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Isotopes of gallium
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<h2 id="list-of-isotopes">List of isotopes</h2> <table><tbody><tr><th rowspan="2">Nuclide<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a></th><th rowspan="1"><a href="/facts/Atomic_number/bgAr581S"><i>Z</i></a></th><th rowspan="1"><a href="/facts/Neutron_number/eNtwGnVL"><i>N</i></a></th><th rowspan="1"><a href="/facts/Atomic_mass/J1FJY9MV">Isotopic mass</a> (<a href="/facts/Dalton_(unit)/IMATU3vf">Da</a>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Half-life/kGVH8BAB">Half-life</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Decay_mode/Ya6FVjt4">Decaymode</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Decay_product/hT0obfLv">Daughterisotope</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Spin_(particle_physics)/4Jvp7e8P">Spin</a> and<a href="/facts/Parity_(physics)/emSbJ4hD">parity</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></th><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Natural_abundance/dGjaAwc9">Natural abundance</a> (mole fraction)</th></tr><tr><th colspan="3">Excitation energy</th><th>Normal proportion<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></th><th>Range of variation</th></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">60Ga</td><td rowspan="3">31</td><td rowspan="3">29</td><td rowspan="3">59.95750(22)#</td><td rowspan="3">72.4(17) ms</td><td><a href="/facts/Beta_decay/vxTBlckp">β+</a> (98.4%)</td><td>60Zn</td><td rowspan="3">(2+)</td><td rowspan="3"></td><td rowspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td>β+, <a href="/facts/Proton_emission/9zxVkBkp">p</a> (1.6%)</td><td>59Cu</td></tr><tr><td>β+, <a href="/facts/Alpha_decay/rCsHNIUE">α</a>? (<0.023%)</td><td>56Ni</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">61Ga</td><td rowspan="2">31</td><td rowspan="2">30</td><td rowspan="2">60.949399(41)</td><td rowspan="2">165.9(25) ms</td><td>β+</td><td>61Zn</td><td rowspan="2">3/2−</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>β+, p? (<0.25%)</td><td>60Cu</td></tr><tr><td>62Ga</td><td>31</td><td>31</td><td>61.94418964(68)</td><td>116.122(21) ms</td><td>β+</td><td>62Zn</td><td>0+</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>63Ga</td><td>31</td><td>32</td><td>62.9392942(14)</td><td>32.4(5) s</td><td>β+</td><td>63Zn</td><td>3/2−</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>64Ga</td><td>31</td><td>33</td><td>63.9368404(15)</td><td>2.627(12) min</td><td>β+</td><td>64Zn</td><td>0(+#)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>64mGa</td><td colspan="3">42.85(8) keV</td><td>21.9(7) μs</td><td>IT</td><td>64Ga</td><td>(2+)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>65Ga</td><td>31</td><td>34</td><td>64.93273442(85)</td><td>15.133(28) min</td><td>β+</td><td>65Zn</td><td>3/2−</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>66Ga</td><td>31</td><td>35</td><td>65.9315898(12)</td><td>9.304(8) h</td><td>β+</td><td>66Zn</td><td>0+</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>67Ga<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></td><td>31</td><td>36</td><td>66.9282023(13)</td><td>3.2617(4) d</td><td><a href="/facts/Electron_capture/EIccoV1u">EC</a></td><td>67Zn</td><td>3/2−</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>68Ga<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></td><td>31</td><td>37</td><td>67.9279802(15)</td><td>67.842(16) min</td><td>β+</td><td>68Zn</td><td>1+</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>69Ga</td><td>31</td><td>38</td><td>68.9255735(13)</td><td colspan="3">Stable</td><td>3/2−</td><td>0.60108(50)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">70Ga</td><td rowspan="2">31</td><td rowspan="2">39</td><td rowspan="2">69.9260219(13)</td><td rowspan="2">21.14(5) min</td><td>β− (99.59%)</td><td>70Ge</td><td rowspan="2">1+</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>EC (0.41%)</td><td>70Zn</td></tr><tr><td>71Ga</td><td>31</td><td>40</td><td>70.92470255(87)</td><td colspan="3">Stable</td><td>3/2−</td><td>0.39892(50)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>72Ga</td><td>31</td><td>41</td><td>71.92636745(88)</td><td>14.025(10) h</td><td>β−</td><td>72Ge</td><td>3−</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>72mGa</td><td colspan="3">119.66(5) keV</td><td>39.68(13) ms</td><td><a href="/facts/Isomeric_transition/L8DHcqnk">IT</a></td><td>72Ga</td><td>(0+)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>73Ga</td><td>31</td><td>42</td><td>72.9251747(18)</td><td>4.86(3) h</td><td>β−</td><td>73Ge</td><td>1/2−</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">73mGa</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3">0.15(9) keV</td><td rowspan="2"><200 ms</td><td>IT?</td><td>73Ga</td><td rowspan="2">3/2−</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>β−</td><td>73Ge</td></tr><tr><td>74Ga</td><td>31</td><td>43</td><td>73.9269457(32)</td><td>8.12(12) min</td><td>β−</td><td>74Ge</td><td>(3−)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">74mGa</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3">59.571(14) keV</td><td rowspan="2">9.5(10) s</td><td>IT (>75%)</td><td>74Ga</td><td rowspan="2">(0)(+#)</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>β−? (<25%)</td><td>74Ge</td></tr><tr><td>75Ga</td><td>31</td><td>44</td><td>74.92650448(72)</td><td>126(2) s</td><td>β−</td><td>75Ge</td><td>3/2−</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>76Ga</td><td>31</td><td>45</td><td>75.9288276(21)</td><td>30.6(6) s</td><td>β−</td><td><i>76Ge</i></td><td>2−</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">77Ga</td><td rowspan="2">31</td><td rowspan="2">46</td><td rowspan="2">76.9291543(26)</td><td rowspan="2">13.2(2) s</td><td rowspan="2">β−</td><td>77mGe (88%)</td><td rowspan="2">3/2−</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>77Ge (12%)</td></tr><tr><td>78Ga</td><td>31</td><td>47</td><td>77.9316109(11)</td><td>5.09(5) s</td><td>β−</td><td>78Ge</td><td>2−</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>78mGa</td><td colspan="3">498.9(5) keV</td><td>110(3) ns</td><td>IT</td><td>78Ga</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">79Ga</td><td rowspan="2">31</td><td rowspan="2">48</td><td rowspan="2">78.9328516(13)</td><td rowspan="2">2.848(3) s</td><td>β− (99.911%)</td><td>79Ge</td><td rowspan="2">3/2−</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>β−, <a href="/facts/Neutron_emission/lXLQRDCQ">n</a> (0.089%)</td><td>78Ge</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">80Ga</td><td rowspan="2">31</td><td rowspan="2">49</td><td rowspan="2">79.9364208(31)</td><td rowspan="2">1.9(1) s</td><td>β− (99.14%)</td><td>80Ge</td><td rowspan="2">6−</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>β−, n (.86%)</td><td>79Ge</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">80mGa<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></td><td rowspan="3" colspan="3">22.45(10) keV</td><td rowspan="3">1.3(2) s</td><td>β−</td><td>80Ge</td><td rowspan="3">3−</td><td rowspan="3"></td><td rowspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td>β−, n?</td><td>79Ge</td></tr><tr><td>IT</td><td>80Ga</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">81Ga</td><td rowspan="2">31</td><td rowspan="2">50</td><td rowspan="2">80.9381338(35)</td><td rowspan="2">1.217(5) s</td><td>β− (87.5%)</td><td>81mGe</td><td rowspan="2">5/2−</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>β−, n (12.5%)</td><td>80Ge</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">82Ga</td><td rowspan="3">31</td><td rowspan="3">51</td><td rowspan="3">81.9431765(26)</td><td rowspan="3">600(2) ms</td><td>β− (78.8%)</td><td>82Ge</td><td rowspan="3">2−</td><td rowspan="3"></td><td rowspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td>β−, n (21.2%)</td><td>81Ge</td></tr><tr><td>β−, 2n?</td><td>80Ge</td></tr><tr><td>82mGa</td><td colspan="3">140.7(3) keV</td><td>93.5(67) ns</td><td>IT</td><td>82Ga</td><td>(4−)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">83Ga</td><td rowspan="3">31</td><td rowspan="3">52</td><td rowspan="3">82.9471203(28)</td><td rowspan="3">310.0(7) ms</td><td>β−, n (85%)</td><td>82Ge</td><td rowspan="3">5/2−#</td><td rowspan="3"></td><td rowspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td>β− (15%)</td><td>83Ge</td></tr><tr><td>β−, 2n?</td><td>81Ge</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">84Ga</td><td rowspan="3">31</td><td rowspan="3">53</td><td rowspan="3">83.952663(32)</td><td rowspan="3">97.6(12) ms</td><td>β− (55%)</td><td>84Ge</td><td rowspan="3">0−#</td><td rowspan="3"></td><td rowspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td>β−, n (43%)</td><td>83Ge</td></tr><tr><td>β−, 2n (1.6%)</td><td>82Ge</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">85Ga</td><td rowspan="3">31</td><td rowspan="3">54</td><td rowspan="3">84.957333(40)</td><td rowspan="3">95.3(10) ms</td><td>β−, n (77%)</td><td>84Ge</td><td rowspan="3">(5/2−)</td><td rowspan="3"></td><td rowspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td>β− (22%)</td><td>85Ge</td></tr><tr><td>β−, 2n (1.3%)</td><td>83Ge</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">86Ga</td><td rowspan="3">31</td><td rowspan="3">55</td><td rowspan="3">85.96376(43)#</td><td rowspan="3">49(2) ms</td><td>β−, n (69%)</td><td>85Ge</td><td rowspan="3"></td><td rowspan="3"></td><td rowspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td>β−, 2n (16.2%)</td><td>84Ge</td></tr><tr><td>β− (15%)</td><td>86Ge</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">87Ga</td><td rowspan="3">31</td><td rowspan="3">56</td><td rowspan="3">86.96901(54)#</td><td rowspan="3">29(4) ms</td><td>β−, n (81%)</td><td>86Ge</td><td rowspan="3">5/2−#</td><td rowspan="3"></td><td rowspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td>β−, 2n (10.2%)</td><td>85Ge</td></tr><tr><td>β− (9%)</td><td>87Ge</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">88Ga<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></td><td rowspan="2">31</td><td rowspan="2">57</td><td rowspan="2">87.97596(54)#</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td>β−?</td><td>88Ge</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>β−, n?</td><td>87Ge</td></tr><tr><td>89Ga<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></td><td>31</td><td>58</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="20"><i>This table header & footer:</i> <ul><li>view</li></ul></th></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="gallium-67">Gallium-67</h2> <p>Gallium-67 (67Ga) has a half-life of 3.26 days and decays by <a href="/facts/Electron_capture/EIccoV1u">electron capture</a> and <a href="/facts/Gamma_emission/5Drf913J">gamma emission</a> (in de-<a href="/facts/Excited_state/czcLYNnr">excitation</a>) to stable zinc-67. It is a <a href="/facts/Radiopharmaceutical/x3g6zbB6">radiopharmaceutical</a> used in <a href="/facts/Gallium_scan/faXc2AHy">gallium scans</a> (alternatively, the shorter-lived gallium-68 may be used). This gamma-emitting isotope is imaged by gamma camera. </p> <h2 id="gallium-68">Gallium-68</h2> <p>Gallium-68 (68Ga) is a <a href="/facts/Positron_emission/psWp4bJT">positron emitter</a> with a half-life of 68 minutes, decaying to stable zinc-68. It is a <a href="/facts/Radiopharmaceutical/x3g6zbB6">radiopharmaceutical</a>, <a href="/facts/Gallium-68_generator/pNaEN1BG">generated</a> <i>in situ</i> from the <a href="/facts/Electron_capture/EIccoV1u">electron capture</a> of germanium-68 (half-life 271 days) owing to its short half-life. This positron-emitting isotope can be imaged efficiently by PET scan (see <a href="/facts/Gallium_scan/faXc2AHy">gallium scan</a>); alternatively, the longer-lived gallium-67 may be used. Gallium-68 is only used as a positron emitting tag for a ligand which binds to certain tissues, such as <a href="/facts/DOTATOC/CGwqv2CB">DOTATOC</a> and <a href="/facts/DOTA-TATE/79Lq3XFK">DOTATATE</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> which are <a href="/facts/Somatostatin/GAD2utoz">somatostatin</a> analogues useful for imaging <a href="/facts/Neuroendocrine_tumors/WWrDG6m2">neuroendocrine tumors</a>. Gallium-68 DOTA scans are increasingly replacing octreotide scans (a type of <a href="/facts/Indium-111/b0D0r0a5">indium-111</a> scan using octreotide as a somatostatin receptor ligand). The 68Ga is bound to a chemical such as <a href="/facts/DOTATOC/CGwqv2CB">DOTATOC</a> and the positrons it emits are imaged by <a href="/facts/PET-CT/T9d8A0ro">PET-CT</a> scan. Such scans are useful in locating <a href="/facts/Neuroendocrine_tumors/WWrDG6m2">neuroendocrine tumors</a> and <a href="/facts/Pancreatic_cancer/6h9GIInW">pancreatic cancer</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> Thus, octreotide scanning for NET tumors is being increasingly replaced by <a href="/facts/Gallium_scan/faXc2AHy">gallium-68 DOTATOC</a> scan.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <p>Daughter products other than gallium </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Isotopes_of_germanium/kLqa6bcf">Isotopes of germanium</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Isotopes_of_zinc/4QJEMCzx">Isotopes of zinc</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Isotopes_of_copper/1YpAhChe">Isotopes of copper</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Isotopes_of_nickel/3jPqldnR">Isotopes of nickel</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Isotope masses from: <ul><li>Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; <a href="/facts/Aaldert_Wapstra/9Ylvt18s">Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik</a> (2003), <a href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00020241/document">"The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties"</a>, <i>Nuclear Physics A</i>, 729: 3–128, <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003NuPhA.729....3A">2003NuPhA.729....3A</a>, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nuclphysa.2003.11.001">10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001</a></li></ul></li> <li>Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from: <ul><li><a href="/facts/John_Robert_de_Laeter/jYQj55GI">de Laeter, John Robert</a>; Böhlke, John Karl; De Bièvre, Paul; Hidaka, Hiroshi; Peiser, H. Steffen; Rosman, Kevin J. R.; Taylor, Philip D. P. (2003). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac200375060683">"Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)"</a>. <i><a href="/facts/Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry/9QdCDKxf">Pure and Applied Chemistry</a></i>. 75 (6): 683–800. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac200375060683">10.1351/pac200375060683</a>.</li> <li>Wieser, Michael E. (2006). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac200678112051">"Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)"</a>. <i><a href="/facts/Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry/9QdCDKxf">Pure and Applied Chemistry</a></i>. 78 (11): 2051–2066. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac200678112051">10.1351/pac200678112051</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="http://old.iupac.org/news/archives/2005/atomic-weights_revised05.html">"News & Notices: Standard Atomic Weights Revised"</a>. <i>International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry</i>. 19 October 2005.</li> <li>Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources. <ul><li>Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; <a href="/facts/Aaldert_Wapstra/9Ylvt18s">Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik</a> (2003), <a href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00020241/document">"The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties"</a>, <i>Nuclear Physics A</i>, 729: 3–128, <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003NuPhA.729....3A">2003NuPhA.729....3A</a>, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nuclphysa.2003.11.001">10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/National_Nuclear_Data_Center/SgVzvxLk">National Nuclear Data Center</a>. <a href="http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat2/">"NuDat 2.x database"</a>. <a href="/facts/Brookhaven_National_Laboratory/L2JrG0K1">Brookhaven National Laboratory</a>.</li> <li>Holden, Norman E. (2004). "11. Table of the Isotopes". In Lide, David R. (ed.). <i><a href="/facts/CRC_Handbook_of_Chemistry_and_Physics/qjxzC2Cu">CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</a></i> (85th ed.). <a href="/facts/Boca_Raton%2c_Florida/9gcNen3S">Boca Raton, Florida</a>: <a href="/facts/CRC_Press/duTuH4hz">CRC Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8493-0485-9.</li></ul></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Kumlin, J; Dam, J; Langkjaer, N; Chua, C.J.; Borjian, S.; Kassaian, A; Hook, B; Zeisler, S; Schaffer, P; Helge, Thisgaard (October 2019). "Multi-Curie Production of Ga-68 on a Biomedical Cyclotron". Conference: EANM'19. Retrieved 13 December 2019. <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336589918" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336589918</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Thisgaard, Helge; Kumlin, Joel; Langkjær, Niels; Chua, Jansen; Hook, Brian; Jensen, Mikael; Kassaian, Amir; Zeisler, Stefan; Borjian, Sogol; Cross, Michael; Schaffer, Paul (2021-01-07). "Multi-curie production of gallium-68 on a biomedical cyclotron and automated radiolabelling of PSMA-11 and DOTATATE". EJNMMI Radiopharmacy and Chemistry. 6 (1): 1. doi:10.1186/s41181-020-00114-9. ISSN 2365-421X. PMC 7790954. PMID 33411034. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7790954" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7790954</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>mGa – Excited nuclear isomer. <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_isomer" target="_blank">/wiki/Nuclear_isomer</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*". Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030003. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p># – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS). <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae. <a href="https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf" target="_blank">https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae. <a href="https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf" target="_blank">https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Modes of decay: EC:Electron captureIT:Isomeric transitionn:Neutron emissionp:Proton emission <a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" target="_blank">/wiki/Electron_capture</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable. <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae. <a href="https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf" target="_blank">https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments. <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p># – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN). <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae. <a href="https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf" target="_blank">https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Deexcitation gamma used in medical imaging <a href="/wiki/Gallium_scan" target="_blank">/wiki/Gallium_scan</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Medically useful radioisotope <a href="/wiki/Radioisotope" target="_blank">/wiki/Radioisotope</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Order of ground state and isomer is uncertain. <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Shimizu, Y.; Kubo, T.; Sumikama, T.; Fukuda, N.; Takeda, H.; Suzuki, H.; Ahn, D. S.; Inabe, N.; Kusaka, K.; Ohtake, M.; Yanagisawa, Y.; Yoshida, K.; Ichikawa, Y.; Isobe, T.; Otsu, H.; Sato, H.; Sonoda, T.; Murai, D.; Iwasa, N.; Imai, N.; Hirayama, Y.; Jeong, S. C.; Kimura, S.; Miyatake, H.; Mukai, M.; Kim, D. G.; Kim, E.; Yagi, A. (8 April 2024). "Production of new neutron-rich isotopes near the N = 60 isotones Ge 92 and As 93 by in-flight fission of a 345 MeV/nucleon U 238 beam". Physical Review C. 109 (4): 044313. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.109.044313. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Shimizu, Y.; Kubo, T.; Sumikama, T.; Fukuda, N.; Takeda, H.; Suzuki, H.; Ahn, D. S.; Inabe, N.; Kusaka, K.; Ohtake, M.; Yanagisawa, Y.; Yoshida, K.; Ichikawa, Y.; Isobe, T.; Otsu, H.; Sato, H.; Sonoda, T.; Murai, D.; Iwasa, N.; Imai, N.; Hirayama, Y.; Jeong, S. C.; Kimura, S.; Miyatake, H.; Mukai, M.; Kim, D. G.; Kim, E.; Yagi, A. (8 April 2024). "Production of new neutron-rich isotopes near the N = 60 isotones Ge 92 and As 93 by in-flight fission of a 345 MeV/nucleon U 238 beam". Physical Review C. 109 (4): 044313. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.109.044313. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Chauhan, Aman; El-Khouli, Riham; Waits, Timothy; Agrawal, Rohitashva; Siddiqui, Fariha; Tarter, Zachary; Horn, Millicent; Weiss, Heidi; Oates, Elizabeth; Evers, B. Mark; Anthony, Lowell (2020-08-11). "Post FDA approval analysis of 200 gallium-68 DOTATATE imaging: A retrospective analysis in neuroendocrine tumor patients". Oncotarget. 11 (32): 3061–3068. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.27695. ISSN 1949-2553. PMC 7429177. PMID 32850010. <a href="https://www.oncotarget.com/article/27695/text/" target="_blank">https://www.oncotarget.com/article/27695/text/</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Hofman, M.S.; Kong, G.; Neels, O.C.; Eu, P.; Hong, E.; Hicks, R.J. (2012). "High management impact of Ga-68 DOTATATE (GaTate) PET/CT for imaging neuroendocrine and other somatostatin expressing tumours". Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Oncology. 56 (1): 40–47. doi:10.1111/j.1754-9485.2011.02327.x. PMID 22339744. S2CID 21843609. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1754-9485.2011.02327.x" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1754-9485.2011.02327.x</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Scott, A, et al. (2018). "Management of Small Bowel Neuroendocrine Tumors". Journal of Oncology Practice. 14 (8): 471–482. doi:10.1200/JOP.18.00135. PMC 6091496. PMID 30096273. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6091496" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6091496</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>