Automotive industry

<h2 id="history">History</h2>
Main article: <a href="/facts/History_of_the_automobile/gxMv3Wlo">History of the automobile</a>

The automotive industry began in the 1860s with hundreds of manufacturers pioneering the <a href="/facts/Brass_Era_car/kA7vVTao">horseless carriage</a>. Early car manufacturing involved manual assembly by a human worker. The process evolved from engineers working on a stationary car to a conveyor belt system where the car passed through multiple stations of more specialized engineers. In the 1960s, robotic equipment was introduced, and most cars are now mainly assembled by automated machinery.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a>
For many decades, the <a href="/facts/Automotive_industry_in_the_United_States/lC2j5nzG">United States</a> led the world in total automobile production, with the U.S. <a href="/facts/Big_Three_(automobile_manufacturers)/5cyTUsmk">Big Three</a> <a href="/facts/General_Motors/rBgP3IRK">General Motors</a>, <a href="/facts/Ford_Motor_Company/lY6Wcwty">Ford Motor Company</a>, and <a href="/facts/Chrysler/kMHhMgYx">Chrysler</a> being the world's three largest auto manufacturers for a time, and G.M. and Ford remaining the two largest until the mid-2000s. In 1929, before the <a href="/facts/Great_Depression/5K13wcg0">Great Depression</a>, the world had 32,028,500 automobiles in use, of which the U.S. automobile enterprises produced more than 90%. At that time, the U.S. had one car per 4.87 persons.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a> After 1945, the U.S. produced around three-quarters of the world's auto production. In 1980, the U.S. was overtaken by <a href="/facts/Automotive_industry_in_Japan/8VkVTVod">Japan</a> and then became a world leader again in 1994. Japan narrowly passed the U.S. in production during 2006 and 2007, and in 2008 also <a href="/facts/Automotive_industry_in_China/n8yzVJDt">China</a>, which in 2009 took the top spot (from Japan) with 13.8 million units, although the U.S. surpassed Japan in 2011, to become the second-largest automobile industry. In 2024, China produced more than 31 million vehicles in a year, after breaking 30 million in 2023, reaching 29 million for the first time in 2017 and 28 million the year before. In 2024, China produced the most passenger cars in the world, with Japan, India, Germany, and South Korea trailing. This was achieved by Chinese car companies signing joint ventures with foreign manufacturers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a> From 1970 (140 models) to 1998 (260 models) to 2012 (684 models), the number of automobile models in the U.S. has grown exponentially.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a>

<h2 id="safety">Safety</h2>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Automobile_safety/8VPeJhSG">Automobile safety</a>
See also: <a href="/facts/2009%25E2%2580%25932011_Toyota_vehicle_recalls/YH8L1gyB">2009–2011 Toyota vehicle recalls</a>, <a href="/facts/General_Motors_ignition_switch_recalls/sGIAT7IB">General Motors ignition switch recalls</a>, and <a href="/facts/Firestone_and_Ford_tire_controversy/IjjsRsvS">Firestone and Ford tire controversy</a>

Safety is a state that implies being protected from any risk, danger, damage, or cause of injury. In the automotive industry, safety means that users, operators, or <a href="/facts/Manufacturers/3qW7bcdy">manufacturers</a> do not face any risk or danger coming from the motor vehicle or its spare parts. Safety for the automobiles themselves implies that there is no risk of damage.
Safety in the automotive industry is particularly important and therefore highly regulated. <a href="/facts/Automobiles/I1IsH8IK">Automobiles</a> and other <a href="/facts/Motor_vehicles/AaXamA0w">motor vehicles</a> have to comply with a certain number of regulations, whether local or international, in order to be accepted on the market. The standard <a href="/facts/ISO_26262/HWp4Cazz">ISO 26262</a>, is considered one of the best practice frameworks for achieving automotive <a href="/facts/Functional_safety/25x2kWbs">functional safety</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a>
In case of safety issues, danger, <a href="/facts/Product_defect/1AxySAqA">product defect</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> or faulty procedure during the manufacturing of the motor vehicle, the maker can request to return either a batch or the entire production run. This procedure is called <a href="/facts/Product_recall/dAIspd4J">product recall</a>. Product recalls happen in every industry and can be production-related or stem from raw materials.
Product and operation tests and inspections at different stages of the <a href="/facts/Value_chain/nIfCnfcA">value chain</a> are made to avoid these product recalls by ensuring end-user security and safety and compliance with the automotive industry requirements. However, the automotive industry is still particularly concerned about product recalls, which cause considerable financial consequences.

<h2 id="economy">Economy</h2>
See also: <a href="/facts/Automotive_industry_by_country/EtdfGugk">Automotive industry by country</a>

In 2007, there were about 806 million cars and light trucks on the road, consuming over 980 billion litres (980,000,000 m3) of <a href="/facts/Gasoline/lcnxq5BS">gasoline</a> and <a href="/facts/Diesel_fuel/lm71xc19">diesel fuel</a> yearly.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a> The automobile is a primary mode of <a href="/facts/Transport/npstdhvc">transportation</a> for many developed economies. The Detroit branch of <a href="/facts/Boston_Consulting_Group/kEJkw5Aq">Boston Consulting Group</a> predicted that, by 2014, one-third of world demand would be in the four <a href="/facts/BRIC_(economics_term)/LCb1FoAP">BRIC</a> markets (Brazil, Russia, India, and China). Meanwhile, in developed countries, the automotive industry has slowed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a> It is also expected that this trend will continue, especially as the younger generations of people (in highly urbanized countries) no longer want to own a car, and prefer other modes of transport.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a> Other potentially powerful automotive markets are <a href="/facts/Iran/24yukge8">Iran</a> and <a href="/facts/Indonesia/vQnWU3IW">Indonesia</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a>
Emerging automobile markets already buy more cars than established markets. 
According to a J.D. Power study, emerging markets accounted for 51 percent of the global <a href="/facts/Light_commercial_vehicle/KHkUHTe9">light-vehicle</a> sales in 2010. The study, performed in 2010 expected this trend to accelerate.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a> However, more recent reports (2012) confirmed the opposite; namely that the automotive industry was slowing down even in BRIC countries.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a> In the United States, vehicle sales peaked in 2000, at 17.8 million units.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a>
In July 2021, the European Commission released its "<a href="/facts/European_Green_Deal/Rl4omaD2">Fit for 55</a>" legislation package,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a> which contains important guidelines for the future of the automotive industry; all new cars on the European market must be <a href="/facts/Zero-emissions_vehicle/LW5AMJjI">zero-emission vehicles</a> from 2035.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a>
The governments of 24 developed countries and a group of major car manufacturers including <a href="/facts/General_Motors/rBgP3IRK">GM</a>, <a href="/facts/Ford_Motor_Company/lY6Wcwty">Ford</a>, <a href="/facts/Volvo/JUFSUUYD">Volvo</a>, <a href="/facts/BYD_Auto/mee3YKds">BYD Auto</a>, <a href="/facts/Jaguar_Land_Rover/Fpb9gJdL">Jaguar Land Rover</a> and <a href="/facts/Mercedes-Benz/pGrJrQHC">Mercedes-Benz</a> committed to "work towards all sales of new cars and vans being zero emission globally by 2040, and by no later than 2035 in leading markets".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a> Major car manufacturing nations like the United States, Germany, China, Japan and South Korea, as well as <a href="/facts/Volkswagen/LDkDEfDu">Volkswagen</a>, <a href="/facts/Toyota/wHIb40oG">Toyota</a>, <a href="/facts/Peugeot/Y7M6sq1D">Peugeot</a>, <a href="/facts/Honda/asGvEBbW">Honda</a>, <a href="/facts/Nissan/1m2uVLE4">Nissan</a> and <a href="/facts/Hyundai_Motor_Company/5mpP2VyW">Hyundai</a>, did not pledge.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a>

<h2 id="environmental-impacts">Environmental impacts</h2>

The global automotive industry is a major consumer of water. Some estimates surpass 180,000 L (39,000 imp gal) of water per car manufactured, depending on whether tyre production is included. Production processes that use a significant volume of water include surface treatment, painting, coating, washing, cooling, air-conditioning, and boilers, not counting component manufacturing. Paintshop operations consume especially large amounts of water because equipment running on water-based products must also be cleaned with water.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a>
In 2022, Tesla's <a href="/facts/Gigafactory_Berlin-Brandenburg/zkJuBxSS">Gigafactory Berlin-Brandenburg</a> ran into legal challenges due to droughts and falling groundwater levels in the region. Brandenburg's Economy Minister Joerg Steinbach said that while water supply was sufficient during the first stage, more would be needed once Tesla expands the site. The factory would nearly double the water consumption in the Gruenheide area, with 1.4 million cubic meters being contracted from local authorities per year — enough for a city of around 40,000 people. Steinbach said that the authorities would like to drill for more water there and outsource any additional supply if necessary.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a>

<h2 id="world-motor-vehicle-production">World motor vehicle production</h2>

<h3>By year</h3>
See also: <a href="/facts/List_of_countries_by_motor_vehicle_production/g3VKNpDs">List of countries by motor vehicle production</a>
<table><tbody><tr><th>Year</th><th>Production</th><th>Change</th><th>Ref.</th></tr><tr><td>1997</td><td>54,434,000</td><td>—</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a></td></tr><tr><td>1998</td><td>52,987,000</td><td> 2.7%</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a></td></tr><tr><td>1999</td><td>56,258,892</td><td> 6.2%</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a></td></tr><tr><td>2000</td><td>58,374,162</td><td> 3.8%</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a></td></tr><tr><td>2001</td><td>56,304,925</td><td> 3.5%</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a></td></tr><tr><td>2002</td><td>58,994,318</td><td> 4.8%</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a></td></tr><tr><td>2003</td><td>60,663,225</td><td> 2.8%</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a></td></tr><tr><td>2004</td><td>64,496,220</td><td> 6.3%</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a></td></tr><tr><td>2005</td><td>66,482,439</td><td> 3.1%</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a></td></tr><tr><td>2006</td><td>69,222,975</td><td> 4.1%</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a></td></tr><tr><td>2007</td><td>73,266,061</td><td> 5.8%</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a></td></tr><tr><td>2008</td><td>70,520,493</td><td> 3.7%</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a></td></tr><tr><td>2009</td><td>61,791,868</td><td> 12.4%</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a></td></tr><tr><td>2010</td><td>77,857,705</td><td> 26.0%</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a></td></tr><tr><td>2011</td><td>79,989,155</td><td> 3.1%</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a></td></tr><tr><td>2012</td><td>84,141,209</td><td> 5.3%</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a></td></tr><tr><td>2013</td><td>87,300,115</td><td> 3.7%</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a></td></tr><tr><td>2014</td><td>89,747,430</td><td> 2.6%</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a></td></tr><tr><td>2015</td><td>90,086,346</td><td> 0.4%</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a></td></tr><tr><td>2016</td><td>94,976,569</td><td> 4.5%</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a></td></tr><tr><td>2017</td><td>97,302,534</td><td> 2.36%</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a></td></tr><tr><td>2018</td><td>95,634,593</td><td> 1.71%</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a></td></tr><tr><td>2019</td><td>91,786,861</td><td> 5.2%</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a></td></tr><tr><td>2020</td><td>77,621,582</td><td> 16%</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51">51</a></td></tr><tr><td>2021</td><td>80,145,988</td><td> 3.25%</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52">52</a></td></tr><tr><td>2022</td><td>85,016,728</td><td> 6.08%</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53">53</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

<h3>By country</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Automotive_industry_by_country/EtdfGugk">Automotive industry by country</a>
The <a href="/facts/Organisation_Internationale_des_Constructeurs_d%2527Automobiles/gNV82twf">OICA</a> counts over 50 countries that assemble, manufacture, or disseminate automobiles. Of those, only 15 countries (boldfaced in the list below) currently possess the capability to design original production automobiles from the ground up, and 17 countries (listed below) have at least one million produced vehicles a year (as of 2023).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54">54</a>

<ul><li><a href="/facts/Algeria/UXDF4Tj6">Algeria</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Argentina/aFSA5bAk">Argentina</a></li>
<li>Australia (<a href="/facts/Automotive_industry_in_Australia/SXEkFQas">main page</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Austria/4qWIMIyc">Austria</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Azerbaijan/Ho5joRTJ">Azerbaijan</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Bangladesh/NXk4f78Y">Bangladesh</a> (<a href="/facts/Automotive_industry_in_Bangladesh/c733HYuh">main page</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Belarus/vweHwgob">Belarus</a> (<a href="/facts/Automotive_industry_in_Belarus/0I3RDBdG">main page</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Belgium/YKuMXP5j">Belgium</a></li>
<li>Brazil (<a href="/facts/Automotive_industry_in_Brazil/aLsPodbx">main page</a>)</li>
<li>Bulgaria (<a href="/facts/Automotive_industry_in_Bulgaria/I1XyyDI9">main page</a>)</li>
<li>Canada (<a href="/facts/Automotive_industry_in_Canada/mQMBTPs1">main page</a>)</li>
<li>China (<a href="/facts/Automotive_industry_in_China/n8yzVJDt">main page</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Colombia/nl7r8Q2u">Colombia</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Czech_Republic/vJYLD66Q">Czech Republic</a> (<a href="/facts/Automotive_industry_in_the_Czech_Republic/cyhcHM8H">main page</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Ecuador/Tdv7czY4">Ecuador</a></li>
<li>Egypt (<a href="/facts/Automotive_industry_in_Egypt/MCXsUDsz">main page</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Finland/G5Ak6T91">Finland</a></li>
<li>France (<a href="/facts/Automotive_industry_in_France/olfqVIV6">main page</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Ghana/IkUw32Ya">Ghana</a> (<a href="/facts/Manufacturing_in_Ghana/M7jVez3Q">main page</a>)</li>
<li>Germany (<a href="/facts/Automotive_industry_in_Germany/1497mubm">main page</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Hungary/YRedQLtI">Hungary</a> (<a href="/facts/Automotive_industry_in_Hungary/6jY8j2sf">main page</a>)</li>
<li>India (<a href="/facts/Automotive_industry_in_India/4wPe5XEY">main page</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Indonesia/vQnWU3IW">Indonesia</a> (<a href="/facts/Automotive_industry_in_Indonesia/5I7TcEWK">main page</a>)</li>
<li>Iran (<a href="/facts/Automotive_industry_in_Iran/KKtmWn9N">main page</a>)</li>
<li>Italy (<a href="/facts/Automotive_industry_in_Italy/1dhwCN61">main page</a>)</li>
<li>Japan (<a href="/facts/Automotive_industry_in_Japan/8VkVTVod">main page</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Jordan/JC5sS1oJ">Jordan</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Kazakhstan/Vfs8NI6e">Kazakhstan</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Kenya/Y9Ko9pQu">Kenya</a> (<a href="/facts/Automotive_industry_in_Kenya/aoeFLRYb">main page</a>)</li>
<li>Republic of Korea (South Korea) (<a href="/facts/Automotive_industry_in_South_Korea/9hyAWaWQ">main page</a>)</li>
<li>Malaysia (<a href="/facts/Automotive_industry_in_Malaysia/xYua5rBx">main page</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Mexico/IT5bwhdh">Mexico</a> (<a href="/facts/Automotive_industry_in_Mexico/khlejz1o">main page</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Morocco/6ly8170M">Morocco</a> (<a href="/facts/Automotive_industry_in_Morocco/UyKT491o">main page</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Netherlands/y8xn5stT">Netherlands</a></li>
<li>Pakistan (<a href="/facts/Automotive_industry_in_Pakistan/rUTHa6I1">main page</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Philippines/ARpmxXQV">Philippines</a> (<a href="/facts/Automotive_industry_in_the_Philippines/wesKgnnp">main page</a>)</li>
<li>Poland (<a href="/facts/Automotive_industry_in_Poland/IyguykxL">main page</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Portugal/lYzwDQ63">Portugal</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Romania/yolzk5cN">Romania</a> (<a href="/facts/Automotive_industry_in_Romania/0WIyHHYq">main page</a>)</li>
<li>Russia (<a href="/facts/Automotive_industry_in_Russia/9aJgEpX9">main page</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Serbia/U0LVzPdI">Serbia</a> (<a href="/facts/Automotive_industry_in_Serbia/CIN7cm9f">main page</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Slovakia/gmJwpwM3">Slovakia</a> (<a href="/facts/Automotive_industry_in_Slovakia/MzyhKsH7">main page</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Slovenia/EcYU22W4">Slovenia</a></li>
<li>South Africa (<a href="/facts/Automotive_industry_in_South_Africa/ljwGpwQe">main page</a>)</li>
<li>Spain (<a href="/facts/Automotive_industry_in_Spain/oJoxvC7h">main page</a>)</li>
<li>Sweden (<a href="/facts/Automotive_industry_in_Sweden/RhVEECzo">main page</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Syria/7pDXGzq8">Syria</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Thailand/GCUnN4JK">Thailand</a> (<a href="/facts/Automotive_industry_in_Thailand/P9mvD2S1">main page</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Tunisia/4uC8Po6k">Tunisia</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Turkey/KIYAWAs0">Turkey</a> (<a href="/facts/Automotive_industry_in_Turkey/VNlCWkzV">main page</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Ukraine/Qof0uqAj">Ukraine</a> (<a href="/facts/Automotive_industry_in_Ukraine/3FQKP2oT">main page</a>)</li>
<li>United Kingdom (<a href="/facts/Automotive_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom/mVgcpfs9">main page</a>)</li>
<li>United States (<a href="/facts/Automotive_industry_in_the_United_States/lC2j5nzG">main page</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Uzbekistan/o8wfw2xR">Uzbekistan</a> (<a href="/facts/Automotive_industry_in_Uzbekistan/RJf0pBt5">main page</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Venezuela/eX1qnkln">Venezuela</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Vietnam/0ulfA8Eq">Vietnam</a> (<a href="/facts/Automotive_industry_in_Vietnam/rLKh9wU9">main page</a>)</li></ul>

<table><tbody><tr><th>Country</th><th>Produced vehicles 2023<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55">55</a></th></tr><tr><td>China (plus <a href="/facts/Taiwan/VcJoUD8w">Taiwan</a>)</td><td>30,160,966 (30,446,928)</td></tr><tr><td>USA</td><td>10,611,555</td></tr><tr><td>Japan</td><td>8,997,440</td></tr><tr><td>India</td><td>5,851,507</td></tr><tr><td>Republic of Korea</td><td>4,243,597</td></tr><tr><td>Germany</td><td>4,109,371</td></tr><tr><td>Mexico</td><td>4,002,047</td></tr><tr><td>Spain</td><td>2,451,221</td></tr><tr><td>Brazil</td><td>2,324,838</td></tr><tr><td>Thailand</td><td>1,841,663</td></tr><tr><td>Canada</td><td>1,553,026</td></tr><tr><td>France</td><td>1,505,076</td></tr><tr><td>Turkey</td><td>1,468,393</td></tr><tr><td>Czechia</td><td>1,404,501</td></tr><tr><td>Indonesia</td><td>1,395,717</td></tr><tr><td>Slovakia</td><td>1,080,000</td></tr><tr><td>U.K.</td><td>1,025,474</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3>By manufacturer</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/List_of_manufacturers_by_motor_vehicle_production/STMajhAt">List of manufacturers by motor vehicle production</a>
See also: <a href="/facts/List_of_car_brands/zVpYgYor">List of car brands</a>
<h4>Top 10 (2016–2020)</h4>
These were the ten largest manufacturers by production volume as of 2017,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56">56</a> of which the eight largest were in the top 8 positions since <a href="/facts/Fiat_Chrysler_Automobiles/AAXoqm7E">Fiat's 2013 acquisition</a> of the <a href="/facts/Chrysler/kMHhMgYx">Chrysler</a> Corporation (although the <a href="/facts/PSA_Group/WFw49Uyq">PSA Group</a> had been in the top 8 1999 to 2012, and 2007 to 2012 one of the eight largest along with the seven largest as of 2017) and the five largest in the top 5 positions since 2007, according to OICA, which, however, stopped publishing statistics of motor vehicle production by manufacturer after 2017. All ten remained as the ten largest automakers by sales until <a href="/facts/Stellantis/r37HfCuk">the merger between Fiat-Chrysler and the PSA Group in early 2021</a>; only <a href="/facts/Renault/obzoLxSN">Renault</a> was degraded to 11th place, in 2022, when being surpassed by both <a href="/facts/BMW/cJd8y02r">BMW</a> (which became the 10th largest in 2021) and <a href="/facts/Changan_Automobile/ab5sMsTl">Chang'an</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57">57</a>

<table><tbody><tr><th>Rank<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58">58</a></th><th>Group</th><th>Country</th><th>Produced vehicles (2017)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59">59</a></th><th>Sold vehicles (2018)</th><th>Sold vehicles (2019)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60">60</a></th></tr><tr><td>1</td><td><a href="/facts/Toyota/wHIb40oG">Toyota</a></td><td>Japan</td><td>10,466,051</td><td>10,521,134</td><td>10,741,556</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Volkswagen_Group/xg9cPekV">Volkswagen Group</a></td><td>Germany</td><td>10,382,334</td><td>10,831,232</td><td>10,975,352</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td><a href="/facts/General_Motors/rBgP3IRK">General Motors</a> (except <a href="/facts/SAIC-GM-Wuling/TfpzuE3t">SAIC-GM-Wuling</a>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61">61</a></td><td>United States</td><td>9,027,658 (6,856,880)</td><td>8,787,233</td><td>7,724,163</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td><a href="/facts/Hyundai_Motor_Group/hkXwBsAF">Hyundai</a></td><td>South Korea</td><td>7,218,391</td><td>7,437,209</td><td>7,189,893</td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td><a href="/facts/Ford_Motor_Company/lY6Wcwty">Ford</a></td><td>United States</td><td>6,386,818</td><td>5,734,217</td><td>5,385,972</td></tr><tr><td>6</td><td><a href="/facts/Nissan/1m2uVLE4">Nissan</a></td><td>Japan</td><td>5,769,277</td><td>5,653,743</td><td>5,176,211</td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td><a href="/facts/Honda/asGvEBbW">Honda</a></td><td>Japan</td><td>5,235,842</td><td>5,265,892</td><td>5,323,319</td></tr><tr><td>8</td><td><a href="/facts/Fiat_Chrysler_Automobiles/AAXoqm7E">Fiat-Chrysler</a> (now part of <a href="/facts/Stellantis/r37HfCuk">Stellantis</a>)</td><td>Italy / United States</td><td>4,600,847</td><td>4,841,366</td><td>4,612,673</td></tr><tr><td>9</td><td><a href="/facts/Renault/obzoLxSN">Renault</a></td><td>France</td><td>4,153,589</td><td>3,883,987</td><td>3,749,815</td></tr><tr><td>10</td><td><a href="/facts/PSA_Group/WFw49Uyq">PSA Group</a> (now part of <a href="/facts/Stellantis/r37HfCuk">Stellantis</a>)</td><td>France</td><td>3,649,742</td><td>4,126,349</td><td>3,479,152</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h4>Top 20 (2012–2013)</h4>
These were the twenty largest manufacturers by production volume in 2012 and 2013, or the 21 largest in 2011 (before <a href="/facts/Fiat_Chrysler_Automobiles/AAXoqm7E">the Fiat-Chrysler merger</a>), of which the fourteen largest as of 2011 were in the top 14 in 2010, 2008 and 2007 (but not 2009, when Changan and Mazda temporarily degraded Chrysler to 16th place). The eighteen largest as of 2013 have remained in the top 20 as of 2017, except Mitsubishi which fell out of top 20 in 2016, while Geely fell out of the top 20 in 2014 and 2015 but re-entered it in 2016.

<table><tbody><tr><th>Rank<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62">62</a></th><th>Group</th><th>Country</th><th>Produced vehicles (2013)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63">63</a></th><th>Produced vehicles (2012)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64">64</a></th><th>Produced vehicles (2011)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65">65</a></th></tr><tr><td>1</td><td><a href="/facts/Toyota/wHIb40oG">Toyota</a></td><td>Japan</td><td>10,324,995</td><td>10,104,424</td><td>8,050,181</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/General_Motors/rBgP3IRK">General Motors</a></td><td>United States</td><td>9,628,912</td><td>9,285,425</td><td>9,031,670</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td><a href="/facts/Volkswagen_Group/xg9cPekV">Volkswagen Group</a></td><td>Germany</td><td>9,379,229</td><td>9,254,742</td><td>8,525,573</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td><a href="/facts/Hyundai_Motor_Group/hkXwBsAF">Hyundai</a></td><td>South Korea</td><td>7,233,080</td><td>7,126,413</td><td>6,616,858</td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td><a href="/facts/Ford_Motor_Company/lY6Wcwty">Ford</a></td><td>United States</td><td>6,077,126</td><td>5,595,483</td><td>5,516,931</td></tr><tr><td>6</td><td><a href="/facts/Nissan/1m2uVLE4">Nissan</a></td><td>Japan</td><td>4,950,924</td><td>4,889,379</td><td>4,631,673</td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td><a href="/facts/Fiat_S.p.A./AAXoqm7E">Fiat</a> / <a href="/facts/Fiat_Chrysler_Automobiles/AAXoqm7E">FCA</a></td><td>Italy</td><td>4,681,704</td><td>4 498 722<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66">66</a></td><td>2,336,954</td></tr><tr><td>8</td><td><a href="/facts/Honda/asGvEBbW">Honda</a></td><td>Japan</td><td>4,298,390</td><td>4,110,857</td><td>2,909,016</td></tr><tr><td>9</td><td><a href="/facts/PSA_Group/WFw49Uyq">PSA Peugeot Citroën</a></td><td>France</td><td>2,833,781</td><td>2,911,764</td><td>3,582,410</td></tr><tr><td>10</td><td><a href="/facts/Suzuki/PeHeHnSA">Suzuki</a></td><td>Japan</td><td>2,842,133</td><td>2,893,602</td><td>2,725,899</td></tr><tr><td>11</td><td><a href="/facts/Renault/obzoLxSN">Renault</a></td><td>France</td><td>2,704,675</td><td>2,676,226</td><td>2,825,089</td></tr><tr><td>12</td><td><a href="/facts/Mercedes-Benz_Group/KfdR8UTS">Daimler</a></td><td>Germany</td><td>1,781,507</td><td>2,195,152</td><td>2,137,067</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Chrysler/kMHhMgYx">Chrysler</a></td><td>United States</td><td>part of <a href="/facts/Fiat_Chrysler_Automobiles/AAXoqm7E">FCA</a></td><td>part of FCA</td><td>1,999,017</td></tr><tr><td>13</td><td><a href="/facts/BMW/cJd8y02r">BMW</a></td><td>Germany</td><td>2,006,366</td><td>2,065,477</td><td>1,738,160</td></tr><tr><td>14</td><td><a href="/facts/SAIC_Motor/sgHxWVtP">SAIC</a></td><td>China</td><td>1,992,250</td><td>1,783,548</td><td>1,478,502</td></tr><tr><td>15</td><td><a href="/facts/Tata_Motors/Jok6u4eM">Tata</a></td><td>India</td><td>1,062,654</td><td>1,241,239</td><td>1,197,192</td></tr><tr><td>16</td><td><a href="/facts/Mazda/FHrngIEl">Mazda</a></td><td>Japan</td><td>1,264,173</td><td>1,189,283</td><td>1,165,591</td></tr><tr><td>17</td><td><a href="/facts/Dongfeng_Motor_Corporation/LpsYKoRv">Dongfeng</a></td><td>China</td><td>1,238,948</td><td>1,137,950</td><td>1,108,949</td></tr><tr><td>18</td><td><a href="/facts/Mitsubishi_Motors/XXWlxHRw">Mitsubishi</a></td><td>Japan</td><td>1,229,441</td><td>1,109,731</td><td>1,140,282</td></tr><tr><td>19</td><td><a href="/facts/Changan_Automobile/ab5sMsTl">Changan</a></td><td>China</td><td>1,109,889</td><td>1,063,721</td><td>1,167,208</td></tr><tr><td>20</td><td><a href="/facts/Geely/xq6MzHt1">Geely</a></td><td>China</td><td>969,896</td><td>922,906</td><td>897,107</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2 id="notable-company-relationships">Notable company relationships</h2>

<h3>Stake holding</h3>
It is common for automobile manufacturers to hold stakes in other automobile manufacturers. These ownerships can be explored under the detail for the individual companies.
Notable current relationships include:

<ul><li><a href="/facts/Toyota/wHIb40oG">Toyota</a> subsidiary <a href="/facts/Daihatsu/RLJRDTBJ">Daihatsu</a> holds a 25% stake in <a href="/facts/Perodua/pNglAhex">Perodua</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67">67</a></li>
<li>Mercedes-Benz Group holds a 30.01% stake in <a href="/facts/Daimler_Truck/r8jlCr9c">Daimler Truck</a> and <a href="/facts/BAIC_Group/jSKarbzp">BAIC Group</a> holds a 6.49% stake.</li>
<li>Daimler Truck holds an 89.29% stake in <a href="/facts/Fuso_(company)/IwoWklaF">Fuso</a>.</li>
<li>Mercedes-Benz Group held a combined 6.2% stake in the <a href="/facts/Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi_Alliance/8rPXCNuy">Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi Alliance</a>, and the Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi Alliance also held a combined 6.2% stake in Mercedes-Benz Group until 2021.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68">68</a></li>
<li>Mercedes-Benz Group holds a 12% stake in <a href="/facts/BAIC_Group/jSKarbzp">BAIC Group</a>, while BAIC Group holds 5% stake in Mercedes-Benz Group.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69">69</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Dongfeng_Motor/LpsYKoRv">Dongfeng Motor</a> holds a 12.23% stake and a 19.94% exercisable voting rights in <a href="/facts/PSA_Group/WFw49Uyq">PSA Group</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/FAW_Group/u9xwvPcW">FAW Group</a> holds a 49% stake of <a href="/facts/Haima_Automobile/sVnwRukC">Haima Automobile</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Stellantis/r37HfCuk">Stellantis</a> holds a 67% stake in <a href="/facts/FCA_Srbija/dmcppJDA">FCA Srbija</a>.</li>
<li>FCA holds a 37.8% stake in <a href="/facts/Tofa%25C5%259F/h4jm2TVN">Tofaş</a> with another 37.8% stake hold by <a href="/facts/Ko%25C3%25A7_Holding/mHfcIbyn">Koç Holding</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Fiat_Automobili_Srbija/dmcppJDA">Fiat Automobili Srbija</a> holds a 54% stake in <a href="/facts/Zastava_Trucks/9VcSxCWk">Zastava Trucks</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Fiat_Industrial/PkBIDXg3">Fiat Industrial</a> holds a 46% stake in <a href="/facts/Zastava_Trucks/9VcSxCWk">Zastava Trucks</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Fujian_Motors_Group/QdWYXqKR">Fujian Motors Group</a> holds a 15% stake in <a href="/facts/King_Long/tKl6DhDo">King Long</a>. FMG, Beijing Automotive Group, <a href="/facts/China_Motor_Corporation/PyfMRUsl">China Motor</a>, and Mercedes-Benz Group has a joint venture called <a href="/facts/Fujian_Benz/3hH5NXaP">Fujian Benz</a>. FMG, China Motor, and Mitsubishi Motors has a joint venture called <a href="/facts/Soueast/Bbu5jHca">Soueast</a>, FMG holds a 50% stake, and both China Motor and Mitsubishi Motors holds an equal 25% stake.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Geely_Automobile/xq6MzHt1">Geely Automobile</a> holds a 23% stake in <a href="/facts/London_EV_Company/XfpVrj8p">London EV Company</a>.</li>
<li>Geely Automobile holds a 49.9% stake in <a href="/facts/Proton_Holdings/ePqn5CYw">Proton Holdings</a> and a 51% stake in <a href="/facts/Lotus_Cars/KkwYsc0f">Lotus Cars</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70">70</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Geely_Holding_Group/xq6MzHt1">Geely Holding Group</a> holds a 9.69% stake in <a href="/facts/Mercedes-Benz_Group/KfdR8UTS">Mercedes-Benz Group</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71">71</a></li>
<li>Geely Holding Group holds an 8.3% stake and a 15.9% exercisable voting rights in <a href="/facts/Volvo/JUFSUUYD">Volvo</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/General_Motors/rBgP3IRK">General Motors</a> holds a 93% stake in <a href="/facts/General_Motors_India/BgozletE">GM India</a> and <a href="/facts/SAIC_Motor/sgHxWVtP">SAIC Motor</a> holds a 7% stake.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/General_Motors/rBgP3IRK">General Motors</a> owns <a href="/facts/GM_Korea/u2nrFHJ1">GM Korea</a> (historically <a href="/facts/Daewoo_Motors/hDCNznY1">Daewoo Motors</a>) as its Korean operations.</li>
<li>General Motors holds a 20% stake in <a href="/facts/Industries_M%25C3%25A9caniques_Maghr%25C3%25A9bines/c7DJp6kV">Industries Mécaniques Maghrébines</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Isuzu/79gwg3TQ">Isuzu</a> holds a 10% stake in <a href="/facts/Industries_M%25C3%25A9caniques_Maghr%25C3%25A9bines/c7DJp6kV">Industries Mécaniques Maghrébines</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Marcopolo_SA/mpP3FysL">Marcopolo</a> holds a 19% stake in <a href="/facts/New_Flyer_Industries/zvfP2Ct2">New Flyer Industries</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Mitsubishi_Corporation/2ckD671A">Mitsubishi Corporation</a> holds a 20% stake in <a href="/facts/Mitsubishi_Motors/XXWlxHRw">Mitsubishi Motors</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Nissan/1m2uVLE4">Nissan</a> held a 34% stake in <a href="/facts/Mitsubishi_Motors/XXWlxHRw">Mitsubishi Motors</a> beginning October 2016,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72">72</a> thus having the right to nominate the chairman of Mitsubishi Motors' board and a third of its directors. Mitsubishi bought some of its shares back from Nissan in November 2024, decreasing Nissan's stake to 24%.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73">73</a></li>
<li>Nissan holds a 43% stake in <a href="/facts/Nissan_Shatai/NrjgXvoV">Nissan Shatai</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Porsche_SE/gUCssdbx">Porsche SE</a> holding company holds a 53.3% voting stake in <a href="/facts/Volkswagen_Group/xg9cPekV">Volkswagen Group</a>. The <a href="/facts/Porsche_AG/9S83Lb11">Porsche AG</a> automotive business is fully owned by the Volkswagen Group.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Renault/obzoLxSN">Renault</a> and <a href="/facts/Nissan/1m2uVLE4">Nissan</a> have an alliance (<a href="/facts/Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi_Alliance/8rPXCNuy">Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi Alliance</a>, with Mitsubishi joining in 2016 through Nissan's acquisition of a 34% stake in the company) involving two global companies linked by cross-shareholding, with Renault holding a 43.4% stake in Nissan shares, and Nissan holding a 15% stake of (non-voting) Renault shares. In January 2023, Renault said it intended to transfer almost 30% of its controlling stake in Nissan to a French trust, reducing its shares with voting rights to a minority 15% and, in doing so, matching Nissan shares in Renault to gain equal voting rights.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74">74</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75">75</a> The share transfer was completed in November 2023.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76">76</a></li>
<li>Renault formerly held a 25% stake in <a href="/facts/AvtoVAZ/vF6kdG16">AvtoVAZ</a>; on December 2018, Renault and Russian state-owned holding company <a href="/facts/Rostec/bMlWsG12">Rostec</a> acquired all shares of AvtoVAZ (with Renault owning a 67.61% stake), but in 2022 Renault sold all of its shares to state-owned <a href="/facts/NAMI_(automotive_institute)/h8yYQSKj">Central Research and Development Automobile and Engine Institute</a> (NAMI), re-nationalising AvtoVAZ.</li>
<li>Renault holds an 52.8% stake in <a href="/facts/Renault_Korea/s4pfaUTl">Renault Korea</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/SAIPA/j9HzelAk">SAIPA</a> holds a 51% stake in <a href="/facts/Pars_Khodro/RrjW2DDF">Pars Khodro</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Tata_Motors/Jok6u4eM">Tata Motors</a> holds a 100% stake in <a href="/facts/Jaguar_Land_Rover/Fpb9gJdL">Jaguar Land Rover</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Toyota/wHIb40oG">Toyota</a> holds a 100% stake in <a href="/facts/Daihatsu/RLJRDTBJ">Daihatsu</a>.</li>
<li>Toyota holds a 100% stake in <a href="/facts/Hino_Motors/u4WYdvRe">Hino</a>.</li>
<li>Toyota holds a 4.6% stake in <a href="/facts/Isuzu/79gwg3TQ">Isuzu</a>.</li>
<li>Toyota holds a 5.05% stake in <a href="/facts/Mazda/FHrngIEl">Mazda</a>, while Mazda holds a 0.25% stake in Toyota.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77">77</a></li>
<li>Toyota holds a 16.7% stake in transportation, automotive, and defense conglomerate <a href="/facts/Subaru_Corporation/hXjAbhnh">Subaru Corporation</a> (formerly Fuji Heavy Industries), parent company of <a href="/facts/Subaru/TcrHcYdq">Subaru</a>.</li>
<li>Toyota holds a 4.94% stake in <a href="/facts/Suzuki/PeHeHnSA">Suzuki</a>, while Suzuki holds a 0.2% stake in Toyota.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78">78</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Volkswagen_Group/xg9cPekV">Volkswagen Group</a> holds a 99.55% stake in the <a href="/facts/Audi/AEyDIbTo">Audi Group</a>.</li>
<li>Volkswagen Group holds a 37.73% stake in <a href="/facts/Scania_AB/GooUkEzI">Scania</a> (68.6% voting rights), a 53.7% stake in <a href="/facts/MAN_SE/8ucJBLId">MAN SE</a> (55.9% voting rights). Volkswagen is integrating Scania, MAN, and its own truck division into one division.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Paccar/yzhWPnf8">Paccar</a> holds a 19% stake in <a href="/facts/Tatra_(company)/8w1ocCnc">Tatra</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/ZAP_(motor_company)/RHybS3Ur">ZAP</a> holds a 51% stake in <a href="/facts/Jonway/lFuefLPD">Zhejiang Jonway</a>.</li></ul>
<h3>Joint ventures</h3>
<h4>China joint venture</h4>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Beijing_Automotive_Group/jSKarbzp">Beijing Automotive Group</a> has a joint venture with <a href="/facts/Mercedes-Benz_Group/KfdR8UTS">Mercedes-Benz Group</a> called <a href="/facts/Beijing_Benz/2RwzKGep">Beijing Benz</a>, both companies hold a 50-50% stake. both companies also have a joint venture called <a href="/facts/Beijing_Automotive_Group/jSKarbzp">Beijing Foton Daimler Automobile</a>.</li>
<li>Beijing Automotive Group also has a joint venture with <a href="/facts/Hyundai_Motor_Company/5mpP2VyW">Hyundai</a> called <a href="/facts/Beijing_Hyundai/QDT91h0G">Beijing Hyundai</a>, both companies hold a 50-50% stake.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/BMW/cJd8y02r">BMW</a> and <a href="/facts/Brilliance_Auto/nL5xtQ9M">Brilliance</a> have a joint venture called <a href="/facts/BMW_Brilliance/02ouSPrl">BMW Brilliance</a>. BMW owns a 50% stake, Brilliance owns a 40.5% stake, and the Shenyang municipal government owns a 9.5% stake.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Changan_Automobile/ab5sMsTl">Changan Automobile</a> has a joint venture with <a href="/facts/PSA_Group/WFw49Uyq">PSA Group</a> (<a href="/facts/Changan_PSA/9XCAf1Jr">Changan PSA</a>), and both hold a 50-50% stake.</li>
<li>Changan Automobile has a joint venture with <a href="/facts/Suzuki/PeHeHnSA">Suzuki</a> (<a href="/facts/Changan_Suzuki/WmAUDhGK">Changan Suzuki</a>), and both hold a 50-50% stake.</li>
<li>Changan Automobile has a 50-50% joint venture with <a href="/facts/Mazda/FHrngIEl">Mazda</a> (<a href="/facts/Changan_Mazda/nCoflAzJ">Changan Mazda</a>).</li>
<li>Changan Automobile and <a href="/facts/Ford_Motor_Company/lY6Wcwty">Ford</a> have a 50-50% joint venture called <a href="/facts/Changan_Ford/NXSN38YT">Changan Ford</a>.</li>
<li>Changan Automobile and <a href="/facts/JMCG/fgTqDvpU">JMCG</a> have a joint venture called <a href="/facts/Jiangling_Motor_Holding/DS2o6sEx">Jiangling Motor Holding</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Chery/nGNAXCC6">Chery</a> has a joint venture with <a href="/facts/Jaguar_Land_Rover/Fpb9gJdL">Jaguar Land Rover</a> called <a href="/facts/Chery_Jaguar_Land_Rover/egVvI68n">Chery Jaguar Land Rover</a>, both companies hold a 50-50% stake.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79">79</a></li>
<li>Chery and <a href="/facts/Israel_Corporation/AuWoKVWA">Israel Corporation</a> have a joint venture called <a href="/facts/Qoros/E2T2dbm3">Qoros</a>, and both companies hold a 50-50% stake.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Dongfeng_Motor_Corporation/LpsYKoRv">Dongfeng Motor Corporation</a> and <a href="/facts/Nissan/1m2uVLE4">Nissan</a> have a 50-50% joint venture called <a href="/facts/Dongfeng_Motor_Company/Qghq4JYD">Dongfeng Motor Company</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Mercedes-Benz_Group/KfdR8UTS">Mercedes-Benz Group</a> and <a href="/facts/BYD_Auto/mee3YKds">BYD Auto</a> have a joint venture called <a href="/facts/Denza/Bjm2pA2f">Denza</a>, both companies hold a 50-50% stake.</li>
<li>Mercedes-Benz Group and <a href="/facts/Geely_Holding_Group/xq6MzHt1">Geely Holding Group</a> have a joint venture called <a href="/facts/Smart_(marque)/eraf7Uwm">smart Automobile</a>, both companies hold a 50-50% stake.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80">80</a></li>
<li>Dongfeng Motor and <a href="/facts/Stellantis/r37HfCuk">Stellantis</a> (until 2021 PSA Group) have a 50-50% joint venture called <a href="/facts/Dongfeng_Peugeot-Citro%25C3%25ABn/SzryHwBo">Dongfeng Peugeot-Citroën</a>.</li>
<li>Dongfeng Motor has a 50-50% joint venture with <a href="/facts/Honda/asGvEBbW">Honda</a> called <a href="/facts/Dongfeng_Honda/5zJyRfFg">Dongfeng Honda</a>.</li>
<li>Dongfeng Motor formerly had a joint venture with <a href="/facts/AB_Volvo/JUFSUUYD">AB Volvo</a> called <a href="/facts/Dongfeng_Nissan-Diesel_Company/uoIJbMPB">Dongfeng Nissan-Diesel</a>.</li>
<li>Dongfeng Motor has a 50-50% joint venture with <a href="/facts/Renault/obzoLxSN">Renault</a> named <a href="/facts/Dongfeng_Renault/50rG8TE8">Dongfeng Renault</a> in <a href="/facts/Wuhan/AGKKmphL">Wuhan</a>, which was founded in the end of 2013</li>
<li><a href="/facts/FAW_Group/u9xwvPcW">FAW Group</a> and <a href="/facts/General_Motors/rBgP3IRK">General Motors</a> has a 50-50 joint venture called <a href="/facts/FAW-GM/wkBJY4uB">FAW-GM</a>.</li>
<li>FAW Group has a 50-50 joint venture with <a href="/facts/Volkswagen_Group/xg9cPekV">Volkswagen Group</a> called <a href="/facts/FAW-Volkswagen/S06te8R0">FAW-Volkswagen</a>.</li>
<li>FAW Group has a 50-50 joint venture with <a href="/facts/Toyota/wHIb40oG">Toyota</a> called <a href="/facts/Sichuan_FAW_Toyota_Motor/76aQronq">Sichuan FAW Toyota Motor</a> and both companies also have another joint venture called <a href="/facts/Ranz/LyeFNYla">Ranz</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/General_Motors/rBgP3IRK">General Motors</a> and <a href="/facts/SAIC_Motor/sgHxWVtP">SAIC Motor</a>, both have two joint ventures in <a href="/facts/SAIC-GM/W0lXKyKU">SAIC-GM</a> and <a href="/facts/SAIC-GM-Wuling/TfpzuE3t">SAIC-GM-Wuling</a>, the latter alongside <a href="/facts/Wuling_Motors/jMsu6knr">Wuling Motors</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Navistar_International/IUy382Hr">Navistar International</a> and <a href="/facts/Anhui_Jianghuai_Automobile/3Gwyg2H7">JAC</a> has a joint venture called <a href="/facts/International_Motors/IUy382Hr">Anhui Jianghuai Navistar</a>.</li></ul>
<h4>Outside China</h4>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Ford_Motor_Company/lY6Wcwty">Ford</a> and <a href="/facts/International_Motors/IUy382Hr">International Motors</a> have a 50-50 joint venture called <a href="/facts/International_Motors/IUy382Hr">Blue Diamond Truck</a>.</li>
<li>Ford and <a href="/facts/Sollers_JSC/boU6ntVj">Sollers JSC</a> have a 50-50 joint venture called <a href="/facts/Ford_Sollers/m7tXLRdH">Ford Sollers</a>.</li>
<li>Ford and <a href="/facts/Ko%25C3%25A7_Holding/mHfcIbyn">Koç Holding</a> have a 50-50 joint venture called <a href="/facts/Ford_Otosan/CMoQ375r">Ford Otosan</a>.</li>
<li>Ford and Lio Ho Group have a joint venture called <a href="/facts/Ford_Lio_Ho/sSCuxQJA">Ford Lio Ho</a>, Ford owns 70% and Lio Ho Group owns 30%.</li>
<li>General Motors and UzAvtosanoat have a joint venture called <a href="/facts/GM_Uzbekistan/4AQssBzg">GM Uzbekistan</a>, UzAvtosanoat owns 75% and General Motors owns 25%.</li>
<li>General Motors, <a href="/facts/AvtoVAZ/vF6kdG16">AvtoVAZ</a>, and <a href="/facts/European_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development/dXGW7vHH">EBRD</a> have a joint venture called <a href="/facts/GM-AvtoVAZ/jCcteWpB">GM-AvtoVAZ</a>, Both GM and AvtoVAZ owns 41.61% and EBRD owns 16.76%.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Hyundai_Motor_Company/5mpP2VyW">Hyundai Motor Company</a> and Kibar Holding has a joint venture called <a href="/facts/Hyundai_Assan_Otomotiv/R4rgSn74">Hyundai Assan Otomotiv</a>, <a href="/facts/Hyundai_Motor_Group/hkXwBsAF">Hyundai</a> owns 70% and Kibar Holding owns 30%.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Isuzu/79gwg3TQ">Isuzu</a> and Anadolu Group have a 50-50% joint venture called <a href="/facts/Isuzu_(Anadolu)/5AF8Nugb">Anadolu Isuzu</a>.</li>
<li>Isuzu and <a href="/facts/General_Motors/rBgP3IRK">General Motors</a> has a 50-50% joint venture called <a href="/facts/Isuzu_Truck_South_Africa/oa9Epyor">Isuzu Truck South Africa</a>.</li>
<li>Isuzu, <a href="/facts/Sollers_JSC/boU6ntVj">Sollers JSC</a>, and Imperial Sojitz have a joint venture called <a href="/facts/Sollers-Isuzu/7SWNvawX">Sollers-Isuzu</a>, Sollers JSC owns 66%, Isuzu owns 29%, and Imperial Sojitz owns 5%.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Mahindra_%2526_Mahindra/IPlPXcf0">Mahindra & Mahindra</a> and <a href="/facts/International_Motors/IUy382Hr">International Motors</a> have a joint venture called <a href="/facts/Mahindra_Navistar/uJTqzrKX">Mahindra Trucks and Buses Limited</a>. Mahindra & Mahindra owns 51% and International Motors owns 49%.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/MAN_SE/8ucJBLId">MAN SE</a> and UzAvtosanoat have a joint venture called <a href="/facts/MAN_Auto-Uzbekistan/AHb4dTVX">MAN Auto-Uzbekistan</a>, UzAvtosanoat owns 51% and MAN SE owns 49%.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/PSA_Group/WFw49Uyq">PSA</a> and <a href="/facts/Toyota/wHIb40oG">Toyota</a> formerly owned a 50-50% joint venture called <a href="/facts/Toyota_Peugeot_Citro%25C3%25ABn_Automobile_Czech/0HBMG6NQ">Toyota Peugeot Citroën Automobile Czech</a>, however on 1 January 2021 Toyota bought all of PSA's shares and renamed the now wholly-owned plant to Toyota Motor Manufacturing Czech Republic.</li>
<li>PSA and <a href="/facts/CK_Birla_Group/1783SCnf">CK Birla Group</a> (AVTEC) have a 50-50% joint venture called PSA AVTEC Powertrain Pvt. Ltd.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Sollers_JSC/boU6ntVj">Sollers JSC</a> is involved in joint ventures with <a href="/facts/Ford_Motor_Company/lY6Wcwty">Ford</a> (<a href="/facts/Ford_Sollers/m7tXLRdH">Ford Sollers</a> ) and <a href="/facts/Mazda/FHrngIEl">Mazda</a> to produce cars.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Tata_Motors/Jok6u4eM">Tata Motors</a> also formed a joint venture in India with <a href="/facts/Fiat/7k2lm2Eh">Fiat</a> and gained access to Fiat's diesel engine technology.</li>
<li>Tata Motors and <a href="/facts/Marcopolo_S.A./mpP3FysL">Marcopolo</a> have a joint venture called <a href="/facts/Tata_Marcopolo/UnVgSdzq">Tata Marcopolo</a>, where Tata owns 51% and Marcopolo owns 49%.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Volvo/JUFSUUYD">Volvo</a> and <a href="/facts/Eicher_Motors/6jhBcpDb">Eicher Motors</a> have a 50-50% joint venture called VE Commercial Vehicles.</li></ul>
<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>

<ul><li><a href="/facts/2008%25E2%2580%25932010_automotive_industry_crisis/GH8AUFd0">2008–2010 automotive industry crisis</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Alliance_of_Automobile_Manufacturers/WzVKpQYr">Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Automotive_industry_by_country/EtdfGugk">Automotive industry by country</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Automotive_industry_in_the_United_States/lC2j5nzG">Automotive industry in the United States</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Big_Three_(automobile_manufacturers)/5cyTUsmk">Big Three (automobile manufacturers)</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Effects_of_the_2008%25E2%2580%259310_automotive_industry_crisis_on_the_United_States/664GEVem">Effects of the 2008–10 automotive industry crisis on the United States</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/List_of_countries_by_motor_vehicle_production/g3VKNpDs">List of countries by motor vehicle production</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Automotive_acronyms_and_abbreviations/EdYmIlLM">Automotive acronyms and abbreviations</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Motocycle/22SUr4yB">Motocycle</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="notes">Notes</h2>

<h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2>
<ul><li>Ajitha, P. V., and Ankita Nagra. "An Overview of Artificial Intelligence in Automobile Industry–A Case Study on Tesla Cars." Solid State Technology 64.2 (2021): 503–512. <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ankita-Nagra/publication/349298066_An_Overview_of_Artificial_Intelligence_in_Automobile_Industry_-A_Case_Study_on_Tesla_Cars/links/60290f534585158939a2b5e6/An-Overview-of-Artificial-Intelligence-in-Automobile-Industry-A-Case-Study-on-Tesla-Cars.pdf">online</a></li>
<li>Banerjee, Preeta M., and Micaela Preskill. "The role of government in shifting firm innovation focus in the automobile industry" in Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Sustainability (Routledge, 2017) pp. 108–129.</li>
<li>Bohnsack, René, et al. "Driving the electric bandwagon: The dynamics of incumbents' sustainable innovation." Business Strategy and the Environment 29.2 (2020): 727–743 <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/bse.2430">online</a>.</li>
<li>Bungsche, Holger. "Regional economic integration and the automobile industry: automobile policies, division of labour, production network formation and market development in the EU and ASEAN." International Journal of Automotive Technology and Management 18.4 (2018): 345–370.</li>
<li>Chen, Yuan, C-Y. Cynthia Lin Lawell, and Yunshi Wang. "The Chinese automobile industry and government policy." Research in Transportation Economics 84 (2020): 100849. <a href="http://www.des.ucdavis.edu/faculty/lin/China_auto_mkt_JTRF_paper.pdf">online</a></li>
<li>Clark, Kim B., et al. "Product development in the world auto industry." Brookings Papers on economic activity 1987.3 (1987): 729–781. <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kim-Clark-2/publication/4909817_Product_Development_in_the_World_Auto_Industry/links/53fdfc560cf22f21c2f90e91/Product-Development-in-the-World-Auto-Industry.pdf">online</a></li>
<li>Guzik, Robert, Bolesław Domański, and Krzysztof Gwosdz. "Automotive industry dynamics in Central Europe." in New Frontiers of the Automobile Industry (Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2020) pp. 377–397.</li>
<li>Imran, Muhammad, and Jawad Abbas. "The role of strategic orientation in export performance of China automobile industry." in Handbook of Research on Managerial Practices and Disruptive Innovation in Asia (2020): 249–263.</li>
<li>Jetin, Bruno. "Who will control the electric vehicle market?" International Journal of Automotive Technology and Management 20.2 (2020): 156–177. <a href="https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-03193666/document">online</a></li>
<li>Kawahara, Akira. The origin of competitive strength: fifty years of the auto industry in Japan and the US (Springer Science & Business Media, 2012).</li>
<li>Kuboniwa, Masaaki. "Present and future problems of developments of the Russian auto-industry." RRC Working Paper Series 15 (2009): 1–12. <a href="https://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/rrc/Japanese/pdf/RRC_WP_No15.pdf">online</a></li>
<li>Lee, Euna, and Jai S. Mah. "Industrial policy and the development of the electric vehicles industry: The case of Korea." Journal of technology management & innovation 15.4 (2020): 71–80. <a href="https://scielo.conicyt.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0718-27242020000400071&script=sci_arttext&tlng=p">online</a></li>
<li>Link, Stefan J. Forging Global Fordism: Nazi Germany, Soviet Russia, and the Contest over the Industrial Order (2020) <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Forging-Global-Fordism-Germany-Industrial/dp/0691177546/">excerpt</a>; influential overview</li>
<li>Liu, Shiyong. "Competition and Valuation: A Case Study of Tesla Motors." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science . Vol. 692. No. 2. (IOP Publishing, 2021) <a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/692/2/022103/pdf">online</a></li>
<li>Miglani, Smita. "The growth of the Indian automobile industry: Analysis of the roles of government policy and other enabling factors." in Innovation, economic development, and intellectual property in India and China (Springer, Singapore, 2019) pp. 439–463.</li>
<li>Pavlinek, Petr (2025). <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/europes-auto-industry/8FB76CC4D668010A88C4871431C6320D">Europe's Auto Industry: Global Production Networks and Spatial Change</a>. <a href="/facts/Cambridge_University_Press/fgEBSSRq">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9781009453196.</li>
<li>Qin, Yujie, Yuqing Xiao, and Jiawei Yuan. "The Comprehensive Competitiveness of Tesla Based on Financial Analysis: A Case Study." in 2021 International Conference on Financial Management and Economic Transition (FMET 2021). (Atlantis Press, 2021). <a href="https://www.atlantis-press.com/article/125961100.pdf">online</a></li>
<li>Rawlinson, Michael, and Peter Wells. The new European automobile industry (Springer, 2016).</li>
<li>Rubenstein, James M. The changing US auto industry: a geographical analysis (Routledge, 2002).</li>
<li>Seo, Dae-Sung. "EV Energy Convergence Plan for Reshaping the European Automobile Industry According to the Green Deal Policy." Journal of Convergence for Information Technology 11.6 (2021): 40–48. <a href="https://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/JAKO202118742188026.pdf">online</a></li>
<li>Shigeta, Naoya, and Seyed Ehsan Hosseini. "Sustainable Development of the Automobile Industry in the United States, Europe, and Japan with Special Focus on the Vehicles' Power Sources." Energies 14.1 (2021): 78+ <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/1/78/pdf">online</a></li>
<li>Ueno, Hiroya, and Hiromichi Muto. "The automobile industry of Japan." on Industry and Business in Japan (Routledge, 2017) pp. 139–190.</li>
<li>Verma, Shrey, Gaurav Dwivedi, and Puneet Verma. "Life cycle assessment of electric vehicles in comparison to combustion engine vehicles: A review." Materials Today: Proceedings (2021) <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Shrey-Verma-5/publication/349693055_Life_cycle_assessment_of_electric_vehicles_in_comparison_to_combustion_engine_vehicles_A_review/links/610e40290c2bfa282a2b2fd6/Life-cycle-assessment-of-electric-vehicles-in-comparison-to-combustion-engine-vehicles-A-review.pdf">online</a>.</li>
<li>Vošta, M. I. L. A. N., and A. L. E. Š. Kocourek. "Competitiveness of the European automobile industry in the global context." Politics in Central Europe 13.1 (2017): 69–89. <a href="https://www.politicsincentraleurope.eu/documents/file/PCE_2017_1_13.pdf#page=71">online</a></li>
<li>Zhu, Xiaoxi, et al. "Promoting new energy vehicles consumption: The effect of implementing carbon regulation on automobile industry in China." Computers & Industrial Engineering 135 (2019): 211–226. <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Wu-Guangdong/publication/333622343_Promoting_new_energy_vehicles_consumption_The_effect_of_implementing_carbon_regulation_on_automobile_industry_in_China/links/5f81232d92851c14bcbc0a39/Promoting-new-energy-vehicles-consumption-The-effect-of-implementing-carbon-regulation-on-automobile-industry-in-China.pdf">online</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>
<ul><li> The dictionary definition of automotive industry at Wiktionary</li>
<li> Media related to Automotive industry at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Automotive industry at the Encyclopædia Britannica <a href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/45050" target="_blank">https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/45050</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Nieuwenhuis, Paul; Wells, Peter (2015). The Global Automotive Industry (1st ed.). Chicester: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118802397. <a href="9781118802397" target="_blank">9781118802397</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">"The 2021 EU Industrial R&D Investment Scoreboard" (PDF). European Commission. Retrieved 27 February 2022. <a href="https://iri.jrc.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/contentype/scoreboard/2021-12/EU%20RD%20Scoreboard%202021%20FINAL%20online.pdf" target="_blank">https://iri.jrc.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/contentype/scoreboard/2021-12/EU%20RD%20Scoreboard%202021%20FINAL%20online.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Scientific and Technical Societies of the United States (Eighth ed.). Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences. 1968. p. 164. Retrieved 25 March 2014. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pS8rAAAAYAAJ&q=Society+of+Automobile+Engineers+-inauthor%3A%22Society+of+Automotive+Engineers%22&pg=PA164" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=pS8rAAAAYAAJ&q=Society+of+Automobile+Engineers+-inauthor%3A%22Society+of+Automotive+Engineers%22&pg=PA164</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">"Automotive Industry". carbidebur.com. Retrieved 26 November 2023. <a href="https://www.carbidebur.com/automotive-industry/" target="_blank">https://www.carbidebur.com/automotive-industry/</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Jarvis, Alice-Azania (24 September 2010). "The Timeline: Car manufacturing". The Independent. Retrieved 19 April 2024. <a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/motoring/features/timeline-car-manufacturing-2088018.html" target="_blank">https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/motoring/features/timeline-car-manufacturing-2088018.html</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">"U.S. Makes Ninety Percent of World's Automobiles". Popular Science. Vol. 115, no. 5. November 1929. p. 84. Retrieved 6 August 2013. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FSgDAAAAMBAJ&q=U.S.+makes+ninety+percent+of+world's+automobiles&pg=PA84" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=FSgDAAAAMBAJ&q=U.S.+makes+ninety+percent+of+world's+automobiles&pg=PA84</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">"China car production by type 2024". Statista. Retrieved 15 May 2025. <a href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/281133/car-production-in-china/#:~:text=In%202024,%20approximately%2027.5%20million,had%20been%20produced%20in%20China." target="_blank">https://www.statista.com/statistics/281133/car-production-in-china/#:~:text=In%202024,%20approximately%2027.5%20million,had%20been%20produced%20in%20China.</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Aichner, Thomas; Coletti, Paolo (2013). "Customers' online shopping preferences in mass customization". Journal of Direct, Data and Digital Marketing Practice. 15 (1): 20–35. doi:10.1057/dddmp.2013.34. S2CID 167801827. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fdddmp.2013.34" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fdddmp.2013.34</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">"ISO 26262-10:2012 Road vehicles -- Functional safety -- Part 10: Guideline on ISO 26262". International Organization for Standardization. Retrieved 25 March 2014. <a href="http://www.iso.org/iso/home/store/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=54591" target="_blank">http://www.iso.org/iso/home/store/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=54591</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Machado, Miguel Araújo; Rosado, Luís Filipe Soldado Granadeiro; Mendes, Nuno Alberto Marques; Miranda, Rosa Maria Mendes; dos Santos, Telmo Jorge Gomes (January 2022). "New directions for inline inspection of automobile laser welds using non-destructive testing". The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. 118 (3–4): 1183–1195. doi:10.1007/s00170-021-08007-0. hdl:10362/126077. ISSN 0268-3768. <a href="https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00170-021-08007-0" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00170-021-08007-0</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Machado, Miguel A.; Rosado, Luís S.; Mendes, Nuno M.; Miranda, Rosa M.; Santos, Telmo G. (4 November 2021). "Multisensor Inspection of Laser-Brazed Joints in the Automotive Industry". Sensors. 21 (21): 7335. doi:10.3390/s21217335. ISSN 1424-8220. PMC 8587767. PMID 34770642. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8587767" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8587767</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:14">Khor, Martin. "Developing economies slowing down". twnside.org.sg. Archived from the original on 13 October 2012. Retrieved 21 July 2015. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121013151102/http://www.twnside.org.sg/title2/gtrends/gtrends396.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20121013151102/http://www.twnside.org.sg/title2/gtrends/gtrends396.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">"2014 Global Automotive Consumer Study: Exploring consumer preferences and mobility choices in Europe" (PDF). Deloittelcom. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 July 2015. Retrieved 3 July 2015. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150704135550/http://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/global/Documents/Manufacturing/gx-global-automotive-consumer-study-europe-final.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20150704135550/http://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/global/Documents/Manufacturing/gx-global-automotive-consumer-study-europe-final.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Eisenstein, Paul A. (21 January 2010). "Building BRIC's: 4 Markets Could Soon Dominate the Auto World". thedetroitbureau.com. <a href="http://www.thedetroitbureau.com/2010/01/building-brics-the-four-markets-that-could-soon-dominate-the-automotive-world/" target="_blank">http://www.thedetroitbureau.com/2010/01/building-brics-the-four-markets-that-could-soon-dominate-the-automotive-world/</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Bertel Schmitt (15 February 2011). "Auto Industry Sets New World Record In 2010. Will Do It Again In 2011". The Truth About Cars. Retrieved 6 April 2019. <a href="https://www.thetruthaboutcars.com/2011/02/auto-industry-sets-new-world-record-in-2010-will-do-it-again-in-2011" target="_blank">https://www.thetruthaboutcars.com/2011/02/auto-industry-sets-new-world-record-in-2010-will-do-it-again-in-2011</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">"Global Automotive Outlook for 2011 Appears Positive as Mature Auto Markets Recover, Emerging Markets Continue to Expand". J.D. Power and Associates. 15 February 2011. Archived from the original on 17 February 2011. Retrieved 7 August 2011. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110217022100/http://businesscenter.jdpower.com/news/pressrelease.aspx?ID=2011018" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110217022100/http://businesscenter.jdpower.com/news/pressrelease.aspx?ID=2011018</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Khor, Martin. "Developing economies slowing down". twnside.org.sg. Archived from the original on 13 October 2012. Retrieved 21 July 2015. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121013151102/http://www.twnside.org.sg/title2/gtrends/gtrends396.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20121013151102/http://www.twnside.org.sg/title2/gtrends/gtrends396.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">"U.S. vehicle sales peaked in 2000". The Cherry Creek News. 27 May 2015. Archived from the original on 28 May 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2015. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150528010752/http://www.thecherrycreeknews.com/u-s-vehicle-sales-peaked-in-2005/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20150528010752/http://www.thecherrycreeknews.com/u-s-vehicle-sales-peaked-in-2005/</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">"European Green Deal: Commission proposes transformation of EU economy and society to meet climate ambitions". European Commission. 14 July 2021. <a href="https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_21_3541" target="_blank">https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_21_3541</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">"Fit for 55: European Union to end sale of petrol and diesel models by 2035". Autovista24. 14 July 2021. <a href="https://autovista24.autovistagroup.com/news/fit-for-55-european-union-to-end-sale-of-petrol-and-diesel-models-by-2035/" target="_blank">https://autovista24.autovistagroup.com/news/fit-for-55-european-union-to-end-sale-of-petrol-and-diesel-models-by-2035/</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">"COP26: Deal to end car emissions by 2040 idles as motor giants refuse to sign". Financial Times. 8 November 2021. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. <a href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/8c4a1809-902f-4582-a29e-1c83a97b9dff" target="_blank">https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/8c4a1809-902f-4582-a29e-1c83a97b9dff</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">"COP26: Every carmaker that pledged to stop selling fossil-fuel vehicles by 2040". CarExpert. 11 November 2021. <a href="https://www.carexpert.com.au/car-news/cop26-every-carmaker-that-pledged-to-stop-selling-fossil-fuel-vehicles-by-2040" target="_blank">https://www.carexpert.com.au/car-news/cop26-every-carmaker-that-pledged-to-stop-selling-fossil-fuel-vehicles-by-2040</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">"COP26: Germany fails to sign up to 2040 combustion engine phaseout". Deutsche Welle. 10 November 2021. <a href="https://www.dw.com/en/cop26-germany-fails-to-sign-up-to-2040-combustion-engine-phaseout/a-59777202" target="_blank">https://www.dw.com/en/cop26-germany-fails-to-sign-up-to-2040-combustion-engine-phaseout/a-59777202</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">Isaiah, David (6 October 2014). "Water, water, everywhere in vehicle manufacturing". Automotive World. <a href="https://www.automotiveworld.com/articles/water-water-everywhere-vehicle-manufacturing/" target="_blank">https://www.automotiveworld.com/articles/water-water-everywhere-vehicle-manufacturing/</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">Raymunt, Monica; Wilkes, William (22 February 2022). "Elon Musk Laughed at the Idea of Tesla Using Too Much Water. Now It's a Real Problem". bloomberg.com. <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-02-22/elon-musk-dismissed-tesla-tsla-german-factory-water-issue-now-it-s-a-problem" target="_blank">https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-02-22/elon-musk-dismissed-tesla-tsla-german-factory-water-issue-now-it-s-a-problem</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">"1998 - 1997 world motor vehicle production by type and economic area" (PDF). oica.net. Retrieved 21 July 2015. <a href="http://oica.net/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/cl98type.pdf" target="_blank">http://oica.net/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/cl98type.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">"1998 - 1997 world motor vehicle production by type and economic area" (PDF). oica.net. Retrieved 21 July 2015. <a href="http://oica.net/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/cl98type.pdf" target="_blank">http://oica.net/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/cl98type.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">"1999 Production Statistics". oica.net. <a href="http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/1999-statistics/" target="_blank">http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/1999-statistics/</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">"2000 Production Statistics". oica.net. <a href="http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2000-statistics/" target="_blank">http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2000-statistics/</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">"2001 Production Statistics". oica.net. <a href="http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2001-statistics/" target="_blank">http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2001-statistics/</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">"2002 Production Statistics". oica.net. <a href="http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2002-statistics/" target="_blank">http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2002-statistics/</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">"2003 Production Statistics". oica.net. <a href="http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2003-statistics/" target="_blank">http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2003-statistics/</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">"2004 Production Statistics". oica.net. <a href="http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2004-statistics/" target="_blank">http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2004-statistics/</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:36">"2005 Production Statistics". oica.net. <a href="http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2005-statistics/" target="_blank">http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2005-statistics/</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:37">"2006 Production Statistics". oica.net. <a href="http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2006-statistics/" target="_blank">http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2006-statistics/</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:38">"2007 Production Statistics". oica.net. <a href="http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2007-statistics/" target="_blank">http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2007-statistics/</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:39">"2008 Production Statistics". oica.net. <a href="http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2008-statistics/" target="_blank">http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2008-statistics/</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:40">"2009 Production Statistics". oica.net. <a href="http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2009-statistics" target="_blank">http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2009-statistics</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:41">"2010 Production Statistics". oica.net. <a href="http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2010-statistics" target="_blank">http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2010-statistics</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:42">"2011 Production Statistics". oica.net. <a href="http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2011-statistics" target="_blank">http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2011-statistics</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:43">"2012 Production Statistics". oica.net. <a href="http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2012-statistics" target="_blank">http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2012-statistics</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:44">"2013 Production Statistics". oica.net. <a href="http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2013-statistics" target="_blank">http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2013-statistics</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:45">"2014 Production Statistics". oica.net. <a href="http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2014-statistics" target="_blank">http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2014-statistics</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:46">"2015 Production Statistics". oica.net. <a href="http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2015-statistics" target="_blank">http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2015-statistics</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:47">"2016 Production Statistics". oica.net. <a href="http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2016-statistics" target="_blank">http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2016-statistics</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:48">"2017 Production Statistics". oica.net. <a href="http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2017-statistics" target="_blank">http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2017-statistics</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:49">"2018 Production Statistics". oica.net. <a href="http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2018-statistics" target="_blank">http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2018-statistics</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:50">"2019 Production Statistics". oica.net. <a href="http://www.oica.net/category/production-statistics/2019-statistics" target="_blank">http://www.oica.net/category/production-statistics/2019-statistics</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:51">"2020 Production Statistics". oica.net. <a href="http://www.oica.net/category/production-statistics/2020-statistics" target="_blank">http://www.oica.net/category/production-statistics/2020-statistics</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:52">"2021 Production Statistics". oica.net. <a href="http://www.oica.net/category/production-statistics/2021-statistics" target="_blank">http://www.oica.net/category/production-statistics/2021-statistics</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:53">"2022 Production Statistics". oica.net. <a href="http://www.oica.net/category/production-statistics/2022-statistics" target="_blank">http://www.oica.net/category/production-statistics/2022-statistics</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:54">Lynch, Jared; Hawthorne, Mark (17 October 2015). "Australia's car industry one year from closing its doors". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 27 May 2017. Retrieved 27 May 2017. <a href="http://www.smh.com.au/business/the-economy/australias-car-industry-one-year-from-closing-its-doors-20151012-gk7ip0.html" target="_blank">http://www.smh.com.au/business/the-economy/australias-car-industry-one-year-from-closing-its-doors-20151012-gk7ip0.html</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:55">"World Motor Vehicle Production by Country/Region and Type" (PDF). OICA. Retrieved 13 August 2024. <a href="https://www.oica.net/wp-content/uploads/By-country-region-2023.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.oica.net/wp-content/uploads/By-country-region-2023.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:56">"World Motor Vehicle Production: World Ranking of Manufacturers, Year 2017" (PDF). OICA. Retrieved 5 May 2019. <a href="http://www.oica.net/wp-content/uploads/World-Ranking-of-Manufacturers-1.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.oica.net/wp-content/uploads/World-Ranking-of-Manufacturers-1.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:57">"Top 15 Automakers in the World | Car Sales Rank Worldwide". <a href="https://www.factorywarrantylist.com/car-sales-by-manufacturer.html" target="_blank">https://www.factorywarrantylist.com/car-sales-by-manufacturer.html</a> <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:58">As of 2017 <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:59">"World Motor Vehicle Production: World Ranking of Manufacturers, Year 2017" (PDF). OICA. Retrieved 5 May 2019. <a href="http://www.oica.net/wp-content/uploads/World-Ranking-of-Manufacturers-1.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.oica.net/wp-content/uploads/World-Ranking-of-Manufacturers-1.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:60">"2020 Worldwide Car Sales by Manufacturer". F&I Tools USA. 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2024. <a href="https://www.factorywarrantylist.com/car-sales-by-manufacturer.html" target="_blank">https://www.factorywarrantylist.com/car-sales-by-manufacturer.html</a> <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:61">OICA lists SAIC-GM-Wuling combined with G.M. until 2014 but separately from 2015. Including SAIC-GM-Wuling, G.M. would still be larger than Hyundai until 2020. <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:62">As of 2012 <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:63">"World Ranking of Manufacturers Year 2013" (PDF). OICA. Retrieved 13 August 2024. <a href="https://www.oica.net/wp-content/uploads//ranking-2013s-2.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.oica.net/wp-content/uploads//ranking-2013s-2.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:64">"World Ranking of Manufacturers Year 2012" (PDF). OICA. Retrieved 13 August 2024. <a href="https://www.oica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/worldpro2012-modification-ranking.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.oica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/worldpro2012-modification-ranking.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:64" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:65">"World Ranking of Manufacturers Year 2011" (PDF). OICA. Retrieved 13 August 2024. <a href="https://www.oica.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/ranking-2011.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.oica.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/ranking-2011.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:65" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:66">Fiat acquired Chrysler in 2012. However, Fiat and Chrysler was still listed separately by OICA in 2012, and combined first from 2013. Separately, the production by Fiat was 2,127,295 and by Chrysler 2,371,427. <a href="#fnref:66" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:67">"Perusahaan Ootmobil Kedua" [Second Automobile Company] (in Malay). Malaysia: Perodua. 17 January 2017. Archived from the original on 17 January 2017. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170117015645/http://www.perodua.com.my/corporate/company" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170117015645/http://www.perodua.com.my/corporate/company</a> <a href="#fnref:67" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:68">"Mercedes-Benz Offloads Its Entire Renault Stake". Auto Evolution. 12 November 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2024. <a href="https://www.autoevolution.com/news/mercedes-benz-offloads-its-entire-renault-stake-174067.html" target="_blank">https://www.autoevolution.com/news/mercedes-benz-offloads-its-entire-renault-stake-174067.html</a> <a href="#fnref:68" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:69">Sun, Edward; Taylor, Yilei (23 July 2019). "China's BAIC buys 5% Mercedes-Benz Group stake to cement alliance". Reuters. US. Retrieved 5 December 2020. <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-baic-daimler-idUSKCN1UI0IY" target="_blank">https://www.reuters.com/article/us-baic-daimler-idUSKCN1UI0IY</a> <a href="#fnref:69" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:70">"China's Geely to Acquire Stake in Malaysian Carmaker Proton". Bloomberg.com. 23 May 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2017. <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-05-23/proton-owner-said-to-agree-to-sell-stake-in-carmaker-to-geely-j31o98jt" target="_blank">https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-05-23/proton-owner-said-to-agree-to-sell-stake-in-carmaker-to-geely-j31o98jt</a> <a href="#fnref:70" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:71">"Mercedes and Geely joint ownership of Smart". Auto Express. Retrieved 5 December 2020. <a href="https://www.autoexpress.co.uk/smart/106448/mercedes-and-geely-officially-announce-joint-ownership-of-smart-brand" target="_blank">https://www.autoexpress.co.uk/smart/106448/mercedes-and-geely-officially-announce-joint-ownership-of-smart-brand</a> <a href="#fnref:71" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:72">"Nissan to take 34% stake in Mitsubishi Motors". BBC News. 12 May 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2016. <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/business-36273122" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.com/news/business-36273122</a> <a href="#fnref:72" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:73">Fitzgerald, Jack (8 November 2024). "Mitsubishi Buys Large Percentage of Shares Back from Nissan". US. Retrieved 4 May 2025. <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-baic-daimler-idUSKCN1UI0IY" target="_blank">https://www.reuters.com/article/us-baic-daimler-idUSKCN1UI0IY</a> <a href="#fnref:73" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:74">"Nissan, Renault move toward alliance rejig, to make statement -sources". Euronews. 30 January 2023. Retrieved 4 May 2025. <a href="https://www.euronews.com/next/2023/01/30/nissan-renault" target="_blank">https://www.euronews.com/next/2023/01/30/nissan-renault</a> <a href="#fnref:74" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:75">"Statement" (Press release). Alliance. 30 January 2023. Archived from the original on 30 January 2023. Retrieved 4 May 2025. <a href="https://media.alliancernm.com/statement//?lang=eng" target="_blank">https://media.alliancernm.com/statement//?lang=eng</a> <a href="#fnref:75" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:76">"Renault Group and Nissan announce the completion of their agreements framing the foundations of the new chapter of the Alliance" (Press release). Nissan. 8 November 2023. Archived from the original on 8 November 2023. Retrieved 4 May 2025. <a href="https://global.nissannews.com/en/releases/231108-03-e" target="_blank">https://global.nissannews.com/en/releases/231108-03-e</a> <a href="#fnref:76" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:77">Toyota buys stake in Mazda, joint US factory, EV development planned | CarAdvice <a href="http://www.caradvice.com.au/572997/toyota-buys-stake-in-mazda-joint-us-factory-ev-development-planned/" target="_blank">http://www.caradvice.com.au/572997/toyota-buys-stake-in-mazda-joint-us-factory-ev-development-planned/</a> <a href="#fnref:77" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:78">"Toyota pulls Suzuki firmly into its orbit through stake deal". Reuters. 28 August 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2020. <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-toyota-suzuki-idUSKCN1VI0MI" target="_blank">https://www.reuters.com/article/us-toyota-suzuki-idUSKCN1VI0MI</a> <a href="#fnref:78" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:79">"Corporate Introduction". Chery Jaguar Land Rover. Retrieved 5 December 2020. <a href="https://www.cheryjaguarlandrover.com/pc_static/company/index_en.php" target="_blank">https://www.cheryjaguarlandrover.com/pc_static/company/index_en.php</a> <a href="#fnref:79" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:80">"Mercedes-Benz and Geely Holding have formally established its global joint venture "smart Automobile Co., Ltd." for the smart brand". media.daimler.com (Press release). Retrieved 5 December 2020. <a href="https://media.daimler.com/marsMediaSite/en/instance/ko/Mercedes-Benz-and-Geely-Holding-have-formally-established-its-global-joint-venture-smart-Automobile-Co-Ltd-for-the-smart-brand.xhtml?oid=45340879" target="_blank">https://media.daimler.com/marsMediaSite/en/instance/ko/Mercedes-Benz-and-Geely-Holding-have-formally-established-its-global-joint-venture-smart-Automobile-Co-Ltd-for-the-smart-brand.xhtml?oid=45340879</a> <a href="#fnref:80" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Automotive industry open-in-new

Automotive industry