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Outline of computer programming
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<h2 id="history">History</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/History_of_computer_science/yxHB1I7t">History of computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/History_of_computing_hardware/83xXSmuW">History of computing hardware</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/History_of_computing_hardware_(1960s%E2%80%93present)/Eq0nC7aD">History of computing hardware (1960s–present)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/History_of_programming_languages/0MAFKehA">History of programming languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Timeline_of_programming_languages/LyrQzvGm">Timeline of programming languages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Computer_programming_in_the_punched_card_era/apCrzgER">Computer programming in the punched card era</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Operating_systems_timeline/VUkt443G">Operating systems timeline</a></li></ul> <h2 id="platforms">Platforms</h2> <p class="note">Further information: <a href="/facts/Computing_platform/DmKwp5Bk">Computing platform</a></p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Computer/SQe1aK05">Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Computer_hardware/8jSjsCNv">Computer hardware</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Analog_computer/3NhYoCML">Analog computer</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Analytical_Engine/Ts9xduLI">Analytical Engine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Digital computer <ul><li><a href="/facts/Vacuum-tube_computer/bF5nkR2h">Vacuum-tube computer</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_vacuum-tube_computers/LekQ3jN1">List of vacuum-tube computers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Transistor_computer/4JXJWsaQ">Transistor computer</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_transistorized_computers/I1NxrfXb">List of transistorized computers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Mainframe_computer/nrBR6rWa">Mainframe</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Minicomputer/g8hvpQxe">Minicomputer</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Microcomputer/ETW22UTv">Microcomputer</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Home_computers/CDEPVd1T">Home computers</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/IBM_PC_compatible/zGUpl7Sh">IBM PC compatible</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Personal_computer/koaYfNce">Personal computer</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Desktop_computer/edFPINdK">Desktop computer</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Laptop_computer/3EFwTAb2">Laptop computer</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Mobile_computer/eHT86bQU">Mobile computer</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Personal_digital_assistant/fLTT1Uqy">Personal digital assistant</a> (PDA)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Smartphone/cSIrBMWG">Smartphone</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Tablet_computer/6pGX2I7b">Tablet computer</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Wearable_computer/lFFo7LWf">Wearable computer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Server_(computing)/dEaYFD7r">Server</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Supercomputer/HT9NwGAN">Supercomputer</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Virtual_machine/BLevU3sx">Virtual machine</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Hardware_virtualization/6e2Bhhz2">Hardware virtualization</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Runtime_system/YmCuC4xP">Runtime system</a></li></ul></li></ul> <h2 id="paradigms">Paradigms</h2> <p class="note">Further information: <a href="/facts/Programming_paradigm/7LwgRpB3">Programming paradigm</a></p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Agent-oriented_programming/Dyo5RBjl">Agent-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Aspect-oriented_programming/HK7CFwan">Aspect-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Automata-based_programming/h6shsDUa">Automata-based</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Class-based_programming/n3wudt1B">Class-based</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Concatenative_programming/aGKqUHWj">Concatenative</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Concept_programming/Y1XzvTrB">Concept</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Concurrent_programming/yVzQBPr9">Concurrent</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Data-driven_programming/kpkmDAAp">Data-driven</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Declarative_programming/gogtdzcJ">Declarative</a> (as opposed to imperative programming) <ul><li><a href="/facts/Constraint_programming/rgkCK5bD">Constraint</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Constraint_logic_programming/b47VLwE9">Constraint logic</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Concurrent_constraint_logic_programming/txgnB9Br">Concurrent constraint logic</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Dataflow_programming/60IdWpE1">Dataflow</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Flow-based_programming/J4SELXwF">Flow-based</a> (FBP)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Reactive_programming/Jj8CsdKY">Reactive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Functional_programming/cdxqPEIM">Functional</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Functional_logic_programming/MbPeVdnC">Functional logic</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Purely_functional_programming/am3DcNAd">Purely functional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Logic_programming/Xgh8lj3F">Logic</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Abductive_logic_programming/Q2anRXk4">Abductive logic</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Answer_set_programming/Qv1BmBWU">Answer set</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Concurrent_logic_programming/ykrNo3yy">Concurrent logic</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Functional_logic_programming/MbPeVdnC">Functional logic</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Inductive_logic_programming/gKc9Nxq4">Inductive logic</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Probabilistic_logic_programming/etqEIEdA">Probabilistic logic</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Event-driven_programming/QlGL2Fu6">Event-driven</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Time-driven_programming/p9HxgL4L">Time-driven</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Expression-oriented_programming_language/xI66LFzW">Expression-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Feature-oriented_programming/Ilc1y1nA">Feature-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Function-level_programming/0uCybhfG">Function-level</a> (as opposed to value-level programming)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Generic_programming/kqtqJk7p">Generic</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Imperative_programming/6b5dUnE1">Imperative</a> (as opposed to declarative programming) <ul><li><a href="/facts/Literate_programming/TvPFfD8L">Literate</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Procedural_programming/7r5xz7kx">Procedural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Inductive_programming/5f60B8ww">Inductive programming</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Language-oriented_programming/xsp4hqoy">Language-oriented</a> (LOP) <ul><li><a href="/facts/Natural_language_programming/u756D2Bz">Natural language programming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Non-structured_programming/QvSn4rk4">Non-structured</a> (as opposed to <a href="/facts/Structured_programming/zA8b8dP1">Structured</a>) <ul><li><a href="/facts/Array_programming/gFx1SxIY">Array</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nondeterministic_programming/XRRlHhKn">Nondeterministic</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Probabilistic_programming_language/73uGIo5w">Probabilistic</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Process-oriented_programming/Qfy1b174">Process-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Role-oriented_programming/VJhGQ5Qe">Role-oriented</a></li> <li>Semantic-oriented (SOP)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Structured_programming/zA8b8dP1">Structured</a> (as opposed to non-structured programming) <ul><li><a href="/facts/Block_(programming)/E6yG3dnJ">Block-structured</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Modular_programming/sNoqKvRD">Modular</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Concurrent_computing/yVzQBPr9">Concurrent computing</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Relativistic_programming/uPyhnezB">Relativistic programming</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Object-oriented_programming/TxNMEcao">Object-oriented</a> (OOP) <ul><li><a href="/facts/Class-based_programming/n3wudt1B">Class-based</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Concurrent_object-oriented_programming/N1q7h9Gs">Concurrent OOP</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Prototype-based_programming/x9oNIYPG">Prototype-based</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Subject-oriented_programming/jmsRqxL5">Subject-oriented</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Tacit_programming/x8bU89wW">Tacit</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Value-level_programming/e949vECq">Value-level</a> (as opposed to function-level programming)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Visual_programming/j0eyIPzU">Visual</a></li></ul> <h2 id="writing-programs">Writing programs</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Pseudocode/XgN19duK">Pseudocode</a></li></ul> <h3>Methodology</h3> <p class="note">Further information: <a href="/facts/Programming_style/8HoSgA0e">Programming style</a></p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Array_programming/gFx1SxIY">Array programming</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/End-user_development/ECFS2wmt">End-user development</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Metaprogramming/ujbjjJTY">Metaprogramming</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Automatic_programming/zrrwX3CW">Automatic programming</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Reflective_programming/Nj8stFfp">Reflection</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Attribute-oriented_programming/mVex5PeP">Attribute-oriented programming</a> (AOP)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Homoiconicity/jNG51mrs">Homoiconicity</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Template_metaprogramming/yybwJ7AN">Template metaprogramming</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Policy-based_design/u7EL1aFL">Policy-based design</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Service-oriented_architecture/g8krR0dk">Service-oriented architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Service-oriented_modeling/dKBECNxo">Service-oriented modeling</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Recursion_(computer_science)/2uXo18Gv">Recursion</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Separation_of_concerns/Tx8jawNT">Separation of concerns</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Threaded_code/RwL3h6DJ">Threaded coding</a></li></ul> <h2 id="algorithms">Algorithms</h2> <p class="note">Further information: <a href="/facts/Algorithm/fnl5NmRt">Algorithm</a></p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_algorithms/g3uenNkc">List of algorithms</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_algorithm_general_topics/n5Nzyx63">List of algorithm general topics</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Algorithm_characterizations/vcjDyFv1">Algorithm characterizations</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Introduction_to_Algorithms/o9n7KDsg">Introduction to Algorithms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Theory_of_computation/xYJd2YeI">Theory of computation</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Computational_complexity_theory/etHuVF3U">Computational complexity theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Analysis_of_algorithms/pStoBgBn">Analysis of algorithms</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Empirical_algorithmics/z8xA7lRB">Empirical algorithmics</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Big_O_notation/weFFjSWg">Big O notation</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Algorithmic_efficiency/VutjvPTd">Algorithmic efficiency</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Algorithmic_information_theory/Tltn3I0Y">Algorithmic information theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Algorithmic_probability/wGX52Xbw">Algorithmic probability</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Algorithmically_random_sequence/n0UTETlJ">Algorithmically random sequence</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Search_algorithm/eJuw0nyz">Search algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Sorting_algorithm/PwHpj1Gs">Sorting algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Merge_algorithm/pycrPFFE">Merge algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/String_algorithms/4ChJu5WS">String algorithms</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Greedy_algorithm/alfsekco">Greedy algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Reduction_(complexity)/IVWF7a1c">Reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Sequential_algorithm/Jl5SxP1U">Sequential algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Parallel_algorithm/nUPzEF4C">Parallel algorithm</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Distributed_algorithm/S35ydYjK">Distributed algorithm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Deterministic_algorithm/v8x4wz35">Deterministic algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Randomized_algorithm/Fngl1zgk">Randomized algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Quantum_algorithm/ceJaJ6Eq">Quantum algorithm</a></li></ul> <h2 id="programming-languages">Programming languages</h2> <p><a href="/facts/Programming_language/cWTYbgWa">Programming language</a> – formal constructed language designed to communicate instructions to a machine, particularly a computer. Programming languages can be used to create programs to control the behavior of a machine or to express algorithms. </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Generational_list_of_programming_languages/6QmzspSG">Generational list of programming languages</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_programming_languages_by_type/XuWNoawk">List of programming languages by type</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Alphabetical_list_of_programming_languages/c9HqJl1r">Alphabetical list of programming languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Compiled_language/WRqIRjFx">Compiled language</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Interpreted_language/JB85fbyb">Interpreted language</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Scripting_language/8pF4ajBL">Scripting language</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Comparison_of_programming_languages/VczeBEqP">Comparison of programming languages</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Programming_language_dialect/cWTYbgWa">Programming language dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Programming_language_theory/MfecfTFI">Programming language theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Formal_semantics_of_programming_languages/JEP1zyBv">Formal semantics of programming languages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Assembly_language/7XuV0cla">Assembly language</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Macro_(computer_science)/7abAsm1o">Macro</a></li></ul> <h3>Attributes of programming languages</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Domain-specific_language/n18H1foD">Domain-specific language</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Dynamic_programming_language/j8cQm8RF">Dynamic programming language</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Esoteric_programming_language/nyRNfC2P">Esoteric programming language</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Extensible_programming_language/hDFSJ5Xp">Extensible programming language</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/High-level_programming_language/smjECUhx">High-level programming language</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Interpreted_language/JB85fbyb">Interpreted language</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Low-level_programming_language/EEpKS6mb">Low-level programming language</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Machine_code/bgdQ1Fxf">Machine programming language</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Multi-paradigm_programming_language/7LwgRpB3">Multi-paradigm programming language</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Non-English-based_programming_languages/Ie5vEasN">Non-English-based programming language</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Object-based_language/ACALqUev">Object-based language</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Off-side_rule/LmengNTS">Off-side rule programming language</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Reflective_programming/Nj8stFfp">Reflective programming language</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Synchronous_programming_language/T8CFYfyG">Synchronous programming language</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Very_high-level_programming_language/tNKHpqRj">Very high-level programming language</a></li></ul> <h3>Popular languages</h3> <p>The top 20 most popular programming languages as of December 2022<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_computer_programming&action=edit">[update]</a>:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> </p> <ol><li><a href="/facts/Python_(programming_language)/YbuGqofa">Python</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/C%2B%2B/Et0F2qn9">C++</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Java_(programming_language)/9ScgFyAL">Java</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/C_Sharp_(programming_language)/UC2gxeyb">C#</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Visual_Basic_.NET/09mPEo4q">Visual Basic .NET</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/JavaScript/XhhIIEsl">JavaScript</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/SQL/UjQLJcYm">SQL</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Assembly_language/7XuV0cla">Assembly language</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/PHP/vU6YRJX0">PHP</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/R_(programming_language)/LSrkr8K8">R</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Go_(programming_language)/oWlsmAFJ">Go</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Visual_Basic_(classic)/7QMXM6fP">Classic Visual Basic</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/MATLAB/qPjLISCk">MATLAB</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Swift_(programming_language)/A7qHQC32">Swift</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Object_Pascal/cuGkuISv">Delphi/Object Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ruby_(programming_language)/BeYSaPSR">Ruby</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Perl/fx31kjlT">Perl</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Objective-C/5mM557BW">Objective-C</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Rust_(programming_language)/8JNMV19F">Rust</a></li></ol> <h3>Anatomy of a programming language</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Syntax_(programming_languages)/zM5oInza">Syntax</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Lexical_grammar/q2xsNz4K">Lexical grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Semicolon/VY8VsSPC">Semicolons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Value_(computer_science)/QgQPbewf">Values</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Data_type/fcx5hgVL">Types</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Operator_(computer_programming)/7TnU5LKu">Operators</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Program_structure/zA8b8dP1">Program structures</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Variable_(computer_science)/VoCKtwml">Variables</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Expression_(computer_science)/eRlhoBeN">Expressions</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Statement_(computer_science)/bEkBufqX">Statements</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Reserved_word/pHDlUUgY">Keywords and reserved words</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Structured_programming/zA8b8dP1">Control structures</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Subroutine/9vFJrg0A">Subroutines</a> (also known as functions) <ul><li><a href="/facts/Anonymous_function/2vdyE4zL">Anonymous functions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Loop_(computing)/2XTDfErC">Loops</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/For_loop/cwV2nRzp">For loops</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/While_loop/hLrKdAFo">While loops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Conditional_(computer_programming)/8gDQTqUD">Conditionals</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Conditional_(computer_programming)/8gDQTqUD">If-then</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Conditional_(computer_programming)/8gDQTqUD">If-then-else</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Switch_statement/oQCWnGWh">Case and switch statements</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Control_flow/2XTDfErC">Control flow</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Data_structure/yNsNvL1I">Data structures</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Object_(computer_science)/eX99dtAw">Objects</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Array_data_structure/BKGvF8AM">Arrays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Regular_expression/KFL3veHX">Regular expressions</a></li></ul> <h3>Comparisons of programming languages</h3> <p><a href="/facts/Comparison_of_programming_languages/VczeBEqP">Programming language comparisons</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Comparison_of_programming_languages/VczeBEqP">General comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Comparison_of_programming_languages_(syntax)/Qhhe2jBu">Basic syntax</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Comparison_of_programming_languages_(basic_instructions)/3Wl2kN8A">Basic instructions</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Exception_handling_syntax/b4sInxFV">Exception handling</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Enumerated_type/oQITgIYb">Enumerated types</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Anonymous_function/2vdyE4zL">Anonymous functions</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/%3F:/3C8mgMD9">Conditional expressions</a></li> <li>Functional instructions</li> <li><a href="/facts/Comparison_of_programming_languages_(array)/jXkamPj6">Arrays</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Comparison_of_programming_languages_(associative_arrays)/oGdEDkfd">Associative arrays</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Comparison_of_programming_languages_(strings)/LGKnl2fJ">String operations</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Comparison_of_programming_languages_(string_functions)/ALwbntgo">String functions</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Comparison_of_programming_languages_(list_comprehension)/8QS3yMJ2">List comprehension</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Comparison_of_programming_languages_(object-oriented_programming)/TeWY8Xuv">Object-oriented programming</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Constructor_(object-oriented_programming)/8JNHsH5H">Object-oriented constructors</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/While_loop/hLrKdAFo">While loops</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/For_loop/cwV2nRzp">For loops</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Evaluation_strategy/Pc9kLWgs">Evaluation strategy</a></li> <li>List of "Hello World" programs</li> <li><a href="/facts/Comparison_of_programming_languages_with_dependent_types/wCeQI7ds">Languages with dependent types</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Comparison_of_type_systems/JYMd0FfJ">Comparison of type systems</a></li></ul> <h4>Comparisons of individual languages</h4> <ul><li><a href="/facts/ALGOL_58/CbHqs9GR">ALGOL 58's influence on ALGOL 60</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/ALGOL_60/QnpxUYQm">ALGOL 60: Comparisons with other languages</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/ALGOL_68/NTnc9fy7">ALGOL 68: Comparisons with other languages</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Compatibility_of_C_and_C%2B%2B/xXuvKjlQ">Compatibility of C and C++</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Comparison_of_Pascal_and_Delphi/zBu78yCC">Comparison of Pascal and Borland Delphi</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Comparison_of_Object_Pascal_and_C/fNwyevKY">Comparison of Object Pascal and C</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Comparison_of_Pascal_and_C/09LrnNPN">Comparison of Pascal and C</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Comparison_of_Java_and_C%2B%2B/Eq9Wy9FB">Comparison of Java and C++</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Comparison_of_C_Sharp_and_Java/tGh75h7J">Comparison of C# and Java</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Comparison_of_C_Sharp_and_Visual_Basic_.NET/Pj4nG8k9">Comparison of C# and Visual Basic .NET</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Comparison_of_Visual_Basic_and_Visual_Basic_.NET/PLSJPtfL">Comparison of Visual Basic and Visual Basic .NET</a></li></ul> <h2 id="compilation">Compilation</h2> <p class="note">Further information: <a href="/facts/Compiler/WNfCDFJe">Compiler</a></p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Programmer/WGTS1Jv9">Programmer</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Source_code/o9J6Jv23">Source code</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Parsing/nRKB01S3">Parsing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Compiler/WNfCDFJe">Compilation</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Preprocessor/arTRL5RG">Preprocessing</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Translation_(computing)/D3TIzmrI">Translation</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Assembler_(computing)/7XuV0cla">Assembly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Linker_(computing)/pn1hztYe">Linking</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Compiler_optimization/JXnv4LUd">Compiler optimization</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Compilation_error/1e99bdBs">Compilation error</a></li></ul></li></ul> <h2 id="software">Software</h2> <p class="note">Further information: <a href="/facts/Computer_software/RP79lVSW">Computer software</a> and <a href="/facts/Software_documentation/cSXDUPPg">Software documentation</a></p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Computer_program/e38jH9N9">Computer program</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/%22Hello,_World!%22_program/vLn0jLlL">Hello world</a> (a common form of example program for learning programmers)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Application_software/YQuj7Kog">Application software</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Software_suite/4TlRyeus">Software suite</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Database_management_system/VYcpkevb">Database management system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Programming_software/wWaFqCFw">Programming software</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Programming_tool/wWaFqCFw">Programming tool</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Text_editor/jPCgtbvN">Text editor</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Source_code_editor/D0hecHMt">Source code editor</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Integrated_development_environment/jbEINSQf">Integrated development environment</a> (IDE)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Assembly_language/7XuV0cla">Assembler</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Compiler/WNfCDFJe">Compiler</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Interpreter_(computing)/JB85fbyb">Interpreter</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Linker_(computing)/pn1hztYe">Linker</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Debugger/mCe6UsWj">Debugger</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/System_software/0faaXG4d">System software</a></li></ul> <h3>Components</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Instruction_(computer_science)/8p8vwUeE">Instruction</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Library_(computing)/xRzL3P7q">Library</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Application_programming_interface/GMlN4vUr">Application programming interface</a> (API)</li></ul> <h3>Software development</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Outline_of_software_development/80bfNW1W">Software development</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Software_development_process/cIDtuNPN">Software development process</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/GitHub_Copilot/WbPpArxm">Copilot</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Debugging/QtdpPJT0">Debugging</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Human_error/DjcKhpy6">Human error</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Software_development_methodology/cIDtuNPN">Software development methodology</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Agile_software_development/LDaISBAW">Agile software development</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Extreme_programming/UCeJIvhQ">Extreme programming</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <h3>Software engineering</h3> <p><a href="/facts/Outline_of_software_engineering/FgC24RMV">Software engineering</a> – </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Implementation/IH1KXgP3">Implementation</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Execution_(computers)/1fyfGMFm">Execution</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Software_architecture/1Hokp0Ed">Software architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Software_reliability/7yoRvIuz">Software reliability</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Software_quality/7yoRvIuz">Software quality</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Software_testing/VoXzG9Tb">Software testing</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Software_maintenance/Uv39zQb0">Software maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Software_optimization/nXz6RpRM">Software optimization</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Software_brittleness/w3sfqkvz">Software brittleness</a></li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Outline_of_computers/nYMUmwUT">Outline of computers</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Outline_of_computing/TSLlWDFh">Outline of computing</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Outline_of_computer_science/1lAxBHGF">Outline of computer science</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Outline_of_artificial_intelligence/gpySbMRe">Outline of artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Outline_of_cryptography/E6r9ID3G">Outline of cryptography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Outline_of_the_Internet/InsjKd6U">Outline of the Internet</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Outline_of_Google/uu12EhAK">Outline of Google</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Outline_of_software/Io5nV0wn">Outline of software</a> <ul><li>Types of software <ul><li><a href="/facts/Outline_of_free_software/5dpqNAUF">Outline of free software</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Outline_of_search_engines/UebI1vUL">Outline of search engines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Outline_of_software_development/80bfNW1W">Outline of software development</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Outline_of_software_engineering/FgC24RMV">Outline of software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Outline_of_web_design_and_web_development/KafUwdD1">Outline of web design and web development</a></li> <li>Outline of computer programming <ul><li>Programming languages <ul><li><a href="/facts/Outline_of_C%2B%2B/EevI8tUU">Outline of C++</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Outline_of_Perl/lDXhd0c6">Outline of Perl</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://www.openbookproject.net/thinkcs/">How to Think Like a Computer Scientist</a> - by Jeffrey Elkner, Allen B. Downey and Chris Meyers</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Shaun Bebbington (2014). "What is coding". Retrieved 2014-03-03. <a href="https://yearofcodes.tumblr.com/what-is-coding" target="_blank">https://yearofcodes.tumblr.com/what-is-coding</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Shaun Bebbington (2014). "What is programming". Retrieved 2014-03-03. <a href="https://yearofcodes.tumblr.com/what-is-programming" target="_blank">https://yearofcodes.tumblr.com/what-is-programming</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"index | TIOBE - The Software Quality Company". www.tiobe.com. Retrieved 2022-12-27. <a href="https://www.tiobe.com/tiobe-index/" target="_blank">https://www.tiobe.com/tiobe-index/</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>