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:94">Kishore 2001, pp. 23–25. - Kishore, B. R. (2001). Swami Vivekanand. Diamond Pocket Books. ISBN 978-81-7182-952-1. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XR_aR1bUd5EC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=XR_aR1bUd5EC</a> <a href="#fnref:94" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:95">Nikhilananda 1953, pp. 25–26. - Nikhilananda, Swami (1953), Vivekananda: A Biography (PDF), New York: Ramakrishna-Vivekananda Center, ISBN 0-911206-25-6, retrieved 19 March 2012 <a href="http://www.vivekananda.net/PDFBooks/BiographybyNikhilananda.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.vivekananda.net/PDFBooks/BiographybyNikhilananda.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:95" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:96">Sil 1997, p. 27. - Sil, Narasingha Prosad (1997), Swami Vivekananda: A Reassessment, Selinsgrove, Pennsylvania: Susquehanna University Press, ISBN 0-945636-97-0 <a href="#fnref:96" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:97">Banhatti 1995, pp. 10–13. - Banhatti, G.S. (1995), Life and Philosophy of Swami Vivekananda, Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, ISBN 978-81-7156-291-6 <a href="#fnref:97" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:98">Isherwood 1976, p. 20. - Isherwood, Christopher (1976), Meditation and Its Methods According to Swami Vivekananda, Hollywood, California: Vedanta Press, ISBN 978-0-87481-030-1 <a href="https://archive.org/details/meditationitsmet00vive" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/meditationitsmet00vive</a> <a href="#fnref:98" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:99">Pangborn & Smith 1976, p. 98. - Pangborn, Cyrus R.; Smith, Bardwell L. (1976), "The Ramakrishna Math and Mission", Hinduism: New Essays in the History of Religions, Brill Archive <a href="#fnref:99" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:100">Nikhilananda 1964. - Nikhilananda, Swami (April 1964), "Swami Vivekananda Centenary", Philosophy East and West, 14 (1), University of Hawai'i Press: 73–75, doi:10.2307/1396757, JSTOR 1396757 <a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1396757" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1396757</a> <a href="#fnref:100" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:101">Isherwood 1976, p. 20. - Isherwood, Christopher (1976), Meditation and Its Methods According to Swami Vivekananda, Hollywood, California: Vedanta Press, ISBN 978-0-87481-030-1 <a href="https://archive.org/details/meditationitsmet00vive" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/meditationitsmet00vive</a> <a href="#fnref:101" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:102">Rolland 1929b, pp. 201–214. - Rolland, Romain (1929b), "The River Re-Enters the Sea", The Life of Ramakrishna, Hollywood, California: Vedanta Press, pp. 201–214, ISBN 978-81-85301-44-0 <a href="#fnref:102" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:103">Rolland 1929b, pp. 201–214. - Rolland, Romain (1929b), "The River Re-Enters the Sea", The Life of Ramakrishna, Hollywood, California: Vedanta Press, pp. 201–214, ISBN 978-81-85301-44-0 <a href="#fnref:103" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:104">Banhatti 1995, p. 17. - Banhatti, G.S. (1995), Life and Philosophy of Swami Vivekananda, Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, ISBN 978-81-7156-291-6 <a href="#fnref:104" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:105">Sil 1997, pp. 46–47. - Sil, Narasingha Prosad (1997), Swami Vivekananda: A Reassessment, Selinsgrove, Pennsylvania: Susquehanna University Press, ISBN 0-945636-97-0 <a href="#fnref:105" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:106">Banhatti 1995, p. 18. - Banhatti, G.S. (1995), Life and Philosophy of Swami Vivekananda, Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, ISBN 978-81-7156-291-6 <a href="#fnref:106" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:107">Prabhananda 2003, p. 232. - Prabhananda, Swami (June 2003), "Profiles of famous educators: Swami Vivekananda" (PDF), Prospects, XXXIII (2), Netherlands: Springer: 231–245, doi:10.1023/A:1023603115703, S2CID 162659685, archived from the original (PDF) on 10 October 2008, retrieved 20 December 2008 <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081010111951/http://www.ibe.unesco.org/fileadmin/user_upload/archive/publications/ThinkersPdf/vivekane.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20081010111951/http://www.ibe.unesco.org/fileadmin/user_upload/archive/publications/ThinkersPdf/vivekane.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:107" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:108">Nikhilananda 1953, p. 40. - Nikhilananda, Swami (1953), Vivekananda: A Biography (PDF), New York: Ramakrishna-Vivekananda Center, ISBN 0-911206-25-6, retrieved 19 March 2012 <a href="http://www.vivekananda.net/PDFBooks/BiographybyNikhilananda.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.vivekananda.net/PDFBooks/BiographybyNikhilananda.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:108" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:109">Chetananda 1997, p. 38. - Chetananda, Swami (1997). God lived with them: life stories of sixteen monastic disciples of Sri Ramakrishna. St. Louis, Missouri: Vedanta Society of St. Louis. ISBN 0-916356-80-9. <a href="#fnref:109" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:110">Chattopadhyaya 1999, p. 33. - Chattopadhyaya, Rajagopal (1999), Swami Vivekananda in India: A Corrective Biography, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-1586-5 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EtcoeaQIQdAC&pg=PA285" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=EtcoeaQIQdAC&pg=PA285</a> <a href="#fnref:110" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:111">"Aatpur – Bengal's village where Swami Vivekananda took Sanyas". <a href="https://www.getbengal.com/details/bengals-village-where-swami-vivekananda-took-sanyas" target="_blank">https://www.getbengal.com/details/bengals-village-where-swami-vivekananda-took-sanyas</a> <a href="#fnref:111" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:112">Nikhilananda 1953, p. 40. - Nikhilananda, Swami (1953), Vivekananda: A Biography (PDF), New York: Ramakrishna-Vivekananda Center, ISBN 0-911206-25-6, retrieved 19 March 2012 <a href="http://www.vivekananda.net/PDFBooks/BiographybyNikhilananda.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.vivekananda.net/PDFBooks/BiographybyNikhilananda.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:112" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:113">Nikhilananda 1953, p. 40. - Nikhilananda, Swami (1953), Vivekananda: A Biography (PDF), New York: Ramakrishna-Vivekananda Center, ISBN 0-911206-25-6, retrieved 19 March 2012 <a href="http://www.vivekananda.net/PDFBooks/BiographybyNikhilananda.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.vivekananda.net/PDFBooks/BiographybyNikhilananda.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:113" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:114">Rolland 2008, p. 7. - Rolland, Romain (2008), The Life of Vivekananda and the Universal Gospel (24th ed.), Advaita Ashrama, p. 328, ISBN 978-81-85301-01-3 <a href="https://archive.org/details/lifeofvivekanand00roll/page/328" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/lifeofvivekanand00roll/page/328</a> <a href="#fnref:114" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:115">Dhar 1976, p. 243. - Dhar, Shailendra Nath (1976), A Comprehensive Biography of Swami Vivekananda (2nd ed.), Madras, India: Vivekananda Prakashan Kendra, OCLC 708330405 <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/708330405" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/708330405</a> <a href="#fnref:115" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:116">Richards 1996, pp. 77–78. - Richards, Glyn (1996), "Vivekananda", A Source-Book of Modern Hinduism, Routledge, pp. 77–78, ISBN 978-0-7007-0317-3 <a href="#fnref:116" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:117">Bhuyan 2003, p. 12. - Bhuyan, P. R. (2003), Swami Vivekananda: Messiah of Resurgent India, New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, ISBN 978-81-269-0234-7 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLmFDRortS0C&pg=PR1" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLmFDRortS0C&pg=PR1</a> <a href="#fnref:117" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:118">Richards 1996, pp. 77–78. - Richards, Glyn (1996), "Vivekananda", A Source-Book of Modern Hinduism, Routledge, pp. 77–78, ISBN 978-0-7007-0317-3 <a href="#fnref:118" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:119">Rolland 2008, pp. 16–25. - Rolland, Romain (2008), The Life of Vivekananda and the Universal Gospel (24th ed.), Advaita Ashrama, p. 328, ISBN 978-81-85301-01-3 <a href="https://archive.org/details/lifeofvivekanand00roll/page/328" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/lifeofvivekanand00roll/page/328</a> <a href="#fnref:119" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:120">Rolland 2008, pp. 16–25. - Rolland, Romain (2008), The Life of Vivekananda and the Universal Gospel (24th ed.), Advaita Ashrama, p. 328, ISBN 978-81-85301-01-3 <a href="https://archive.org/details/lifeofvivekanand00roll/page/328" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/lifeofvivekanand00roll/page/328</a> <a href="#fnref:120" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:121">Banhatti 1995, p. 24. - Banhatti, G.S. (1995), Life and Philosophy of Swami Vivekananda, Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, ISBN 978-81-7156-291-6 <a href="#fnref:121" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:122">Gosling 2007, p. 18. - Gosling, David L. (2007). Science and the Indian Tradition: When Einstein Met Tagore. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-14333-7. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a6-8-tkr5MIC&pg=PA18" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=a6-8-tkr5MIC&pg=PA18</a> <a href="#fnref:122" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:123">Paranjape 2005, pp. 246–248. - Paranjape, Makarand (2005), Penguin Swami Vivekananda Reader, Penguin India, ISBN 0-14-303254-2 <a href="#fnref:123" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:124">Bhuyan 2003, p. 15. - Bhuyan, P. R. (2003), Swami Vivekananda: Messiah of Resurgent India, New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, ISBN 978-81-269-0234-7 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLmFDRortS0C&pg=PR1" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLmFDRortS0C&pg=PR1</a> <a href="#fnref:124" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:125">Badrinath 2006, p. 158. - Badrinath, Chaturvedi (2006). Swami Vivekananda, the Living Vedanta. Penguin Books India. ISBN 978-0-14-306209-7. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qo1X96E0JPAC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=Qo1X96E0JPAC</a> <a href="#fnref:125" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:126">Bhuyan 2003, p. 15. - Bhuyan, P. R. (2003), Swami Vivekananda: Messiah of Resurgent India, New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, ISBN 978-81-269-0234-7 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLmFDRortS0C&pg=PR1" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLmFDRortS0C&pg=PR1</a> <a href="#fnref:126" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:127">De Michelis 2005, p. 110. - De Michelis, Elizabeth (8 December 2005). A History of Modern Yoga: Patanjali and Western Esotericism. Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-8772-8. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sHBBDq_Ul3sC&pg=PA124" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=sHBBDq_Ul3sC&pg=PA124</a> <a href="#fnref:127" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:128">"Charles Bonney and the Idea for a World Parliament of Religions". The Interfaith Observer. 15 June 2012. Retrieved 28 December 2019. <a href="http://www.theinterfaithobserver.org/journal-articles/2012/6/15/charles-bonney-and-the-idea-for-a-world-parliament-of-religi.html" target="_blank">http://www.theinterfaithobserver.org/journal-articles/2012/6/15/charles-bonney-and-the-idea-for-a-world-parliament-of-religi.html</a> <a href="#fnref:128" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:129">"World Parliament of Religions, 1893 (Boston Collaborative Encyclopedia of Western Theology)". people.bu.edu. Retrieved 28 December 2019. <a href="http://people.bu.edu/wwildman/bce/worldparliamentofreligions1893.htm" target="_blank">http://people.bu.edu/wwildman/bce/worldparliamentofreligions1893.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:129" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:130">"Charles Bonney and the Idea for a World Parliament of Religions". The Interfaith Observer. 15 June 2012. Retrieved 28 December 2019. <a href="http://www.theinterfaithobserver.org/journal-articles/2012/6/15/charles-bonney-and-the-idea-for-a-world-parliament-of-religi.html" target="_blank">http://www.theinterfaithobserver.org/journal-articles/2012/6/15/charles-bonney-and-the-idea-for-a-world-parliament-of-religi.html</a> <a href="#fnref:130" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:131">De Michelis 2005, p. 112. - De Michelis, Elizabeth (8 December 2005). A History of Modern Yoga: Patanjali and Western Esotericism. Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-8772-8. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sHBBDq_Ul3sC&pg=PA124" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=sHBBDq_Ul3sC&pg=PA124</a> <a href="#fnref:131" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:132">Minor 1986, p. 133. - Minor, Robert Neil (1986), "Swami Vivekananda's use of the Bhagavad Gita", Modern Indian Interpreters of the Bhagavad Gita, Albany, New York: SUNY Press, ISBN 978-0-88706-297-1 <a href="https://archive.org/details/modernindianinte0000unse" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/modernindianinte0000unse</a> <a href="#fnref:132" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:133">Minor 1986, p. 133. - Minor, Robert Neil (1986), "Swami Vivekananda's use of the Bhagavad Gita", Modern Indian Interpreters of the Bhagavad Gita, Albany, New York: SUNY Press, ISBN 978-0-88706-297-1 <a href="https://archive.org/details/modernindianinte0000unse" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/modernindianinte0000unse</a> <a href="#fnref:133" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:134">Bhuyan 2003, p. 16. - Bhuyan, P. R. (2003), Swami Vivekananda: Messiah of Resurgent India, New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, ISBN 978-81-269-0234-7 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLmFDRortS0C&pg=PR1" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLmFDRortS0C&pg=PR1</a> <a href="#fnref:134" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:135">Bhuyan 2003, p. 16. - Bhuyan, P. R. (2003), Swami Vivekananda: Messiah of Resurgent India, New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, ISBN 978-81-269-0234-7 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLmFDRortS0C&pg=PR1" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLmFDRortS0C&pg=PR1</a> <a href="#fnref:135" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:136">De Michelis 2005, p. 112. - De Michelis, Elizabeth (8 December 2005). A History of Modern Yoga: Patanjali and Western Esotericism. Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-8772-8. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sHBBDq_Ul3sC&pg=PA124" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=sHBBDq_Ul3sC&pg=PA124</a> <a href="#fnref:136" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:137">De Michelis 2005, p. 112. - De Michelis, Elizabeth (8 December 2005). A History of Modern Yoga: Patanjali and Western Esotericism. Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-8772-8. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sHBBDq_Ul3sC&pg=PA124" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=sHBBDq_Ul3sC&pg=PA124</a> <a href="#fnref:137" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:138">Houghton 1893, p. 22. - Houghton, Walter Raleigh, ed. (1893), The parliament of religions and religious congresses at the World's Columbian exposition (3rd ed.), Frank Tennyson Neely, OL 14030155M <a href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL14030155M" target="_blank">https://openlibrary.org/books/OL14030155M</a> <a href="#fnref:138" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:139">Bhide 2008, p. 9. - Bhide, Nivedita Raghunath (2008), Swami Vivekananda in America, Vivekananda Kendra, ISBN 978-81-89248-22-2 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UGvPCzkjoc0C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=UGvPCzkjoc0C</a> <a href="#fnref:139" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:140">Paul 2003, p. 33. - Paul, Dr S. (2003). Great Men Of India : Swami Vivekananda. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 978-81-207-9138-1. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KekbVbtSnJcC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=KekbVbtSnJcC</a> <a href="#fnref:140" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:141">Banhatti 1995, p. 27. - Banhatti, G.S. (1995), Life and Philosophy of Swami Vivekananda, Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, ISBN 978-81-7156-291-6 <a href="#fnref:141" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:142">Bhuyan 2003, p. 17. - Bhuyan, P. R. (2003), Swami Vivekananda: Messiah of Resurgent India, New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, ISBN 978-81-269-0234-7 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLmFDRortS0C&pg=PR1" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLmFDRortS0C&pg=PR1</a> <a href="#fnref:142" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:143">Paul 2003, p. 33. - Paul, Dr S. (2003). Great Men Of India : Swami Vivekananda. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 978-81-207-9138-1. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KekbVbtSnJcC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=KekbVbtSnJcC</a> <a href="#fnref:143" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:144">Paul 2003, p. 34. - Paul, Dr S. (2003). Great Men Of India : Swami Vivekananda. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 978-81-207-9138-1. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KekbVbtSnJcC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=KekbVbtSnJcC</a> <a href="#fnref:144" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:145">McRae 1991, p. 17. - McRae, John R. (1991), "Oriental Verities on the American Frontier: The 1893 World's Parliament of Religions and the Thought of Masao Abe", Buddhist-Christian Studies, 11, University of Hawai'i Press: 7–36, doi:10.2307/1390252, JSTOR 1390252 <a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1390252" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1390252</a> <a href="#fnref:145" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:146">McRae quotes "[a] sectarian biography of Vivekananda,"[110] namely Sailendra Nath Dhar A Comprehensive Biography of Swami Vivekananda, Part One, (Madras, India: Vivekananda Prakashan Kendra, 1975), p. 461, which "describes his speech on the opening day".[111] <a href="#fnref:146" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:147">McRae 1991, pp. 18. - McRae, John R. (1991), "Oriental Verities on the American Frontier: The 1893 World's Parliament of Religions and the Thought of Masao Abe", Buddhist-Christian Studies, 11, University of Hawai'i Press: 7–36, doi:10.2307/1390252, JSTOR 1390252 <a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1390252" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1390252</a> <a href="#fnref:147" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:148">McRae 1991, pp. 18. - McRae, John R. (1991), "Oriental Verities on the American Frontier: The 1893 World's Parliament of Religions and the Thought of Masao Abe", Buddhist-Christian Studies, 11, University of Hawai'i Press: 7–36, doi:10.2307/1390252, JSTOR 1390252 <a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1390252" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1390252</a> <a href="#fnref:148" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:149">Prabhananda 2003, p. 234. - Prabhananda, Swami (June 2003), "Profiles of famous educators: Swami Vivekananda" (PDF), Prospects, XXXIII (2), Netherlands: Springer: 231–245, doi:10.1023/A:1023603115703, S2CID 162659685, archived from the original (PDF) on 10 October 2008, retrieved 20 December 2008 <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081010111951/http://www.ibe.unesco.org/fileadmin/user_upload/archive/publications/ThinkersPdf/vivekane.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20081010111951/http://www.ibe.unesco.org/fileadmin/user_upload/archive/publications/ThinkersPdf/vivekane.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:149" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:150">Bhuyan 2003, p. 17. - Bhuyan, P. R. (2003), Swami Vivekananda: Messiah of Resurgent India, New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, ISBN 978-81-269-0234-7 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLmFDRortS0C&pg=PR1" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLmFDRortS0C&pg=PR1</a> <a href="#fnref:150" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:151">Farquhar 1915, p. 202. - Farquhar, J. N. (1915), Modern Religious Movements in India, London: Macmillan <a href="#fnref:151" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:152">Sharma 1988, p. 87. - Sharma, Arvind (1988), "Swami Vivekananda's Experiences", Neo-Hindu Views of Christianity, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, ISBN 978-90-04-08791-0 <a href="#fnref:152" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:153">Adiswarananda 2006, pp. 177–179. - Adiswarananda, Swami, ed. (2006), Vivekananda, world teacher: his teachings on the spiritual unity of humankind, Woodstock, Vermont: SkyLight Paths Pub, ISBN 1-59473-210-8 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UY5wPUBjGbAC&pg=PA179" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=UY5wPUBjGbAC&pg=PA179</a> <a href="#fnref:153" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:154">McRae 1991, p. 17. - McRae, John R. (1991), "Oriental Verities on the American Frontier: The 1893 World's Parliament of Religions and the Thought of Masao Abe", Buddhist-Christian Studies, 11, University of Hawai'i Press: 7–36, doi:10.2307/1390252, JSTOR 1390252 <a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1390252" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1390252</a> <a href="#fnref:154" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:155">Bhuyan 2003, p. 18. - Bhuyan, P. R. (2003), Swami Vivekananda: Messiah of Resurgent India, New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, ISBN 978-81-269-0234-7 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLmFDRortS0C&pg=PR1" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLmFDRortS0C&pg=PR1</a> <a href="#fnref:155" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:156">Thomas 2003, pp. 74–77. - Thomas, Wendell (1 August 2003). Hinduism Invades America 1930. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7661-8013-0. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UK1zdGslGCQC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=UK1zdGslGCQC</a> <a href="#fnref:156" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:157">"When East Met West – in 1893". The Attic. Archived from the original on 20 April 2020. Retrieved 5 November 2019. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200420050443/https://www.theattic.space/home-page-blogs/2019/9/6/when-east-met-west-in-1893?rq=Vivekananda" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20200420050443/https://www.theattic.space/home-page-blogs/2019/9/6/when-east-met-west-in-1893?rq=Vivekananda</a> <a href="#fnref:157" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:158">Thomas 2003, pp. 74–77. - Thomas, Wendell (1 August 2003). Hinduism Invades America 1930. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7661-8013-0. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UK1zdGslGCQC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=UK1zdGslGCQC</a> <a href="#fnref:158" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:159">Vivekananda 2001, p. 419. - Vivekananda, Swami (2001) [1907], Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda, vol. 9 Volumes, Advaita Ashrama, ISBN 978-81-85301-75-4 <a href="http://www.ramakrishnavivekananda.info/vivekananda/complete_works.htm" target="_blank">http://www.ramakrishnavivekananda.info/vivekananda/complete_works.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:159" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:160">Gupta 1986, p. 118. - Gupta, Raj Kumar (1986), The Great Encounter: A Study of Indo-American Literary and Cultural Relations, Delhi: Abhinav Publications, ISBN 978-81-7017-211-6, retrieved 19 December 2012 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S720d-apN-kC&pg=PA118" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=S720d-apN-kC&pg=PA118</a> <a href="#fnref:160" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:161">Isherwood & Adjemian 1987, pp. 121–122. - Isherwood, Christopher; Adjemian, Robert (1987), "On Swami Vivekananda", The Wishing Tree, Hollywood, California: Vedanta Press, ISBN 978-0-06-250402-9 <a href="#fnref:161" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:162">Isherwood & Adjemian 1987, pp. 121–122. - Isherwood, Christopher; Adjemian, Robert (1987), "On Swami Vivekananda", The Wishing Tree, Hollywood, California: Vedanta Press, ISBN 978-0-06-250402-9 <a href="#fnref:162" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:163">Isherwood & Adjemian 1987, pp. 121–122. - Isherwood, Christopher; Adjemian, Robert (1987), "On Swami Vivekananda", The Wishing Tree, Hollywood, California: Vedanta Press, ISBN 978-0-06-250402-9 <a href="#fnref:163" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:164">Banhatti 1995, p. 30. - Banhatti, G.S. (1995), Life and Philosophy of Swami Vivekananda, Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, ISBN 978-81-7156-291-6 <a href="#fnref:164" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:165">Isherwood & Adjemian 1987, pp. 121–122. - Isherwood, Christopher; Adjemian, Robert (1987), "On Swami Vivekananda", The Wishing Tree, Hollywood, California: Vedanta Press, ISBN 978-0-06-250402-9 <a href="#fnref:165" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:166">Prabhananda 2003, p. 234. - Prabhananda, Swami (June 2003), "Profiles of famous educators: Swami Vivekananda" (PDF), Prospects, XXXIII (2), Netherlands: Springer: 231–245, doi:10.1023/A:1023603115703, S2CID 162659685, archived from the original (PDF) on 10 October 2008, retrieved 20 December 2008 <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081010111951/http://www.ibe.unesco.org/fileadmin/user_upload/archive/publications/ThinkersPdf/vivekane.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20081010111951/http://www.ibe.unesco.org/fileadmin/user_upload/archive/publications/ThinkersPdf/vivekane.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:166" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:167">Chetananda 1997, pp. 49–50. - Chetananda, Swami (1997). God lived with them: life stories of sixteen monastic disciples of Sri Ramakrishna. St. Louis, Missouri: Vedanta Society of St. Louis. ISBN 0-916356-80-9. <a href="#fnref:167" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:168">De Michelis 2005, p. 120. - De Michelis, Elizabeth (8 December 2005). A History of Modern Yoga: Patanjali and Western Esotericism. Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-8772-8. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sHBBDq_Ul3sC&pg=PA124" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=sHBBDq_Ul3sC&pg=PA124</a> <a href="#fnref:168" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:169">De Michelis 2005, p. 119-123. - De Michelis, Elizabeth (8 December 2005). A History of Modern Yoga: Patanjali and Western Esotericism. Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-8772-8. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sHBBDq_Ul3sC&pg=PA124" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=sHBBDq_Ul3sC&pg=PA124</a> <a href="#fnref:169" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:170">De Michelis 2005, p. 119-123. - De Michelis, Elizabeth (8 December 2005). A History of Modern Yoga: Patanjali and Western Esotericism. Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-8772-8. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sHBBDq_Ul3sC&pg=PA124" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=sHBBDq_Ul3sC&pg=PA124</a> <a href="#fnref:170" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:171">De Michelis 2005, p. 123-126. - De Michelis, Elizabeth (8 December 2005). A History of Modern Yoga: Patanjali and Western Esotericism. Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-8772-8. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sHBBDq_Ul3sC&pg=PA124" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=sHBBDq_Ul3sC&pg=PA124</a> <a href="#fnref:171" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:172">De Michelis 2005, p. 125-126. - De Michelis, Elizabeth (8 December 2005). A History of Modern Yoga: Patanjali and Western Esotericism. Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-8772-8. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sHBBDq_Ul3sC&pg=PA124" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=sHBBDq_Ul3sC&pg=PA124</a> <a href="#fnref:172" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:173">De Michelis 2005, p. 149-180. - De Michelis, Elizabeth (8 December 2005). A History of Modern Yoga: Patanjali and Western Esotericism. Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-8772-8. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sHBBDq_Ul3sC&pg=PA124" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=sHBBDq_Ul3sC&pg=PA124</a> <a href="#fnref:173" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:174">Nikhilananda 1964. - Nikhilananda, Swami (April 1964), "Swami Vivekananda Centenary", Philosophy East and West, 14 (1), University of Hawai'i Press: 73–75, doi:10.2307/1396757, JSTOR 1396757 <a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1396757" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1396757</a> <a href="#fnref:174" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:175">Isherwood & Adjemian 1987, pp. 121–122. - Isherwood, Christopher; Adjemian, Robert (1987), "On Swami Vivekananda", The Wishing Tree, Hollywood, California: Vedanta Press, ISBN 978-0-06-250402-9 <a href="#fnref:175" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:176">Chetananda 1997, pp. 49–50. - Chetananda, Swami (1997). God lived with them: life stories of sixteen monastic disciples of Sri Ramakrishna. St. Louis, Missouri: Vedanta Society of St. Louis. ISBN 0-916356-80-9. <a href="#fnref:176" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:177">Chetananda 1997, p. 47. - Chetananda, Swami (1997). God lived with them: life stories of sixteen monastic disciples of Sri Ramakrishna. St. Louis, Missouri: Vedanta Society of St. Louis. ISBN 0-916356-80-9. <a href="#fnref:177" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:178">Bardach, A. L. (30 March 2012). "What Did J.D. Salinger, Leo Tolstoy, and Sarah Bernhardt Have in Common?". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 31 March 2022. <a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303404704577305581227233656" target="_blank">https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303404704577305581227233656</a> <a href="#fnref:178" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:179">Burke 1958, p. 618. - Burke, Marie Louise (1958), Swami Vivekananda in America: New Discoveries, Kolkata: Advaita Ashrama, ISBN 978-0-902479-99-9 <a href="#fnref:179" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:180">Thomas 2003, pp. 78–81. - Thomas, Wendell (1 August 2003). Hinduism Invades America 1930. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7661-8013-0. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UK1zdGslGCQC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=UK1zdGslGCQC</a> <a href="#fnref:180" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:181">Vrajaprana 1996, p. 7. - Vrajaprana, Pravrajika (1996). A portrait of Sister Christine. Calcutta: Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture. ISBN 978-81-85843-80-3. <a href="#fnref:181" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:182">Shack, Joan (2012). "A Monumental Meeting" (PDF). Sri Sarada Society Notes. 18 (1). Albany, New York. <a href="http://www.srisarada.org/notes/512.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.srisarada.org/notes/512.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:182" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:183">Wuthnow 2011, pp. 85–86. - Wuthnow, Robert (1 July 2011). America and the Challenges of Religious Diversity. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-3724-3. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WxltPmukv0gC&pg=PA64" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=WxltPmukv0gC&pg=PA64</a> <a href="#fnref:183" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:184">Rinehart 2004, p. 392. - Rinehart, Robin (1 January 2004). Contemporary Hinduism: Ritual, Culture, and Practice. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-57607-905-8. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hMPYnfS_R90C&pg=PA392" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=hMPYnfS_R90C&pg=PA392</a> <a href="#fnref:184" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:185">Kattackal 1982, p. 219. - Kattackal, Jacob (1982), Religion and ethics in Advaita, Kottayam, Kerala: St. Thomas Apostolic Seminary, ISBN 978-3-451-27922-5 <a href="#fnref:185" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:186">Majumdar 1963, p. 577. - Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra (1963), Swami Vivekananda Centenary Memorial Volume, Kolkata: Swami Vivekananda Centenary, p. 577, ASIN B0007J2FTS <a href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0007J2FTS" target="_blank">https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0007J2FTS</a> <a href="#fnref:186" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:187">Burke 1985, p. 417. - Burke, Marie Louise (1985), Swami Vivekananda in the West: New Discoveries (in six volumes) (3rd ed.), Kolkata: Advaita Ashrama, ISBN 978-0-87481-219-0 <a href="#fnref:187" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:188">Sharma 1963, p. 227. - Sharma, Benishankar (1963), Swami Vivekananda: A Forgotten Chapter of His Life, Kolkata: Oxford Book & Stationary Co., ASIN B0007JR46C <a href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0007JR46C" target="_blank">https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0007JR46C</a> <a href="#fnref:188" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:189">Sheean 2005, p. 345. - Sheean, Vincent (2005), "Forerunners of Gandhi", Lead, Kindly Light: Gandhi and the Way to Peace, Kessinger Publishing, ISBN 978-1-4179-9383-3 <a href="#fnref:189" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:190">Sharma 1988, p. 83. - Sharma, Arvind (1988), "Swami Vivekananda's Experiences", Neo-Hindu Views of Christianity, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, ISBN 978-90-04-08791-0 <a href="#fnref:190" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:191">Banhatti 1995, pp. 33–34. - Banhatti, G.S. (1995), Life and Philosophy of Swami Vivekananda, Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, ISBN 978-81-7156-291-6 <a href="#fnref:191" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:192">Isherwood & Adjemian 1987, pp. 121–122. - Isherwood, Christopher; Adjemian, Robert (1987), "On Swami Vivekananda", The Wishing Tree, Hollywood, California: Vedanta Press, ISBN 978-0-06-250402-9 <a href="#fnref:192" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:193">Dhar 1976, p. 852. - Dhar, Shailendra Nath (1976), A Comprehensive Biography of Swami Vivekananda (2nd ed.), Madras, India: Vivekananda Prakashan Kendra, OCLC 708330405 <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/708330405" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/708330405</a> <a href="#fnref:193" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:194">Banhatti 1995, pp. 33–34. - Banhatti, G.S. (1995), Life and Philosophy of Swami Vivekananda, Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, ISBN 978-81-7156-291-6 <a href="#fnref:194" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:195">Banhatti 1995, pp. 33–34. - Banhatti, G.S. (1995), Life and Philosophy of Swami Vivekananda, Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, ISBN 978-81-7156-291-6 <a href="#fnref:195" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:196">Bhuyan 2003, p. 20. - Bhuyan, P. R. (2003), Swami Vivekananda: Messiah of Resurgent India, New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, ISBN 978-81-269-0234-7 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLmFDRortS0C&pg=PR1" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLmFDRortS0C&pg=PR1</a> <a href="#fnref:196" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:197">Thomas 1974, p. 44. - Thomas, Abraham Vazhayil (1974), Christians in Secular India, Madison, New Jersey: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, ISBN 978-0-8386-1021-3 <a href="#fnref:197" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:198">Miller 1995, p. 181. - Miller, Timothy (1995), "The Vedanta Movement and Self-Realization fellowship", America's Alternative Religions, Albany, New York: SUNY Press, ISBN 978-0-7914-2398-1 <a href="https://archive.org/details/americasalternat00mill" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/americasalternat00mill</a> <a href="#fnref:198" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:199">Banhatti 1995, pp. 34–35. - Banhatti, G.S. (1995), Life and Philosophy of Swami Vivekananda, Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, ISBN 978-81-7156-291-6 <a href="#fnref:199" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:200">Prabhananda 2003, p. 234. - Prabhananda, Swami (June 2003), "Profiles of famous educators: Swami Vivekananda" (PDF), Prospects, XXXIII (2), Netherlands: Springer: 231–245, doi:10.1023/A:1023603115703, S2CID 162659685, archived from the original (PDF) on 10 October 2008, retrieved 20 December 2008 <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081010111951/http://www.ibe.unesco.org/fileadmin/user_upload/archive/publications/ThinkersPdf/vivekane.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20081010111951/http://www.ibe.unesco.org/fileadmin/user_upload/archive/publications/ThinkersPdf/vivekane.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:200" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:201">Ganguly 2001, p. 27. - Ganguly, Adwaita P. (2001), Life and Times of Netaji Subhas: From Cuttack to Cambridge, 1897–1921, VRC Publications, ISBN 978-81-87530-02-2 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nbdgnHO6NgQC&pg=PA27" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=nbdgnHO6NgQC&pg=PA27</a> <a href="#fnref:201" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:202">Kraemer 1960, p. 151. - Kraemer, Hendrik (1960), "Cultural response of Hindu India", World cultures and world religions, London: Westminster Press, ASIN B0007DLYAK <a href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0007DLYAK" target="_blank">https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0007DLYAK</a> <a href="#fnref:202" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:203">Prabhananda 2003, p. 234. - Prabhananda, Swami (June 2003), "Profiles of famous educators: Swami Vivekananda" (PDF), Prospects, XXXIII (2), Netherlands: Springer: 231–245, doi:10.1023/A:1023603115703, S2CID 162659685, archived from the original (PDF) on 10 October 2008, retrieved 20 December 2008 <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081010111951/http://www.ibe.unesco.org/fileadmin/user_upload/archive/publications/ThinkersPdf/vivekane.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20081010111951/http://www.ibe.unesco.org/fileadmin/user_upload/archive/publications/ThinkersPdf/vivekane.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:203" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:204">Banhatti 1995, pp. 34–35. - Banhatti, G.S. (1995), Life and Philosophy of Swami Vivekananda, Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, ISBN 978-81-7156-291-6 <a href="#fnref:204" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:205">Prabhananda 2003, p. 235. - Prabhananda, Swami (June 2003), "Profiles of famous educators: Swami Vivekananda" (PDF), Prospects, XXXIII (2), Netherlands: Springer: 231–245, doi:10.1023/A:1023603115703, S2CID 162659685, archived from the original (PDF) on 10 October 2008, retrieved 20 December 2008 <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081010111951/http://www.ibe.unesco.org/fileadmin/user_upload/archive/publications/ThinkersPdf/vivekane.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20081010111951/http://www.ibe.unesco.org/fileadmin/user_upload/archive/publications/ThinkersPdf/vivekane.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:205" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:206">Lulla, Anil Buddy (3 September 2007). "IISc looks to Belur for seeds of birth". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 20 October 2017. Retrieved 6 May 2009. <a href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171020030412/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1070903/asp/nation/story_8268384.asp" target="_blank">https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171020030412/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1070903/asp/nation/story_8268384.asp</a> <a href="#fnref:206" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:207">Kapur 2010, p. 142. - Kapur, Devesh (2010), Diaspora, development, and democracy: the domestic impact of international migration from India, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-12538-1 <a href="#fnref:207" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:208">Virajananda 2006, p. 291. - Virajananda, Swami, ed. (2006) [1910], The Life of the swami Vivekananda by his eastern and western disciples... in two volumes (6th ed.), Kolkata: Advaita Ashrama, ISBN 81-7505-044-6 <a href="#fnref:208" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:209">Banhatti 1995, pp. 34–35. - Banhatti, G.S. (1995), Life and Philosophy of Swami Vivekananda, Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, ISBN 978-81-7156-291-6 <a href="#fnref:209" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:210">Banhatti 1995, pp. 35–36. - Banhatti, G.S. (1995), Life and Philosophy of Swami Vivekananda, Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, ISBN 978-81-7156-291-6 <a href="#fnref:210" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:211">Virajananda 2006, p. 450. - Virajananda, Swami, ed. (2006) [1910], The Life of the swami Vivekananda by his eastern and western disciples... in two volumes (6th ed.), Kolkata: Advaita Ashrama, ISBN 81-7505-044-6 <a href="#fnref:211" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:212">Banhatti 1995, p. xv. - Banhatti, G.S. (1995), Life and Philosophy of Swami Vivekananda, Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, ISBN 978-81-7156-291-6 <a href="#fnref:212" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:213">Banhatti 1995, pp. 41–42. - Banhatti, G.S. (1995), Life and Philosophy of Swami Vivekananda, Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, ISBN 978-81-7156-291-6 <a href="#fnref:213" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:214">Banhatti 1995, pp. 43–44. - Banhatti, G.S. (1995), Life and Philosophy of Swami Vivekananda, Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, ISBN 978-81-7156-291-6 <a href="#fnref:214" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:215">Banhatti 1995, pp. 45–46. - Banhatti, G.S. (1995), Life and Philosophy of Swami Vivekananda, Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, ISBN 978-81-7156-291-6 <a href="#fnref:215" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:216">Chattopadhyaya 1999, pp. 218, 274, 299. - Chattopadhyaya, Rajagopal (1999), Swami Vivekananda in India: A Corrective Biography, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-1586-5 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EtcoeaQIQdAC&pg=PA285" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=EtcoeaQIQdAC&pg=PA285</a> <a href="#fnref:216" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:217">Chattopadhyaya 1999, p. 283. - Chattopadhyaya, Rajagopal (1999), Swami Vivekananda in India: A Corrective Biography, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-1586-5 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EtcoeaQIQdAC&pg=PA285" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=EtcoeaQIQdAC&pg=PA285</a> <a href="#fnref:217" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:218">Banhatti 1995, p. 46. - Banhatti, G.S. (1995), Life and Philosophy of Swami Vivekananda, Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, ISBN 978-81-7156-291-6 <a href="#fnref:218" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:219">Bharathi 1998b, p. 25. - Bharathi, K.S. (1998b), Encyclopaedia of eminent thinkers, vol. 8, New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company, ISBN 978-81-7022-709-0 <a href="#fnref:219" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:220">Virajananda 1918, p. 81. - Virajananda, Swami (1918), The Life of the Swami Vivekananda, vol. 4, Prabuddha Bharata Office, Advaita Ashrama, retrieved 21 December 2012 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8CAMAQAAMAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=8CAMAQAAMAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:220" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:221">Sen 2006, p. 27. - Sen, Amiya (2006), Indispensable Vivekananda: anthology for our times, Orient Blackswan, ISBN 978-81-7824-130-2 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=usBhrZcnJ78C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=usBhrZcnJ78C</a> <a href="#fnref:221" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:222">Virajananda 2006, pp. 645–662. - Virajananda, Swami, ed. (2006) [1910], The Life of the swami Vivekananda by his eastern and western disciples... in two volumes (6th ed.), Kolkata: Advaita Ashrama, ISBN 81-7505-044-6 <a href="#fnref:222" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:223">"Towards the end". Vivekananda A Biography. www.ramakrishnavivekananda.info. Retrieved 11 March 2012. <a href="http://www.ramakrishnavivekananda.info/vivekananda_biography/13_towards_the_end.htm" target="_blank">http://www.ramakrishnavivekananda.info/vivekananda_biography/13_towards_the_end.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:223" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:224">King 2002. - King, Richard (2002), Orientalism and Religion: Post-Colonial Theory, India and "The Mystic East", Routledge <a href="#fnref:224" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:225">Kipf 1979. - Kipf, David (1979), The Brahmo Samaj and the shaping of the modern Indian mind, Atlantic Publishers & Distri <a href="#fnref:225" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:226">Rambachan 1994. - Rambachan, Anantanand (1994), The limits of scripture: Vivekananda's reinterpretation of the Vedas, Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press, ISBN 978-0-8248-1542-4 <a href="#fnref:226" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:227">Halbfass 1995. - Halbfass, Wilhelm (1995), Philology and Confrontation: Paul Hacker on Traditional and Modern Vedānta, SUNY Press <a href="#fnref:227" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:228">Rinehart 2004. - Rinehart, Robin (1 January 2004). Contemporary Hinduism: Ritual, Culture, and Practice. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-57607-905-8. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hMPYnfS_R90C&pg=PA392" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=hMPYnfS_R90C&pg=PA392</a> <a href="#fnref:228" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:229">Bhuyan 2003, p. 5. - Bhuyan, P. R. (2003), Swami Vivekananda: Messiah of Resurgent India, New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, ISBN 978-81-269-0234-7 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLmFDRortS0C&pg=PR1" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLmFDRortS0C&pg=PR1</a> <a href="#fnref:229" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:230">Chattopadhyaya 1999, p. 29. - Chattopadhyaya, Rajagopal (1999), Swami Vivekananda in India: A Corrective Biography, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-1586-5 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EtcoeaQIQdAC&pg=PA285" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=EtcoeaQIQdAC&pg=PA285</a> <a href="#fnref:230" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:231">Michelis 2004, p. 46. - Michelis, Elizabeth De (2004), A History of Modern Yoga: Patanjali and Western Esotericism, Continuum, ISBN 978-0-8264-8772-8 <a href="#fnref:231" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:232">Maharaj 2020, p. 177. - Maharaj, Ayon (2020). "Śivajñāne jīver sevā: Reexamining Swami Vivekananda's Practical Vedānta in the Light of Sri Ramakrishna". Journal of Dharma Studies. 2 (2): 175–187. doi:10.1007/s42240-019-00046-x. S2CID 202387300. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs42240-019-00046-x" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs42240-019-00046-x</a> <a href="#fnref:232" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:233">Flood 1996, p. 258. - Flood, Gavin D. (1996), An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press <a href="#fnref:233" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:234">Jackson 1994, pp. 33–34. - Jackson, Carl T (1994), "The Founders", Vedanta for the West: the Ramakrishna movement in the United States, Indianapolis, Indiana: Indiana University Press, ISBN 978-0-253-33098-7 <a href="#fnref:234" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:235">According to Michael Taft, Ramakrishna reconciled the dualism of form and formless,[180] regarding the Supreme Being to be both Personal and Impersonal, active and inactive.[181] Ramakrishna: "When I think of the Supreme Being as inactive – neither creating nor preserving nor destroying – I call Him Brahman or Purusha, the Impersonal God. When I think of Him as active – creating, preserving and destroying – I call Him Sakti or Maya or Prakriti, the Personal God. But the distinction between them does not mean a difference. The Personal and Impersonal are the same thing, like milk and its whiteness, the diamond and its lustre, the snake and its wriggling motion. It is impossible to conceive of the one without the other. The Divine Mother and Brahman are one."[181] <a href="#fnref:235" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:236">Sooklal 1993, p. 33. - Sooklal, Anil (1993), "The Neo-Vedanta Philosophy of Swami Vivekananda", Nidan, 5 <a href="https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/AJA10165320_85" target="_blank">https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/AJA10165320_85</a> <a href="#fnref:236" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:237">Sooklalmquoytes Chatterjee: "Sankara's Vedanta is known as Advaita or non-dualism, pure and simple. Hence it is sometimes referred to as Kevala-Advaita or unqualified monism. It may also be called abstract monism in so far as Brahman, the Ultimate Reality, is, according to it, devoid of all qualities and distinctions, nirguna and nirvisesa [...] The Neo-Vedanta is also Advaitic inasmuch as it holds that Brahman, the Ultimate Reality, is one without a second, ekamevadvitiyam. But as distinguished from the traditional Advaita of Sankara, it is a synthetic Vedanta which reconciles Dvaita or dualism and Advaita or non-dualism and also other theories of reality. In this sense it may also be called concrete monism in so far as it holds that Brahman is both qualified, saguna, and qualityless, nirguna (Chatterjee, 1963 : 260)."[182] <a href="/wiki/Non-dualism" target="_blank">/wiki/Non-dualism</a> <a href="#fnref:237" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:238">Jackson 1994, pp. 33–34. - Jackson, Carl T (1994), "The Founders", Vedanta for the West: the Ramakrishna movement in the United States, Indianapolis, Indiana: Indiana University Press, ISBN 978-0-253-33098-7 <a href="#fnref:238" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:239">Madaio 2017, p. 5. - Madaio, James (2017), "Rethinking Neo-Vedānta: Swami Vivekananda and the Selective Historiography of Advaita Vedānta", Religions, 8 (6): 101, doi:10.3390/rel8060101 <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel8060101" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel8060101</a> <a href="#fnref:239" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:240">Comans 1993. - Comans, Michael (1993), The Question of the Importance of Samadhi in Modern and Classical Advaita Vedanta. In: Philosophy East and West Vol. 43, No. 1 (January 1993), pp. 19-38. <a href="http://www.realization.org/page/doc2/doc200.html" target="_blank">http://www.realization.org/page/doc2/doc200.html</a> <a href="#fnref:240" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:241">The Advaita Vedanta tradition in medieval times was influenced by, and incorporated elements from, the yogic tradition and texts like the Yoga Vasistha and the Bhagavata Purana.[185] The Yoga Vasistha became an authoritative source text in the Advaita vedanta tradition in the 14th century, while Vidyāraņya's Jivanmuktiviveka (14th century) was influenced by the (Laghu-) Yoga-Vasistha, which in turn was influenced by Kashmir Shaivism.[186] <a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" target="_blank">/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha</a> <a href="#fnref:241" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:242">Michelis 2004, p. 123-126. - Michelis, Elizabeth De (2004), A History of Modern Yoga: Patanjali and Western Esotericism, Continuum, ISBN 978-0-8264-8772-8 <a href="#fnref:242" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:243">Michelis 2004, p. 119–123. - Michelis, Elizabeth De (2004), A History of Modern Yoga: Patanjali and Western Esotericism, Continuum, ISBN 978-0-8264-8772-8 <a href="#fnref:243" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:244">Michelis 2004, p. 125–126. - Michelis, Elizabeth De (2004), A History of Modern Yoga: Patanjali and Western Esotericism, Continuum, ISBN 978-0-8264-8772-8 <a href="#fnref:244" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:245">Michelis 2004, p. 149–180. - Michelis, Elizabeth De (2004), A History of Modern Yoga: Patanjali and Western Esotericism, Continuum, ISBN 978-0-8264-8772-8 <a href="#fnref:245" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:246">Michelis 2004, p. 99. - Michelis, Elizabeth De (2004), A History of Modern Yoga: Patanjali and Western Esotericism, Continuum, ISBN 978-0-8264-8772-8 <a href="#fnref:246" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:247">Michelis 2004, p. 100. - Michelis, Elizabeth De (2004), A History of Modern Yoga: Patanjali and Western Esotericism, Continuum, ISBN 978-0-8264-8772-8 <a href="#fnref:247" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:248">Michelis 2004, p. 99. - Michelis, Elizabeth De (2004), A History of Modern Yoga: Patanjali and Western Esotericism, Continuum, ISBN 978-0-8264-8772-8 <a href="#fnref:248" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:249">Sen 2006, pp. 12–14. - Sen, Amiya (2006), Indispensable Vivekananda: anthology for our times, Orient Blackswan, ISBN 978-81-7824-130-2 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=usBhrZcnJ78C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=usBhrZcnJ78C</a> <a href="#fnref:249" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:250">Banhatti 1995, p. 8. - Banhatti, G.S. (1995), Life and Philosophy of Swami Vivekananda, Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, ISBN 978-81-7156-291-6 <a href="#fnref:250" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:251">Badrinath 2006, p. 20. - Badrinath, Chaturvedi (2006). Swami Vivekananda, the Living Vedanta. Penguin Books India. ISBN 978-0-14-306209-7. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qo1X96E0JPAC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=Qo1X96E0JPAC</a> <a href="#fnref:251" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:252">Michelis 2004, p. 19-90, 97-100. - Michelis, Elizabeth De (2004), A History of Modern Yoga: Patanjali and Western Esotericism, Continuum, ISBN 978-0-8264-8772-8 <a href="#fnref:252" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:253">Michelis 2004, p. 119-123. - Michelis, Elizabeth De (2004), A History of Modern Yoga: Patanjali and Western Esotericism, Continuum, ISBN 978-0-8264-8772-8 <a href="#fnref:253" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:254">Heehs 2020, p. 175. - Heehs, Peter (2020), "Sri Aurobindo's Theory of Spiritual Evolution", in Mackenzie Brown, C. (ed.), Asian Religious Responses to Darwinism: Evolutionary Theories in Middle Eastern, South Asian, and East Asian Cultural Contexts, Springer Nature <a href="#fnref:254" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:255">Nanda 2010, p. 335. - Nanda, Meera (2010), "Madame Blavatsky's Children: Modern Hindu Encounters with Darwinism", in Lewis, James R.; Hammer, Olav (eds.), Handbook of Religion and the Authority of Science, BRILL <a href="#fnref:255" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:256">Heehs 2020, p. 175. - Heehs, Peter (2020), "Sri Aurobindo's Theory of Spiritual Evolution", in Mackenzie Brown, C. (ed.), Asian Religious Responses to Darwinism: Evolutionary Theories in Middle Eastern, South Asian, and East Asian Cultural Contexts, Springer Nature <a href="#fnref:256" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:257">Nanda 2010, p. 335. - Nanda, Meera (2010), "Madame Blavatsky's Children: Modern Hindu Encounters with Darwinism", in Lewis, James R.; Hammer, Olav (eds.), Handbook of Religion and the Authority of Science, BRILL <a href="#fnref:257" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:258">Bhuyan 2003, p. 93. - Bhuyan, P. R. (2003), Swami Vivekananda: Messiah of Resurgent India, New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, ISBN 978-81-269-0234-7 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLmFDRortS0C&pg=PR1" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLmFDRortS0C&pg=PR1</a> <a href="#fnref:258" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:259">Seifer 2001, p. 164. - Seifer, Marc (2001), Wizard: The Life and Times of Nikola Tesla : Biography of a Genius, Citadel, ISBN 978-0-8065-1960-9 <a href="#fnref:259" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:260">Vivekananda 2001, Conversations and Dialogues, Chapter "VI – X Shri Priya Nath Sinha", Vol 5. - Vivekananda, Swami (2001) [1907], Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda, vol. 9 Volumes, Advaita Ashrama, ISBN 978-81-85301-75-4 <a href="http://www.ramakrishnavivekananda.info/vivekananda/complete_works.htm" target="_blank">http://www.ramakrishnavivekananda.info/vivekananda/complete_works.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:260" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:261">Vivekananda 1996, pp. 1–2. - Vivekananda, Swami (1996), Swami Lokeswarananda (ed.), My India : the India eternal (1st ed.), Calcutta: Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture, pp. 1–2, ISBN 81-85843-51-1 <a href="#fnref:261" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:262">"Swami Vivekananda life and teaching". Belur Math. Archived from the original on 30 March 2012. Retrieved 23 March 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120330175816/http://www.belurmath.org/swamivivekananda.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120330175816/http://www.belurmath.org/swamivivekananda.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:262" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:263">Mohapatra 2009, p. 14 - Mohapatra, Amulya Ranjan (2009). Swaraj - Thoughts of Gandhi, Tilak, Aurobindo, Raja Rammohun Roy, Tagore & Vivekananda. Readworthy. ISBN 978-81-89973-82-7. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QGgF5HeIBOgC&pg=PA14" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=QGgF5HeIBOgC&pg=PA14</a> <a href="#fnref:263" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:264">Piazza 1978, p. 59 - Piazza, Paul (1978). Christopher Isherwood: Myth and Anti-Myth. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-51358-6. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JyoPkIUAnIIC&pg=PA59" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=JyoPkIUAnIIC&pg=PA59</a> <a href="#fnref:264" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:265">De Michelis 2005. - De Michelis, Elizabeth (8 December 2005). A History of Modern Yoga: Patanjali and Western Esotericism. Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-8772-8. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sHBBDq_Ul3sC&pg=PA124" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=sHBBDq_Ul3sC&pg=PA124</a> <a href="#fnref:265" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:266">De Michelis 2005. - De Michelis, Elizabeth (8 December 2005). A History of Modern Yoga: Patanjali and Western Esotericism. Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-8772-8. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sHBBDq_Ul3sC&pg=PA124" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=sHBBDq_Ul3sC&pg=PA124</a> <a href="#fnref:266" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:267">Dutta 2003, p. 110. - Dutta, Krishna (2003), Calcutta: a cultural and literary history, Oxford: Signal Books, ISBN 978-1-56656-721-3 <a href="#fnref:267" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:268">Rambachan 1994, pp. 6–8. - Rambachan, Anantanand (1994), The limits of scripture: Vivekananda's reinterpretation of the Vedas, Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press, ISBN 978-0-8248-1542-4 <a href="#fnref:268" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:269">Shattuck 1999, pp. 93–94. - Shattuck, Cybelle T. (1999), "The modern period ii: forces of change", Hinduism, London: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-21163-5 <a href="#fnref:269" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:270">Bharathi 1998b, p. 37. - Bharathi, K.S. (1998b), Encyclopaedia of eminent thinkers, vol. 8, New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company, ISBN 978-81-7022-709-0 <a href="#fnref:270" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:271">Bharathi 1998b, pp. 37–38. - Bharathi, K.S. (1998b), Encyclopaedia of eminent thinkers, vol. 8, New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company, ISBN 978-81-7022-709-0 <a href="#fnref:271" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:272">Bhide 2008, p. 69. - Bhide, Nivedita Raghunath (2008), Swami Vivekananda in America, Vivekananda Kendra, ISBN 978-81-89248-22-2 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UGvPCzkjoc0C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=UGvPCzkjoc0C</a> <a href="#fnref:272" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:273">Parel 2000, p. 77. - Parel, Anthony (2000), Gandhi, Freedom, and Self-Rule, Lexington Books, ISBN 978-0-7391-0137-7 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sErf-DzVI9EC&q=gandhi+on+vivekananda&pg=PA77" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=sErf-DzVI9EC&q=gandhi+on+vivekananda&pg=PA77</a> <a href="#fnref:273" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:274">"National implementation committee approves funds for Swami Vivekananda values' education project". 6 September 2010. Archived from the original on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 14 April 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130510132548/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2131107461.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130510132548/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2131107461.html</a> <a href="#fnref:274" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:275">"Swami Vivekananda State Police Academy". Swami Vivekananda State Police Academy. Archived from the original on 4 August 2013. Retrieved 9 January 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130804070401/http://policewb.gov.in/wbp/unit/ptc/ptcstat.php" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130804070401/http://policewb.gov.in/wbp/unit/ptc/ptcstat.php</a> <a href="#fnref:275" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:276">"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekananda Technical University". Csvtu.ac.in. 19 November 2012. Archived from the original on 15 January 2013. Retrieved 7 February 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130115075542/http://www.csvtu.ac.in/index.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130115075542/http://www.csvtu.ac.in/index.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:276" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:277">"Pranab hopes Raipur airport's new terminal will support Chhattisgarh's growth". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 7 February 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130117075114/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/other-states/pranab-hopes-raipur-airports-new-terminal-will-support-chhattisgarhs-growth/article4075110.ece" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130117075114/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/other-states/pranab-hopes-raipur-airports-new-terminal-will-support-chhattisgarhs-growth/article4075110.ece</a> <a href="#fnref:277" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:278">"National Youth Day" (PDF). National Portal of India. Government of India. 10 January 2009. Retrieved 5 October 2011. <a href="http://india.gov.in/allimpfrms/alldocs/2539.pdf" target="_blank">http://india.gov.in/allimpfrms/alldocs/2539.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:278" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:279">"Remembering Swami Vivekananda". Zee News.India. 11 January 2011. Retrieved 9 September 2013. <a href="http://zeenews.india.com/blog/remembering-swami-vivekananda_381.html" target="_blank">http://zeenews.india.com/blog/remembering-swami-vivekananda_381.html</a> <a href="#fnref:279" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:280">"2013–14 Declared the Year for Skill Development of the Youth Parliamentary Consultative Committee Attached to Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports Meets". PTI. Retrieved 3 March 2013. <a href="http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=92824" target="_blank">http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=92824</a> <a href="#fnref:280" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:281">"Year-long events to mark Vivekananda's 150th birthday". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 3 March 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130511020214/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-05/mumbai/36160847_1_ramakrishna-mission-sachin-pilot-tripura-governor" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130511020214/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-05/mumbai/36160847_1_ramakrishna-mission-sachin-pilot-tripura-governor</a> <a href="#fnref:281" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:282">Rajadhyaksha, Ashish; Willemen, Paul (1999). Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema. British Film Institute. ISBN 9780851706696. <a href="9780851706696" target="_blank">9780851706696</a> <a href="#fnref:282" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:283">"Swamiji's story in 3D animation". Telegraph India. <a href="https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/swamiji-s-story-in-3d-animation/cid/1278558" target="_blank">https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/swamiji-s-story-in-3d-animation/cid/1278558</a> <a href="#fnref:283" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:284">Das 1991, p. 530. - Das, Sisir Kumar (1991), A History of Indian Literature: 1800–1910, Western impact : Indian response, Sahitya Akademi, ISBN 978-81-7201-006-5 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sHklK65TKQ0C&pg=PA530" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=sHklK65TKQ0C&pg=PA530</a> <a href="#fnref:284" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:285">De Michelis 2005, p. 150. - De Michelis, Elizabeth (8 December 2005). A History of Modern Yoga: Patanjali and Western Esotericism. Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-8772-8. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sHBBDq_Ul3sC&pg=PA124" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=sHBBDq_Ul3sC&pg=PA124</a> <a href="#fnref:285" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:286">De Michelis 2005, p. 149-150. - De Michelis, Elizabeth (8 December 2005). A History of Modern Yoga: Patanjali and Western Esotericism. Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-8772-8. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sHBBDq_Ul3sC&pg=PA124" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=sHBBDq_Ul3sC&pg=PA124</a> <a href="#fnref:286" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:287">Mittra 2001, p. 88. - Mittra, Sitansu Sekhar (2001). Bengal's Renaissance. Academic Publishers. ISBN 978-81-87504-18-4. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WPFeBY9YEAQC&pg=PA88" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=WPFeBY9YEAQC&pg=PA88</a> <a href="#fnref:287" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:288">Chattopadhyaya 1999, p. 118. - Chattopadhyaya, Rajagopal (1999), Swami Vivekananda in India: A Corrective Biography, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-1586-5 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EtcoeaQIQdAC&pg=PA285" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=EtcoeaQIQdAC&pg=PA285</a> <a href="#fnref:288" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:289">Vivekananda, Swami. "Modern India (Complete Works of Vivekananda - Volume IV - Translations: Prose)". www.ramakrishnavivekananda.info. Ramakrishna Mission. Retrieved 22 May 2022. <a href="https://www.ramakrishnavivekananda.info/vivekananda/volume_4/translation_prose/modern_india.htm" target="_blank">https://www.ramakrishnavivekananda.info/vivekananda/volume_4/translation_prose/modern_india.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:289" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:290">Dalal 2011, p. 465. - Dalal, Roshen (October 2011). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin Books India. ISBN 978-0-14-341421-6. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&pg=PA465" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&pg=PA465</a> <a href="#fnref:290" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:291">"Vivekananda Library online". vivekananda.net. Retrieved 22 March 2012. <a href="http://www.vivekananda.net/BooksBySwami.html" target="_blank">http://www.vivekananda.net/BooksBySwami.html</a> <a href="#fnref:291" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:292">Chattopadhyaya 1999, p. 33. - Chattopadhyaya, Rajagopal (1999), Swami Vivekananda in India: A Corrective Biography, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-1586-5 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EtcoeaQIQdAC&pg=PA285" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=EtcoeaQIQdAC&pg=PA285</a> <a href="#fnref:292" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:293">De Michelis 2005, p. 124. - De Michelis, Elizabeth (8 December 2005). A History of Modern Yoga: Patanjali and Western Esotericism. Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-8772-8. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sHBBDq_Ul3sC&pg=PA124" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=sHBBDq_Ul3sC&pg=PA124</a> <a href="#fnref:293" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:294">Kearney 2013, p. 169. - Kearney, Richard (13 August 2013). Anatheism: Returning to God After God. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-51986-1. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8J4ntz59PgwC&pg=PT169" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=8J4ntz59PgwC&pg=PT169</a> <a href="#fnref:294" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:295">Banhatti 1995, p. 145. - Banhatti, G.S. (1995), Life and Philosophy of Swami Vivekananda, Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, ISBN 978-81-7156-291-6 <a href="#fnref:295" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:296">"Vivekananda Library online". vivekananda.net. Retrieved 22 March 2012. <a href="http://www.vivekananda.net/BooksBySwami.html" target="_blank">http://www.vivekananda.net/BooksBySwami.html</a> <a href="#fnref:296" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:297">Urban 2007, p. 314. - Urban, Hugh B. (1 January 2007). Tantra: Sex, Secrecy, Politics and Power in the Study of Religion. Motilal Banarsidass Publisher. ISBN 978-81-208-2932-9. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wvtLClojU_4C&pg=PA314" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=wvtLClojU_4C&pg=PA314</a> <a href="#fnref:297" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:298">Vivekananda, Swami. "Complete Works - Index - Volumes". www.ramakrishnavivekananda.info. Ramakrishna Mission. Retrieved 22 May 2022. <a href="https://www.ramakrishnavivekananda.info/vivekananda/complete_works.htm" target="_blank">https://www.ramakrishnavivekananda.info/vivekananda/complete_works.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:298" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:299">Vivekananda, Swami (2005). Seeing beyond the circle : the lectures of Swami Vivekananda on a universal approach to meditation. [United States: Temple Universal Pub. ISBN 9780977483006. <a href="9780977483006" target="_blank">9780977483006</a> <a href="#fnref:299" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Swami Vivekananda open-in-new

Swami Vivekananda