Hungary

<h2 id="etymology">Etymology</h2>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Name_of_Hungary/lvKQuQtS">Name of Hungary</a>
The "H" in the name of Hungary is most likely derived from historical associations with the <a href="/facts/Huns/djwwoCXj">Huns</a>, who had settled Hungary prior to the <a href="/facts/Pannonian_Avars/ahfVNL44">Avars</a>. The rest of the word comes from the Latinised form of <a href="/facts/Medieval_Greek/aXKrQL0h">Byzantine Greek</a> Oungroi (Οὔγγροι). The Greek name might be borrowed from <a href="/facts/Old_Church_Slavonic/KCEH4cFL">Old Slavonic</a> ągrinŭ, in turn borrowed from <a href="/facts/Oghuric_languages/YNNYs5jK">Oghur-Turkic</a> <a href="/facts/Onogurs/85lyMrsg">Onogur</a> ('ten [tribes of the] Ogurs').<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a> <a href="/facts/Onogurs/85lyMrsg">Onogur</a> was the collective name for the tribes who later joined the <a href="/facts/Bulgars/VftrpvNf">Bulgar</a> tribal confederacy that ruled the eastern parts of Hungary after the Avars.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a> <a href="/facts/Peter_Benjamin_Golden/3xa4WxCH">Peter B. Golden</a> also considers the suggestion of Árpád Berta that the name derives from <a href="/facts/Khazar_language/c2VsNUvo">Khazar Turkic</a> ongar (oŋ "right", oŋar- "to make something better, to put (it) right", oŋgar- "to make something better, to put (it) right", oŋaru "towards the right") "right wing". This points to the idea that the Magyar Union before the Conquest formed the "right wing" (western wing) of the <a href="/facts/Khazars/KwRflVop">Khazar</a> military forces.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a>
The Hungarian <a href="/facts/Endonym_and_exonym/8pyd1nE9">endonym</a> is Magyarország, composed of magyar ('Hungarian') and ország ('country'). The name "Magyar", which refers to the people of the country, more accurately reflects the name of the country in some other languages such as <a href="/facts/Turkish_language/C5X56Ijp">Turkish</a>, <a href="/facts/Persian_language/jfUYbHbt">Persian</a> and other languages as Magyaristan or Land of Magyars or similar. The word magyar is taken from the name of the leading tribe name of the seven major semi-nomadic Hungarian tribes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a>

<h2 id="history">History</h2>
Main article: <a href="/facts/History_of_Hungary/U45ApRM0">History of Hungary</a>
<h3>Before 895</h3>
Main articles: <a href="/facts/Hungarian_prehistory/MQ2Sspx6">Hungarian prehistory</a> and <a href="/facts/Hungarian_mythology/N3d5AL8o">Hungarian mythology</a>

The <a href="/facts/Roman_Empire/l4E1aUuV">Roman Empire</a> conquered the territory between the <a href="/facts/Alps/Q3zdQId4">Alps</a> and the area west of the <a href="/facts/Danube/8lMeM9xg">Danube</a> River from 16 to 15 BC, the Danube being the frontier of the empire.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a> In 14 BC, <a href="/facts/Pannonia/MMKTvSuW">Pannonia</a>, the western part of the <a href="/facts/Pannonian_Basin/9USv54w0">Carpathian Basin</a>, which includes the west of today’s Hungary, was recognised by emperor <a href="/facts/Augustus/RGfMCR2V">Augustus</a> in the <a href="/facts/Res_Gestae_Divi_Augusti/IRQ0SuEj">Res Gestae Divi Augusti</a> as part of the Roman Empire.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a> The area south-east of <a href="/facts/Pannonia/MMKTvSuW">Pannonia</a> was organised as the Roman province <a href="/facts/Moesia/bw41LUd4">Moesia</a> in 6 BC.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a> An area east of the river <a href="/facts/Tisza/BeDRqcSU">Tisza</a> became the Roman province of <a href="/facts/Dacia/cVJqvGeA">Dacia</a> in 106 AD, which included today's east Hungary. It remained under Roman rule until 271.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a>

From 235, the Roman Empire went through troubled times, caused by revolts, rivalry and rapid succession of emperors. The Western Roman Empire collapsed in the 5th century under the stress of the migration of <a href="/facts/Germanic_peoples/N16QoPA7">Germanic tribes</a> and <a href="/facts/Carpi_people/nxQtLaez">Carpian</a> pressure.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a> This period brought many invaders into Central Europe, beginning with the <a href="/facts/Huns/djwwoCXj">Hunnic Empire</a> (c. 370–469). The most powerful ruler of the Hunnic Empire was <a href="/facts/Attila/DwD4Y8v9">Attila</a> the Hun (434–453), who later became a central figure in Hungarian mythology.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a> After the disintegration of the Hunnic Empire, the <a href="/facts/Gepids/oMkYp4xF">Gepids</a>, an Eastern Germanic tribe, who had been vassalised by the Huns, established their own kingdom in the Carpathian Basin.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a> Other groups which reached the Carpathian Basin during the Migration Period were the <a href="/facts/Goths/L0oobUSm">Goths</a>, <a href="/facts/Vandals/THjfVCF7">Vandals</a>, <a href="/facts/Lombards/C4r74rGL">Lombards</a>, and <a href="/facts/Early_Slavs/SzKC53Jf">Slavs</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a>
In the 560s, the <a href="/facts/Pannonian_Avars/ahfVNL44">Avars</a> founded the Avar Khaganate, a state that maintained supremacy in the region for more than two centuries. The <a href="/facts/Franks/RHyCqfkd">Franks</a> under <a href="/facts/Charlemagne/o0PlxScC">Charlemagne</a> defeated the Avars in a series of campaigns during the 790s.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a> Between 804 and 829, the <a href="/facts/First_Bulgarian_Empire/3RCq0kUp">First Bulgarian Empire</a> conquered the lands east of the Danube and took over the rule of the local Slavic tribes and remnants of the Avars.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a> By the mid-9th century, the <a href="/facts/Slavs_in_Lower_Pannonia/XPhFbBRd">Balaton Principality</a>, also known as Lower Pannonia, was established west of the Danube as part of the Frankish <a href="/facts/March_of_Pannonia/6fFR3WHI">March of Pannonia</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a>

<h3>Middle Ages (895–1526)</h3>
Main articles: <a href="/facts/Principality_of_Hungary/UapIfhaa">Principality of Hungary</a> and <a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Hungary_in_the_Middle_Ages/91tLqn81">Kingdom of Hungary in the Middle Ages</a>

Foundation of the <a href="/facts/Principality_of_Hungary/UapIfhaa">Hungarian state</a> is connected to the <a href="/facts/Hungarian_conquest_of_the_Carpathian_Basin/oSAUk10P">Hungarian conquerors</a>, who arrived from the <a href="/facts/Pontic%25E2%2580%2593Caspian_steppe/KzRVR1WW">Pontic-Caspian steppe</a> as a confederation of <a href="/facts/Seven_chieftains_of_the_Magyars/7UDY5uhF">seven tribes</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a> The <a href="/facts/Hungarians/Aqot45Va">Hungarians</a> arrived in the <a href="/facts/Pannonian_Basin/9USv54w0">Carpathian Basin</a> as a frame of a strong centralised steppe-empire under the leadership of Grand Prince <a href="/facts/%25C3%2581lmos/qHmXhFjL">Álmos</a> and his son <a href="/facts/%25C3%2581rp%25C3%25A1d/46X3DHsf">Árpád</a>: founders of the <a href="/facts/%25C3%2581rp%25C3%25A1d_dynasty/RTfnNwC2">Árpád dynasty</a>, the Hungarian ruling dynasty and the Hungarian state. The <a href="/facts/%25C3%2581rp%25C3%25A1d_dynasty/RTfnNwC2">Árpád dynasty</a> claimed to be a direct descendant of <a href="/facts/Attila/DwD4Y8v9">Attila the Hun</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a> The Hungarians took possession of the area in a pre-planned manner, with a long move-in between 862 and 895.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a> The rising Hungary conducted successful <a href="/facts/Hungarian_invasions_of_Europe/Xna3kWpP">fierce campaigns and raids</a>, from <a href="/facts/Constantinople/fLcY371n">Constantinople</a> to as far as today's Spain.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a> The Hungarians defeated <a href="/facts/Hungarian_invasions_of_Europe/Xna3kWpP">three major East Frankish imperial armies</a> between 907 and 910.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a> A defeat at the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Lechfeld/a6T0JfaN">Battle of Lechfeld</a> in 955 signaled a provisory end to most campaigns on foreign territories, at least towards the west.

<h4>Age of Árpádian kings</h4>
Main articles: <a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000%25E2%2580%25931301)/Dvz5teGw">Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)</a> and <a href="/facts/%25C3%2581rp%25C3%25A1d_dynasty/RTfnNwC2">Árpád dynasty</a>

In 972, the ruling prince (<a href="/facts/Hungarian_language/nt4g0ano">Hungarian</a>: fejedelem) <a href="/facts/G%25C3%25A9za%2c_Grand_Prince_of_the_Hungarians/eMH3AdzD">Géza</a> of the <a href="/facts/%25C3%2581rp%25C3%25A1d_dynasty/RTfnNwC2">Árpád dynasty</a> officially started to integrate Hungary into Christian Western Europe.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a> His son <a href="/facts/Stephen_I_of_Hungary/coQ54M9W">Saint Stephen I</a> became the first <a href="/facts/King_of_Hungary/224SmG9R">King of Hungary</a> after defeating his <a href="/facts/Paganism/JaWTHBtJ">pagan</a> uncle <a href="/facts/Kopp%25C3%25A1ny/16tAXBjP">Koppány</a>. Under Stephen, Hungary was recognised as a Catholic <a href="/facts/Apostolic_Majesty/mo4QF9TP">Apostolic Kingdom</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a> Applying to <a href="/facts/Pope_Sylvester_II/U3ImP4Hg">Pope Sylvester II</a>, Stephen received the insignia of royalty (including probably a part of the <a href="/facts/Holy_Crown_of_Hungary/wgue5wIX">Holy Crown of Hungary</a>) from the papacy.
By 1006, Stephen consolidated his power and started sweeping reforms to convert Hungary into a Western-style <a href="/facts/Feudalism/WCK7l9gA">feudal state</a>. The country switched to using Latin for administration purposes, and until as late as 1844, Latin remained the official language of administration. King <a href="/facts/Ladislaus_I_of_Hungary/phj5nm1J">Saint Ladislaus</a> completed the work of King <a href="/facts/Stephen_I_of_Hungary/coQ54M9W">Saint Stephen</a>, consolidating the Hungarian state's power and strengthening <a href="/facts/Christianity/nKyJHlqq">Christianity</a>. His charismatic personality, strategic leadership and military talents resulted in the termination of internal power struggles and foreign military threats.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51">51</a> The wife of the Croatian king <a href="/facts/Demetrius_Zvonimir_of_Croatia/UTWKTkQ1">Demetrius Zvonimir</a> was Ladislaus's sister.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52">52</a> At <a href="/facts/Helen_of_Hungary%2c_Queen_of_Croatia/kPD26A8s">Helen's</a> request, Ladislaus intervened in the conflict and invaded Croatia in 1091.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53">53</a> The <a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Croatia_(925%25E2%2580%25931102)/SVJMhgPQ">Kingdom of Croatia</a> entered a <a href="/facts/Croatia_in_personal_union_with_Hungary/kwfp0y8Q">personal union</a> with the <a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000%25E2%2580%25931301)/Dvz5teGw">Kingdom of Hungary</a> in 1102 with the coronation of King <a href="/facts/Coloman%2c_King_of_Hungary/0xCK3yIz">Coloman</a> as "King of Croatia and Dalmatia" in 1102 in <a href="/facts/Biograd_na_Moru/Bz3rNljF">Biograd</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54">54</a>

One of the most powerful and wealthiest king of the Árpád dynasty was <a href="/facts/B%25C3%25A9la_III_of_Hungary/r9NcYPj6">Béla III</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55">55</a> who disposed of the equivalent of 23 tonnes of silver per year, according to a contemporary <a href="/facts/Income_register_of_B%25C3%25A9la_III_of_Hungary/qyWU5S6S">income register</a>. This exceeded the income of the French king (estimated at 17 tonnes) and was double the receipts of the English Crown.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56">56</a> <a href="/facts/Andrew_II_of_Hungary/b8py9bhM">Andrew II</a> issued the <a href="/facts/Diploma_Andreanum/EoE81w9s">Diploma Andreanum</a> which secured the special privileges of the <a href="/facts/Transylvanian_Saxons/uYYpIMKs">Transylvanian Saxons</a> and is considered the first <a href="/facts/Autonomous_administrative_division/JnUkBUJc">autonomy</a> law in the world.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57">57</a> He led the <a href="/facts/Fifth_Crusade/Fh9ATG0m">Fifth Crusade</a> to the <a href="/facts/Holy_Land/lju6CuUX">Holy Land</a> in 1217, setting up the largest royal army in the history of Crusades. His <a href="/facts/Golden_Bull_of_1222/xa29Wh7u">Golden Bull of 1222</a> was the first constitution in <a href="/facts/Continental_Europe/EXR4F23f">Continental Europe</a>. The lesser nobles also began to present Andrew with grievances, a practice that evolved into the institution of the parliament (parlamentum publicum).
In 1241–1242, the kingdom received a major blow with the <a href="/facts/Mongolian_invasion_of_Hungary/P7aedXxS">Mongol (Tatar) invasion</a>. Up to half of Hungary's population of 2 million were victims of the invasion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58">58</a> King <a href="/facts/B%25C3%25A9la_IV_of_Hungary/aI6G7l6X">Béla IV</a> let <a href="/facts/Cumans/YjaCPvh6">Cumans</a> and <a href="/facts/Jasz_people/VpdqdPjW">Jassic people</a> into the country, who were fleeing the Mongols.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59">59</a> Over the centuries, they were fully assimilated.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60">60</a> After the Mongols retreated, King Béla ordered the construction of hundreds of stone castles and fortifications, to defend against a possible second Mongol invasion. The <a href="/facts/Second_Mongol_invasion_of_Hungary/Kgm3R0Ms">Mongols returned to Hungary</a> in 1285, but the newly built stone-castle systems and new tactics (using a higher proportion of heavily armed knights) stopped them. The invading Mongol force was defeated<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61">61</a> near Pest by the royal army of King <a href="/facts/Ladislaus_IV_of_Hungary/deGo0UIm">Ladislaus IV</a>. As with later invasions, it was repelled handily, the Mongols losing much of their invading force.

<h4>Age of elected kings</h4>
Main articles: <a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1301%25E2%2580%25931526)/Rezly4mF">Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526)</a> and <a href="/facts/Ottoman%25E2%2580%2593Hungarian_Wars/tRdctlTJ">Ottoman–Hungarian Wars</a>
The <a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Hungary/91tLqn81">Kingdom of Hungary</a> reached one of its greatest extents during the Árpádian kings, yet royal power was weakened at the end of their rule in 1301. After a destructive period of <a href="/facts/Interregnum/Hzvwhu8Q">interregnum</a> (1301–1308), the first <a href="/facts/Capetian_House_of_Anjou/hghumUTe">Angevin</a> king, <a href="/facts/Charles_I_of_Hungary/ca4Mnfyc">Charles I of Hungary</a> – a bilineal descendant of the <a href="/facts/%25C3%2581rp%25C3%25A1d_dynasty/RTfnNwC2">Árpád dynasty</a> – successfully restored royal power and defeated oligarch rivals, the so-called "little kings". The second Angevin Hungarian king, <a href="/facts/Louis_I_of_Hungary/GfRqnDSo">Louis the Great</a> (1342–1382), led many successful military campaigns from Lithuania to southern Italy (<a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Naples/9NtrlFp7">Kingdom of Naples</a>) and was also <a href="/facts/List_of_Polish_monarchs/UJR2BKPU">King of Poland</a> from 1370. After King Louis died without a male heir, the country was stabilised only when <a href="/facts/Sigismund%2c_Holy_Roman_Emperor/loG9hn3o">Sigismund of Luxembourg</a> (1387–1437) succeeded to the throne, who in 1433 also became <a href="/facts/Holy_Roman_Emperor/RYrqYynl">Holy Roman Emperor</a>.
The first Hungarian <a href="/facts/Bible_translations/r7xaCAlT">Bible translation</a> was completed in 1439. For half a year in 1437, there was an antifeudal and anticlerical <a href="/facts/Transylvanian_peasant_revolt/9pbj4rC8">peasant revolt in Transylvania</a> which was strongly influenced by <a href="/facts/Hussite/k9j4Legg">Hussite</a> ideas. From a small noble family in Transylvania, <a href="/facts/John_Hunyadi/XggPPNwM">John Hunyadi</a> grew to become one of the country's most powerful lords, thanks to his capabilities as a mercenary commander. He was elected governor, then regent. He was a successful crusader against the <a href="/facts/Ottoman_Turks/q4wBrzH9">Ottoman Turks</a>, one of his greatest victories being the <a href="/facts/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1456)/yM13Rqlc">siege of Belgrade</a> in 1456.

The last strong king of medieval Hungary was the <a href="/facts/Renaissance/4D9Bc6KU">Renaissance</a> king <a href="/facts/Matthias_Corvinus/mQ4pNCCo">Matthias Corvinus</a> (1458–1490), son of John Hunyadi. His election was the first time that a member of the nobility mounted to the Hungarian royal throne without dynastic background. He was a successful military leader and an enlightened patron of the arts and learning.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62">62</a> His library, the <a href="/facts/Bibliotheca_Corviniana/wlaIzIyq">Bibliotheca Corviniana</a>, was Europe's greatest collection of historical chronicles, philosophic and scientific works in the 15th century, and second only in size to the <a href="/facts/Vatican_Library/RNwpW2hl">Vatican Library</a>. Items from the Bibliotheca Corviniana were inscribed on <a href="/facts/UNESCO/QSbkRv3o">UNESCO</a>'s <a href="/facts/Memory_of_the_World_Programme/Ce0jV0Bh">Memory of the World Register</a> in 2005.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63">63</a> The serfs and common people considered him a just ruler because he protected them from excessive demands and other abuses by the magnates.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64">64</a> Under his rule, in 1479, the Hungarian army destroyed the Ottoman and Wallachian troops at the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Breadfield/Qwut818W">Battle of Breadfield</a>. Abroad he defeated the Polish and German imperial armies of Frederick at Breslau (<a href="/facts/Wroc%25C5%2582aw/o3scwNqQ">Wrocław</a>). Matthias' mercenary standing army, the <a href="/facts/Black_Army_of_Hungary/q7o3eSRD">Black Army of Hungary</a>, was an unusually large army for its time, and it conquered <a href="/facts/Vienna/NSpIURsA">Vienna</a> as well as parts of Austria and <a href="/facts/Bohemia/Wbr8gt6l">Bohemia</a>.
King Matthias died without lawful sons, and the Hungarian magnates procured the accession of the Pole <a href="/facts/Vladislaus_II_of_Hungary/jwxhVYR2">Vladislaus II</a> (1490–1516), supposedly because of his weak influence on Hungarian aristocracy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65">65</a> Hungary's international role declined, its political stability was shaken, and social progress was deadlocked.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66">66</a> In 1514, the weakened old King Vladislaus II faced a major peasant rebellion led by <a href="/facts/Gy%25C3%25B6rgy_D%25C3%25B3zsa/MFGaIsNF">György Dózsa</a>, which was ruthlessly crushed by the <a href="/facts/Hungarian_nobility/QrsFEA5e">nobles</a>, led by <a href="/facts/John_Z%25C3%25A1polya/EWtCcm3H">John Zápolya</a>. The resulting degradation of order paved the way for Ottoman preeminence. In 1521, the strongest Hungarian fortress in the South, Nándorfehérvár (today's <a href="/facts/Belgrade/Xeaz5zIy">Belgrade</a>, Serbia), <a href="/facts/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1521)/4kSbVjV6">fell to the Turks</a>. The early appearance of Protestantism further worsened internal relations in the country.

<h3>Ottoman wars (1526–1699)</h3>
Main articles: <a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1526%25E2%2580%25931867)/ISUTYf6c">Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)</a>, <a href="/facts/Ottoman_Hungary/uj7HByBs">Ottoman Hungary</a>, and <a href="/facts/Eastern_Hungarian_Kingdom/LQV6Ib66">Eastern Hungarian Kingdom</a>
See also: <a href="/facts/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%25E2%2580%25931711)/vyd17h3N">Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)</a> and <a href="/facts/Ottoman%25E2%2580%2593Habsburg_wars/a2AW6mua">Ottoman–Habsburg wars</a>

After some <a href="/facts/Ottoman_wars_in_Europe/mUGY6qPB">150 years of wars</a> with the Hungarians and other states, the Ottomans gained a decisive victory over the Hungarian army at the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Moh%25C3%25A1cs/fVS6YV1x">Battle of Mohács</a> in 1526, where King <a href="/facts/Louis_II_of_Hungary/KQHrA6fo">Louis II</a> died while fleeing. Amid political chaos, the divided Hungarian nobility elected two kings simultaneously, <a href="/facts/John_Z%25C3%25A1polya/EWtCcm3H">John Zápolya</a> and <a href="/facts/Ferdinand_I%2c_Holy_Roman_Emperor/4mMFlXNV">Ferdinand I</a> of the <a href="/facts/House_of_Habsburg/0ttzWDwA">Habsburg dynasty</a>. With the conquest of <a href="/facts/Buda/AIETtKI9">Buda</a> by the Turks in 1541, Hungary was divided into three parts and remained so until the end of the 17th century. The north-western part, termed as <a href="/facts/Royal_Hungary/ISUTYf6c">Royal Hungary</a>, was annexed by the Habsburgs who ruled as kings of Hungary. The eastern part of the kingdom became independent as the <a href="/facts/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%25E2%2580%25931711)/vyd17h3N">Principality of Transylvania</a>, under Ottoman (and later Habsburg) <a href="/facts/Suzerainty/jzSCjQe4">suzerainty</a>. The remaining central area, including the capital Buda, was known as the Pashalik of Buda.
In 1686, the <a href="/facts/Holy_League_(1684)/gGxq4g8R">Holy League's</a> army, containing over 74,000 men from various nations, <a href="/facts/Siege_of_Buda_(1686)/h9sYfcGn">reconquered Buda</a> from the Turks. After some more crushing <a href="/facts/Austro-Turkish_War_(1716%25E2%2580%25931718)/9wlKku1V">defeats of the Ottomans</a> in the next few years, the entire Kingdom of Hungary was removed from Ottoman rule by 1718. The last raid into Hungary by the Ottoman vassals <a href="/facts/Crimean_Khanate/JPtgG0dx">Tatars</a> from <a href="/facts/Crimea/GkM1qNVC">Crimea</a> took place in 1717.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67">67</a> The constrained Habsburg Counter-Reformation efforts in the 17th century reconverted the majority of the kingdom to Catholicism. The ethnic composition of Hungary was fundamentally changed as a consequence of the prolonged warfare with the Turks. A large part of the country became devastated, population growth was stunted, and many smaller settlements perished.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68">68</a> The Austrian-Habsburg government settled large groups of <a href="/facts/Serbs/R4RD6MvE">Serbs</a> and other Slavs in the depopulated south, and settled <a href="/facts/Germans_of_Hungary/l8KYrj6u">Germans</a> (called <a href="/facts/Danube_Swabians/fuWSoBWL">Danube Swabians</a>) in various areas, but Hungarians were not allowed to settle or re-settle in the south of the Carpathian Basin.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69">69</a>

<h3>From the 18th century to World War I (1699–1918)</h3>
Main articles: <a href="/facts/R%25C3%25A1k%25C3%25B3czi%2527s_War_of_Independence/6NeJEmyu">Rákóczi's War of Independence</a>, <a href="/facts/Hungarian_Reform_Era/ATAeIhUg">Hungarian Reform Era</a>, <a href="/facts/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848/rqjq06g4">Hungarian Revolution of 1848</a>, <a href="/facts/Lands_of_the_Crown_of_Saint_Stephen/L6Q0TqUl">Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen</a>, and <a href="/facts/Hungary_in_World_War_I/M6p4DIVL">Hungary in World War I</a>

Between 1703 and 1711, there was a large-scale <a href="/facts/R%25C3%25A1k%25C3%25B3czi%2527s_War_of_Independence/6NeJEmyu">war of independence</a> led by <a href="/facts/Francis_II_R%25C3%25A1k%25C3%25B3czi/vdop51SP">Francis II Rákóczi</a>, who after the dethronement of the Habsburgs in 1707 at the Diet of <a href="/facts/%25C3%2593nod/sFSAUz5a">Ónod</a>, took power provisionally as the ruling prince for the wartime period, but refused the Hungarian crown and the title "king". The uprisings lasted for years. The Hungarian <a href="/facts/Kuruc/0FlK3JrX">Kuruc</a> army, although taking over most of the country, lost the main <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Tren%25C4%258D%25C3%25ADn/YY8ND5NK">battle at Trencsén</a> (1708). Three years later, because of the growing desertion, defeatism, and low morale, the Kuruc forces surrendered.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70">70</a>
During the <a href="/facts/Napoleonic_Wars/jo0MdaTD">Napoleonic Wars</a> and afterward, the Hungarian Diet had not convened for decades.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71">71</a> In the 1820s, the emperor was forced to convene the Diet, which marked the beginning of a Reform Period (1825–1848, <a href="/facts/Hungarian_language/nt4g0ano">Hungarian</a>: reformkor). The Hungarian Parliament was reconvened in 1825 to handle financial needs. A liberal party emerged and focused on providing for the peasantry. <a href="/facts/Lajos_Kossuth/5IYnCdUz">Lajos Kossuth</a> emerged as a leader of the lower <a href="/facts/Gentry/Xzx46G4t">gentry</a> in the Parliament. A remarkable upswing started as the nation concentrated its forces on modernisation even though the Habsburg monarchs obstructed all important liberal laws relating to <a href="/facts/Civil_and_political_rights/DBK7m6s2">civil and political rights</a> and economic reforms. Many reformers (<a href="/facts/Lajos_Kossuth/5IYnCdUz">Lajos Kossuth</a>, <a href="/facts/Mih%25C3%25A1ly_T%25C3%25A1ncsics/NDQGSXDw">Mihály Táncsics</a>) were imprisoned by the authorities.

On 15 March 1848, mass demonstrations in Pest and Buda enabled Hungarian reformists to push through a list of <a href="/facts/12_points_of_the_Hungarian_Revolutionaries_of_1848/rf9GkmWV">12 demands</a>. Under Governor and President <a href="/facts/Lajos_Kossuth/5IYnCdUz">Lajos Kossuth</a> and Prime Minister <a href="/facts/Lajos_Batthy%25C3%25A1ny/z24C385I">Lajos Batthyány</a>, the House of Habsburg was dethroned. The Habsburg ruler and his advisors skillfully manipulated the Croatian, Serbian and Romanian peasantry, led by priests and officers firmly loyal to the Habsburgs, into rebelling against the Hungarian government, though the Hungarians were supported by the vast majority of the Slovak, German and <a href="/facts/Rusyns/5IpGTxpJ">Rusyn</a> nationalities and by all the Jews of the kingdom, as well as by a large number of Polish, Austrian and Italian volunteers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72">72</a> In July 1849 the Hungarian Parliament proclaimed and enacted the first laws of ethnic and <a href="/facts/Minority_rights/RsdKq8rM">minority rights</a> in the world.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73">73</a> Many members of the nationalities gained the coveted highest positions within the Hungarian Army, like <a href="/facts/J%25C3%25A1nos_Damjanich/TvsIR8nv">János Damjanich</a> and <a href="/facts/J%25C3%25B3zef_Bem/E148nvdY">Józef Bem</a>. The Hungarian forces (<a href="/facts/Royal_Hungarian_Landwehr/TT9bcv6l">Honvédség</a>) defeated Austrian armies. To counter the successes of the Hungarian revolutionary army, Habsburg Emperor <a href="/facts/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria/EI1tYJGl">Franz Joseph I</a> asked for help from the "Gendarme of Europe", Tsar <a href="/facts/Nicholas_I_of_Russia/rP0v4wXz">Nicholas I</a>, whose Russian armies invaded Hungary. This made <a href="/facts/Art%25C3%25BAr_G%25C3%25B6rgei/3evkTr9T">Artúr Görgey</a> surrender in August 1849. The leader of the Austrian army, <a href="/facts/Julius_Jacob_von_Haynau/nkFcmyPI">Julius Jacob von Haynau</a>, became governor of Hungary for a few months and ordered the execution of <a href="/facts/The_13_Martyrs_of_Arad/H3ICsy9X">the 13 Martyrs of Arad</a>, leaders of the Hungarian army, and Prime Minister Batthyány in October 1849. Kossuth escaped into exile. Following the war of 1848–1849, the whole country was in "passive resistance".
Because of external and internal problems, reforms seemed inevitable, and major military defeats of Austria forced the Habsburgs to negotiate the <a href="/facts/Austro-Hungarian_Compromise_of_1867/ntDpndfH">Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867</a>, by which the dual monarchy of <a href="/facts/Austria-Hungary/9WPUPj0W">Austria-Hungary</a> was formed. This empire had the second largest area in Europe (after the <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a>), and it was the third most populous (after Russia and the <a href="/facts/German_Empire/lwQutJyN">German Empire</a>). The two realms were governed separately by two parliaments from two capital cities, with a common monarch and common external and military policies. Economically, the empire was a customs union. The old Hungarian Constitution was restored, and Franz Joseph I was crowned as <a href="/facts/King_of_Hungary/224SmG9R">King of Hungary</a>. The era witnessed impressive economic development. The formerly backward Hungarian economy became relatively modern and industrialised by the turn of the 20th century, although agriculture remained dominant until 1890.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74">74</a> In 1873, the old capital Buda and <a href="/facts/%25C3%2593buda/hVf76RF8">Óbuda</a> were officially united with <a href="/facts/Pest%2c_Hungary/pfeyP837">Pest</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75">75</a> creating the new metropolis of Budapest.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76">76</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77">77</a> Many of the state institutions and the modern administrative system of Hungary were established during this period.

After the <a href="/facts/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand/TPK68sok">assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand</a> in Sarajevo, Prime Minister <a href="/facts/Istv%25C3%25A1n_Tisza/dLveu5PU">István Tisza</a> and his cabinet tried to avoid the outbreak and escalating of a war in Europe, but their diplomatic efforts were unsuccessful. Austria-Hungary drafted over 4 million soldiers from the Kingdom of Hungary on the side of Germany, Bulgaria, and Turkey. The troops raised in the Kingdom of Hungary spent little time defending the actual territory of Hungary, with the exceptions of the <a href="/facts/Brusilov_offensive/LoT0s6A2">Brusilov offensive</a> in June 1916 and a few months later when the Romanian army made an attack into Transylvania,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78">78</a>[self-published source?] both of which were repelled. The <a href="/facts/Central_Powers/LokC2msm">Central Powers</a> conquered Serbia. Romania declared war. The Central Powers conquered southern Romania and the Romanian capital <a href="/facts/Bucharest/4xQnsGwM">Bucharest</a>. In 1916 Franz Joseph died, and the new monarch <a href="/facts/Charles_I_of_Austria/SxLUDKpX">Charles IV</a> sympathised with the pacifists. With great difficulty, the Central Powers stopped and repelled the attacks of the Russian Empire.
The <a href="/facts/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)/jEzn7l88">Eastern Front</a> of the Allied (<a href="/facts/Allies_of_World_War_I/HBo9sw1M">Entente</a>) Powers completely collapsed. The Austro-Hungarian Empire then withdrew from all defeated countries. Despite great success on the Eastern Front, Germany suffered complete defeat on the <a href="/facts/Western_Front_(World_War_I)/RrhMPVQP">Western Front</a>. By 1918, the economic situation had deteriorated (strikes in factories were organised by leftist and pacifist movements) and uprisings in the army had become common. In the capital cities, the Austrian and Hungarian leftist liberal movements and their leaders supported the separatism of ethnic minorities. Austria-Hungary signed a general armistice in <a href="/facts/Padua/7yw19UVp">Padua</a> on 3 November 1918.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79">79</a> In October 1918, Hungary's union with Austria was dissolved.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80">80</a>

<h3>Between the World Wars (1918–1941)</h3>
Main articles: <a href="/facts/Hungary_between_the_World_Wars/9QGP0XGr">Hungary between the World Wars</a>, <a href="/facts/Hungarian_interwar_economy/rPxB8SN1">Hungarian interwar economy</a>, and <a href="/facts/Treaty_of_Trianon/AgvrWJ1I">Treaty of Trianon</a>
Following the First World War, Hungary underwent a period of profound political upheaval, beginning with the <a href="/facts/Aster_Revolution/h0Q3oY0a">Aster Revolution</a> in 1918, which brought the social-democratic <a href="/facts/Mih%25C3%25A1ly_K%25C3%25A1rolyi/aCyq5mTj">Mihály Károlyi</a> to power as prime minister. The <a href="/facts/Royal_Hungarian_Honv%25C3%25A9d/TT9bcv6l">Hungarian Royal Honvéd army</a> still had more than 1,400,000 soldiers<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81">81</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82">82</a> when Károlyi was installed. Károlyi yielded to U.S. President <a href="/facts/Woodrow_Wilson/zE4yxK2X">Woodrow Wilson</a>'s demand for <a href="/facts/Pacifism/zN1mCGPx">pacifism</a> by ordering the disarmament of the Hungarian army.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83">83</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84">84</a> Disarmament meant that Hungary was to remain without a national defence at a time of particular vulnerability. During the rule of Károlyi's pacifist cabinet, Hungary lost control over approximately 75% of its pre-war territories (325,411 square kilometres (125,642 sq mi)) without a fight and was subject to foreign occupation. The <a href="/facts/Little_Entente/LyvcDoA9">Little Entente</a>, sensing an opportunity, invaded the country from three sides—<a href="/facts/Hungarian-Romanian_War/DfRt0IVI">Romania invaded Transylvania</a>, Czechoslovakia annexed <a href="/facts/Upper_Hungary/HkYHQVUD">Upper Hungary</a> (today's Slovakia), and a joint <a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Serbia/2HSIwdv9">Serb</a>-<a href="/facts/French_Army/NCnjovlu">French</a> coalition annexed <a href="/facts/Vojvodina/xQLNdfCn">Vojvodina</a> and other southern regions. In March 1919, communists led by <a href="/facts/B%25C3%25A9la_Kun/ffvgVkuc">Béla Kun</a> ousted the Károlyi government and proclaimed the <a href="/facts/Hungarian_Soviet_Republic/l8LRL9GH">Hungarian Soviet Republic</a> (Tanácsköztársaság), followed by a thorough <a href="/facts/Red_Terror_(Hungary)/YwPjxtbq">Red Terror</a> campaign. Despite some successes on the Czechoslovak front, Kun's forces were ultimately unable to resist the Romanian invasion; by August 1919, Romanian troops occupied Budapest and ousted Kun.

In November 1919, rightist forces led by former Austro-Hungarian admiral <a href="/facts/Mikl%25C3%25B3s_Horthy/9nLyVXEw">Miklós Horthy</a> entered Budapest; exhausted by the war and its aftermath, the populace accepted Horthy's leadership. In January 1920, parliamentary elections were held, and Horthy was proclaimed regent of the reestablished <a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%25E2%2580%25931946)/YCr6T5Y7">Kingdom of Hungary</a>, inaugurating the so-called "Horthy era" (Horthy-kor). The new government worked quickly to normalise foreign relations while turning a blind eye to a <a href="/facts/White_Terror_(Hungary)/8QqTul7h">White Terror</a> that swept through the countryside; extrajudicial killings of suspected communists and Jews lasted well into 1920. On 4 June 1920, the <a href="/facts/Treaty_of_Trianon/AgvrWJ1I">Treaty of Trianon</a> established new borders for Hungary. The country lost 71% of its territory and 66% of its pre-war population, as well as many sources of raw materials and its sole port at <a href="/facts/Rijeka/6WS5rse2">Fiume</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85">85</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86">86</a> Though the revision of the treaty quickly rose to the top of the national political agenda, the Horthy government was not willing to resort to military intervention to do so.
The initial years of the Horthy regime were preoccupied with putsch attempts by <a href="/facts/Charles_IV_of_Hungary/SxLUDKpX">Charles IV</a>, the Austro-Hungarian <a href="/facts/Pretender/P0kudC0X">pretender</a>; continued suppression of communists; and a migration crisis triggered by the Trianon territorial changes. The government's actions continued to drift right with the passage of <a href="/facts/Antisemitism/kUpfFkqx">antisemitic</a> laws and, because of the continued isolation of the Little Entente, economic and then political gravitation towards <a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Italy/X5hxYBvF">Italy</a> and <a href="/facts/Nazi_Germany/8kRbqRpo">Germany</a>. The <a href="/facts/Great_Depression/5K13wcg0">Great Depression</a> further exacerbated the situation, and the popularity of fascist politicians increased, such as <a href="/facts/Gyula_G%25C3%25B6mb%25C3%25B6s/NlHxblGE">Gyula Gömbös</a> and <a href="/facts/Ferenc_Sz%25C3%25A1lasi/42IolDET">Ferenc Szálasi</a>, promising economic and social recovery. Horthy's nationalist agenda reached its apogee in 1938 and 1940, when the Nazis rewarded Hungary's staunchly pro-Germany foreign policy in the <a href="/facts/First_Vienna_Award/nSGXH3Ym">First</a> and <a href="/facts/Second_Vienna_Award/4B0vDKAX">Second Vienna Awards</a>, peacefully restoring ethnic-Hungarian-majority areas lost after Trianon. In 1939, Hungary regained further territory from Czechoslovakia <a href="/facts/Slovak%25E2%2580%2593Hungarian_War/PWCPTRoW">through force</a>. Hungary <a href="/facts/Tripartite_Pact/KI0FzL0P">formally joined</a> the <a href="/facts/Axis_powers/Q3z1D8R9">Axis powers</a> on 20 November 1940 and in 1941 participated in the <a href="/facts/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia/RURH0TPp">invasion of Yugoslavia</a>, gaining some of its former territories in the south.

<h3>World War II (1941–1945)</h3>
Main articles: <a href="/facts/Hungary_during_World_War_II/2XUa1hfK">Hungary during World War II</a>, <a href="/facts/Holocaust_in_Hungary/eJIvYEKf">Holocaust in Hungary</a>, and <a href="/facts/Soviet_occupation_of_Hungary/K24sydlQ">Soviet occupation of Hungary</a>

Hungary formally entered World War II as an Axis power on 26 June 1941, declaring war on the Soviet Union after unidentified planes bombed <a href="/facts/Ko%25C5%25A1ice/FvaqAJRz">Kassa</a>, <a href="/facts/Munkacheve/mzmtMhLx">Munkács</a>, and <a href="/facts/Rakhiv/FrRk2l49">Rahó</a>. Hungarian troops fought on the <a href="/facts/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)/W05zyTMj">Eastern Front</a> for two years. Despite early success at the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Uman/rkhftFDb">Battle of Uman</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87">87</a> the government began seeking a secret peace pact with <a href="/facts/Allies_of_World_War_II/YzCdtjDY">the Allies</a> after the <a href="/facts/Second_Army_(Hungary)/7LusHlRr">Second Army</a> suffered catastrophic losses <a href="/facts/Ostrogozhsk%25E2%2580%2593Rossosh_offensive/7EDXTnCQ">at the River Don</a> in January 1943. Learning of the planned defection, German troops <a href="/facts/Operation_Margarethe/DPqWg4JM">occupied Hungary</a> on 19 March 1944 to guarantee Horthy's compliance.
In October, as the Soviet front approached, and the government made further efforts to disengage from the war, German troops ousted Horthy and installed a puppet government under Szálasi's fascist <a href="/facts/Arrow_Cross_Party/eTNTp4UG">Arrow Cross Party</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88">88</a> Szálasi pledged all the country's capabilities in service of the German war machine. By October 1944, the Soviets had reached the river Tisza, and despite <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Debrecen/KvjVhEwJ">some losses</a>, succeeded in encircling and <a href="/facts/Siege_of_Budapest/Iz1Rt0JA">besieging Budapest</a> in December.
On 13 February 1945, Budapest surrendered; by April, German troops left the country under Soviet military occupation. 200,000 Hungarians were expelled from Czechoslovakia in exchange for 70,000 Slovaks living in Hungary. 202,000 ethnic Germans were expelled to Germany,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89">89</a> and through the 1947 <a href="/facts/Paris_Peace_Treaties%2c_1947/WrsRCGqq">Paris Peace Treaties</a>, Hungary was again reduced to its immediate post-Trianon borders.

The war left Hungary devastated, destroying over 60% of the economy and causing significant <a href="/facts/World_War_II_casualties/7Utz7dqT">loss of life</a>. In addition to the over 600,000 Hungarian Jews killed,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90">90</a> as many as 280,000<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91">91</a> other Hungarians were raped, murdered and executed or deported for slave labour.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92">92</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93">93</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94">94</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95">95</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96">96</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97">97</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98">98</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99">99</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100">100</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101">101</a> After German occupation, Hungary participated in <a href="/facts/The_Holocaust/vGQsAb2y">the Holocaust</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102">102</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103">103</a> deporting nearly 440,000 Jews, mainly to <a href="/facts/Auschwitz_concentration_camp/6o3xax0D">Auschwitz</a>; nearly all of them were murdered.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104">104</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105">105</a> The Horthy government's complicity in the Holocaust remains a point of controversy and contention.

<h3>Communism (1945–1989)</h3>
Main articles: <a href="/facts/Hungarian_Republic_(1946%25E2%2580%25931949)/T3l7m87s">Hungarian Republic (1946–1949)</a>, <a href="/facts/Hungarian_People%2527s_Republic/IbhUc1vu">Hungarian People's Republic</a>, and <a href="/facts/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956/Dtv12syC">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a>
See also: <a href="/facts/Goulash_Communism/9qnmIfvI">Goulash Communism</a>

Following the defeat of Nazi Germany, Hungary became a <a href="/facts/Satellite_state/09RFx27w">satellite state</a> of the Soviet Union. The Soviet leadership selected <a href="/facts/M%25C3%25A1ty%25C3%25A1s_R%25C3%25A1kosi/0ytUJEfp">Mátyás Rákosi</a> to front the <a href="/facts/Stalinism/rrkfMruT">Stalinisation</a> of the country, and Rákosi <a href="/facts/De_facto/3Du6WQKh">de facto</a> ruled Hungary from 1949 to 1956. His government's policies of militarisation, industrialisation, collectivisation, and war compensation led to a severe decline in living standards. In imitation of Stalin's <a href="/facts/KGB/ommGANo5">KGB</a>, the Rákosi government established a secret political police, the <a href="/facts/State_Protection_Authority/XtWtXFQx">ÁVH</a>, to enforce the regime; approximately 350,000 officials and intellectuals were imprisoned or executed from 1948 to 1956.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106">106</a> Many freethinkers, democrats, and Horthy-era dignitaries were secretly arrested and extrajudicially interned in domestic and foreign <a href="/facts/Gulag/rGzKRYt3">gulags</a>. Some 600,000 Hungarians were deported to Soviet labour camps, where at least 200,000 died.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107">107</a>
After Stalin's death in 1953, the Soviet Union pursued a programme of <a href="/facts/De-Stalinization/8TKutdRn">de-Stalinisation</a> that was inimical to Rákosi, leading to his deposition. The following political cooling saw the ascent of <a href="/facts/Imre_Nagy/pzlMLtwW">Imre Nagy</a> to the premiership. Nagy promised market liberalisation and political openness. Rákosi eventually managed to discredit Nagy and replace him with the more hard-line <a href="/facts/Ern%25C5%2591_Ger%25C5%2591/4Amkroq9">Ernő Gerő</a>. Hungary joined the <a href="/facts/Warsaw_Pact/SLEsUSAS">Warsaw Pact</a> in May 1955, as societal dissatisfaction with the regime swelled. Following the firing on peaceful demonstrations by Soviet soldiers and secret police, and rallies throughout the country on 23 October 1956, protesters took to the streets in Budapest, initiating the <a href="/facts/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956/Dtv12syC">1956 Revolution</a>.
In an effort to quell the chaos, Nagy returned as premier, promised free elections, and took Hungary out of the Warsaw Pact. The violence nonetheless continued as revolutionary militias sprung up against the Soviet Army and the ÁVH; the roughly 3,000-strong resistance fought Soviet tanks using <a href="/facts/Molotov_cocktail/5Jr2Hm9V">Molotov cocktails</a> and machine-pistols. Though the preponderance of the Soviets was immense, they suffered heavy losses, and by 30 October 1956, most Soviet troops had withdrawn from Budapest to garrison the countryside. For a time, the Soviet leadership was unsure how to respond but eventually decided to intervene to prevent a destabilisation of the Soviet bloc. On 4 November, reinforcements of more than 150,000 troops and 2,500 tanks entered the country from the Soviet Union.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108">108</a> Nearly 20,000 Hungarians were killed resisting the intervention, while an additional 21,600 were imprisoned afterward for political reasons. Some 13,000 were interned and 230 brought to trial and executed. Nagy was secretly tried, found guilty, sentenced to death, and executed by hanging in June 1958. Because borders were briefly opened, nearly a quarter of a million people fled the country by the time the revolution was suppressed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109">109</a>

After a second, briefer period of Soviet military occupation, <a href="/facts/J%25C3%25A1nos_K%25C3%25A1d%25C3%25A1r/e6j2Glzs">János Kádár</a>, Nagy's former minister of state, was chosen by the Soviet leadership to head the new government and chair the new ruling <a href="/facts/Hungarian_Socialist_Workers%2527_Party/UHCQo9hx">Socialist Workers' Party</a>. Kádár quickly normalised the situation. In 1963, the government granted a general amnesty. Kádár proclaimed a new policy line, according to which the people were no longer compelled to profess loyalty to the party if they tacitly accepted the socialist regime as a fact of life. Kádár introduced new planning priorities in the economy, such as allowing farmers significant plots of private land within the collective farm system (háztáji gazdálkodás). The living standard rose as consumer goods and food production took precedence over military production, which was reduced to one-tenth of prerevolutionary levels.
In 1968, the <a href="/facts/New_Economic_Mechanism/CsPh2y8v">New Economic Mechanism</a> introduced free-market elements into the socialist command economy. From the 1960s through the late 1980s, Hungary was often referred to as "the happiest barrack" within the Eastern bloc. During the latter part of the Cold War Hungary's <a href="/facts/Lists_of_countries_by_GDP_per_capita/k7JfYBuT">GDP per capita</a> was fourth only to <a href="/facts/East_Germany/PwI902Q6">East Germany</a>, <a href="/facts/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic/gJIrAxHu">Czechoslovakia</a>, and the Soviet Union.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110">110</a> As a result of this relatively high <a href="/facts/Standard_of_living/oKRuG57a">standard of living</a>, a more liberalised economy, a less censored press, and less restricted travel rights, Hungary was generally considered one of the more liberal countries in which to live in Central Europe during communism. In 1980, Hungary sent a <a href="/facts/Cosmonaut/HB1bd6Lz">Cosmonaut</a> into space as part of the <a href="/facts/Interkosmos/va4Efj7v">Interkosmos</a>. The first Hungarian astronaut was <a href="/facts/Bertalan_Farkas/Cks0hHzY">Bertalan Farkas</a>. Hungary became <a href="/facts/Timeline_of_space_travel_by_nationality/Bx04VM6U">the seventh nation to be represented in space</a> by him.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111">111</a> In the 1980s, however, living standards steeply declined again because of <a href="/facts/Early_1980s_recession/RI3fjRCE">a worldwide recession</a> to which communism was unable to respond.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112">112</a> By the time Kádár died in 1989, the Soviet Union was in steep decline and a younger generation of reformists saw liberalisation as the solution to economic and social issues.

<h3>Third Republic (1989–present)</h3>
See also: <a href="/facts/Revolutions_of_1989/gLWM6JLk">Revolutions of 1989</a>, <a href="/facts/2006_protests_in_Hungary/KvF9L7mN">2006 protests in Hungary</a>, <a href="/facts/2015_European_migrant_crisis/Mp06vFWh">2015 European migrant crisis</a>, and <a href="/facts/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hungary/hjacHK50">COVID-19 pandemic in Hungary</a>

Hungary's transition from communism to capitalism (rendszerváltás, "regime change") was peaceful and prompted by economic stagnation, domestic political pressure, and changing relations with other Warsaw Pact countries. Although the <a href="/facts/Hungarian_Socialist_Workers%2527_Party/UHCQo9hx">Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party</a> began <a href="/facts/Hungarian_Round_Table_Talks/j9o199cA">Round Table Talks</a> with various opposition groups in March 1989, the reburial of Imre Nagy as a revolutionary martyr that June is widely considered the symbolic end of communism in Hungary. Free elections were held <a href="/facts/1990_Hungarian_parliamentary_election/vIbFGmXD">in May 1990</a>, and the <a href="/facts/Hungarian_Democratic_Forum/UPXxSvoE">Hungarian Democratic Forum</a>, a major conservative opposition group, was elected to the head of a coalition government. <a href="/facts/J%25C3%25B3zsef_Antall/x5BLnaMQ">József Antall</a> became the first democratically elected prime minister since World War II.
With the removal of state subsidies and rapid privatisation in 1991, Hungary was affected by a severe economic recession. The Antall government's austerity measures proved unpopular, and the Communist Party's legal and political heir, the <a href="/facts/Hungarian_Socialist_Party/1Mzmjmy9">Socialist Party</a>, won the subsequent <a href="/facts/1994_Hungarian_parliamentary_election/e45Gxu2l">1994 elections</a>. This abrupt shift in the political landscape was repeated in <a href="/facts/1998_Hungarian_parliamentary_election/BYApWjtU">1998</a> and <a href="/facts/2002_Hungarian_parliamentary_election/7mDQI7ls">2002</a>; in each electoral cycle, the governing party was ousted and the erstwhile opposition elected. Like most other post-communist European states, however, Hungary broadly pursued an <a href="/facts/European_integration/nrHkmsE1">integrationist</a> agenda, <a href="/facts/Enlargement_of_NATO/vlKGBMvB">joining NATO</a> in 1999 and the European Union <a href="/facts/2003_Hungarian_European_Union_membership_referendum/1m8Dcm8s">in 2004</a>. As a NATO member, Hungary was involved in the <a href="/facts/Yugoslav_Wars/CUoVQ6Y9">Yugoslav Wars</a>.

In 2006, <a href="/facts/2006_protests_in_Hungary/KvF9L7mN">major nationwide protests</a> erupted after it was revealed that Prime Minister <a href="/facts/Ferenc_Gyurcs%25C3%25A1ny/hWL2PGt4">Ferenc Gyurcsány</a> had claimed in <a href="/facts/%25C5%2590sz%25C3%25B6d_speech/swKbwBD7">a closed-door speech</a> that his party "lied" to win the <a href="/facts/2006_Hungarian_parliamentary_election/oy62Dtqz">recent elections</a>. The popularity of left-wing parties plummeted in the ensuing political upheaval, and in 2010, <a href="/facts/Viktor_Orb%25C3%25A1n/g5Q1KhBY">Viktor Orbán</a>'s national-conservative <a href="/facts/Fidesz/Gom3cJYd">Fidesz</a> party was <a href="/facts/2010_Hungarian_parliamentary_election/d08s9UPQ">elected</a> to a parliamentary <a href="/facts/Supermajority/UrN29DaU">supermajority</a>. The legislature consequently approved a <a href="/facts/Constitution_of_Hungary/zJrf8hhq">new constitution</a>, among other sweeping governmental and legal changes including the establishment of new parliamentary constituencies, decreasing the number of parliamentarians, and shifting to single-round parliamentary elections. Fidesz has won supermajorities in <a href="/facts/2014_Hungarian_parliamentary_election/QV5JSv86">every</a> <a href="/facts/2018_Hungarian_parliamentary_election/UcSpnSP5">subsequent</a> <a href="/facts/2022_Hungarian_parliamentary_election/umsHIqKI">election</a>.
Since Orbán's election in 2010, Hungary has undergone <a href="/facts/Democratic_backsliding/PXsoKs4r">democratic backsliding</a>. It has been characterised as an <a href="/facts/Illiberal_democracy/9UWrMShs">illiberal democracy</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113">113</a>: 95  <a href="/facts/Hybrid_regime/dcFMYAMy">hybrid regime</a>, <a href="/facts/Kleptocracy/6dh1qrgQ">kleptocracy</a>, <a href="/facts/Dominant-party_system/exEkhIj1">dominant-party system</a>, and <a href="/facts/Mafia_state/3ShH7cm5">mafia state</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114">114</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115">115</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116">116</a> Orbán has publicly embraced illiberalism,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117">117</a>: 9  characterising Hungary as an "illiberal Christian democracy".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:118" href="#fn:118">118</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:119" href="#fn:119">119</a> As a result of these developments, Hungary's relationship with the <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a> and the <a href="/facts/European_Union/6GYcR8qM">European Union</a> have entered a period of protracted strain. Past and ongoing areas of conflict include <a href="/facts/LGBT_rights_in_Hungary/7cUHtVJL">LGBT rights</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:120" href="#fn:120">120</a> migration,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:121" href="#fn:121">121</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:122" href="#fn:122">122</a> the <a href="/facts/Lex_CEU/jcSSK1oU">lex CEU</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:123" href="#fn:123">123</a> Hungary's decision to authorise <a href="/facts/Sputnik_vaccine/YIghoPCE">Russian</a> and <a href="/facts/CoronaVac/TgyDpDEX">Chinese vaccines</a> during the <a href="/facts/COVID-19_pandemic/0xTsh7Ut">coronavirus pandemic</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:124" href="#fn:124">124</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:125" href="#fn:125">125</a> and <a href="/facts/International_sanctions_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine/ax1parPP">international sanctions against Russia</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:126" href="#fn:126">126</a> The Orbán government has simultaneously come under increased international scrutiny over <a href="/facts/Rule_of_law/BS8rbmel">rule of law</a> concerns. Hungary has and continues to dispute these allegations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:127" href="#fn:127">127</a>
In 2018, the <a href="/facts/European_Parliament/H9WLUd1r">European Parliament</a> voted to act against Hungary under the terms of <a href="/facts/Article_7_of_the_Treaty_on_European_Union/gyDRJrt6">Article 7 of the Treaty on European Union</a>. In March 2025, <a href="/facts/Estonia/PVjB16TI">Estonia</a> pushed for a suspension of Hungary's EU voting rights.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:128" href="#fn:128">128</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:129" href="#fn:129">129</a> In May 2025 EU Commissioner for Democracy, Justice and the Rule of Law <a href="/facts/Michael_McGrath_(Irish_politician)/YXfryrzP">Michael McGrath</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:130" href="#fn:130">130</a> expressed serious concerns about Hungary.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:131" href="#fn:131">131</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:132" href="#fn:132">132</a> In June 2025 an <a href="/facts/Advocate_general_(European_Union)/BpGjgGS4">advocate general</a> at the <a href="/facts/European_Court_of_Justice/yhkq7Y7Q">European Court of Justice</a> ruled that "EU law has been violated 'on three different levels': with regard to the <a href="/facts/E-Commerce_Directive/HGbYpLkM">e-commerce directive</a>, the <a href="/facts/General_Data_Protection_Regulation/RMLY6ohr">General Data Protection Regulation</a> (GDPR), and finally the <a href="/facts/EU_Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights/rzrs16ae">EU Charter of Fundamental Rights</a>".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:133" href="#fn:133">133</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:134" href="#fn:134">134</a>

<h2 id="geography">Geography</h2>
Main articles: <a href="/facts/Geography_of_Hungary/HlaQmsUo">Geography of Hungary</a> and <a href="/facts/Climate_of_Hungary/8pe5v19t">Climate of Hungary</a>
See also: <a href="/facts/List_of_national_parks_of_Hungary/x9qfJoRj">List of national parks of Hungary</a>

Hungary is a <a href="/facts/Landlocked_country/9AqwXqMF">landlocked country</a>. Its geography has traditionally been defined by its two main waterways, the <a href="/facts/Danube/8lMeM9xg">Danube</a> and <a href="/facts/Tisza/BeDRqcSU">Tisza</a> rivers. The common tripartite division—Dunántúl ("beyond the Danube", <a href="/facts/Transdanubia/JXWmH7kp">Transdanubia</a>), <a href="/facts/Tisz%25C3%25A1nt%25C3%25BAl/TSEgQK5l">Tiszántúl</a> ("beyond the Tisza"), and Duna–Tisza köze ("between the Danube and Tisza")—is a reflection of this. The Danube flows north–south through the centre of contemporary Hungary, and the entire country lies within its <a href="/facts/Drainage_basin/lzsx0XJS">drainage basin</a>.
Transdanubia, which stretches westward from the centre of the country towards Austria, is a primarily hilly region with a terrain varied by low mountains. These include the very eastern stretch of the <a href="/facts/Alps/Q3zdQId4">Alps</a>, <a href="/facts/Alpokalja/0ywqHdYM">Alpokalja</a>, in the west of the country, the <a href="/facts/Transdanubian_Mountains/aBIMLTVo">Transdanubian Mountains</a> in the central region of Transdanubia, and the <a href="/facts/Mecsek/U4IFL8je">Mecsek</a> Mountains and <a href="/facts/Vill%25C3%25A1ny_Mountains/KHYU3pJK">Villány Mountains</a> in the south. The highest point of the area is the Írott-kő in the Alps, at 882 metres (2,894 ft). The <a href="/facts/Little_Hungarian_Plain/ovU70UTh">Little Hungarian Plain</a> (Kisalföld) is found in northern Transdanubia. <a href="/facts/Lake_Balaton/zu5HWMS2">Lake Balaton</a> and <a href="/facts/Lake_H%25C3%25A9v%25C3%25ADz/JM2jfzKC">Lake Hévíz</a>, the largest lake in Central Europe and the largest thermal lake in the world, respectively, are in Transdanubia as well.

The Duna–Tisza köze and Tiszántúl are characterised mainly by the <a href="/facts/Great_Hungarian_Plain/qGdnmPoU">Great Hungarian Plain</a> (Alföld), which stretches across most of the eastern and southeastern areas of the country. To the north of the plain are the foothills of the <a href="/facts/Carpathian_Mountains/I3TkYUjj">Carpathians</a> in a wide band near the <a href="/facts/Slovakia/gmJwpwM3">Slovakian</a> border. The <a href="/facts/K%25C3%25A9kes/w2RlU2tD">Kékes</a> at 1,014 m (3,327 ft) is the tallest mountain in Hungary and is found there.
<a href="/facts/Phytogeography/RL1nzJAy">Phytogeographically</a>, Hungary belongs to the Central European province of the <a href="/facts/Circumboreal_Region/ftozH15d">Circumboreal Region</a> within the <a href="/facts/Boreal_Kingdom/mXSoc822">Boreal Kingdom</a>. According to the <a href="/facts/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature/u8NgdHjK">WWF</a>, the territory of Hungary belongs to the terrestrial ecoregion of <a href="/facts/Pannonian_mixed_forests/GcqBXf9J">Pannonian mixed forests</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:135" href="#fn:135">135</a>

<h3>Climate</h3>
Hungary has a <a href="/facts/Temperate_climate/6WPypCzC">temperate seasonal climate</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:136" href="#fn:136">136</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:137" href="#fn:137">137</a> with generally warm summers with low overall humidity levels but frequent rain showers and cold snowy winters. Average annual temperature is 9.7 °C (49.5 °F). Temperature extremes are 41.9 °C (107.4 °F) on 20 July 2007 at <a href="/facts/Kiskunhalas/bboxEYhm">Kiskunhalas</a> in the summer and −35 °C (−31.0 °F) on 16 February 1940 at <a href="/facts/Miskolc/q3CfUgSq">Miskolc</a> in the winter. Average high temperature in the summer is 23 to 28 °C (73 to 82 °F) and average low temperature in the winter is −3 to −7 °C (27 to 19 °F). The average yearly rainfall is approximately 600 mm (23.6 in). 

<h2 id="government-and-politics">Government and politics</h2>
Main articles: <a href="/facts/Politics_of_Hungary/rjRvKPNk">Politics of Hungary</a>, <a href="/facts/Government_of_Hungary/p3uGQXej">Government of Hungary</a>, and <a href="/facts/Taxation_in_Hungary/ry20otWd">Taxation in Hungary</a>
Hungary is a <a href="/facts/Unitary_state/HAxK1eMM">unitary</a>, <a href="/facts/Parliamentary_republic/W8AubFBo">parliamentary republic</a>. The Hungarian political system operates under a framework reformed in 2012; this constitutional document is the <a href="/facts/Constitution_of_Hungary/zJrf8hhq">Fundamental Law of Hungary</a>. Amendments generally require a two-thirds majority of parliament; the fundamental principles of the constitution (as expressed in the articles guaranteeing human dignity, the separation of powers, the state structure, and the <a href="/facts/Rule_of_law/BS8rbmel">rule of law</a>) are valid in perpetuity. 199 Members of Parliament (országgyűlési képviselő) are elected to the highest organ of state authority, the <a href="/facts/Unicameralism/Uv6VUhG4">unicameral</a> Országgyűlés (<a href="/facts/National_Assembly_(Hungary)/htCIpAL6">National Assembly</a>), every four years in a single-round <a href="/facts/First-past-the-post_voting/RJ11du1H">first-past-the-post</a> election with an <a href="/facts/Electoral_threshold/fkhtbpgd">election threshold</a> of 5%.
The <a href="/facts/President_of_Hungary/Jae2GoYU">President of the Republic</a> (köztársasági elnök) serves as the <a href="/facts/Head_of_state/U2QzdE4a">head of state</a> and is elected by the National Assembly every five years. The president is invested primarily with representative responsibilities and powers: receiving foreign heads of state, formally nominating the prime minister at the recommendation of the National Assembly, and serving as <a href="/facts/Commander-in-chief/pe6ojVyG">commander-in-chief</a> of the <a href="/facts/Hungarian_Ground_Forces/31mCQbzu">armed forces</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:138" href="#fn:138">138</a> Importantly, the president is also invested with <a href="/facts/Veto/F7oEHNlw">veto</a> power and may send legislation to the 15-member <a href="/facts/Constitutional_Court_of_Hungary/BbCqwg8P">Constitutional Court</a> for review. The third most significant governmental position in Hungary is the <a href="/facts/List_of_speakers_of_the_National_Assembly_(Hungary)/6hSkHWYr">Speaker of the National Assembly</a>, who is elected by the National Assembly and responsible for overseeing the daily sessions of the body.
The <a href="/facts/Prime_Minister_of_Hungary/eC3jnsYs">prime minister</a> (miniszterelnök) is elected by the National Assembly, serving as the <a href="/facts/Head_of_government/eHYPvGWL">head of government</a> and exercising <a href="/facts/Executive_(government)/fPCCh3VU">executive power</a>. Traditionally, the prime minister is the leader of the largest party in parliament. The prime minister selects <a href="/facts/Government_of_Hungary/p3uGQXej">Cabinet</a> ministers and has the exclusive right to dismiss them, although cabinet nominees must appear before consultative open hearings before one or more parliamentary committees, survive a vote in the National Assembly, and be formally approved by the president. The Cabinet reports to Parliament.

<h3>Political parties</h3>
Main articles: <a href="/facts/Political_parties_in_Hungary/pkWvAJ3l">Political parties in Hungary</a>, <a href="/facts/Elections_in_Hungary/Fdnl96Ak">Elections in Hungary</a>, and <a href="/facts/Electoral_system_of_Hungary/Sd3axsDc">Electoral system of Hungary</a>

Since the fall of communism, Hungary has a <a href="/facts/Multi-party_system/QaTh5oox">multi-party system</a>. The <a href="/facts/2022_Hungarian_parliamentary_election/umsHIqKI">last Hungarian parliamentary election</a> took place on 3 April 2022.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:139" href="#fn:139">139</a> The result was a victory for Fidesz–KDNP alliance, preserving its two-thirds majority with Orbán remaining prime minister.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:140" href="#fn:140">140</a> It was the third election according to the new Constitution of Hungary which went into force on 1 January 2012. The <a href="/facts/Electoral_system_of_Hungary/Sd3axsDc">new electoral law</a> also entered into force that day. The voters elected 199 MPs instead of previous 386 lawmakers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:141" href="#fn:141">141</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:142" href="#fn:142">142</a> Since 2014, voters of <a href="/facts/Demographics_of_Hungary/SXcFWV0s">ethnic minorities in Hungary</a> are able to vote on nationality lists. The minorities can obtain a preferential mandate if they reach the quarter of the ninety-third part of the list votes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:143" href="#fn:143">143</a> Nationalities who did not get a mandate could send a nationality spokesman to the <a href="/facts/National_Assembly_(Hungary)/htCIpAL6">National Assembly</a>. The current political landscape in Hungary is dominated by the conservative Fidesz, who have a near supermajority, and three medium-sized parties, the left-wing <a href="/facts/Democratic_Coalition_(Hungary)/JD7MkA22">Democratic Coalition</a> (DK), the far-right <a href="/facts/Our_Homeland_Movement/cA3sUrkw">Our Homeland Movement</a> and liberal <a href="/facts/Momentum_Movement/VQcFt5fk">Momentum</a>.

<h3>Law and judicial system</h3>
Main articles: <a href="/facts/Law_of_Hungary/se7f8nkQ">Law of Hungary</a>, <a href="/facts/Law_enforcement_in_Hungary/coYdgzjn">Law enforcement in Hungary</a>, and <a href="/facts/Human_rights_in_Hungary/2jCl1Jtx">Human rights in Hungary</a>

The judicial system of Hungary is a <a href="/facts/Civil_law_(legal_system)/R878oQ6V">civil law</a> system, divided between courts with regular civil and criminal jurisdiction, and administrative courts with jurisdiction over litigation between individuals and the public administration. Hungarian law is codified and based on <a href="/facts/Law_of_Germany/Ym8Wo7N3">German law</a> and, in a wider sense, civil law or <a href="/facts/Roman_law/m7peoAbG">Roman law</a>. The court system for civil and criminal jurisdiction consists of local courts (járásbíróság), regional appellate courts (ítélőtábla), and the supreme court (<a href="/facts/Curia_of_Hungary/gY1jGqcv">Kúria</a>). Hungary's highest courts are located in Budapest.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:144" href="#fn:144">144</a>
Law enforcement in Hungary is split among the police and the National Tax and Customs Administration. The <a href="/facts/Rend%25C5%2591rs%25C3%25A9g/d7LFIeeH">Hungarian Police</a> is the main and largest state law enforcement agency in Hungary. It carries nearly all general police duties such as criminal investigation, patrol activity, traffic policing, border control. It is led by the national police commissioner under the control of the <a href="/facts/Ministry_of_Interior_(Hungary)/V2evaUHe">Minister of the Interior</a>. The body is divided into county police departments which are also divided into regional and town police departments. The National Police has subordinate agencies with nationwide jurisdiction, such as the "Nemzeti Nyomozó Iroda" (National Bureau of Investigation), a civilian police force specialised in investigating serious crimes, and the <a href="/facts/Gendarmerie/IU7lsrLc">gendarmerie</a>-like, militarised "Készenléti rendőrség" (Stand-by Police) mainly dealing with riots and often reinforcing local police forces. Because of Hungary's accession to the <a href="/facts/Schengen_Agreement/ghYHPqx0">Schengen Treaty</a>, the police and border guards were merged into a single national corps, with the border guards (Határőrség Magyarországon) becoming police officers. This merger took place in January 2008. The Customs and Excise Authority remained subject to the <a href="/facts/Ministry_of_Finance_(Hungary)/Y7vKyqDb">Ministry of Finance</a> under the National Tax and Customs Administration.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:145" href="#fn:145">145</a>

<h3>Foreign relations</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Foreign_relations_of_Hungary/urIrcdRH">Foreign relations of Hungary</a>

The <a href="/facts/Foreign_policy/s74b9Fh9">foreign policy</a> is based on four basic commitments: to <a href="/facts/Atlanticism/Jv15gmSh">Atlantic co-operation</a>, to <a href="/facts/European_integration/nrHkmsE1">European integration</a>, to <a href="/facts/International_development/ouf3xcPQ">international development</a> and to <a href="/facts/International_law/WJEPeq44">international law</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:146" href="#fn:146">146</a> Hungary has been a member of the <a href="/facts/United_Nations/fgXLnmgT">United Nations</a> since December 1955 and a member of the <a href="/facts/European_Union/6GYcR8qM">European Union</a>, <a href="/facts/NATO/dCeTddMY">NATO</a>, the <a href="/facts/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development/CI9W2zGv">OECD</a>, the <a href="/facts/Visegr%25C3%25A1d_Group/gfCdoITB">Visegrád Group</a>, the <a href="/facts/WTO/p7hgb1lP">WTO</a>, the <a href="/facts/World_Bank/hIH9uUb2">World Bank</a>, the <a href="/facts/Asian_Infrastructure_Investment_Bank/UnYz3cln">AIIB</a> and the <a href="/facts/International_Monetary_Fund/tPSTWWS4">IMF</a>. Hungary took on the presidency of the <a href="/facts/Council_of_the_European_Union/xlE6rYKb">Council of the European Union</a> for half a year in 2011 and the next will be in 2024. In 2015, Hungary was the fifth largest OECD non-DAC donor of <a href="/facts/Development_aid/0FQxWKfK">development aid</a> in the world, which represents <a href="/facts/List_of_development_aid_country_donors/RU4qn9T2">0.13% of its Gross National Income</a>.
Budapest is home to more than 100 embassies and representative bodies as an international political actor.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:147" href="#fn:147">147</a> Hungary hosts the main and regional headquarters of many international organisations as well, including <a href="/facts/European_Institute_of_Innovation_and_Technology/h8VeBr2f">European Institute of Innovation and Technology</a>, <a href="/facts/European_Police_College/opoGlQG1">European Police College</a>, <a href="/facts/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees/n02xPguc">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a>, <a href="/facts/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization_of_the_United_Nations/13WV8JJK">Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations</a>, <a href="/facts/International_Centre_for_Democratic_Transition/cAQkVgee">International Centre for Democratic Transition</a>, <a href="/facts/Institute_of_International_Education/kc4E96AA">Institute of International Education</a>, <a href="/facts/International_Labour_Organization/Lek9y8b6">International Labour Organization</a>, <a href="/facts/International_Organization_for_Migration/9WGdNj7b">International Organization for Migration</a>, <a href="/facts/International_Federation_of_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Societies/zNRcDSoS">International Red Cross</a>, Regional Environmental Centre for Central and Eastern Europe, <a href="/facts/Danube_Commission_(1948)/4jM5qk8C">Danube Commission</a> and others.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:148" href="#fn:148">148</a>
Since 1989, the top foreign policy goal has been achieving integration into Western economic and security organisations. Hungary joined the <a href="/facts/Partnership_for_Peace/pJxvW61z">Partnership for Peace</a> programme in 1994 and has actively supported the <a href="/facts/Implementation_Force/NdqC2cQH">IFOR</a> and <a href="/facts/Stabilisation_Force_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina/flfSuT2q">SFOR</a> missions in Bosnia. Since 1989 Hungary has improved its often frosty neighbour relations by signing basic treaties with Romania, Slovakia, and Ukraine. These renounce all outstanding territorial claims and lay the foundation for constructive relations. However, the issue of <a href="/facts/Hungarian_diaspora/AkFa6TEn">ethnic Hungarian minority</a> rights in Romania, Slovakia, and Serbia periodically cause bilateral tensions to flare up. However, relations with Serbia have more recently become extremely close due to strong Hungarian advocacy for Serbian EU membership, while relations with Slovakia have warmed due to cooperation on shared priorities within EU structures.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:149" href="#fn:149">149</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:150" href="#fn:150">150</a> Since 2017, the <a href="/facts/Hungary%25E2%2580%2593Ukraine_relations/s8XYN01v">relations with Ukraine</a> rapidly deteriorated over the issue of the <a href="/facts/Hungarians_in_Ukraine/Ft6RPSED">Hungarian minority in Ukraine</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:151" href="#fn:151">151</a> Since 1989, Hungary has signed all of the <a href="/facts/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe/Lo5lUrA6">OSCE</a> documents, and served as the OSCE's Chairman-in-Office in 1997. Historically, Hungary has had particularly friendly <a href="/facts/Hungary%25E2%2580%2593Poland_relations/frQ6c2cH">relations with Poland</a>; this special relationship was recognised by the parliaments of both countries in 2007 with the joint declaration of 23 March as "The Day of Polish-Hungarian Friendship".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:152" href="#fn:152">152</a> According to the 2024 <a href="/facts/Global_Peace_Index/Dvq9K3ED">Global Peace Index</a>, Hungary is the 14th most peaceful country in the world.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:153" href="#fn:153">153</a>

<h3>Military</h3>
Main articles: <a href="/facts/Hungarian_Defence_Forces/eqFLMEsQ">Hungarian Defence Forces</a> and <a href="/facts/Military_history_of_Hungary/oltJBSP5">Military history of Hungary</a>
See also: <a href="/facts/List_of_wars_involving_Hungary/kTnGNfxc">List of wars involving Hungary</a> and <a href="/facts/List_of_equipment_of_the_Hungarian_Ground_Forces/sKtK9yy8">List of equipment of the Hungarian Ground Forces</a>

The president holds the title of commander-in-chief of the nation's armed forces. The <a href="/facts/Minister_of_Defence_(Hungary)/4oYrH31u">Ministry of Defence</a> jointly with <a href="/facts/Commander_of_the_Defence_Forces_(Hungary)/8YTxpJM2">chief of staff</a> administers the armed forces, including the <a href="/facts/Hungarian_Ground_Forces/31mCQbzu">Hungarian Ground Force</a> (HDF) and the <a href="/facts/Hungarian_Air_Force/VFzCnhk9">Hungarian Air Force</a>. Since 2007, the Hungarian Armed Forces has been under a unified command structure. The Ministry of Defence maintains political and civil control over the army. A subordinate Joint Forces Command coordinates and commands the HDF. In 2016, the armed forces had 31,080 personnel on active duty, the operative reserve brought the total number of troops to fifty thousand. In 2016, it was planned that military spending the following year would be $1.21 billion, about 0.94% of the country's GDP, well below the NATO target of 2%. In 2012, the government adopted a resolution in which it pledged to increase defence spending to 1.4% of GDP by 2022.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:154" href="#fn:154">154</a>
<a href="/facts/Military_service/pPQqAhDk">Military service</a> is voluntary, though <a href="/facts/Conscription/SstkxdBk">conscription</a> may occur in wartime. In a significant move for modernisation, Hungary decided in 2001 to buy 14 <a href="/facts/Saab_JAS_39_Gripen/VFRd1les">JAS 39 Gripen</a> fighter aircraft for about 800 million EUR. Hungarian National Cyber Security Centre was re-organised in 2016 in order to become more efficient through <a href="/facts/Cyber_security/7E5dIy7G">cyber security</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:155" href="#fn:155">155</a> In 2016, the Hungarian military had about 700 troops stationed in foreign countries as part of international peacekeeping forces, including 100 HDF troops in the NATO-led <a href="/facts/International_Security_Assistance_Force/ujbozm50">ISAF</a> force in Afghanistan, 210 Hungarian soldiers in Kosovo under command of <a href="/facts/Kosovo_Force/73LYIooD">KFOR</a>, and 160 troops in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Hungary sent a 300-strong logistics unit to Iraq in order to help the U.S. occupation with armed transport convoys, though public opinion opposed the country's participation in the war.

<h2 id="administrative-divisions">Administrative divisions</h2>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Administrative_divisions_of_Hungary/TuW6NAWT">Administrative divisions of Hungary</a>
Hungary is divided into 19 <a href="/facts/Counties_of_Hungary/q7I85xn3">counties</a> (vármegye). The <a href="/facts/List_of_historical_capitals_of_Hungary/B08AVaJ6">capital</a> (főváros) <a href="/facts/Budapest/VdcUAkxm">Budapest</a> is an independent entity. The counties and the capital are the 20 <a href="/facts/Nomenclature_of_Territorial_Units_for_Statistics/sfkbDQdU">NUTS</a> third-level units of Hungary. The states are further subdivided into 174 <a href="/facts/Districts_of_Hungary/dXwIYDsE">districts</a> (járás).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:156" href="#fn:156">156</a> The districts are further divided into <a href="/facts/List_of_cities_and_towns_of_Hungary/9TQvoXxM">towns and villages</a>, of which 25 are designated <a href="/facts/City_with_county_rights/LxMpUenp">towns with county rights</a> (megyei jogú város), sometimes known as "urban counties" in English. The local authorities of these towns have extended powers, but these towns belong to the territory of the respective district instead of being independent territorial units. County and district councils and municipalities have different roles and separate responsibilities relating to local government. The role of the counties are basically administrative and focus on strategic development, while preschools, public water utilities, garbage disposal, elderly care, and rescue services are administered by the municipalities.
Since 1996, the counties and city of Budapest have been grouped into <a href="/facts/List_of_regions_of_Hungary/EEWXA9s5">seven regions</a> for statistical and development purposes. These seven regions constitute NUTS' second-level units of Hungary. They are <a href="/facts/Central_Hungary/9I9trATf">Central Hungary</a>, <a href="/facts/Central_Transdanubia/G3fcz8qK">Central Transdanubia</a>, <a href="/facts/Northern_Great_Plain/1EJvxSo7">Northern Great Plain</a>, <a href="/facts/Northern_Hungary/x6fJm95X">Northern Hungary</a>, <a href="/facts/Southern_Transdanubia/hJonspwf">Southern Transdanubia</a>, <a href="/facts/Southern_Great_Plain/s2vINKkr">Southern Great Plain</a>, and <a href="/facts/Western_Transdanubia/g2eMkaoh">Western Transdanubia</a>.

<table><tbody><tr><th scope="col"><a href="/facts/Counties_of_Hungary/q7I85xn3">County(vármegye)</a></th><th scope="col">Administrativecentre</th><th scope="col"><a href="/facts/Demographics_of_Hungary/SXcFWV0s">Population</a></th><th scope="col"><a href="/facts/Regions_of_Hungary/EEWXA9s5">Region</a></th></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/B%25C3%25A1cs-Kiskun_County/rM6f2347">Bács-Kiskun</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Kecskem%25C3%25A9t/b9oqdq1t">Kecskemét</a></td><td>524,841</td><td><a href="/facts/Southern_Great_Plain/s2vINKkr">Southern Great Plain</a></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Baranya_County/kqs3VM1o">Baranya</a></td><td><a href="/facts/P%25C3%25A9cs/I4jECVzT">Pécs</a></td><td>391,455</td><td><a href="/facts/Southern_Transdanubia/hJonspwf">Southern Transdanubia</a></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/B%25C3%25A9k%25C3%25A9s_County/Hcocxa69">Békés</a></td><td><a href="/facts/B%25C3%25A9k%25C3%25A9scsaba/orbhCMo2">Békéscsaba</a></td><td>361,802</td><td><a href="/facts/Southern_Great_Plain/s2vINKkr">Southern Great Plain</a></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Borsod-Aba%25C3%25BAj-Zempl%25C3%25A9n_County/NwGD2BS3">Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Miskolc/q3CfUgSq">Miskolc</a></td><td>684,793</td><td><a href="/facts/Northern_Hungary/x6fJm95X">Northern Hungary</a></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Budapest/VdcUAkxm">Capital City of Budapest</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Budapest/VdcUAkxm">Budapest</a></td><td>1,744,665</td><td><a href="/facts/Central_Hungary/9I9trATf">Central Hungary</a></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Csongr%25C3%25A1d-Csan%25C3%25A1d_County/eHpMMAlA">Csongrád-Csanád</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Szeged/UBUSKE96">Szeged</a></td><td>421,827</td><td><a href="/facts/Southern_Great_Plain/s2vINKkr">Southern Great Plain</a></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Fej%25C3%25A9r_County/fVLpwtXN">Fejér</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Sz%25C3%25A9kesfeh%25C3%25A9rv%25C3%25A1r/R3S8Bzmp">Székesfehérvár</a></td><td>426,120</td><td><a href="/facts/Central_Transdanubia/G3fcz8qK">Central Transdanubia</a></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Gy%25C5%2591r-Moson-Sopron_County/DqTMEgT4">Győr-Moson-Sopron</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Gy%25C5%2591r/ILAWqy3e">Győr</a></td><td>449,967</td><td><a href="/facts/Western_Transdanubia/g2eMkaoh">Western Transdanubia</a></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Hajd%25C3%25BA-Bihar_County/9ef0loaG">Hajdú-Bihar</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Debrecen/WtzBRFwC">Debrecen</a></td><td>565,674</td><td><a href="/facts/Northern_Great_Plain/1EJvxSo7">Northern Great Plain</a></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Heves_County/SXnzKx3p">Heves</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Eger/aom1g4tr">Eger</a></td><td>307,985</td><td><a href="/facts/Northern_Hungary/x6fJm95X">Northern Hungary</a></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/J%25C3%25A1sz-Nagykun-Szolnok_County/QSrDWxI7">Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Szolnok/kM9Jjqlk">Szolnok</a></td><td>386,752</td><td><a href="/facts/Northern_Great_Plain/1EJvxSo7">Northern Great Plain</a></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Kom%25C3%25A1rom-Esztergom_County/l1xDGl0P">Komárom-Esztergom</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Tatab%25C3%25A1nya/QcsSkdmh">Tatabánya</a></td><td>311,411</td><td><a href="/facts/Central_Transdanubia/G3fcz8qK">Central Transdanubia</a></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/N%25C3%25B3gr%25C3%25A1d_County/qJ8R2tB3">Nógrád</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Salg%25C3%25B3tarj%25C3%25A1n/8qkWA2r1">Salgótarján</a></td><td>201,919</td><td><a href="/facts/Northern_Hungary/x6fJm95X">Northern Hungary</a></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Pest_County/pyd5Q9VX">Pest</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Budapest/VdcUAkxm">Budapest</a></td><td>1,237,561</td><td><a href="/facts/Central_Hungary/9I9trATf">Central Hungary</a></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Somogy_County/oYUUDoq3">Somogy</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Kaposv%25C3%25A1r/Tux0zcEw">Kaposvár</a></td><td>317,947</td><td><a href="/facts/Southern_Transdanubia/hJonspwf">Southern Transdanubia</a></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Szabolcs-Szatm%25C3%25A1r-Bereg_County/wxSj4lGy">Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Ny%25C3%25ADregyh%25C3%25A1za/K45HfUbn">Nyíregyháza</a></td><td>552,000</td><td><a href="/facts/Northern_Great_Plain/1EJvxSo7">Northern Great Plain</a></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Tolna_County/zl9XXu94">Tolna</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Szeksz%25C3%25A1rd/kKGAEyHu">Szekszárd</a></td><td>231,183</td><td><a href="/facts/Southern_Transdanubia/hJonspwf">Southern Transdanubia</a></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Vas_County/vnsFHUWT">Vas</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Szombathely/1LtKwE3X">Szombathely</a></td><td>257,688</td><td><a href="/facts/Western_Transdanubia/g2eMkaoh">Western Transdanubia</a></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Veszpr%25C3%25A9m_County/FDTcKA8F">Veszprém</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Veszpr%25C3%25A9m/zfrfI3FW">Veszprém</a></td><td>353,068</td><td><a href="/facts/Central_Transdanubia/G3fcz8qK">Central Transdanubia</a></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Zala_County/pmG0fJJ1">Zala</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Zalaegerszeg/vCH98g70">Zalaegerszeg</a></td><td>287,043</td><td><a href="/facts/Western_Transdanubia/g2eMkaoh">Western Transdanubia</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3>Cities and towns</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/List_of_cities_and_towns_of_Hungary/9TQvoXxM">List of cities and towns of Hungary</a>

Hungary has 3,152 <a href="/facts/Municipalities/S0bUz6jW">municipalities</a> as of 15 July 2013: 346 towns (Hungarian term: város, plural: városok; the terminology does not distinguish between <a href="/facts/City/2uNRFqAN">cities</a> and <a href="/facts/Town/8M3HB52B">towns</a> – the term town is used in official translations) and 2,806 villages (Hungarian: község, plural: községek) which fully cover the territory of the country. The number of towns can change, since villages can be elevated to town status by act of the president. Budapest has a special status and is not included in any county while 23 of the towns are so-called urban counties (megyei jogú város – town with county rights). All county seats except Budapest are urban counties. Four of the cities (Budapest, Miskolc, <a href="/facts/Gy%25C5%2591r/ILAWqy3e">Győr</a>, and <a href="/facts/P%25C3%25A9cs/I4jECVzT">Pécs</a>) have agglomerations, and the Hungarian Statistical Office distinguishes seventeen other areas in earlier stages of agglomeration development.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:157" href="#fn:157">157</a> The largest city is Budapest. There are more than 100 villages with fewer than 100 inhabitants while the smallest villages have fewer than 20 inhabitants.

<h2 id="economy">Economy</h2>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Economy_of_Hungary/JlqaNI1R">Economy of Hungary</a>

Hungary is an OECD high-income <a href="/facts/Mixed_economy/M27dNu2U">mixed economy</a> with a <a href="/facts/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index/seg5TkPK">very high human development index</a> and skilled labour force with the <a href="/facts/List_of_countries_by_income_equality/olwAHvgK">16th lowest income inequality</a> in the world.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:158" href="#fn:158">158</a> Furthermore, it is the <a href="/facts/List_of_countries_by_economic_complexity/VxVpJnWS">9th most complex economy</a> according to the Economic Complexity Index.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:159" href="#fn:159">159</a> The economy is the <a href="/facts/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)/fDw3Ibeo">57th-largest in the world</a> (out of 188 countries measured by <a href="/facts/IMF/tPSTWWS4">IMF</a>) with $265.037 billion output<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:160" href="#fn:160">160</a> and ranks <a href="/facts/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita/EStd2aMH">49th in the world in terms of GDP per capita</a> by <a href="/facts/Purchasing_power_parity/qpRMGaXG">purchasing power parity</a>. The <a href="/facts/Employment-to-population_ratio/Flb4pvh2">employment rate</a> was 68.3% in 2017;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:161" href="#fn:161">161</a> the employment structure shows the characteristics of <a href="/facts/Post-industrial_society/uTCRTtRf">post-industrial economies</a>, 63.2% of employed workforce work in service sector, the industry contributed by 29.7%, while agriculture with 7.1%. Unemployment rate was 4.1% in 2017,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:162" href="#fn:162">162</a> down from 11% during the <a href="/facts/2008_financial_crisis/qw8n1pSN">2008 financial crisis</a>.
Hungary is part of the <a href="/facts/European_single_market/wJDK3gK8">European single market</a> which represents more than 508 million consumers. Several domestic commercial policies are determined by agreements among European Union members and by EU legislation. Hungary is an export-oriented <a href="/facts/Market_economy/d56S7haK">market economy</a> with a heavy emphasis on foreign trade, thus the country is the <a href="/facts/List_of_countries_by_exports/M6KuE0Gu">36th largest export economy</a> in the world. The country has more than $100 billion export in 2015 with high, $9.003 billion <a href="/facts/Balance_of_trade/0kWmf4Cw">trade surplus</a>, of which 79% went to the EU and 21% was extra-EU trade.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:163" href="#fn:163">163</a> Hungary has a more than 80% <a href="/facts/Private_sector/fQudW9hp">privately owned</a> economy with <a href="/facts/List_of_countries_by_tax_revenue_to_GDP_ratio/E846gAeA">39.1% overall taxation</a>, which provides the basis for the country's <a href="/facts/Welfare_state/JR15sKL1">welfare economy</a>. On the expenditure side, household consumption is the main component of <a href="/facts/Gross_domestic_product/zQRgyFKc">GDP</a> and accounts for 50% of its total use, followed by gross fixed <a href="/facts/Capital_formation/q7rs1vt9">capital formation</a> with 22% and government expenditure with 20%.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:164" href="#fn:164">164</a>
Hungary continues to be one of the leading nations for attracting <a href="/facts/Foreign_direct_investment/6FC93H4n">foreign direct investment</a> (FDI) in <a href="/facts/Central_and_Eastern_Europe/JcsTveqo">Central and Eastern Europe</a>; the inward FDI in the country was $119.8 billion in 2015, while investing more than $50 billion abroad.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:165" href="#fn:165">165</a> As of 2015, the key trading partners were Germany, Austria, Romania, Slovakia, France, Italy, Poland and Czech Republic.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:166" href="#fn:166">166</a> Major industries include food processing, pharmaceuticals, motor vehicles, information technology, chemicals, metallurgy, machinery, electrical goods, and tourism (with 12.1 million international tourists in 2014).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:167" href="#fn:167">167</a> Hungary is the largest electronics producer in Central and Eastern Europe. Electronics manufacturing and research are among the main drivers of innovation and economic growth in the country. In the past 20 years Hungary has also grown into a major centre for <a href="/facts/Mobile_technology/WcCjQ83p">mobile technology</a>, <a href="/facts/Information_security/horlrCln">information security</a>, and related hardware research.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:168" href="#fn:168">168</a>
Large <a href="/facts/List_of_companies_of_Hungary/Amh8bF55">Hungarian companies</a> are included in the <a href="/facts/BUX/lrNkofgz">BUX</a>, the stock market index listed on <a href="/facts/Budapest_Stock_Exchange/9cD7oy69">Budapest Stock Exchange</a>. Well-known companies include the <a href="/facts/Fortune_Global_500/WxgLN2QM">Fortune Global 500</a> firm <a href="/facts/MOL_Group/frRrnlPR">MOL Group</a>, the <a href="/facts/OTP_Bank/AhMApCDW">OTP Bank</a>, <a href="/facts/Gedeon_Richter_Plc./6cDXF60o">Gedeon Richter Plc.</a>, <a href="/facts/Magyar_Telekom/CJgMVvAg">Magyar Telekom</a>, <a href="/facts/CIG_Pannonia/Vmg6GpqG">CIG Pannonia</a>, <a href="/facts/FHB_Mortgage_Bank/G64sHBhR">FHB Bank</a>, <a href="/facts/Zwack_liqueur/jXNFpmmh">Zwack Unicum</a> and more.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:169" href="#fn:169">169</a> Besides this Hungary has a large portion of specialised <a href="/facts/Small_and_medium-sized_enterprises/86CC7BvV">small and medium enterprise</a>, for example a significant number of automotive suppliers and technology <a href="/facts/Startup_company/9lsjFELt">start ups</a> among others.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:170" href="#fn:170">170</a>
Budapest is the financial and business capital, classified as an Alpha <a href="/facts/Global_city/Lqv5NqA5">world city</a> in the study by the <a href="/facts/Globalization_and_World_Cities_Research_Network/xdxbC98a">Globalization and World Cities Research Network</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:171" href="#fn:171">171</a> Budapest is the <a href="/facts/Primate_city/aRpJTCcu">primate city</a> of Hungary regarding business and economy, accounting for 39% of the national income, the city has a <a href="/facts/Gross_metropolitan_product/CD6CqApG">gross metropolitan product</a> more than $100 billion in 2015, making it one of the largest regional economies in the European Union.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:172" href="#fn:172">172</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:173" href="#fn:173">173</a> Budapest is also among the Top 100 GDP performing cities in the world, measured by <a href="/facts/PricewaterhouseCoopers/4AuXcnh0">PricewaterhouseCoopers</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:174" href="#fn:174">174</a>
Hungary maintains its own currency, the <a href="/facts/Hungarian_forint/y8qvXEv8">Hungarian forint</a> (HUF), although the economy fulfills the <a href="/facts/Euro_convergence_criteria/6gUBJ8zu">Maastricht criteria</a> with the exception of public debt, <a href="/facts/List_of_countries_by_public_debt/6XPH4Fmu">but it is also significantly below the EU average</a> with the level of 75.3% in 2015. The <a href="/facts/Hungarian_National_Bank/0cxN3uDh">Hungarian National Bank</a> is currently focusing on price stability with an inflation target of 3%.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:175" href="#fn:175">175</a> Hungary's corporate tax rate is only 9%, which is relatively low for EU states.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:176" href="#fn:176">176</a>

<h3>Science and technology</h3>
Main articles: <a href="/facts/Science_and_technology_in_Hungary/0Gg9xnpg">Science and technology in Hungary</a> and <a href="/facts/List_of_Hungarian_Nobel_laureates/CnndQReg">List of Hungarian Nobel laureates</a>

Hungary's achievements in science and technology have been significant, and research and development efforts form an integral part of the country's economy. Hungary spent 1.61% of its gross domestic product (GDP) on civil research and development in 2020, which is the <a href="/facts/List_of_countries_by_research_and_development_spending/FH9dHP6J">25th highest ratio in the world</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:177" href="#fn:177">177</a> Hungary ranks 32nd among the most innovative countries in the <a href="/facts/Bloomberg_L.P./2NCtubRH">Bloomberg Innovation Index</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:178" href="#fn:178">178</a> Hungary was ranked 36th in the <a href="/facts/Global_Innovation_Index/mIqcsoF4">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:179" href="#fn:179">179</a> In 2014, Hungary counted 2,651 full-time equivalent researchers per million inhabitants, steadily increasing from 2,131 in 2010 and compares with 3,984 in the U.S. or 4,380 in Germany.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:180" href="#fn:180">180</a> Hungary's high technology industry has benefited from both the country's skilled workforce and the strong presence of foreign high-tech firms and research centres. Hungary also has one of the highest rates of filed patents, the sixth highest ratio of high-tech and medium high-tech output in the total industrial output, the 12th highest research FDI inflow, placed 14th in research talent in business enterprise and has the 17th best overall innovation efficiency ratio in the world.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:181" href="#fn:181">181</a>
The key actor of research and development in Hungary is the National Research, Development and Innovation (NRDI) Office, which is a national strategic and <a href="/facts/Funding_of_science/T0dr3vUI">funding agency for scientific research, development and innovation</a>, the primary source of advice on RDI policy for the Hungarian government and the primary RDI funding agency. Its role is to develop RDI policy and ensure that Hungary adequately invest in RDI by funding excellent research and supporting innovation to increase competitiveness and to prepare the RDI strategy of the government, to handle the NRDI Fund and represents the government and RDI community in international organisations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:182" href="#fn:182">182</a>
Scientific research is supported partly by industry and partly by the state, through universities and by scientific state-institutions such as <a href="/facts/Hungarian_Academy_of_Sciences/EN1ue7Kh">Hungarian Academy of Sciences</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:183" href="#fn:183">183</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:184" href="#fn:184">184</a> Hungary has been the home of some of the most prominent researchers in various scientific disciplines, notably physics, mathematics, chemistry and engineering. As of 2018, <a href="/facts/List_of_Hungarian_Nobel_laureates/CnndQReg">thirteen Hungarian scientists</a> have been recipients of a <a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize/3z1Y3oFL">Nobel Prize</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:185" href="#fn:185">185</a> Until 2012 three individuals—Csoma, <a href="/facts/J%25C3%25A1nos_Bolyai/JeXBranr">János Bolyai</a> and Tihanyi—were included in the UNESCO <a href="/facts/Memory_of_the_World_Programme/Ce0jV0Bh">Memory of the World</a> register as well as the collective contributions <a href="/facts/Tabula_Hungariae/C6IVQeac">Tabula Hungariae</a> and <a href="/facts/Bibliotheca_Corviniana/wlaIzIyq">Bibliotheca Corviniana</a>. Contemporary scientists include mathematician <a href="/facts/L%25C3%25A1szl%25C3%25B3_Lov%25C3%25A1sz/X0VB38Ee">László Lovász</a>, physicist <a href="/facts/Albert-L%25C3%25A1szl%25C3%25B3_Barab%25C3%25A1si/k91DKk1J">Albert-László Barabási</a>, physicist <a href="/facts/Ferenc_Krausz/g4R645Ev">Ferenc Krausz</a>, and biochemist <a href="/facts/%25C3%2581rp%25C3%25A1d_Pusztai/Xybaz2Sv">Árpád Pusztai</a>. Hungary has excellent <a href="/facts/Mathematics_education/6hXltmmF">mathematics education</a> which has trained numerous outstanding scientists. Famous Hungarian mathematicians include father <a href="/facts/Farkas_Bolyai/0d7WzLo7">Farkas Bolyai</a> and son <a href="/facts/J%25C3%25A1nos_Bolyai/JeXBranr">János Bolyai</a>, who was one of the founders of <a href="/facts/Non-Euclidean_geometry/efKa7De2">non-Euclidean geometry</a>; <a href="/facts/Paul_Erd%25C5%2591s/63LoUTe1">Paul Erdős</a>, famed for publishing in over forty languages and whose <a href="/facts/Erd%25C5%2591s_number/aylyVGhg">Erdős numbers</a> are still tracked, and <a href="/facts/John_von_Neumann/aUk6urof">John von Neumann</a>, a key contributor in the fields of <a href="/facts/Quantum_mechanics/BRc3Mzgr">quantum mechanics</a> and <a href="/facts/Game_theory/zkEIj1ya">game theory</a>, a pioneer of digital computing, and the chief mathematician in the <a href="/facts/Manhattan_Project/gtg8yRK2">Manhattan Project</a>. Notable Hungarian inventions include the <a href="/facts/Lead_dioxide/dQb52eNu">lead dioxide</a> <a href="/facts/Match/EQPsJa7J">match</a> (<a href="/facts/J%25C3%25A1nos_Irinyi/CD27hgmL">János Irinyi</a>), a type of <a href="/facts/Carburetor/DMvC7y9M">carburetor</a> (<a href="/facts/Don%25C3%25A1t_B%25C3%25A1nki/nIKF5YQT">Donát Bánki</a>, <a href="/facts/J%25C3%25A1nos_Csonka/zbRDh0VD">János Csonka</a>), the electric (AC) train engine and generator (<a href="/facts/K%25C3%25A1lm%25C3%25A1n_Kand%25C3%25B3/BXScUjYl">Kálmán Kandó</a>), <a href="/facts/Holography/4J1gW0M6">holography</a> (<a href="/facts/Dennis_Gabor/dLVJQzgN">Dennis Gabor</a>), the <a href="/facts/Kalman_filter/wNK7rnbk">Kalman filter</a> (<a href="/facts/Rudolf_E._K%25C3%25A1lm%25C3%25A1n/SAoVkxs4">Rudolf E. Kálmán</a>), and <a href="/facts/Rubik%2527s_Cube/Nlq35AbS">Rubik's Cube</a> (<a href="/facts/Ern%25C5%2591_Rubik/hnvHPrEL">Ernő Rubik</a>).

<h3>Transport</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Transport_in_Hungary/wdTqrH5X">Transport in Hungary</a>

Hungary has a highly developed road, railway, air, and water transport system. Budapest serves as an important hub for the <a href="/facts/Hungarian_State_Railways/NcHVFod3">Hungarian railway system</a> (MÁV). The capital is served by three large train stations called <a href="/facts/Budapest_Keleti_station/uf6hCw1l">Keleti</a> (Eastern), <a href="/facts/Budapest_Nyugati_station/rf1KSge0">Nyugati</a> (Western), and <a href="/facts/Budapest_D%25C3%25A9li_station/X5swc5ND">Déli</a> (Southern) pályaudvars (termii). <a href="/facts/Szolnok/kM9Jjqlk">Szolnok</a> is the most important railway hub outside Budapest, while <a href="/facts/Miskolc_Tiszai_railway_station/rjhGtQm6">Tiszai Railway Station</a> in Miskolc and the main stations of <a href="/facts/Szombathely/1LtKwE3X">Szombathely</a>, <a href="/facts/Gy%25C5%2591r/ILAWqy3e">Győr</a>, <a href="/facts/Szeged/UBUSKE96">Szeged</a>, and <a href="/facts/Sz%25C3%25A9kesfeh%25C3%25A9rv%25C3%25A1r/R3S8Bzmp">Székesfehérvár</a> are also key to the network.
From March 2024, transport on the Hungarian railway MÁV will be free for people aged 65 and over and under 14 years of age.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:186" href="#fn:186">186</a>
Budapest, <a href="/facts/Debrecen/WtzBRFwC">Debrecen</a>, Miskolc, and <a href="/facts/Szeged/UBUSKE96">Szeged</a> have tram networks. The <a href="/facts/Budapest_Metro/mSPjHYzw">Budapest Metro</a> is the second-oldest underground <a href="/facts/Rapid_transit/bbhkQbAW">metro</a> system in the world; its <a href="/facts/Metro_Line_M1_(Budapest_Metro)/5W8KRNA7">Line 1</a> dates from 1896. The system consists of four lines. A <a href="/facts/Regional_rail/YVeQHJo7">commuter rail</a> system, <a href="/facts/BH%25C3%2589V/3gGPEoYv">HÉV</a>, operates in the Budapest metropolitan area.
Hungary has a total length of approximately 1,314 km (816.48 mi) motorways (<a href="/facts/Hungarian_language/nt4g0ano">Hungarian</a>: autópálya). Motorway sections are being added to the existing network, which already connects many major economically important cities to the capital. Ports are located at Budapest, <a href="/facts/Duna%25C3%25BAjv%25C3%25A1ros/4XHAMDKS">Dunaújváros</a> and <a href="/facts/Baja%2c_Hungary/zRKcVlvn">Baja</a>.
There are five international airports: <a href="/facts/Budapest_Ferenc_Liszt_International_Airport/TjDTah0h">Budapest Ferenc Liszt</a> (informally called "Ferihegy"), <a href="/facts/Debrecen_International_Airport/g9KIyTfs">Debrecen</a>, <a href="/facts/H%25C3%25A9v%25C3%25ADz%25E2%2580%2593Balaton_Airport/d4dnz34L">Hévíz–Balaton</a> (also called Sármellék Airport), <a href="/facts/Gy%25C5%2591r-P%25C3%25A9r_International_Airport/YG93AQrc">Győr-Pér</a>, and <a href="/facts/P%25C3%25A9cs-Pog%25C3%25A1ny_International_Airport/PLq9Uu5K">Pécs-Pogány</a>, but only two of these (Budapest and Debrecen) receive scheduled flights. Low-budget airline <a href="/facts/Wizz_Air/SmpX0o03">Wizz Air</a> is based at Ferihegy.

<h3>Energy</h3>
Main articles: <a href="/facts/Energy_in_Hungary/fvsLtKo1">Energy in Hungary</a> and <a href="/facts/Renewable_energy_in_Hungary/yFY7dw9e">Renewable energy in Hungary</a>

Hungary's total energy supply is dominated by <a href="/facts/Fossil_fuel/BPgxAqB7">fossil fuels</a>, with <a href="/facts/Natural_gas/9MYQ7NAP">natural gas</a> occupying the largest share, followed by <a href="/facts/Petroleum/IQV0bHVd">oil</a> and <a href="/facts/Coal/83kV3qxg">coal</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:187" href="#fn:187">187</a> In June 2020, Hungary passed a law binding itself to a target of <a href="/facts/Carbon_neutrality/llsAknfI">net-zero emissions</a> by 2050. As part of a broader restructuring of the nation's energy and climate policies, Hungary also extended its National Energy Strategy 2030 to look even further, adding an outlook until 2040 that prioritises carbon-neutral and cost-effective energy while focusing on reinforcing <a href="/facts/Energy_security/7KuT5rKt">energy security</a> and <a href="/facts/Energy_independence/zFRfNIXb">energy independence</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:188" href="#fn:188">188</a> Key forces in the country's 2050 target include <a href="/facts/Renewable_energy/6Bu6IrpF">renewables</a>, <a href="/facts/Nuclear_power/jzSyvxSn">nuclear</a> electricity, and <a href="/facts/Electrification/QbQynVHW">electrification</a> of end-use sectors. Significant investments in the power sector are expected, including for the construction of two new nuclear energy generating units. Renewable energy capacity has increased significantly, but in recent years growth in the renewables sector has stagnated. What is more, certain policies that limit development of <a href="/facts/Wind_power/vlNN3u16">wind power</a> are expected to negatively impact the renewables sector.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:189" href="#fn:189">189</a>
Hungary's emission of greenhouse gases has dropped alongside the economy's decreasing use of carbon-based fuels. However, independent analysis has identified space for Hungary to set more ambitious emissions reduction targets.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:190" href="#fn:190">190</a>

<h2 id="demographics">Demographics</h2>
Main articles: <a href="/facts/Demographics_of_Hungary/SXcFWV0s">Demographics of Hungary</a>, <a href="/facts/Hungarians/Aqot45Va">Hungarians</a>, and <a href="/facts/Women_in_Hungary/jGk7EQoI">Women in Hungary</a>

Hungary's population was 9,689,000 in 2021, according to the Hungarian Central Statistical Office, making it the fifth most populous country in Central and Eastern Europe, and a <a href="/facts/Demographics_of_the_European_Union/slIGRfCX">medium-sized member state of the European Union</a>. As in other former <a href="/facts/Eastern_Bloc/12f32hA7">Eastern bloc countries</a>, its population has decreased markedly since the fall of communism, having peaked at 10.8 million in 1980.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:191" href="#fn:191">191</a> <a href="/facts/Population_density/70zGTCFc">Population density</a> stands at 107 inhabitants per square kilometre, which is about two times higher than the <a href="/facts/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density/WmvuNLfW">world average</a>. Around 70% of the population lives in cities and towns overall, which is well above the global rate of 56% but <a href="/facts/Urbanization_by_sovereign_state/UhEvqYcV">lower than most developed countries</a>; one quarter of Hungarians live in the <a href="/facts/Budapest_metropolitan_area/3261XG3t">Budapest metropolitan area</a> in north-central region.
Like most European countries, Hungary is experiencing <a href="/facts/Sub-replacement_fertility/AG7SSeDT">sub-replacement fertility</a>; its estimated <a href="/facts/Total_fertility_rate/ugganzwn">total fertility rate</a> of 1.43 children per woman is well below the replacement rate of 2.1.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:192" href="#fn:192">192</a> Consequently, its population has been gradually declining and rapidly aging; the average age is 42.7 years, among the highest in the world.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:193" href="#fn:193">193</a> This trend has been exacerbated by a high rate of emigration, particularly among young adults, and anti-immigration policies, which accelerated in the 1990s but have since somewhat abated.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:194" href="#fn:194">194</a>
In 2011, the conservative government began a programme to increase the birth rate among <a href="/facts/Hungarians/Aqot45Va">ethnic Magyars</a> by reinstating three-year maternity leave and boosting the availability of part-time jobs; the fertility rate has since gradually increased from its nadir of 1.27 children per woman in 2011,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:195" href="#fn:195">195</a> in some years rising as high as 1.5.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:196" href="#fn:196">196</a> In 2015, 47.9% of births were to unmarried women.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:197" href="#fn:197">197</a> <a href="/facts/Life_expectancy/uPc8bWWW">Life expectancy</a> was 71.96 years for men and 79.62 years for women in 2015,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:198" href="#fn:198">198</a> growing continuously since the fall of Communism.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:199" href="#fn:199">199</a>
Hungary recognises two sizeable minority groups, designated as "national minorities" because their ancestors have lived in their respective regions for centuries in Hungary: a <a href="/facts/Germans_of_Hungary/l8KYrj6u">German community</a> of about 130,000 that lives throughout the country, and a <a href="/facts/Romani_people_in_Hungary/x7C9ueqI">Romani minority</a> that numbers around 300,000 and mainly resides in the northern part of the country. Some studies indicate a considerably larger number of Romani in Hungary (876,000 people – c. 9% of the population.).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:200" href="#fn:200">200</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:201" href="#fn:201">201</a> According to the 2011 census, there were 8,314,029 (83.7%) ethnic <a href="/facts/Hungarians/Aqot45Va">Hungarians</a>, 308,957 (3.1%) <a href="/facts/Romani_people/HAj6w0kU">Romani</a>, 131,951 (1.3%) <a href="/facts/Germans/F7mBCrJ4">Germans</a>, 29,647 (0.3%) <a href="/facts/Slovaks/Tq71d53c">Slovaks</a>, 26,345 (0.3%) <a href="/facts/Romanians/CzdFLDpf">Romanians</a>, and 23,561 (0.2%) <a href="/facts/Croats/pxr26XCP">Croats</a> in Hungary; 1,455,883 people (14.7% of the total population) did not declare their ethnicity. Thus, Hungarians made up more than 90% of people who declared their ethnicity.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:202" href="#fn:202">202</a> In Hungary, people can declare more than one ethnicity, so the sum of ethnicities is higher than the total population.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:203" href="#fn:203">203</a>
Approximately <a href="/facts/Hungarian_diaspora/AkFa6TEn">5 million Hungarians live outside Hungary</a>.

<h3>Languages</h3>
Main articles: <a href="/facts/Hungarian_language/nt4g0ano">Hungarian language</a> and <a href="/facts/Languages_of_Hungary/TnVwgGlo">Languages of Hungary</a>

<a href="/facts/Hungarian_language/nt4g0ano">Hungarian</a> is the <a href="/facts/Official_language/yCH2URym">official</a> and predominant spoken language. Hungarian is the <a href="/facts/Languages_of_Europe/gYLR8qFS">13th most widely spoken first language in Europe</a> with around 13 million native speakers and it is one of 24 official and working languages of the European Union.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:204" href="#fn:204">204</a> Outside Hungary, it is also spoken in neighbouring countries and by Hungarian diaspora communities worldwide. According to the 2011 census, 9,896,333 people (99.6%) speak Hungarian in Hungary, of whom 9,827,875 people (99%) speak it as a <a href="/facts/First_language/1yK3tnLb">first language</a>, while 68,458 people (0.7%) speak it as a <a href="/facts/Second_language/aUqAzeNK">second language</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:205" href="#fn:205">205</a> English (1,589,180 speakers, 16.0%), and German (1,111,997 speakers, 11.2%) are the most widely spoken foreign languages, while there are several recognised minority languages in Hungary (<a href="/facts/Armenian_language/tELuE2wG">Armenian</a>, <a href="/facts/Bulgarian_language/susG15pr">Bulgarian</a>, <a href="/facts/Croatian_language/o2Y8WHuy">Croatian</a>, <a href="/facts/German_language/oWaQIDA8">German</a>, <a href="/facts/Greek_language/pzDd6eIz">Greek</a>, <a href="/facts/Romanian_language/zAY3GnkL">Romanian</a>, <a href="/facts/Romani_language/NouAKyrh">Romani</a>, <a href="/facts/Rusyn_language/T1XYCasx">Rusyn</a>, <a href="/facts/Serbian_language/quNDpTCd">Serbian</a>, <a href="/facts/Slovak_language/HmmobnJ8">Slovak</a>, <a href="/facts/Slovenian_language/09YPyUQr">Slovenian</a>, and <a href="/facts/Ukrainian_language/2zDw7rpD">Ukrainian</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:206" href="#fn:206">206</a>
Hungarian is a member of the <a href="/facts/Uralic_languages/4K0r9XRI">Uralic language family</a>, unrelated to any neighbouring language and distantly related to <a href="/facts/Finnish_language/lBuEIgs0">Finnish</a> and <a href="/facts/Estonian_language/ywCJos4e">Estonian</a>. It is the largest of the Uralic languages in terms of the number of speakers and the only one spoken in Central Europe. Standard Hungarian is based on the variety spoken in Budapest. Although the use of the standard dialect is enforced, Hungarian has several urban and rural <a href="/facts/Dialect/gJ7uQQoj">dialects</a>.

<h3>Religion</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Religion_in_Hungary/jNhjbCAd">Religion in Hungary</a>

Hungary is a historically <a href="/facts/Christianity/nKyJHlqq">Christian</a> country with a deep-rooted Christian heritage.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:207" href="#fn:207">207</a> Hungarian historiography identifies the foundation of the Hungarian state with Stephen I's <a href="/facts/Baptism/wEY6gtGA">baptism</a> and coronation with the <a href="/facts/Holy_Crown_of_Hungary/wgue5wIX">Holy Crown</a> in A.D. 1000. Stephen promulgated <a href="/facts/Catholic_Church/rJ4F4gqH">Catholicism</a> as the <a href="/facts/State_religion/K7E28FLL">state religion</a>, and his successors were traditionally known as the <a href="/facts/Apostolic_Majesty/mo4QF9TP">Apostolic Kings</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:208" href="#fn:208">208</a> The <a href="/facts/Catholic_Church_in_Hungary/t1lEwVy8">Catholic Church in Hungary</a> remained strong through the centuries, and the <a href="/facts/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Esztergom%25E2%2580%2593Budapest/FW2JBoGj">Archbishop of Esztergom</a> was granted extraordinary temporal privileges as <a href="/facts/Prince-primate/kUayAnaC">prince-primate</a> (hercegprímás) of Hungary. The transition to statehood occurred at the turn of the 1st to 2nd millennium when the federation of Magyar tribes was transformed into the <a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Hungary/91tLqn81">Kingdom of Hungary</a>, and <a href="/facts/Western_Christianity/9YP8vhKs">Western Christianity</a>, specifically <a href="/facts/Roman_Catholicism/rJ4F4gqH">Roman Catholicism</a>, was adopted as <a href="/facts/State_religion/K7E28FLL">state religion</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:209" href="#fn:209">209</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:210" href="#fn:210">210</a>

Although contemporary Hungary has no <a href="/facts/State_religion/K7E28FLL">official religion</a> and recognises <a href="/facts/Freedom_of_religion/ERtoqLEE">freedom of religion</a> as a fundamental right, the constitution "recognises Christianity's nation-building role" in its preamble<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:211" href="#fn:211">211</a> and in Article VII affirms that "the state may cooperate with the churches for community goals".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:212" href="#fn:212">212</a> The 2022 census showed that 42.5% of the Hungarians were Christians, most of whom were <a href="/facts/Catholic_Church_in_Hungary/t1lEwVy8">Roman Catholics</a> (római katolikusok) (27.5%) and <a href="/facts/Reformed_Church_in_Hungary/U1Stn8nT">Hungarian Reformed</a> <a href="/facts/Calvinism/l95AzJtn">Calvinists</a> (reformátusok) (9.8%), alongside <a href="/facts/Lutheranism/L4pMlRcS">Lutherans</a> (evangélikusok) (1.8%), <a href="/facts/Greek_Catholic_Church/zQdgrjFm">Greek Catholics</a> (1.7%), and other Christians (1.7%). <a href="/facts/Judaism/tjQ5Tgs6">Jewish</a> (0.1%), <a href="/facts/Buddhism/G0wsjrSl">Buddhist</a> (0.1%) and <a href="/facts/Islam/zDLbL45C">Islamic</a> (0.1%) communities are small minorities. 40.1% of the population did not declare a religious affiliation, while 16.1% declared themselves explicitly irreligious.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:213" href="#fn:213">213</a>
During the initial stages of the Protestant <a href="/facts/Reformation/9ClEbhnL">Reformation</a>, most Hungarians adopted first Lutheranism and then Calvinism in the form of the Hungarian Reformed Church. Key figures in the Calvinist movement included <a href="/facts/M%25C3%25A1rton_K%25C3%25A1lm%25C3%25A1ncsehi/wTlf3gzQ">Márton Kálmáncsehi</a> (1500–1550) and <a href="/facts/P%25C3%25A9ter_Melius_Juh%25C3%25A1sz/eadBoxGY">Péter Melius Juhász</a>. Melius Juhász played a pivotal role in translating the <a href="/facts/Bible/SqkRTKCh">Bible</a> and other religious texts into Hungarian, and he established Debrecen in the Great Plain as the heart of Hungarian Calvinism, earning it the titles "Hungarian <a href="/facts/Geneva/14gXxjcq">Geneva</a>" or the second "<a href="/facts/Calvinist_Rome/WtzBRFwC">Calvinist Rome</a>".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:214" href="#fn:214">214</a> In the second half of the 16th century, the <a href="/facts/Society_of_Jesus/n0PeYBB8">Jesuits</a> led a <a href="/facts/Counter-Reformation/NLk0bSr6">Counter-Reformation</a> campaign, and the population once again became predominantly Catholic. This campaign was only partially successful, however, and the (mainly Reformed) Hungarian nobility were able to secure freedom of worship for Protestants. In practice, this meant <a href="/facts/Cuius_regio%2c_eius_religio/DWp62gm0">cuius regio, eius religio</a>; thus, most individual localities in Hungary are still identifiable as historically Catholic, Lutheran, or Reformed. The country's eastern regions, especially around Debrecen (the "Calvinist Rome"), remain almost completely Reformed,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:215" href="#fn:215">215</a> a trait they share with historically contiguous ethnically Hungarian regions across the Romanian border. <a href="/facts/Eastern_Orthodox_Church/5n20Akh5">Orthodox Christianity</a> in Hungary is associated with the country's ethnic minorities: Armenians, Bulgarians, Greeks, Romanians, Rusyns, Ukrainians, and Serbs.
Historically, Hungary was home to a <a href="/facts/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hungary/V8XpYoYm">significant Jewish community</a>, with a pre-World War II population of more than 800,000; however, it is estimated that just over 564,000 Hungarian Jews were killed between 1941 and 1945 during the Holocaust in Hungary.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:216" href="#fn:216">216</a> Between 15 May and 9 July 1944 alone, over 434,000 Jews were deported.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:217" href="#fn:217">217</a> Of over 800,000 Jews living within Hungary's borders in 1941–1944, about 255,500 are thought to have survived. There are about 120,000 Jews in Hungary today.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:218" href="#fn:218">218</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:219" href="#fn:219">219</a>

<h3>Education</h3>
Main articles: <a href="/facts/Education_in_Hungary/C4BWuBFo">Education in Hungary</a> and <a href="/facts/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Hungary/1WlQpXwk">List of universities and colleges in Hungary</a>

Education is predominantly public, run by the <a href="/facts/Minister_of_Education_(Hungary)/I5cFYwnM">Ministry of Education</a>. <a href="/facts/Preschool/lmg7JkcL">Preschool</a>-<a href="/facts/Kindergarten/pLuerM4c">kindergarten</a> education is <a href="/facts/Compulsory_education/5BQkVEJh">compulsory</a> and provided for all children between three and six years old, after which school attendance is also compulsory until the age of sixteen.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:220" href="#fn:220">220</a> <a href="/facts/Primary_education/FnXkdxDW">Primary education</a> usually lasts for eight years. <a href="/facts/Secondary_education/Cpsxkx3v">Secondary education</a> includes three traditional types of schools focused on different academic levels: the <a href="/facts/Gymnasium_(school)/BeRd2HWT">Gymnasium</a> enrolls the most gifted children and prepares students for university studies; the secondary vocational schools for intermediate students lasts four years and the technical school prepares pupils for <a href="/facts/Vocational_education/vIDzdCs1">vocational education</a> and work. The system is partly flexible and bridges exist.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:221" href="#fn:221">221</a> The <a href="/facts/Trends_in_International_Mathematics_and_Science_Study/DmxnrmhC">Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study</a> rated 13–14-year-old pupils in Hungary among the best in the world for maths and science.
Most of the universities are <a href="/facts/Public_university/Avsc2TmM">public institutions</a>, and students traditionally study without fees. The general requirement for university is the <a href="/facts/Matura/Iv2V66KG">Matura</a>. The Hungarian public <a href="/facts/Higher_education/6GjdtJap">higher education</a> system includes universities and other higher education institutes that provide both education curricula and related degrees up to doctoral degree and also contribute to research activities. Health insurance for students is free until the end of their studies. English and German language are important in Hungarian higher education; there are a number of degree programmes that are taught in these languages, which attracts thousands of <a href="/facts/Student_exchange_program/LMVX2JGC">exchange students</a> every year. Hungary's higher education and training has been ranked 44 out of 148 countries in the Global Competitiveness Report 2014.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:222" href="#fn:222">222</a>
Hungary has a long tradition of higher education and an established <a href="/facts/Knowledge_economy/RseSF1pV">knowledge economy</a>. Several universities are among the <a href="/facts/List_of_oldest_universities_in_continuous_operation/lzkTPLQ9">oldest in continuous operation in the world</a>, including the <a href="/facts/University_of_P%25C3%25A9cs/K3hJ4rNY">University of Pécs</a> (founded 1367), <a href="/facts/%25C3%2593buda_University/ErLu1ch8">Óbuda University</a> (1395), and <a href="/facts/Universitas_Istropolitana/FY9yvjyt">Universitas Istropolitana</a> (1465). <a href="/facts/Nagyszombat/Lw9b7YmH">Nagyszombat</a> University was founded in 1635 and moved to Buda in 1777, and it is called <a href="/facts/E%25C3%25B6tv%25C3%25B6s_Lor%25C3%25A1nd_University/4HvRUI9m">Eötvös Loránd University</a> today. The world's first <a href="/facts/Institute_of_technology/obsVnWWB">institute of technology</a> was founded in <a href="/facts/Selmecb%25C3%25A1nya/RDeseVpn">Selmecbánya</a> in 1735; its legal successor is the <a href="/facts/University_of_Miskolc/9okVvNm8">University of Miskolc</a>. The <a href="/facts/Budapest_University_of_Technology_and_Economics/VnoF96E7">Budapest University of Technology and Economics</a> is considered the oldest institute of technology in the world with university rank and structure, its legal predecessor the Institutum Geometrico-Hydrotechnicum was founded in 1782 by <a href="/facts/Joseph_II%2c_Holy_Roman_Emperor/cvj6srA1">Emperor Joseph II</a>.
Hungary ranks fourth (above neighbour Romania, and after China, the United States and Russia) in the all-time medal count at the <a href="/facts/International_Mathematical_Olympiad/HWBMkwEq">International Mathematical Olympiad</a> with 336 total medals, dating back to 1959.

<h3>Health</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Healthcare_in_Hungary/NXhbqIL5">Healthcare in Hungary</a>

Hungary maintains a <a href="/facts/Universal_health_care/pT6kLbAW">universal health care</a> system largely financed by government <a href="/facts/National_health_insurance/s5JL8kc5">national health insurance</a>. According to the <a href="/facts/OECD/CI9W2zGv">OECD</a>, 100% of the population is <a href="/facts/List_of_countries_by_health_insurance_coverage/bfSGeIfG">covered by universal health insurance</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:223" href="#fn:223">223</a> which is free for children, students, pensioners, people with low income, handicapped people, and church employees.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:224" href="#fn:224">224</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:225" href="#fn:225">225</a> Hungary spends 7.2% of GDP on healthcare, spending $2,045 per capita, of which $1,365 is provided by the government.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:226" href="#fn:226">226</a>
Hungary is one of the main destinations of <a href="/facts/Medical_tourism/YbJ28TqJ">medical tourism</a> in Europe, particularly for dentistry,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:227" href="#fn:227">227</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:228" href="#fn:228">228</a> in which its share is 42% in Europe and 21% worldwide.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:229" href="#fn:229">229</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:230" href="#fn:230">230</a> <a href="/facts/Plastic_surgery/zLCAX9hN">Plastic surgery</a> is also a key sector, with 30% of the clients coming from abroad. Hungary is well known for its spa culture and is home to <a href="/facts/Culture_of_Hungary/2MRnoLhj">numerous medicinal spas</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:231" href="#fn:231">231</a> which attract "spa tourism".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:232" href="#fn:232">232</a>
In common with developed countries, cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of mortality, accounting for 49.4% (62,979) of all deaths in 2013.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:233" href="#fn:233">233</a> However, this number peaked in 1985 with 79,355 deaths, and has been declining continuously since the fall of communism.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:234" href="#fn:234">234</a> The second leading cause of death is cancer with 33,274 (26.2%), which has been stagnant since the 1990s.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:235" href="#fn:235">235</a> Deaths from accidents dropped from 8,760 in 1990 to 3,654 in 2013; the number of suicides has declined precipitously from 4,911 in 1983 to 2,093 in 2013 (21.1 per 100,000 people), the lowest since 1956.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:236" href="#fn:236">236</a> There are considerable health disparities between the western and eastern parts of Hungary; heart disease, hypertension, stroke, and suicide is prevalent in the mostly agricultural and low-income Great Plain region in the east, but infrequent in the high-income, middle class areas of Western Transdanubia and Central Hungary.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:237" href="#fn:237">237</a> Smoking is a leading cause of death, although it is in steep decline: The proportion of adult smokers declined to 19% in 2013 from 28% in 2012, owing to strict regulations such as a nationwide smoking ban in every indoor public place and the limiting of tobacco sales to state-controlled "National Tobacco Shops".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:238" href="#fn:238">238</a>

<h2 id="culture">Culture</h2>
Main articles: <a href="/facts/Culture_of_Hungary/2MRnoLhj">Culture of Hungary</a>, <a href="/facts/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Hungary/PNsdq7cw">List of World Heritage Sites in Hungary</a>, and <a href="/facts/National_symbols_of_Hungary/62SGLs3k">National symbols of Hungary</a>
See also: <a href="/facts/Cinema_of_Hungary/PryNgTnv">Cinema of Hungary</a>, <a href="/facts/List_of_films_shot_in_Budapest/9tQTMeFj">List of films shot in Budapest</a>, and <a href="/facts/List_of_domesticated_animals_from_Hungary/HteMVKv6">List of domesticated animals from Hungary</a>
<h3>Architecture</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Architecture_of_Hungary/uMfML2SD">Architecture of Hungary</a>

Hungary is home to the <a href="/facts/Doh%25C3%25A1ny_Street_Synagogue/Gva6KRBy">largest synagogue in Europe</a>, built in 1859 in <a href="/facts/Moorish_Revival_architecture/prDjEL4J">Moorish Revival</a> style with a capacity of 3,000 people; the <a href="/facts/Sz%25C3%25A9chenyi_thermal_bath/f023EcCr">largest medicinal bath in Europe</a>, completed in 1913 in Modern <a href="/facts/Renaissance_architecture/pxUu6e8w">Renaissance style</a> and located in the Budapest city park; one of the <a href="/facts/Esztergom_Basilica/Nl8BAWbM">largest basilicas in Europe</a>; the <a href="/facts/Pannonhalma_Archabbey/Qu4VmBmR">second-largest territorial abbey</a> in the world; and the largest <a href="/facts/P%25C3%25A9cs/I4jECVzT">early Christian necropolis</a> outside Italy. Notable architectural styles include <a href="/facts/Historicism/vGQaCapy">Historicism</a> and variants of <a href="/facts/Art_Nouveau/e2Ahfp05">Art Nouveau</a>. In contrast to Historicism, Hungarian Art Nouveau is based on national architectural characteristics. Taking the eastern origins of the Hungarians into account, <a href="/facts/%25C3%2596d%25C3%25B6n_Lechner/g7yYuv6E">Ödön Lechner</a>, the most important figure in Hungarian Art Nouveau, was initially inspired by Asian architecture and later by traditional Hungarian decorative designs. In this way, he created an original synthesis of architectural styles. By applying them to three-dimensional architectural elements, he produced a version of Art Nouveau that was specific to Hungary. Turning away from the style of Lechner, yet taking inspiration from his approach, the group of "Young People" (Fiatalok), which included <a href="/facts/K%25C3%25A1roly_K%25C3%25B3s/kzsIlBUk">Károly Kós</a> and Dezsö Zrumeczky, used the characteristic structures and forms of traditional Hungarian architecture to achieve the same end.
Besides the two principal styles, Budapest also displays local versions of trends originating from other European countries. The <a href="/facts/Secession_(art)/LnL1kK49">Sezession</a> from <a href="/facts/Vienna/NSpIURsA">Vienna</a>, the German <a href="/facts/Jugendstil/NteX4fSJ">Jugendstil</a>, Art Nouveau from Belgium and France, and the influence of English and Finnish architecture are all reflected in the buildings constructed at the turn of the 20th century. <a href="/facts/B%25C3%25A9la_Lajta/QMBYC9MF">Béla Lajta</a> initially adopted Lechner's style, subsequently drawing his inspiration from English and Finnish trends; after developing an interest in the <a href="/facts/Ancient_Egypt/BDsEGK4g">Egyptian</a> style, he finally arrived at modern architecture. <a href="/facts/Alad%25C3%25A1r_%25C3%2581rkay/vX4JPcPJ">Aladár Árkay</a> took almost the same route. <a href="/facts/Istv%25C3%25A1n_Medgyaszay/eCznPr2f">István Medgyaszay</a> developed his own style, which differed from Lechner's, using stylised traditional motifs to create decorative designs in concrete. In the sphere of applied arts, those chiefly responsible for promoting the spread of Art Nouveau were the School and Museum of Decorative Arts, which opened in 1896.
In the Budapest downtown area almost all the buildings are about one hundred years old, with thick walls, high ceilings, and motifs on the front walls.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:239" href="#fn:239">239</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:240" href="#fn:240">240</a>

<h3>Music</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Music_of_Hungary/GP8EjXT6">Music of Hungary</a>

Hungarian music consists mainly of traditional <a href="/facts/Hungarian_folk_music/aN0yDVbz">Hungarian folk music</a> and music by prominent composers such as <a href="/facts/Franz_Liszt/Ihep88h9">Franz Liszt</a> and <a href="/facts/B%25C3%25A9la_Bart%25C3%25B3k/C1DQu47U">Béla Bartók</a>, considered to be among the greatest Hungarian composers. Other renowned composers are <a href="/facts/Ernst_von_Dohn%25C3%25A1nyi/faXXUjoj">Ernst von Dohnányi</a>, <a href="/facts/Franz_Schmidt_(composer)/fxub1bSu">Franz Schmidt</a>, <a href="/facts/Zolt%25C3%25A1n_Kod%25C3%25A1ly/s6UHRfMH">Zoltán Kodály</a>, <a href="/facts/Gabriel_von_Wayditch/vlfsoCml">Gabriel von Wayditch</a>, <a href="/facts/Rudolf_Wagner-R%25C3%25A9geny/QBrfokL7">Rudolf Wagner-Régeny</a>, <a href="/facts/L%25C3%25A1szl%25C3%25B3_Lajtha/WCJ2onK4">László Lajtha</a>, <a href="/facts/Franz_Leh%25C3%25A1r/nFT62baP">Franz Lehár</a>, <a href="/facts/Emmerich_K%25C3%25A1lm%25C3%25A1n/Bx4g3ojY">Imre Kálmán</a>, <a href="/facts/S%25C3%25A1ndor_Veress/1VG94eJR">Sándor Veress</a> and <a href="/facts/Mikl%25C3%25B3s_R%25C3%25B3zsa/w4WFpFrl">Miklós Rózsa</a>. Hungarian traditional music tends to have a strong <a href="/facts/Dactyl_(poetry)/yIC6ykvw">dactylic</a> rhythm, as the language is invariably stressed on the first syllable of each word.
Hungary has renowned composers of contemporary classical music, <a href="/facts/Gy%25C3%25B6rgy_Ligeti/bGok8AkX">György Ligeti</a>, <a href="/facts/Gy%25C3%25B6rgy_Kurt%25C3%25A1g/goHpbcsh">György Kurtág</a>, <a href="/facts/P%25C3%25A9ter_E%25C3%25B6tv%25C3%25B6s/DPmdLgBS">Péter Eötvös</a>, <a href="/facts/Zolt%25C3%25A1n_Kod%25C3%25A1ly/s6UHRfMH">Zoltán Kodály</a> and <a href="/facts/Zolt%25C3%25A1n_Jeney/yyLvFPbP">Zoltán Jeney</a> among them. Bartók was among the most significant musicians of the 20th century. His music was invigorated by the themes, modes, and rhythmic patterns of the Hungarian and neighbouring folk music traditions he studied, which he synthesised with influences from his contemporaries into his own distinctive style.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:241" href="#fn:241">241</a>
Folk music is a prominent part of the national identity and has been significant in former country parts that belong—since the 1920 Treaty of Trianon—to neighbouring countries such as Romania, Slovakia, Poland and especially in southern Slovakia and Transylvania. After the establishment of a music academy led by Liszt and <a href="/facts/Ferenc_Erkel/WWW1ktwm">Ferenc Erkel</a>,

Broughton claims that Hungary's "infectious sound has been surprisingly influential on neighboring countries (thanks perhaps to the common Austro-Hungarian history) and it's not uncommon to hear Hungarian-sounding tunes in Romania, Slovakia and Poland".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:242" href="#fn:242">242</a> It is also strong in the <a href="/facts/Szabolcs-Szatm%25C3%25A1r-Bereg_County/wxSj4lGy">Szabolcs-Szatmár</a> area and in the southwest part of Transdanubia, near the border with Croatia. The <a href="/facts/Bus%25C3%25B3j%25C3%25A1r%25C3%25A1s/DCkMJHyt">Busójárás</a> carnival in Mohács is a major Hungarian folk music event, formerly featuring the long-established and well-regarded <a href="/facts/Bogyiszl%25C3%25B3_Orchestra/LU5rvcgv">Bogyiszló Orchestra</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:243" href="#fn:243">243</a>
Hungarian classical music has long been an "experiment, made from Hungarian antecedents and on Hungarian soil, to create a conscious musical culture [using the] musical world of the folk song".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:244" href="#fn:244">244</a> Although the Hungarian upper class has long had cultural and political connections with the rest of Europe, leading to an influx of European musical ideas, the rural peasants maintained their own traditions such that by the end of the 19th-century Hungarian composers could draw on rural peasant music to (re)create a Hungarian classical style.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:245" href="#fn:245">245</a> For example, Bartók collected folk songs from across Central and Eastern Europe, including Romania and Slovakia, while Kodály was more interested in creating a distinctively Hungarian musical style.
During the era of communist rule in Hungary, a Song Committee scoured and censored popular music for traces of subversion and ideological impurity. Since then, however, the Hungarian music industry has begun to recover, producing successful performers in the fields of <a href="/facts/Jazz/lmUzXGq8">jazz</a> such as trumpeter <a href="/facts/Rudolf_Tomsits/AkNy25xM">Rudolf Tomsits</a>, pianist-composer <a href="/facts/K%25C3%25A1roly_Binder/N5H2fwIb">Károly Binder</a> and, in a modernised form of Hungarian folk, <a href="/facts/Ferenc_Seb%25C5%2591/6zpL3EXX">Ferenc Sebő</a> and <a href="/facts/M%25C3%25A1rta_Sebesty%25C3%25A9n/Kb4oftU8">Márta Sebestyén</a>. The three giants of Hungarian rock, <a href="/facts/Ill%25C3%25A9s_(band)/1rN4JA2Q">Illés</a>, <a href="/facts/Metr%25C3%25B3_(Hungarian_band)/mHPYtrlc">Metró</a> and <a href="/facts/Omega_(band)/J8tRwRRf">Omega</a>, remain very popular, especially Omega, which has followings in Germany and beyond as well as in Hungary. Older veteran underground bands such as <a href="/facts/Beatrice_(band)/HQpQWR5s">Beatrice</a>, from the 1980s, also remain popular.

<h3>Cuisine</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Hungarian_cuisine/I8jLK7cQ">Hungarian cuisine</a>
See also: <a href="/facts/Hungarian_wine/HkVfsqpm">Hungarian wine</a> and <a href="/facts/Beer_in_Hungary/gP2Jv90J">Beer in Hungary</a>
 
Traditional dishes such as the world-famous <a href="/facts/Goulash/BJARX9VP">goulash</a> (gulyás stew or gulyás soup) feature prominently in Hungarian cuisine. Dishes are often flavoured with <a href="/facts/Paprika/C1Yrcw0P">paprika</a> (ground red peppers), a Hungarian innovation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:246" href="#fn:246">246</a> The paprika powder, obtained from a special type of pepper, is one of the most common spices used in typical Hungarian cuisine. Thick, heavy sour cream called <a href="/facts/Tejf%25C3%25B6l/sV06ETgF">tejföl</a> is often used to soften the flavour of a dish. The famous Hungarian hot river fish soup called <a href="/facts/Fisherman%2527s_soup/LYKTthcy">fisherman's soup</a> or halászlé is usually a rich mixture of several kinds of poached fish.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:247" href="#fn:247">247</a>
Other dishes are <a href="/facts/Chicken_paprikash/Bcn7BDXE">chicken paprikash</a>, <a href="/facts/Foie_gras/BkYm3uJA">foie gras</a> made of goose liver, <a href="/facts/P%25C3%25B6rk%25C3%25B6lt/YUjh4dox">pörkölt</a> stew, vadas, (game stew with vegetable gravy and <a href="/facts/Sp%25C3%25A4tzle/FWUyQKsN">dumplings</a>), trout with almonds and salty and sweet dumplings, like <a href="/facts/T%25C3%25BAr%25C3%25B3s_csusza/m86Ye6GS">túrós csusza</a>, (dumplings with fresh <a href="/facts/Quark_(dairy_product)/6TNShLyc">quark</a> cheese and thick sour cream). Desserts include the iconic <a href="/facts/Dobos_torte/YfGHlkt0">Dobos torte</a>, <a href="/facts/Strudel/1jzgnAyA">strudels</a> (rétes), filled with apple, cherry, poppy seed or cheese, <a href="/facts/Palatschinke/sqMQDyFc">Gundel pancake</a>, plum dumplings (<a href="/facts/Kn%25C3%25B6del/x0pk30vC">szilvás gombóc</a>), somlói dumplings, dessert soups like chilled <a href="/facts/Sour_cherry_soup/sKprxHDm">sour cherry soup</a> and sweet chestnut puree, gesztenyepüré (cooked <a href="/facts/Chestnut/pjwAmCsR">chestnuts</a> mashed with sugar and rum and split into crumbs, topped with whipped cream). <a href="/facts/Pretzel/4frgkRkK">Perec</a> and <a href="/facts/Kifli/F1lMkYTT">kifli</a> are widely popular pastries.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:248" href="#fn:248">248</a>
The csárda is the most distinctive type of Hungarian inn, an old-style tavern offering traditional cuisine and beverages. Borozó usually denotes a cosy old-fashioned wine tavern, pince is a beer or wine cellar and a söröző is a <a href="/facts/Pub/1vDaSw0H">pub</a> offering draught beer and sometimes meals. The bisztró is an inexpensive restaurant often with self-service. The büfé is the cheapest place, although one may have to eat standing at a counter. Pastries, cakes and coffee are served at the confectionery called cukrászda, while an eszpresszó is a café.

<a href="/facts/P%25C3%25A1linka/7Tjfr8YS">Pálinka</a> is a fruit brandy, distilled from fruit grown in the orchards situated on the Great Hungarian Plain. It is a spirit native to Hungary and comes in a variety of flavours including apricot (barack) and cherry (cseresznye). However, plum (szilva) is the most popular flavour. Beer goes well with many traditional Hungarian dishes. The five main Hungarian beer brands are: <a href="/facts/Borsod_Brewery/SBlNbbNn">Borsodi</a>, Soproni, Arany Ászok, Kõbányai, and <a href="/facts/Dreher_Brewery/rkWX8B81">Dreher</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:249" href="#fn:249">249</a> People traditionally do not clink their glasses or mugs when drinking beer. There is an urban legend in Hungarian culture that Austrian generals clinked their beer glasses to celebrate the execution of <a href="/facts/The_13_Martyrs_of_Arad/H3ICsy9X">the 13 Martyrs of Arad</a> in 1849. Many people still follow the tradition, although younger people often disavow it, citing that the vow was only meant to last 150 years.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:250" href="#fn:250">250</a>
<a href="/facts/Hungarian_wine/HkVfsqpm">Hungary is ideal for wine-making</a>, and the country can be divided into numerous regions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:251" href="#fn:251">251</a> The Romans brought vines to Pannonia, and by the 5th century AD, there are records of extensive vineyards in what is now Hungary. The Hungarians brought their wine-making knowledge from the East. According to <a href="/facts/Ahmad_ibn_Rustah/k8mwdjtF">Ibn Rustah</a>, the Hungarian tribes were familiar with wine-making long before their <a href="/facts/Hungarian_conquest_of_the_Carpathian_Basin/oSAUk10P">conquest of the Carpathian Basin</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:252" href="#fn:252">252</a> The different wine regions offer a great variety of styles: the main products of the country are elegant and full-bodied dry whites with good acidity, although complex sweet whites (<a href="/facts/Tokaj_wine_region/LSIlVwre">Tokaj</a>), elegant (<a href="/facts/Eger_wine_region/g6yW5mSh">Eger</a>) and full-bodied robust reds (<a href="/facts/Vill%25C3%25A1ny/INI1WCoh">Villány</a> and <a href="/facts/Szeksz%25C3%25A1rd/kKGAEyHu">Szekszárd</a>). The main varieties are: Olaszrizling, <a href="/facts/H%25C3%25A1rslevel%25C5%25B1/arHemooM">Hárslevelű</a>, <a href="/facts/Furmint/VGYHQvFx">Furmint</a>, <a href="/facts/Pinot_gris/VFksjUrh">Pinot gris</a> or Szürkebarát, <a href="/facts/Chardonnay/xhQeDw02">Chardonnay</a> (whites), Kékfrankos (or <a href="/facts/Blaufr%25C3%25A4nkisch/uJ8nFzoS">Blaufrankisch</a> in German), <a href="/facts/Kadarka/JJF4yYnv">Kadarka</a>, <a href="/facts/Blauer_Portugieser/b23Bn7hV">Portugieser</a>, <a href="/facts/Zweigelt/8BKfxM5f">Zweigelt</a>, <a href="/facts/Cabernet_Sauvignon/jIXCqHRP">Cabernet Sauvignon</a>, <a href="/facts/Cabernet_Franc/qQVpL0zx">Cabernet Franc</a> and <a href="/facts/Merlot/ceC0AY2S">Merlot</a>. The most famous wines from Hungary are <a href="/facts/Tokaji/LIyeecxW">Tokaji Aszú</a> and <a href="/facts/Egri_Bikav%25C3%25A9r/6rHXYTnv">Egri Bikavér</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:253" href="#fn:253">253</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:254" href="#fn:254">254</a> <a href="/facts/Tokaji/LIyeecxW">Tokaji</a> wine has received accolades from numerous great writers and composers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:255" href="#fn:255">255</a>
For over 150 years, a blend of forty Hungarian herbs has been used to create the liqueur <a href="/facts/Unicum/tN3KxeMJ">unicum</a>, a bitter, dark-coloured liqueur that can be drunk as an apéritif or after a meal.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:256" href="#fn:256">256</a>

<h3>Sport</h3>
See also: <a href="/facts/Football_in_Hungary/SLxFMqn4">Football in Hungary</a>

<a href="/facts/Hungary_at_the_Olympics/LvkLQYAp">Hungarian athletes</a> have been successful contenders in the <a href="/facts/Summer_Olympic_Games/AXNb8LcJ">Summer Olympic Games</a>. Hungary ranks 9th with a total of 511 medals in the <a href="/facts/All-time_Olympic_Games_medal_table/JwYAEsw4">all-time Summer Olympic Games medal count</a>. Hungary has the third-highest number of <a href="/facts/Olympic_medal/lxJJf9Vn">Olympic medals</a> per capita and second-highest number of gold medals per capita in the world.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:257" href="#fn:257">257</a> Hungary has historically excelled in Olympic water sports. In <a href="/facts/Water_polo/BGRzQMt5">water polo</a> the men's Hungarian team is the <a href="/facts/Water_polo_at_the_Summer_Olympics/mtXsf2aK">leading medal winner by a significant margin</a>, and in swimming <a href="/facts/List_of_Olympic_medalists_in_swimming_(men)/TKboqU3p">the men's</a> and <a href="/facts/List_of_Olympic_medalists_in_swimming_(women)/tPl5u9cs">the women's</a> teams are both rank fifth-most successful. Hungary leads the overall medal count in <a href="/facts/Canoeing_at_the_Summer_Olympics/BE7T1IcF">canoeing and kayaking</a>. Hungary won its first gold medal in Winter Olympics in 2018 in men's short track speed skating with a team of four: <a href="/facts/Csaba_Burj%25C3%25A1n/jCqrIc9B">Csaba Burján</a>, <a href="/facts/Shaolin_S%25C3%25A1ndor_Liu/RhCPfXfq">Shaolin Sándor Liu</a>, <a href="/facts/Shaoang_Liu/jrKfRm90">Shaoang Liu</a>, and <a href="/facts/Viktor_Knoch/yaulAygo">Viktor Knoch</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:258" href="#fn:258">258</a>

Hungary hosted many global sports events, including the <a href="/facts/1997_World_Amateur_Boxing_Championships/pdKYuD32">1997 World Amateur Boxing Championships</a>, <a href="/facts/2000_World_Fencing_Championships/BjnffmrH">2000 World Fencing Championships</a>, <a href="/facts/2001_World_Allround_Speed_Skating_Championships/kr5nQXlI">2001 World Allround Speed Skating Championships</a>, <a href="/facts/2008_World_Interuniversity_Games/tCGBh8DC">2008 World Interuniversity Games</a>, <a href="/facts/2008_World_Modern_Pentathlon_Championships/BvrQkAoW">2008 World Modern Pentathlon Championships</a>, <a href="/facts/2010_ITU_World_Championship_Series/Pv0uQT9I">2010 ITU World Championship Series</a>, 2011 <a href="/facts/IIHF_World_Championship/KTUgz0lM">IIHF World Championship</a>, <a href="/facts/2013_World_Fencing_Championships/6yEKnygV">2013 World Fencing Championships</a>, <a href="/facts/2013_World_Wrestling_Championships/QDUjCCP9">2013 World Wrestling Championships</a>, 2014 <a href="/facts/World_Masters_Athletics_Championships/ltcxHgHD">World Masters Athletics Championships</a>, <a href="/facts/2017_World_Aquatics_Championships/Pghme1dJ">2017 World Aquatics Championships</a> and <a href="/facts/2017_World_Judo_Championships/FpH8oclc">2017 World Judo Championships</a>, only in the last two decade. Besides these, Hungary was the home of many European-level tournaments, like <a href="/facts/2006_European_Aquatics_Championships/2wvxYqxt">2006 European Aquatics Championships</a>, <a href="/facts/2010_European_Aquatics_Championships/YeVkNzbW">2010 European Aquatics Championships</a>, <a href="/facts/2013_European_Judo_Championships/7a4zl6dT">2013 European Judo Championships</a>, <a href="/facts/2013_European_Karate_Championships/LPx2txGb">2013 European Karate Championships</a>, <a href="/facts/2017_European_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_Championships/lLhGCPgG">2017 European Rhythmic Gymnastics Championship</a> and hosted 4 matches in the <a href="/facts/UEFA_Euro_2020/0B3G9JIb">UEFA Euro 2020</a>, which were held in the 67,889-seat new <a href="/facts/Multi-purpose_stadium/IdtowNtK">multi-purpose</a> <a href="/facts/New_Pusk%25C3%25A1s_Ferenc_Stadium/fY660mof">Puskás Ferenc Stadium</a>.
Hungary has won three Olympic football titles. Hungary revolutionised the sport in the 1950s, laying the tactical fundamentals of <a href="/facts/Total_Football/DbR9ku79">total football</a> and dominating international football with the Aranycsapat ("<a href="/facts/Golden_Team/5fq03Y8x">Golden Team</a>"), which included <a href="/facts/Ferenc_Pusk%25C3%25A1s/5FEkXerl">Ferenc Puskás</a>, top goal scorer of the 20th century,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:259" href="#fn:259">259</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:260" href="#fn:260">260</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:261" href="#fn:261">261</a> to whom FIFA dedicated<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:262" href="#fn:262">262</a> its newest award, the <a href="/facts/FIFA_Pusk%25C3%25A1s_Award/gpRr9Lpj">Puskás Award</a>. The team of that era has the second <a href="/facts/World_Football_Elo_Ratings/DHPXczD0">all-time highest Football Elo Rating in the world</a>, with 2166, and one of the longest undefeated runs in football history, remaining unbeaten in 31 games spanning more than four years.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:263" href="#fn:263">263</a> The post-golden age decades saw a gradually weakening Hungary, though recently there is renewal in all aspects. The Hungarian Children's Football Federation was founded in 2008, as youth development thrives. They hosted the <a href="/facts/2010_UEFA_Futsal_Championship/Set9jmIh">2010 UEFA Futsal Championship</a> in Budapest and Debrecen, the first time the <a href="/facts/Hungarian_Football_Federation/QTJY3Hh2">MLSZ</a> staged a <a href="/facts/UEFA/UafFnEBe">UEFA</a> finals tournament.
The <a href="/facts/Hungarian_Grand_Prix/TzIKRmEE">Hungarian Grand Prix</a> in <a href="/facts/Formula_One/BwdePyWY">Formula One</a> has been held at the <a href="/facts/Hungaroring/aC6tTRcA">Hungaroring</a> just outside Budapest, which circuit has <a href="/facts/F%25C3%25A9d%25C3%25A9ration_Internationale_de_l%2527Automobile/CotB5SzW">FIA</a> Grade 1 licence.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:264" href="#fn:264">264</a> Since 1986, the race has been a round of the <a href="/facts/Formula_One/BwdePyWY">Formula One</a> World Championship. The track was completely resurfaced for the first time in early 2016, and it was announced the Grand Prix's deal was extended for a further five years, until 2026.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:265" href="#fn:265">265</a>
<a href="/facts/Chess/47ykvkHF">Chess</a> is a popular and successful sport, and the Hungarian players are the eighth most powerful overall on the ranking of <a href="/facts/FIDE/8oWF3499">World Chess Federation</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:266" href="#fn:266">266</a> There are about 54 <a href="/facts/Grandmaster_(chess)/NalWpE97">Grandmasters</a> and 118 <a href="/facts/FIDE_titles/maWP1Mhx">International Masters</a>, which is more than in <a href="/facts/France/CxIeIKM3">France</a> or <a href="/facts/United_Kingdom/kuPAILt2">United Kingdom</a>. <a href="/facts/Judit_Polg%25C3%25A1r/dKphBXJA">Judit Polgár</a> generally considered the <a href="/facts/Glossary_of_chess/bh0g4wCP">strongest</a> female chess player of all time. Some of the world's best <a href="/facts/Sabre_(fencing)/hYytynmk">sabre</a> athletes have historically also hailed from Hungary,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:267" href="#fn:267">267</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:268" href="#fn:268">268</a> and in 2009, the <a href="/facts/Hungary_men%2527s_national_ice_hockey_team/pJlYpKjM">Hungary men's national ice hockey team</a> qualified for their first <a href="/facts/Ice_Hockey_World_Championships/KTUgz0lM">IIHF World Championship</a>, in 2015, they qualified for their second world championship in the top division.

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul>
<li>Hungary portal</li><li>Europe portal</li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Outline_of_Hungary/THLJUpL6">Outline of Hungary</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Index_of_Hungary-related_articles/hqnDI4TW">Index of Hungary-related articles</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="notes">Notes</h2>

<h2 id="sources">Sources</h2>
<ul><li>Nagy, Kálmán (2007). A honfoglalás korának hadtörténete [Military History of the Age of the Hungarian Conquest] (in Hungarian). Budapest: Heraldika Kiadó.</li></ul>

<h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2>

Wikisource has original works on the topic: Hungary

<ul><li>Kontler, László: Millennium in Central Europe: A History of Hungary, Atlantisz Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1999 (East-European Non-Fiction), <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9789639165373.</li></ul>
<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>

Government

<ul><li><a href="https://kormany.hu/">Official site of the Hungarian Government</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.miniszterelnok.hu/en/">Official site of the Hungarian Prime Minister</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.sandorpalota.hu/">Official site of the President of Hungary</a></li>
<li><a href="https://visithungary.com/">Official Hungarian Tourism website</a></li></ul>
General information

<ul><li><a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Hungary">"Hungary"</a> in the <a href="/facts/Encyclop%25C3%25A6dia_Britannica/CEyVsjlN">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.oecd.org/hungary/">Hungary</a> from the <a href="/facts/OECD/CI9W2zGv">OECD</a></li>
<li><a href="https://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/countries/member-countries/hungary_en">Hungary</a> at the <a href="/facts/European_Union/6GYcR8qM">EU</a></li>
<li> Wikimedia Atlas of Hungary</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=HU">Forecasts for Hungary</a> from <a href="/facts/International_Futures/IalAGFSV">International Futures</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17380792">Hungary</a> from the <a href="/facts/BBC_News/oGAe2H8E">BBC News</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/index/en/?iso3=HUN">FAO Country Profiles: Hungary</a></li>
<li><a href="https://dailynewshungary.com/">Daily News Hungary</a></li>
<li><a href="http://hungarytoday.hu/">Hungary Today – The latest news about Hungary</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Hungarian: Magyarország [ˈmɒɟɒrorsaːɡ] ⓘ <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" target="_blank">/wiki/Hungarian_language</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">"The Fundamental Law of Hungary" (PDF). Hungarian State. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 June 2014. Retrieved 8 May 2017. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629205136/http://www.kormany.hu/download/e/02/00000/The%20New%20Fundamental%20Law%20of%20Hungary.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140629205136/http://www.kormany.hu/download/e/02/00000/The%20New%20Fundamental%20Law%20of%20Hungary.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">"Hungary | History, Map, Flag, Population, Currency, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 22 December 2024. Retrieved 24 December 2024. <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Hungary" target="_blank">https://www.britannica.com/place/Hungary</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">"Hungary - Rivers, Plains, Soils | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 22 December 2024. Retrieved 24 December 2024. <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Hungary/Drainage-and-soils" target="_blank">https://www.britannica.com/place/Hungary/Drainage-and-soils</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Péter, László. "Budapest". Britannica. <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Budapest" target="_blank">https://www.britannica.com/place/Budapest</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">"Hungary in the Carpathian Basin" (PDF). Lajos Gubcsi. 6 June 2017. Retrieved 6 June 2017. <a href="http://mek.oszk.hu/09100/09132/09132.pdf" target="_blank">http://mek.oszk.hu/09100/09132/09132.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. Vol. 36. Magyar Tudományos Akadémia (Hungarian Academy of Sciences). 1982. p. 419. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kNkTAQAAMAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=kNkTAQAAMAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Kristó Gyula – Barta János – Gergely Jenő: Magyarország története előidőktől 2000-ig (History of Hungary from the prehistory to 2000), Pannonica Kiadó, Budapest, 2002, ISBN 963-9252-56-5, p. 687, pp. 37, pp. 113 ("Magyarország a 12. század második felére jelentős európai tényezővé, középhatalommá vált"/"By the 12th century Hungary became an important European constituent, became a middle power", "A Nyugat részévé vált Magyarország ... /Hungary became part of the West"), pp. 616–644 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">"Austria-Hungary, HISTORICAL EMPIRE, EUROPE". Encyclopædia Britannica. 6 June 2017. Retrieved 6 June 2017. <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Austria-Hungary" target="_blank">https://www.britannica.com/place/Austria-Hungary</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Richard C. Frucht (31 December 2004). Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture. ABC-CLIO. p. 360. ISBN 978-1-57607-800-6. <a href="978-1-57607-800-6" target="_blank">978-1-57607-800-6</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">"Trianon, Treaty of". The Columbia Encyclopedia. 2009. <a href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-TrianonTr.html" target="_blank">http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-TrianonTr.html</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">"Text of the Treaty, Treaty of Peace Between The Allied and Associated Powers and Hungary And Protocol and Declaration, Signed at Trianon June 4, 1920". Retrieved 10 June 2009. <a href="http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Treaty_of_Trianon" target="_blank">http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Treaty_of_Trianon</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Hungary: The Unwilling Satellite Archived 16 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine John F. Montgomery, Hungary: The Unwilling Satellite. Devin-Adair Company, New York, 1947. Reprint: Simon Publications, 2002. <a href="http://historicaltextarchive.com/books.php?op=viewbook&bookid=7&pre=1" target="_blank">http://historicaltextarchive.com/books.php?op=viewbook&bookid=7&pre=1</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Thomas, The Royal Hungarian Army in World War II, pg. 11 <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">"1989. évi XXXI. törvény az Alkotmány módosításáról" [Act XXXI of 1989 on the Amendment of the Constitution]. Magyar Közlöny (in Hungarian). 44 (74). Budapest: Pallas Lap- és Könyvkiadó Vállalat: 1219. 23 October 1989. <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">OECD (27 June 2013). "OECD Health Data: Social protection". OECD Health Statistics (Database). doi:10.1787/data-00544-en. Retrieved 14 July 2013. <a href="http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/data/oecd-health-statistics/oecd-health-data-social-protection_data-00544-en" target="_blank">http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/data/oecd-health-statistics/oecd-health-data-social-protection_data-00544-en</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Eurydice. "Compulsory Education in Europe 2013/2014" (PDF). European commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 November 2013. Retrieved 19 May 2014. <a href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20131106181321/http://eacea.ec.europa.eu/education/eurydice/documents/facts_and_figures/compulsory_education_EN.pdf" target="_blank">http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20131106181321/http://eacea.ec.europa.eu/education/eurydice/documents/facts_and_figures/compulsory_education_EN.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">"Hungary's Nobel Prize Winners, 13 Hungarian win Nobel Prize yet". Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 2 April 2022. <a href="http://mta.hu/english/hungarys-nobel-prize-winners-106018" target="_blank">http://mta.hu/english/hungarys-nobel-prize-winners-106018</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">"Population per Gold Medal. Hungary has the second highest gold medal per capita in the world. All together it has 175 gold medal until 2016". medalspercapita.com. Archived from the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 18 June 2017. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170730144712/http://www.medalspercapita.com/#golds-per-capita:all-time" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170730144712/http://www.medalspercapita.com/#golds-per-capita:all-time</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Hungarian literature – ”Popular poetry is the only real poetry was the opinion of Sándor Petőfi, one of the greatest Hungarian poets, whose best poems rank among the masterpieces of world literature”., Encyclopædia Britannica, 2012 edition <a href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/276684/Hungarian-literature" target="_blank">http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/276684/Hungarian-literature</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Szalipszki, pg.12Refers to the country as "widely considered" to be a "home of music". <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">"STADAT – 4.5.3. The number of inbound trips to Hungary and the related expenditures by motivation (2009–)". Hungarian Central Statistical Office. Retrieved 2 June 2022. <a href="https://www.ksh.hu/docs/eng/xstadat/xstadat_annual/i_ogt004c.html" target="_blank">https://www.ksh.hu/docs/eng/xstadat/xstadat_annual/i_ogt004c.html</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">"International organizations in Hungary". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 13 March 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2016. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160313115736/http://www.mfa.gov.hu/kum2005/Templates/alapsablon.aspx?NRMODE=Published&NRORIGINALURL=%2Fkum%2Fen%2Fbal%2Fforeign_policy%2Fun_sc%2Finternational_organisations.htm&NRNODEGUID=%7B45550E06-66FE-4183-A899-EDF5BD040EB5%7D&NRCACHEHINT=NoModifyGuest&printable=true" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160313115736/http://www.mfa.gov.hu/kum2005/Templates/alapsablon.aspx?NRMODE=Published&NRORIGINALURL=%2Fkum%2Fen%2Fbal%2Fforeign_policy%2Fun_sc%2Finternational_organisations.htm&NRNODEGUID=%7B45550E06-66FE-4183-A899-EDF5BD040EB5%7D&NRCACHEHINT=NoModifyGuest&printable=true</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">Benjamin Golden, Peter (2011). "Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes". Editura Academiei Române: 23. <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281319966" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281319966</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">Király, Péter (1997). A magyarok elnevezése a korai európai forrásokban (The Names of the Magyars in Early European Sources) /In: Honfoglalás és nyelvészet ("The Occupation of Our county" and Linguistics)/. Budapest: Balassi Kiadó. p. 266. ISBN 978-963-506-108-2. Archived from the original on 13 April 2014. Retrieved 7 October 2015. <a href="978-963-506-108-2" target="_blank">978-963-506-108-2</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">Peter F. Sugar, ed. (22 November 1990). A History of Hungary. Indiana University Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-253-20867-5. <a href="978-0-253-20867-5" target="_blank">978-0-253-20867-5</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">Berta, Árpad. Die chasarische Benennung der Ungarn. <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">György Balázs, Károly Szelényi, The Magyars: the birth of a European nation, Corvina, 1989, p. 8 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4NlnAAAAMAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=4NlnAAAAMAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">Alan W. Ertl, Toward an Understanding of Europe: A Political Economic Précis of Continental Integration, Universal-Publishers, 2008, p. 358 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X9PGRaZt-zcC&pg=PA358" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=X9PGRaZt-zcC&pg=PA358</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">Z. J. Kosztolnyik, Hungary under the early Árpáds: 890s to 1063, Eastern European Monographs, 2002, p. 3 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NPBnAAAAMAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=NPBnAAAAMAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">Kershaw, Stephen P. (2013). A Brief History of The Roman Empire: Rise and Fall. London. Constable & Robinson Ltd. ISBN 978-1-78033-048-8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:35">Scarre, Chris (2012). Chronicle of the Roman Emperors: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial Rome. London. Thames & Hudson Ltd. ISBN 978-0-500-28989-1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:36">Kelly, Christopher (2008). Attila The Hun: Barbarian Terror and The Fall of The Roman Empire. London. The Bodley Head. ISBN 978-0-224-07676-0. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:37">Bóna, István (2001). "From Dacia to Transylvania: The Period of the Great Migrations (271–895); The Kingdom of the Gepids; The Gepids during and after the Hun Period". In Köpeczi, Béla; Barta, Gábor; Makkai, László; Mócsy, András; Szász, Zoltán (eds.). History of Transylvania. Hungarian Research Institute of Canada. ISBN 0-88033-479-7. <a href="0-88033-479-7" target="_blank">0-88033-479-7</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:38">Scarre, Chris (2012). Chronicle of the Roman Emperors: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial Rome. London. Thames & Hudson Ltd. ISBN 978-0-500-28989-1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:39">Lajos Gubcsi, Hungary in the Carpathian Basin, MoD Zrínyi Media Ltd, 2011 <a href="http://mek.oszk.hu/09100/09132/09132.pdf" target="_blank">http://mek.oszk.hu/09100/09132/09132.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:41">Luthar, Oto, ed. (2008). The Land Between: A History of Slovenia. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang GmbH. ISBN 9783631570111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:42">Neparáczki, Endre; Maróti, Zoltán (18 October 2018). "Mitogenomic data indicate admixture components of Central-Inner Asian and Srubnaya origin in the conquering Hungarians". PLOS ONE. 13 (10). Public Library of Science (PLoS): e0205920. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1305920N. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0205920. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 6193700. PMID 30335830. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6193700" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6193700</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:44">Neparáczki, Endre; Maróti, Zoltán; Kalmár, Tibor; Maár, Kitti; Nagy, István; Latinovics, Dóra; Kustár, Ágnes; Pálfi, György; Molnár, Erika; Marcsik, Antónia; Balogh, Csilla; Lőrinczy, Gábor; Tomka, Péter; Kovacsóczy, Bernadett; Kovács, László; Török, Tibor (12 November 2019). "Y-chromosome haplogroups from Hun, Avar and conquering Hungarian period nomadic people of the Carpathian Basin". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 16569. Bibcode:2019NatSR...916569N. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-53105-5. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6851379. PMID 31719606. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6851379" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6851379</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:45">Neparáczki, Endre; Maróti, Zoltán; Kalmár, Tibor; Kocsy, Klaudia; Maár, Kitti; Bihari, Péter; Nagy, István; Fóthi, Erzsébet; Pap, Ildikó; Kustár, Ágnes; Pálfi, György; Raskó, István; Zink, Albert; Török, Tibor (18 October 2018). "Mitogenomic data indicate admixture components of Central-Inner Asian and Srubnaya origin in the conquering Hungarians". PLOS ONE. 13 (10): e0205920. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1305920N. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0205920. PMC 6193700. PMID 30335830. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6193700" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6193700</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:46">Történelem 5. az általános iskolások számára [History 5. for primary school students] (PDF) (in Hungarian). Oktatási Hivatal (Hungarian Educational Authority). 2020. pp. 15, 112, 116, 137, 138, 141. ISBN 978-615-6178-37-4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 December 2023. Retrieved 22 September 2023. <a href="978-615-6178-37-4" target="_blank">978-615-6178-37-4</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:47">Stephen Wyley (30 May 2001). "The Magyars of Hungary". Geocities.com. Archived from the original on 21 October 2009. Retrieved 20 September 2009. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091021171416/http://geocities.com/egfrothos/magyars/magyars.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20091021171416/http://geocities.com/egfrothos/magyars/magyars.html</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:48">Peter Heather (2010). Empires and Barbarians: Migration, Development and the Birth of Europe. Pan Macmillan. p. 227. ISBN 978-0-330-54021-6. <a href="978-0-330-54021-6" target="_blank">978-0-330-54021-6</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:49">Attila Zsoldos, Saint Stephen and his country: a newborn kingdom in Central Europe: Hungary, Lucidus, 2001, p. 40 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IgoiAQAAIAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=IgoiAQAAIAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:51">Varga, Gergely I B; Kristóf, Lilla Alida; Maár, Kitti; Kis, Luca; Schütz, Oszkár; Váradi, Orsolya; Kovács, Bence; Gînguță, Alexandra; Tihanyi, Balázs; Nagy, Péter L; Maróti, Zoltán; Nyerki, Emil; Török, Tibor; Neparáczki, Endre (January 2023). "The archaeogenomic validation of Saint Ladislaus' relic provides insights into the Árpád dynasty's genealogy". Journal of Genetics and Genomics. 50 (1): 58–61. doi:10.1016/j.jgg.2022.06.008. PMID 35809778. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35809778/" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35809778/</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:52">Fine, John V. A. Jr. (1991) [1983]. The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. p. 283. ISBN 0-472-08149-7. <a href="0-472-08149-7" target="_blank">0-472-08149-7</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:53">Fine 1991, pp. 282, 284. - Fine, John V. A. Jr. (1991) [1983]. The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. p. 283. ISBN 0-472-08149-7. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0NBxG9Id58C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0NBxG9Id58C</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:55">Mass, K. History of Hungary: Details about the Hungarian Economy, Origins, and Background. Efalon Acies. <a href="/wiki/Robert_K._Massie" target="_blank">/wiki/Robert_K._Massie</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:56">Miklós Molnár (2001). A Concise History of Hungary. Cambridge University Press. p. 46. ISBN 978-0-521-66736-4. <a href="978-0-521-66736-4" target="_blank">978-0-521-66736-4</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:58">The Mongol invasion: the last Arpad kings, Encyclopædia Britannica – "The country lost about half its population, the incidence ranging from 60 percent in the Alföld (100 percent in parts of it) to 20 percent in Transdanubia; only parts of Transylvania and the northwest came off fairly lightly." <a href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-34789/Hungary" target="_blank">http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-34789/Hungary</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:59">Autonomies in Europe and Hungary. By Józsa Hévizi. <a href="http://hungarianhistory.com/lib/hevizi/hevizi.pdf" target="_blank">http://hungarianhistory.com/lib/hevizi/hevizi.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:92">University of Chicago. Division of the Social Sciences, Human Relations Area Files, inc, A study of contemporary Czechoslovakia, University of Chicago for the Human Relations Area Files, inc., 1955, Citation 'In January 1947 the Hungarians complained that Magyars were being carried off from Slovakia to Czech lands for forced labor.' <a href="#fnref:92" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:95">Canadian Association of Slavists, Revue canadienne des slavistes, Volume 25, Canadian Association of Slavists., 1983 <a href="#fnref:95" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:99">László Borhi (2004). Hungary in the Cold War, 1945–1956: Between the United States and the Soviet Union. Central European University Press. p. 57. ISBN 978-963-9241-80-0. <a href="978-963-9241-80-0" target="_blank">978-963-9241-80-0</a> <a href="#fnref:99" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:227">"Hungary leading in Dental Tourism in Europe – BudapestAgent.com". Budapestagent.com. 20 June 2012. Archived from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 3 August 2017. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220319075342/http://www.budapestagent.com/hungary-leading-dental-tourism.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20220319075342/http://www.budapestagent.com/hungary-leading-dental-tourism.html</a> <a href="#fnref:227" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:228">"Hungary aims at bigger bite of dental tourism". Bbj.hu. Retrieved 3 August 2017. <a href="http://www.bbj.hu/business/hungary-aims-at-bigger-bite-of-dental-tourism_63662" target="_blank">http://www.bbj.hu/business/hungary-aims-at-bigger-bite-of-dental-tourism_63662</a> <a href="#fnref:228" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:229">"Hungary aims at bigger bite of dental tourism". Bbj.hu. Retrieved 3 August 2017. <a href="http://www.bbj.hu/business/hungary-aims-at-bigger-bite-of-dental-tourism_63662" target="_blank">http://www.bbj.hu/business/hungary-aims-at-bigger-bite-of-dental-tourism_63662</a> <a href="#fnref:229" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:230">"Dental Tourism Development clinics turnover up 19%". Bbj.hu. Retrieved 3 August 2017. <a href="http://www.bbj.hu/business/dental-tourism-development-clinics-turnover-up-19percent_69020" target="_blank">http://www.bbj.hu/business/dental-tourism-development-clinics-turnover-up-19percent_69020</a> <a href="#fnref:230" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:231">"Hungarian Tourism promotes medical tourism – IMTJ". Imtj.com. Retrieved 3 August 2017. <a href="http://www.imtj.com/news/?entryid82=416494" target="_blank">http://www.imtj.com/news/?entryid82=416494</a> <a href="#fnref:231" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:232">"Medical tourism in good health". Imtj.com. Retrieved 3 August 2017. <a href="http://www.bbj.hu/business/medical-tourism-in-good-health_63661" target="_blank">http://www.bbj.hu/business/medical-tourism-in-good-health_63661</a> <a href="#fnref:232" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:233">"STADAT – 1.1. Népesség, népmozgalom (1900–)". Ksh.hu. Retrieved 3 August 2017. <a href="http://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xstadat/xstadat_hosszu/h_wdsd001a.html" target="_blank">http://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xstadat/xstadat_hosszu/h_wdsd001a.html</a> <a href="#fnref:233" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:234">"STADAT – 1.1. Népesség, népmozgalom (1900–)". Ksh.hu. Retrieved 3 August 2017. <a href="http://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xstadat/xstadat_hosszu/h_wdsd001a.html" target="_blank">http://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xstadat/xstadat_hosszu/h_wdsd001a.html</a> <a href="#fnref:234" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:235">"STADAT – 1.1. Népesség, népmozgalom (1900–)". Ksh.hu. Retrieved 3 August 2017. <a href="http://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xstadat/xstadat_hosszu/h_wdsd001a.html" target="_blank">http://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xstadat/xstadat_hosszu/h_wdsd001a.html</a> <a href="#fnref:235" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:236">"STADAT – 1.1. Népesség, népmozgalom (1900–)". Ksh.hu. Retrieved 3 August 2017. <a href="http://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xstadat/xstadat_hosszu/h_wdsd001a.html" target="_blank">http://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xstadat/xstadat_hosszu/h_wdsd001a.html</a> <a href="#fnref:236" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:237">"Egészségjelentés 2016" (PDF). Oefi.hu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 April 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2017. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160404092802/http://www.oefi.hu/olef/OLEF2003/Jelentesek/KronikusBbetegsegekOLEF2003.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160404092802/http://www.oefi.hu/olef/OLEF2003/Jelentesek/KronikusBbetegsegekOLEF2003.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:237" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:238">"Govt allocates HUF 450 mln to company facilitating tobacco sales monopoly". Bbj.hu. Archived from the original on 3 August 2017. Retrieved 3 August 2017. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170803172219/https://bbj.hu/economy/govt-allocates-huf-450-mln-to-company-facilitating-tobacco-sales-monopoly_64136" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170803172219/https://bbj.hu/economy/govt-allocates-huf-450-mln-to-company-facilitating-tobacco-sales-monopoly_64136</a> <a href="#fnref:238" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:239">"Magyar (Hungarian) migration, 9th century". Eliznik.org.uk. Archived from the original on 6 October 2008. Retrieved 20 September 2009. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081006210045/http://www.eliznik.org.uk/EastEurope/History/migration-map/hungarian-migration.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20081006210045/http://www.eliznik.org.uk/EastEurope/History/migration-map/hungarian-migration.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:239" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:240">"General information on various student flats and building types in Budapest". Budapest Corner. Archived from the original on 14 December 2010. Retrieved 11 December 2010. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101214123942/http://budapestcorner.com/index.php/flats/general-information" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20101214123942/http://budapestcorner.com/index.php/flats/general-information</a> <a href="#fnref:240" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:241">Szabolcsi Although the Hungarian upper class has long had cultural and political connections with the rest of Europe, leading to an influx of European musical ideas, the rural peasants maintained their own traditions such that by the end of the 19th century Hungarian composers could draw on rural peasant music to (re)create a Hungarian classical style. For example, Béla Bartók and Zoltán Kodály, two of Hungary's most famous composers, are known for using folk themes in their own music. <a href="http://mek.oszk.hu/02100/02172/html/index.html" target="_blank">http://mek.oszk.hu/02100/02172/html/index.html</a> <a href="#fnref:241" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:242">Szalipszki, p. 12Refers to the country as "widely considered" to be a "home of music". <a href="#fnref:242" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:243">Broughton, pp. 159–167 <a href="#fnref:243" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:244">Szabolcsi, The Specific Conditions of Hungarian Musical Development"Every experiment, made from Hungarian antecedents and on Hungarian soil, to create a conscious musical culture (music written by composers, as different from folk music), had instinctively or consciously striven to develop widely and universally the musical world of the folk song. Folk poetry and folk music were deeply embedded in the collective Hungarian people's culture, and this unity did not cease to be effective even when it was given from and expression by individual creative artists, performers and poets." <a href="#fnref:244" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:245">"Szabolcsi". Mek.oszk.hu. Retrieved 20 September 2009. <a href="http://mek.oszk.hu/02100/02172/html/index.html" target="_blank">http://mek.oszk.hu/02100/02172/html/index.html</a> <a href="#fnref:245" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:246">"Sulinet: Magyar növény-e a paprika?". Sulinet.hu. Archived from the original on 20 June 2008. Retrieved 21 November 2008. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080620004145/http://www.sulinet.hu/tart/fcikk/Kjc/0/23144/1" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20080620004145/http://www.sulinet.hu/tart/fcikk/Kjc/0/23144/1</a> <a href="#fnref:246" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:247">Gundel, Karoly (1992). Gundel's Hungarian cookbook. Budapest: Corvina. ISBN 963-13-3600-X. OCLC 32227400.page 23 <a href="963-13-3600-X" target="_blank">963-13-3600-X</a> <a href="#fnref:247" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:248">Czégény, Clara Margaret (2006). Helen's Hungarian Heritage Recipes. Dream Machine Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9780254-0-3. <a href="978-0-9780254-0-3" target="_blank">978-0-9780254-0-3</a> <a href="#fnref:248" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:249">"Sörhelyzet, Magyarország 2016 – Gault&Millau kalauz – Gault&Millau Magyarország". Archived from the original on 4 March 2017. Retrieved 19 March 2017. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170304184347/http://www.gaultmillau.hu/kalauz-2017/sorhelyzet-magyarorszag-2016" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170304184347/http://www.gaultmillau.hu/kalauz-2017/sorhelyzet-magyarorszag-2016</a> <a href="#fnref:249" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:250">"Koccintás sörrel" (in Hungarian). 17 June 2005. Archived from the original on 9 March 2009. Retrieved 29 July 2011. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090309015613/http://www.urbanlegends.hu/2005/06/17/koccintas-sorrel/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090309015613/http://www.urbanlegends.hu/2005/06/17/koccintas-sorrel/</a> <a href="#fnref:250" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:251">"127/2009. (IX. 29.) FVM rendelet" (in Hungarian). Nemzeti Jogszabálytár / National Legislation (Hungary). Retrieved 2 April 2022. <a href="https://njt.hu/jogszabaly/2009-127-20-82" target="_blank">https://njt.hu/jogszabaly/2009-127-20-82</a> <a href="#fnref:251" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:252">Ian Spencer Hornsey, The Chemistry and Biology of Winemaking, Royal Society of Chemistry, 2007, p. 49, ISBN 9780854042661 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:252" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:253">This is the world-famous sweet, topaz-colored wine known throughout the English-speaking world as Tokay. "A rich, sweet, moderately strong wine of a topaz color, produced in the vicinity of Tokay, in Hungary; also, a similar wine produced elsewhere." Webster's New International Dictionary of the English Language (Springfield, Mass.: G.&C. Merriam, 1913). See Tokay at page 2166. <a href="#fnref:253" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:254">"Egri Bikavér – Hungarikum Lett a Vörös Cuvée". Eger.hu. <a href="http://eger.hu/hu/hirek/vezeto-hirek/c/egri-bikaver-hungarikum-lett-a-voros-cuvee-16832" target="_blank">http://eger.hu/hu/hirek/vezeto-hirek/c/egri-bikaver-hungarikum-lett-a-voros-cuvee-16832</a> <a href="#fnref:254" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:255">"True Heritage – Vinum Regum, Rex Vinorum – Wine of Kings, King of Wines". The Royal Tokaji Wine Company. Archived from the original on 28 July 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2017. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210728095846/http://www.royal-tokaji.com/wine_of_kings.php" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20210728095846/http://www.royal-tokaji.com/wine_of_kings.php</a> <a href="#fnref:255" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:256">"Unicum". Zwack. <a href="https://zwackunicum.hu/en/markaink/unicum/" target="_blank">https://zwackunicum.hu/en/markaink/unicum/</a> <a href="#fnref:256" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:257">"Medals Per Capita: All Summer Games". Archived from the original on 14 August 2022. Retrieved 15 August 2022. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220814003211/https://medalspercapita.com/#medals-per-capita:summer" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20220814003211/https://medalspercapita.com/#medals-per-capita:summer</a> <a href="#fnref:257" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:258">"Chinese-Hungarian brothers win gold for Hungary at Winter Olympics". Hungarian Free Press. 22 February 2018. Archived from the original on 10 April 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2018. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220410163030/https://hungarianfreepress.com/2018/02/22/chinese-hungarian-brothers-win-gold-for-hungary-at-winter-olympics/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20220410163030/https://hungarianfreepress.com/2018/02/22/chinese-hungarian-brothers-win-gold-for-hungary-at-winter-olympics/</a> <a href="#fnref:258" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:259">"FIFA President: FIFA to help the Galloping Major". FIFA. 12 October 2005. Archived from the original on 7 October 2006. Retrieved 17 November 2006. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061007122035/http://www.fifa.com/en/organisation/president/index/0%2C4095%2C110412%2C00.html?articleid=110412" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20061007122035/http://www.fifa.com/en/organisation/president/index/0%2C4095%2C110412%2C00.html?articleid=110412</a> <a href="#fnref:259" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:260">"Coronel Puskas, el zurdo de oro". AS (in Spanish). 17 November 2006. Retrieved 17 November 2006. <a href="http://www.as.com/articulo/Futbol/Coronel/Puskas/zurdo/oro/dasftb/20061117dasdasftb_2/Tes/" target="_blank">http://www.as.com/articulo/Futbol/Coronel/Puskas/zurdo/oro/dasftb/20061117dasdasftb_2/Tes/</a> <a href="#fnref:260" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:261">Mackay, Duncan (13 October 2005). "Lineker tees up another nice little earner". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 17 November 2006. <a href="http://sport.guardian.co.uk/golf/story/0,10069,1590809,00.html" target="_blank">http://sport.guardian.co.uk/golf/story/0,10069,1590809,00.html</a> <a href="#fnref:261" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:262">"Blatter unveils FIFA Puskas Award". FIFA. 21 October 2009. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 22 June 2011. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110430045505/http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/awards/gala/news/newsid%3D1120835.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110430045505/http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/awards/gala/news/newsid%3D1120835.html</a> <a href="#fnref:262" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:263">"World Football Elo Ratings: Hungary". 6 July 2017. Retrieved 6 July 2017. <a href="http://www.eloratings.net/Hungary.htm" target="_blank">http://www.eloratings.net/Hungary.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:263" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:264">"List of FIA Licensed Circuits" (PDF). FIA. 6 February 2015. Retrieved 28 May 2015. <a href="http://www.fia.com/sites/default/files/tableaulicencescircuit.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.fia.com/sites/default/files/tableaulicencescircuit.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:264" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:265">"Aszfaltavató a Hungaroringen" (in Hungarian). Hungaroring. 14 April 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2016. "A Magyar Nagydíj szerződését újabb öt évvel meghosszabbítottuk, ami azt jelenti, hogy a futamunknak 2026-ig helye van a Formula–1-es versenynaptárban." Translates as "We have extended the Hungarian Grand Prix's contract for a further 5 years, which means that our race has a place on the F1 calendar until 2026". <a href="http://hungaroring.hu/hu/hirek/aszfaltavato-a-hungaroringen" target="_blank">http://hungaroring.hu/hu/hirek/aszfaltavato-a-hungaroringen</a> <a href="#fnref:265" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:266">"Federations Ranking". FIDE. 19 November 2016. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 19 November 2016. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171012133545/https://ratings.fide.com/topfed.phtml" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20171012133545/https://ratings.fide.com/topfed.phtml</a> <a href="#fnref:266" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:267">"FIE 2009–2010 men's rankings". Fie.ch. Retrieved 22 June 2011. <a href="http://www.fie.ch/Competitions/RankingList.aspx?param=8C508173B39155DD53B81E624647082B999A7254268EA043313A21E19F3CCE115928F31266BFED5C96744EFE404921371BA0B553CB9419D947CC609C9FC6CCFB48C6AE112ABA5A4EB917D1B7B1AFEA73D9301125242F40950B39007F8B30803B1428FD85451599C7E8B640F55FBB99F96E85563733B996F4DA086222E241E75C" target="_blank">http://www.fie.ch/Competitions/RankingList.aspx?param=8C508173B39155DD53B81E624647082B999A7254268EA043313A21E19F3CCE115928F31266BFED5C96744EFE404921371BA0B553CB9419D947CC609C9FC6CCFB48C6AE112ABA5A4EB917D1B7B1AFEA73D9301125242F40950B39007F8B30803B1428FD85451599C7E8B640F55FBB99F96E85563733B996F4DA086222E241E75C</a> <a href="#fnref:267" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:268">"FIE 2009–2010 women's rankings". Fie.ch. Retrieved 22 June 2011. <a href="http://www.fie.ch/Competitions/RankingList.aspx?param=F822EFF311A4B9B772C67048D9DA32F4B0EED82CC9D791272D364D08FDA7CEAE08236B030B5BAF7869033790E5CBFE0B1DE4945E6BF24D1B417CA444D76B51ABFDBEC84449C9BB34B6AC942A1FF403A3D9301125242F40950B39007F8B30803B1428FD85451599C7E8B640F55FBB99F96E85563733B996F4DA086222E241E75C" target="_blank">http://www.fie.ch/Competitions/RankingList.aspx?param=F822EFF311A4B9B772C67048D9DA32F4B0EED82CC9D791272D364D08FDA7CEAE08236B030B5BAF7869033790E5CBFE0B1DE4945E6BF24D1B417CA444D76B51ABFDBEC84449C9BB34B6AC942A1FF403A3D9301125242F40950B39007F8B30803B1428FD85451599C7E8B640F55FBB99F96E85563733B996F4DA086222E241E75C</a> <a href="#fnref:268" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Hungary open-in-new

Hungary