Slavs

<h2 id="ethnonym">Ethnonym</h2>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Slavs_(ethnonym)/Tp7ULBhB">Slavs (ethnonym)</a>
The oldest mention of the Slavic <a href="/facts/Ethnonym/fEFU3fYr">ethnonym</a> is from the 6th century AD, when <a href="/facts/Procopius/6VCmWLTL">Procopius</a>, writing in <a href="/facts/Byzantine_Greek/aXKrQL0h">Byzantine Greek</a>, used various forms such as Sklaboi (Σκλάβοι), Sklabēnoi (Σκλαβηνοί), Sklauenoi (Σκλαυηνοί), Sthlabenoi (Σθλαβηνοί), or Sklabinoi (Σκλαβῖνοι),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a> and his contemporary <a href="/facts/Jordanes/7ubI564h">Jordanes</a> refers to the Sclaveni in <a href="/facts/Latin/pM3Kge85">Latin</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> The oldest documents written in <a href="/facts/Old_Church_Slavonic/KCEH4cFL">Old Church Slavonic</a>, dating from the 9th century, attest the autonym as Slověne (Словѣне). Those forms point back to a Slavic <a href="/facts/Endonym/8pyd1nE9">autonym</a>, which can be reconstructed in <a href="/facts/Proto-Slavic/XwCspQ3n">Proto-Slavic</a> as *Slověninъ, plural Slověne.
The reconstructed autonym *Slověninъ is usually considered a derivation from slovo ("word"), originally denoting "people who speak (the same language)", meaning "people who understand one another", in contrast to the Slavic word denoting "<a href="/facts/German_people/F7mBCrJ4">German people</a>", namely *němьcь, meaning "silent, mute people" (from Slavic *němъ "<a href="/facts/Muteness/yxyMycIL">mute</a>, mumbling"). The word slovo ("word") and the related slava ("glory, fame") and sluh ("hearing") originate from the <a href="/facts/Proto-Indo-European/cVLNoM3p">Proto-Indo-European</a> root *ḱlew- ("be spoken of, glory"), cognate with Ancient Greek κλέος (kléos "fame"), as in the name <a href="/facts/Pericles/3htznDIx">Pericles</a>, Latin clueō ("be called"), and English loud.
In medieval and early modern sources written in Latin, Slavs are most commonly referred to as Sclaveni or the shortened version Sclavi.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a>

<h2 id="history">History</h2>

<h3>Origins</h3>
<h4>First mentions</h4>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Early_Slavs/SzKC53Jf">Early Slavs</a>
See also: <a href="/facts/Vistula_Veneti/7o2ntYxH">Vistula Veneti</a>, <a href="/facts/Spori/4BDPbClD">Spori</a>, <a href="/facts/Antes_(people)/rwoC8nL4">Antes</a>, <a href="/facts/Sclaveni/0Le4ne29">Sclaveni</a>, <a href="/facts/Wends/lSGBad1J">Wends</a>, <a href="/facts/Fatyanovo%25E2%2580%2593Balanovo_culture/XA3b1WsC">Fatyanovo–Balanovo culture</a>, <a href="/facts/Middle_Dnieper_culture/HtG1Dvhy">Middle Dnieper culture</a>, <a href="/facts/Milograd_culture/GDPIIRss">Milograd culture</a>, <a href="/facts/Zarubintsy_culture/Xwj2SWkw">Zarubintsy culture</a>, <a href="/facts/Kyiv_culture/J3nosgbX">Kyiv culture</a>, <a href="/facts/Prague-Korchak_culture/4AJHaGRq">Prague-Korchak culture</a>, <a href="/facts/Penkovka_culture/YeWYa2Ux">Penkovka culture</a>, <a href="/facts/Kolochin_culture/xyUhYgdr">Kolochin culture</a>, and <a href="/facts/Ipote%25C8%2599ti%25E2%2580%2593C%25C3%25A2nde%25C8%2599ti_culture/SGoIqleF">Ipotești–Cândești culture</a>

<a href="/facts/Ancient_Rome/cGqIuxPd"> Ancient Roman</a> sources refer to the <a href="/facts/Early_Slavs/SzKC53Jf">Early Slavic</a> peoples as <a href="/facts/Vistula_Veneti/7o2ntYxH"> "Veneti"</a>, who dwelt in a region of central Europe east of the <a href="/facts/Germanic_Peoples/N16QoPA7">Germanic</a> tribe of <a href="/facts/Suebi/dg0NkYWh">Suebi</a> and west of the Iranian <a href="/facts/Sarmatians/peXYHqbc">Sarmatians</a> in the 1st and 2nd centuries AD,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a> between the upper <a href="/facts/Vistula/mnDW9Uqt">Vistula</a> and <a href="/facts/Dnieper/RLJ1G8pH">Dnieper</a> rivers. Slavs - called <a href="/facts/Antes_(people)/rwoC8nL4">Antes</a> and <a href="/facts/Sclaveni/0Le4ne29">Sclaveni</a> - first appear in <a href="/facts/Byzantine_Empire/njEELXWF">Byzantine</a> records in the early 6th century AD. Byzantine historiographers of the era of the emperor <a href="/facts/Justinian_I/6wl5Ivh7">Justinian I</a> (r. 527–565), such as <a href="/facts/Procopius_of_Caesarea/6VCmWLTL">Procopius of Caesarea</a>, <a href="/facts/Jordanes/7ubI564h">Jordanes</a> and <a href="/facts/Theophylact_Simocatta/ECb4YaHE">Theophylact Simocatta</a>, describe tribes of these names emerging from the area of the <a href="/facts/Carpathian_Mountains/I3TkYUjj">Carpathian Mountains</a>, the lower <a href="/facts/Danube/8lMeM9xg">Danube</a> and the <a href="/facts/Black_Sea/M0rLKvge">Black Sea</a> to invade the Danubian provinces of the <a href="/facts/Eastern_Empire/njEELXWF">Eastern Empire</a>.
Jordanes, in his work <a href="/facts/Getica/6PsBn10J">Getica</a> (written in 551 AD),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a> describes the Veneti as a "populous nation" whose dwellings begin at the sources of the Vistula and occupy "a great expanse of land". He also describes the Veneti as the ancestors of Antes and Slaveni, two early Slavic tribes, who appeared on the Byzantine frontier in the early-6th century.
Procopius wrote in 545 that "the Sclaveni and the Antae actually had a single name in the remote past; for they were both called <a href="/facts/Sporoi/4BDPbClD">Sporoi</a> in olden times". The name Sporoi derives from <a href="/facts/Ancient_Greek/LIK7NlUh">Greek</a> σπείρω ("to <a href="/facts/Sowing/Ec5vVhRf">sow</a>"). He described them as barbarians, who lived under <a href="/facts/Democracy/3tLdVS1C">democracy</a> and believed in one god, "the maker of lightning" (<a href="/facts/Perun/M1Mdd752">Perun</a>), to whom they made sacrifice. They lived in scattered housing and constantly changed settlement. In war, they were mainly <a href="/facts/Infantry/QAHDDQtk"> foot soldiers</a> with shields, spears, bows, and little armour, which was reserved mainly for <a href="/facts/Tribal_chief/Rn1j2ubG"> chiefs</a> and their inner circle of warriors.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> Their language is "barbarous" (that is, not Greek), and the two tribes are alike in appearance, being tall and robust, "while their bodies and hair are neither very fair or blond, nor indeed do they incline entirely to the dark type, but they are all slightly ruddy in color. And they live a hard life, giving no heed to bodily comforts..."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a>
Jordanes describes the Sclaveni as having swamps and forests for their cities.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a> Another 6th-century source refers to them living among nearly-impenetrable forests, rivers, lakes, and marshes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a>
<a href="/facts/Menander_Protector/N7XqAxfR">Menander Protector</a> mentions <a href="/facts/Daurentius/uTulymj4">Daurentius</a> (r. c. 577 – 579) who slew an <a href="/facts/Avars_(Carpathians)/ahfVNL44">Avar</a> envoy of Khagan <a href="/facts/Bayan_I/KvkvmBpM">Bayan I</a> for asking the Slavs to accept the suzerainty of the Avars; Daurentius declined and is reported as saying: "Others do not conquer our land, we conquer theirs – so it shall always be for us as long as there are wars and weapons".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a>

<h4>Migrations</h4>
Further information: <a href="/facts/Slavic_migrations_to_Southeastern_Europe/4KzMgtqV">Slavic migrations to Southeastern Europe</a>

According to eastern homeland theory, prior to becoming known to the <a href="/facts/Ancient_Rome/cGqIuxPd">Roman</a> world, <a href="/facts/Slavic_language/b5GaeFx1">Slavic</a>-speaking tribes formed part of successive multi-ethnic confederacies of <a href="/facts/Eurasia/KlLI9GDM">Eurasia</a> – such as the Sarmatian, <a href="/facts/Hun_Empire/djwwoCXj"> Hun</a> and <a href="/facts/Goths/L0oobUSm"> Gothic</a> empires. The Slavs emerged from obscurity when the westward movement of Germanic tribes in the 5th and 6th centuries AD (thought to be in conjunction with the movement of peoples from Siberia and Eastern Europe: <a href="/facts/Huns/djwwoCXj">Huns</a>, and later <a href="/facts/Avars_(Carpathians)/ahfVNL44">Avars</a> and <a href="/facts/Bulgars/VftrpvNf">Bulgars</a>) started the <a href="/facts/Migration_period/wfQ7PU21">great migration</a> of the Slavs, who settled the lands abandoned by Germanic tribes who had fled from the Huns and their allies. Slavs, according to this account, moved westward into the country between the <a href="/facts/Oder/BFTBFN9y">Oder</a> and the <a href="/facts/Elbe/nCfafNDq">Elbe</a>-<a href="/facts/Saale/TsXT8HWA">Saale</a> line; southward into <a href="/facts/Bohemia/Wbr8gt6l">Bohemia</a>, <a href="/facts/Moravia/35gbBhxa">Moravia</a>, much of present-day <a href="/facts/Austria/4qWIMIyc">Austria</a>, the <a href="/facts/Pannonian_plain/9USv54w0">Pannonian plain</a> and the <a href="/facts/Balkans/5Hy8ly0d">Balkans</a>; and northward along the upper <a href="/facts/Dnieper/RLJ1G8pH">Dnieper</a> river. It has also been suggested that some Slavs migrated with the <a href="/facts/Vandals/THjfVCF7">Vandals</a> to the <a href="/facts/Iberian_Peninsula/ztFXI8zt">Iberian Peninsula</a> and even to <a href="/facts/North_Africa/ItxQAfs7">North Africa</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a>
Around the 6th century, Slavs appeared on <a href="/facts/Byzantine_Empire/njEELXWF">Byzantine</a> borders in large numbers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a> Byzantine records note that Slav numbers were so great, that grass would not regrow where the Slavs had marched through. Military movements resulted in even the <a href="/facts/Peloponnese/o56B4jsB">Peloponnese</a> and <a href="/facts/Asia_Minor/vMkrLrPr">Asia Minor</a> being reported to have Slavic settlements.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a> This southern movement has traditionally been seen as an invasive expansion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a> By the end of the 6th century, Slavs had <a href="/facts/Slavic_settlement_of_the_Eastern_Alps/HMQw1peh">settled the Eastern Alps regions</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a>
<a href="/facts/Pope_Gregory_I/tXPh1gce">Pope Gregory I</a> in 600 AD wrote to Maximus, the bishop of <a href="/facts/Salona/dIhmrpAN">Salona</a> (in <a href="/facts/Dalmatia/nstFC7cc">Dalmatia</a>), expressing concern about the arrival of the Slavs,

<blockquote>Latin: Et quidem de Sclavorum gente, quae vobis valde imminet, et affligor vehementer et conturbor. Affligor in his quae jam in vobis patior; conturbor, quia per Istriae aditum jam ad Italiam intrare coeperunt.</blockquote>
<blockquote>English: I am both distressed and disturbed about the Slavs, who are pressing hard on you. I am distressed because I sympathize with you; I am disturbed because they have already begun to arrive in <a href="/facts/Italy/tUf0PDYF">Italy</a> through the entry-point of <a href="/facts/Istria/eRrGTECc">Istria</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a></blockquote>
<h3>Middle Ages</h3>

When Slav migrations ended, their first <a href="/facts/Sovereign_state/TrUb8sns">state</a> organizations appeared, each headed by a prince with a treasury and a defense force. In the 7th century, the Frankish merchant <a href="/facts/Samo/EQDILu81">Samo</a> supported the Slavs against their <a href="/facts/Avars_(Carpathians)/ahfVNL44">Avar</a> rulers and became the ruler of the first known Slav state in Central Europe, <a href="/facts/Samo%2527s_Empire/tGBS8tl0">Samo's Empire</a>. This early Slavic polity probably did not outlive its founder and ruler, but it was the foundation for later <a href="/facts/West_Slavs/YGMvKjLA">West Slavic</a> states on its territory.
The oldest of them was <a href="/facts/Carantania/oeHfSRAt">Carantania</a>; others are the <a href="/facts/Principality_of_Nitra/ANzKKe9I">Principality of Nitra</a>, the <a href="/facts/Moravia/35gbBhxa">Moravian</a> principality (see under <a href="/facts/Great_Moravia/teYWwg9z">Great Moravia</a>) and the <a href="/facts/Balaton_Principality/XPhFbBRd">Balaton Principality</a>. The <a href="/facts/First_Bulgarian_Empire/3RCq0kUp">First Bulgarian Empire</a> was founded in 681 as an alliance between the ruling <a href="/facts/Bulgars/VftrpvNf">Bulgars</a> and the numerous <a href="/facts/Seven_Slavic_tribes/0TpQvIdC">Slavs</a> in the area, and their <a href="/facts/Bulgarian_language/susG15pr">South Slavic</a> language, the <a href="/facts/Old_Church_Slavonic/KCEH4cFL">Old Church Slavonic</a>, became the main and official language of the empire in 864 AD. Bulgaria was instrumental in the spread of <a href="/facts/Cyrillic_script/0btN3oWC">Slavic literacy</a> and Christianity to the rest of the Slavic world. <a href="/facts/Duchy_of_Croatia/b3a3MIbb">Duchy of Croatia</a> was founded in 7th century and later became <a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Croatia_(medieval)/SVJMhgPQ">Kingdom of Croatia</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a> <a href="/facts/Principality_of_Serbia_(early_medieval)/AqDDAQgT">Principality of Serbia</a> was founded in 8th, <a href="/facts/Duchy_of_Bohemia/7YNLMleB">Duchy of Bohemia</a> and <a href="/facts/Kievan_Rus%2527/oYbNWrwR">Kievan Rus'</a> both in the 9th century.
The expansion of the <a href="/facts/Hungarian_people/Aqot45Va">Magyars</a> into the <a href="/facts/Carpathian_Basin/9USv54w0">Carpathian Basin</a> and the <a href="/facts/Germanization/fawL24Kd">Germanization</a> of <a href="/facts/Archduchy_of_Austria/WpHKUa55">Austria</a> gradually separated the <a href="/facts/South_Slavs/lvXFR0wc">South Slavs</a> from the <a href="/facts/West_Slavs/YGMvKjLA">West</a> and <a href="/facts/East_Slavs/aNNxqGFq">East Slavs</a>. Later Slavic states, which formed in the following centuries included the <a href="/facts/Second_Bulgarian_Empire/zAWspoUj">Second Bulgarian Empire</a>, the <a href="/facts/History_of_Poland_during_the_Piast_dynasty/xTSvSzDg">Kingdom of Poland</a>, <a href="/facts/Banate_of_Bosnia/kSDy0tMv">Banate of Bosnia</a>, <a href="/facts/Duklja/wBHXQ9fP">Duklja</a> and <a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Serbia_(medieval)/IkSg4V4w">Kingdom of Serbia</a> which later grew into <a href="/facts/Serbian_Empire/HwX5KX0Y">Serbian Empire</a>.

<h3>Modern era</h3>

<a href="/facts/Pan-Slavism/5DKloWLf">Pan-Slavism</a>, a movement which came into prominence in the mid-19th century, emphasized the common heritage and unity of all the Slavic peoples. The main focus was in the Balkans where the South Slavs had been ruled for centuries by other empires: the Byzantine Empire, <a href="/facts/Austria-Hungary/9WPUPj0W">Austria-Hungary</a>, the <a href="/facts/Ottoman_Empire/6QvfTRsg">Ottoman Empire</a>, and <a href="/facts/Republic_of_Venice/5aqUw6gJ">Venice</a>. Austria-Hungary envisioned its own political concept of <a href="/facts/Austro-Slavism/gktYXIwl">Austro-Slavism</a>, in opposition of Pan-Slavism that was predominantly led by the <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a> 
As of 1878, there were only three majority Slavic states in the world: the Russian Empire, <a href="/facts/Principality_of_Serbia/qcbTJxRo">Principality of Serbia</a> and <a href="/facts/Principality_of_Montenegro/jggSbz3h">Principality of Montenegro</a>. <a href="/facts/Bulgaria/Er5pY3YS">Bulgaria</a> was effectively independent but was de jure vassal to the Ottoman Empire until official independence was declared in 1908. The Slavic peoples who were, for the most part, denied a voice in the affairs of the <a href="/facts/Austro-Hungarian_Empire/9WPUPj0W">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a>, were calling for national self-determination.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a> 
During <a href="/facts/World_War_I/vITTUanQ">World War I</a>, representatives of the Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes set up organizations in the <a href="/facts/Allies_of_World_War_I/HBo9sw1M">Allied</a> countries to gain sympathy and recognition.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a> In 1918, after World War I ended, the Slavs established such independent states as <a href="/facts/Czechoslovakia/9A6Kzmr0">Czechoslovakia</a>, the <a href="/facts/Second_Polish_Republic/YEYGMvn9">Second Polish Republic</a>, and the <a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Serbs%2c_Croats_and_Slovenes/IRNUtvxW">Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes</a>.
The first half of the 20th century in Russia and the <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a> was marked by a succession of <a href="/facts/Russian_Civil_War/MLfkI67n">wars</a>, <a href="/facts/Droughts_and_famines_in_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union/S5CYwYKX">famines</a> and other disasters, each accompanied by large-scale population losses.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a> The two major famines were in <a href="/facts/Russian_famine_of_1921%25E2%2580%25931922/l5TnX6am">1921 to 1922</a> and <a href="/facts/Holodomor/2X2zls3r">1932 to 1933</a>, which caused millions of deaths mostly around the <a href="/facts/Volga_region/yE3fn8aD">Volga region</a>, <a href="/facts/1921%25E2%2580%25931923_famine_in_Ukraine/RSz0cGNs">Ukraine</a> and the <a href="/facts/North_Caucasus/GpxBJatP">Northern Caucasus</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a> The latter resulted from Soviet leader <a href="/facts/Joseph_Stalin/SHtxGyQn">Joseph Stalin</a>'s <a href="/facts/Collectivization_in_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic/IexT8sFs">collectivization of agriculture in Ukraine</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a> 
During the war, <a href="/facts/Nazi_Germany/8kRbqRpo">Nazi Germany</a> used hundreds of thousands of people for <a href="/facts/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II/1VH1oSGE">slave labor in their concentration camps</a>, the majority of whom were <a href="/facts/Jews/T9Y4wE6A">Jewish</a> or Slavic.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a> Both groups were a part of what Germans claimed to be a "vast racially <a href="/facts/Dehumanization/bp0VlKGF">subhuman</a> surplus population" that they "<a href="/facts/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany/XD15nqkG">intended to eliminate</a> in time from <a href="/facts/New_Order_(Nazism)/81VYmUA5">their new empire</a>",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a> their term for "racial subhumans" being <a href="/facts/Untermensch/1YlGXgw3">Untermensch</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a> Thus, one of <a href="/facts/Adolf_Hitler/3zyXG1L8">Adolf Hitler</a>'s ambitions at the start of <a href="/facts/World_War_II/2efV5L1U">World War II</a> was to exterminate, expel, or enslave most or all West and East Slavs from their native lands, so as to make "<a href="/facts/Lebensraum/2tx980eq">living space</a>" for German settlers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a>
In early 1941, Germany began planning <a href="/facts/Generalplan_Ost/JmPmGnoj">Generalplan Ost</a>, the genocide of Slavs in Eastern Europe which was supposed to start after a major expansion of <a href="/facts/German_camps_in_occupied_Poland_during_World_War_II/qwBCAsDe">German concentration camps in occupied Poland</a> and the fall of Stalin's regime.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a> This plan was to be carried out gradually over 25 to 30 years.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a> After an approximate 30 million<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a> Slavs would be killed through starvation and their major cities depopulated, the Germans were supposed to repopulate Eastern Europe.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a> In June 1941, when Germany invaded the Soviet Union in <a href="/facts/Operation_Barbarossa/YKjYBQWn">Operation Barbarossa</a>, Hitler paused the plan to focus on the <a href="/facts/The_Holocaust/vGQsAb2y">extermination of the Jews</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a> However, some of the plan was nonetheless implemented. Millions of Slavs were murdered in Eastern Europe;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a> this includes victims of the <a href="/facts/Hunger_Plan/MH6yS5PS">Hunger Plan</a>, Germany's intentional starvation of the region,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51">51</a> as well as the <a href="/facts/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war/klze02st">murders of 3.3. million Soviet prisoners of war</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52">52</a> Germany's <a href="/facts/Heinrich_Himmler/8xMKCuh2">Heinrich Himmler</a> also ordered his subordinate <a href="/facts/Ludolf-Hermann_von_Alvensleben/bh6CrC29">Ludolf-Hermann von Alvensleben</a> to start repopulating <a href="/facts/Crimea/GkM1qNVC">Crimea</a>, and hundreds of ethnic Germans were forcibly moved to cities and villages there.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53">53</a> The Soviet <a href="/facts/Red_Army/n15nLQTu">Red Army</a> took back their land from the Germans <a href="/facts/Operation_Bagration/unJa5C3E">in 1944</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54">54</a> Stephen J. Lee estimates that, by the end of <a href="/facts/World_War_II/2efV5L1U">World War II</a> in 1945, the Russian population was about <a href="/facts/World_War_II_casualties_of_the_Soviet_Union/Qsde1Qf3">90 million fewer</a> than it could have been otherwise.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55">55</a> 
The ultra-nationalist, fascist <a href="/facts/Usta%25C5%25A1e/tCmJ9INJ">Ustaše</a> committed <a href="/facts/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia/MpUszHrJ">genocide against Serbs</a> during World War II.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56">56</a> The Serbian nationalist <a href="/facts/Chetniks/phtXNRLg">Chetniks</a> committed <a href="/facts/Chetnik_war_crimes_in_World_War_II/8RQ2lNm8">genocide against Croats and Bosniaks</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57">57</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58">58</a> Also during World War II, <a href="/facts/Fascist_Italy/6LEsbKQM">fascist Italy</a> sent tens of thousands of Slavs to <a href="/facts/List_of_Italian_concentration_camps/WvS2Y55p">concentration camps</a> in mainland Italy, <a href="/facts/Italian_Libya/Db7zNPLb">Libya</a>, and <a href="/facts/Balkans_campaign_(World_War_II)/cfkpHuhn">the Balkans</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59">59</a>
In 1991, the <a href="/facts/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union/Fyn5jw3n">Soviet Union collapsed</a>, and many former Soviet republics became independent countries.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60">60</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61">61</a> Currently, former Soviet states in Central Asia such as <a href="/facts/Kazakhstan/Vfs8NI6e">Kazakhstan</a> and <a href="/facts/Kyrgyzstan/MSNdCp8u">Kyrgyzstan</a> have very large minority Slavic populations, with most being Russians.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62">62</a> Kazakhstan has the largest Slavic minority population.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63">63</a>

<h2 id="languages">Languages</h2>
Main articles: <a href="/facts/History_of_the_Slavic_languages/gEe7JFYU">History of the Slavic languages</a> and <a href="/facts/Slavic_languages/b5GaeFx1">Slavic languages</a>

<a href="/facts/Proto-Slavic_language/XwCspQ3n">Proto-Slavic</a>, the supposed ancestor language of all Slavic languages, is a descendant of common <a href="/facts/Proto-Indo-European_language/cVLNoM3p">Proto-Indo-European</a>, via a <a href="/facts/Proto-Balto-Slavic/wE6x9r0c">Balto-Slavic stage</a> in which it developed numerous lexical and morphophonological isoglosses with the <a href="/facts/Baltic_language/Jmj2ckcI">Baltic languages</a>. In the framework of the <a href="/facts/Kurgan_hypothesis/Vrf8emue">Kurgan hypothesis</a>, "the Indo-Europeans who remained after the migrations [from the steppe] became speakers of Balto-Slavic".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64">64</a>
Proto-Slavic is defined as the last stage of the language preceding the geographical split of the historical <a href="/facts/Slavic_languages/b5GaeFx1">Slavic languages</a>. That language was uniform, and on the basis of borrowings from foreign languages and Slavic borrowings into other languages, it cannot be said to have any recognizable dialects, which suggests that there was, at one time, a relatively-small <a href="/facts/Slavic_urheimat/SzKC53Jf">Proto-Slavic homeland</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65">65</a> However, from a historical and archaeological point of view, the existence of a homogeneous Proto-Slavic people is judged improbable.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66">66</a>
Slavic linguistic unity was to some extent visible as late as Old Church Slavonic manuscripts which, though based on local Slavic speech of <a href="/facts/Thessaloniki/o3BFhhPR">Thessaloniki</a>, could still serve the purpose of the first common Slavic literary language.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67">67</a>
<a href="/facts/Standard_language/1AV0uont">Standardised</a> Slavic languages that have official status in at least one country are: <a href="/facts/Belarusian_language/yRuE1cfX">Belarusian</a>, <a href="/facts/Bosnian_language/T6magSgv">Bosnian</a>, <a href="/facts/Bulgarian_language/susG15pr">Bulgarian</a>, <a href="/facts/Croatian_language/o2Y8WHuy">Croatian</a>, <a href="/facts/Czech_language/ySvEftdh">Czech</a>, <a href="/facts/Macedonian_language/FdnWMYBR">Macedonian</a>, <a href="/facts/Montenegrin_language/YqwofxJX">Montenegrin</a>, <a href="/facts/Polish_language/lzpvYDvV">Polish</a>, <a href="/facts/Russian_language/ETXrTgHV">Russian</a>, <a href="/facts/Serbian_language/quNDpTCd">Serbian</a>, <a href="/facts/Slovak_language/HmmobnJ8">Slovak</a>, <a href="/facts/Slovene_language/09YPyUQr">Slovene</a>, and <a href="/facts/Ukrainian_language/2zDw7rpD">Ukrainian</a>. Russian is the most spoken Slavic language, and is the most spoken <a href="/facts/Native_language/1yK3tnLb">native language</a> in Europe.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68">68</a>
The alphabets used for Slavic languages are usually connected to the dominant religion among the respective ethnic groups. Orthodox Christians use the <a href="/facts/Cyrillic_script/0btN3oWC">Cyrillic alphabet</a> while Catholics use the <a href="/facts/Latin_alphabet/pqWVHpBz">Latin alphabet</a>; the Bosniaks, who are Muslim, also use the Latin alphabet and Cyrillic alphabet in Serbia. Additionally, some <a href="/facts/Eastern_Catholic_Churches/TEupXfEm">Eastern Catholics</a> and <a href="/facts/Latin_Church/PfAJxEDg">Western Catholics</a> use the Cyrillic alphabet. Serbian and Montenegrin use both the Cyrillic and Latin alphabets. There is also a Latin script to write in Belarusian, called <a href="/facts/Belarusian_Latin_alphabet/EP4qgnyR">Łacinka</a> and in Ukrainian, called <a href="/facts/Ukrainian_Latin_alphabet/0l2d4Sgv">Latynka</a>.

<h2 id="ethno-cultural-subdivisions">Ethno-cultural subdivisions</h2>
<a href="/facts/West_Slavs/YGMvKjLA">West Slavs</a> originate from early Slavic tribes which settled in <a href="/facts/Central_Europe/VdxzSbJz">Central Europe</a> after the <a href="/facts/East_Germanic_tribes/N16QoPA7">East Germanic tribes</a> had left this area during the <a href="/facts/Migration_period/wfQ7PU21">migration period</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69">69</a> They are noted as having mixed with <a href="/facts/Germans/F7mBCrJ4">Germanics</a>, <a href="/facts/Hungarians/Aqot45Va">Hungarians</a>, <a href="/facts/Celts/eMCVYAFz">Celts</a> (particularly the <a href="/facts/Boii/ckxnTPdB">Boii</a>), <a href="/facts/Old_Prussians/9J7Ifx7m">Old Prussians</a>, and the <a href="/facts/Pannonian_Avars/ahfVNL44">Pannonian Avars</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70">70</a> The West Slavs came under the influence of the <a href="/facts/Western_Roman_Empire/PkeT92o9">Western Roman Empire</a> (Latin) and of the <a href="/facts/Catholic_Church/rJ4F4gqH">Catholic Church</a>.
<a href="/facts/East_Slavs/aNNxqGFq">East Slavs</a> have origins in early Slavic tribes who mixed and contacted with <a href="/facts/Finnic_peoples/RkkuVapa">Finns</a>, <a href="/facts/Balts/cB1aswgY">Balts</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71">71</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72">72</a> and with the remnants of the people of the <a href="/facts/Goths/L0oobUSm">Goths</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73">73</a> Their early Slavic component, <a href="/facts/Antes_people/rwoC8nL4">Antes</a>, mixed or absorbed <a href="/facts/Iranian_peoples/gnzfoI8h">Iranians</a>, and later received influence from the <a href="/facts/Khazars/KwRflVop">Khazars</a> and <a href="/facts/Vikings/d0WFeQ6f">Vikings</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74">74</a> The East Slavs trace their national origins to the tribal unions of <a href="/facts/Kievan_Rus%2527/oYbNWrwR">Kievan Rus'</a> and <a href="/facts/Rus%2527_Khaganate/AR11MhIj">Rus' Khaganate</a>, beginning in the 10th century. They came particularly under the influence of the <a href="/facts/Byzantine_Empire/njEELXWF">Byzantine Empire</a> and of the <a href="/facts/Eastern_Orthodox_Church/5n20Akh5">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>.
<a href="/facts/South_Slavs/lvXFR0wc">South Slavs</a> from most of the region have origins in early Slavic tribes who mixed with the local Proto-Balkanic tribes (<a href="/facts/Illyrian_tribes/nRUFM0vL">Illyrian</a>, <a href="/facts/Dacian_tribes/WWmu7bwT">Dacian</a>, <a href="/facts/Thracian_tribes/WWmu7bwT">Thracian</a>, <a href="/facts/Paeonian_tribes/xsfbfobP">Paeonian</a>, <a href="/facts/Hellenic_tribes/9YUMz5gB">Hellenic tribes</a>), and <a href="/facts/Celtic_tribes/AHn8bIdd">Celtic tribes</a> (particularly the <a href="/facts/Scordisci/usjTydwr">Scordisci</a>), as well as with Romans (and the Romanized remnants of the former groups), and also with remnants of temporarily settled invading East Germanic, Asiatic or Caucasian tribes such as <a href="/facts/Gepids/oMkYp4xF">Gepids</a>, <a href="/facts/Huns/djwwoCXj">Huns</a>, <a href="/facts/Avars_(Carpathians)/ahfVNL44">Avars</a>, Goths and <a href="/facts/Bulgars/VftrpvNf">Bulgars</a>. The original inhabitants of present-day Slovenia and continental Croatia have origins in early Slavic tribes who mixed with Romans and romanized Celtic and Illyrian people as well as with Avars and Germanic peoples (Lombards and East Goths). The South Slavs (except the Slovenes and Croats) came under the cultural sphere of the <a href="/facts/Eastern_Roman_Empire/njEELXWF">Eastern Roman Empire</a> (Byzantine Empire), of the <a href="/facts/Ottoman_Empire/6QvfTRsg">Ottoman Empire</a> and of the <a href="/facts/Eastern_Orthodox_Church/5n20Akh5">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> and <a href="/facts/Islam/zDLbL45C">Islam</a>, while the Slovenes and the Croats were influenced by the <a href="/facts/Western_Roman_Empire/PkeT92o9">Western Roman Empire</a> (Latin) and thus by the <a href="/facts/Catholic_Church/rJ4F4gqH">Catholic Church</a> in a similar fashion to that of the West Slavs.

<h2 id="genetics">Genetics</h2>
Consistent with the proximity of their languages, analyses of <a href="/facts/Y_chromosome/nBDd0Vlg">Y chromosomes</a>, <a href="/facts/Mitochondrial_DNA/goC0ex0X">mDNA</a>, and <a href="/facts/Autosome/uN3B2AhI">autosomal</a> marker CCR5 delta 32 shows that <a href="/facts/East_Slavs/aNNxqGFq">East Slavs</a> and <a href="/facts/West_Slavs/YGMvKjLA">West Slavs</a> are genetically very similar, but demonstrating significant differences from neighboring Finno-Ugric, <a href="/facts/Turkic_peoples/ocd7rpI3">Turkic</a>, and North Caucasian peoples. Such genetic homogeneity is somewhat unusual, given such a wide dispersal of Slavic populations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75">75</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76">76</a> Together they form the basis of the "East European" <a href="/facts/Gene_cluster/0Goyb8eB">gene cluster</a>, which also includes non-Slavic <a href="/facts/Hungarians/Aqot45Va">Hungarians</a> and <a href="/facts/Aromanians/CBtqI85g">Aromanians</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77">77</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78">78</a>
Only <a href="/facts/Northern_Russian_dialects/tfA3W28r">Northern Russians</a> among East and West Slavs belong to a different, "Northern European" genetic cluster, along with <a href="/facts/Balts/cB1aswgY">Balts</a>, <a href="/facts/Germanic-speaking_Europe/x5zhXAwr">Germanic</a> and <a href="/facts/Baltic_Finnic_peoples/HyM7IgBp">Baltic Finnic peoples</a> (Northern Russian populations are very similar to Balts).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79">79</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80">80</a>

The 2006 Y-DNA study results "suggest that the Slavic expansion started from the territory of present-day Ukraine, thus supporting the hypothesis placing the earliest known homeland of Slavs in the basin of the middle <a href="/facts/Dnieper/RLJ1G8pH">Dnieper</a>".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81">81</a> According to genetic studies until 2020, the distribution, variance and frequency of the <a href="/facts/Human_Y-chromosome_DNA_haplogroup/HnkydH6o">Y-DNA haplogroups</a> <a href="/facts/Haplogroup_R1a/vbqo7Mqe">R1a</a> and <a href="/facts/Haplogroup_I-M438/3mc2BPHS">I2</a> and their subclades R-M558, R-M458 and I-CTS10228 among <a href="/facts/South_Slavs/lvXFR0wc">South Slavs</a> correlate with the spread of Slavic languages during the medieval Slavic expansion from Eastern Europe, most probably from the territory of present-day Ukraine and <a href="/facts/Lesser_Poland/gnbcdaVC">Southeastern Poland</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82">82</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83">83</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84">84</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85">85</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86">86</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87">87</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88">88</a>
According to a 2017 study, Slavic speakers like Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians have similar genetic components. Ukrainians and Belarusians have near-equal amounts of two "European components", which are commonly found in North Europe and Caucasus respectively. There is also no evidence of Asian admixture. However, samples of <a href="/facts/Novosibirsk/8UImC3vI">Novosibirsk</a> residents and <a href="/facts/Old_Believers/E0IVqAgk">Old Believers</a> in Siberia have 5-10% Central Siberian ancestry despite being genetically close to European Slavs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89">89</a>

<h2 id="religion">Religion</h2>
See also: <a href="/facts/Slavic_paganism/s5J1THoF">Slavic paganism</a>

The <a href="/facts/Slavic_paganism/s5J1THoF">pagan Slavic</a> populations <a href="/facts/Christianization_of_the_Slavs/wJh8Q3jA">were Christianized</a> between the 7th and 12th centuries. <a href="/facts/Eastern_Orthodox_Church/5n20Akh5">Orthodox Christianity</a> is predominant among East and South Slavs, while <a href="/facts/Catholic_Church/rJ4F4gqH">Catholicism</a> is predominant among West Slavs and some western <a href="/facts/South_Slavs/lvXFR0wc">South Slavs</a>. The religious borders are largely comparable to the <a href="/facts/East%25E2%2580%2593West_Schism/FDNED5X4">East–West Schism</a> which began in the 11th century. Islam first arrived in the 7th century during the <a href="/facts/Early_Muslim_conquests/HyPkljcc">early Muslim conquests</a>, and was gradually adopted by a number of Slavic ethnic groups through the centuries in the Balkans.
Among Slavic populations who profess a religion, the majority of contemporary Christian Slavs are Orthodox, followed by Catholic. The majority of Muslim Slavs follow the <a href="/facts/Hanafi/hDlsv2jF">Hanafi</a> school of the <a href="/facts/Sunni/WYo0zeq0">Sunni</a> branch of Islam.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90">90</a> Religious delineations by nationality can be very sharp; usually in the Slavic ethnic groups, the vast majority of religious people share the same religion.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Mainly <a href="/facts/Eastern_Orthodox_Church/5n20Akh5">Eastern Orthodoxy</a>:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91">91</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92">92</a><ul><li><a href="/facts/Russians/RBG9H1Rj">Russians</a></li><li><a href="/facts/Ukrainians/393lUkjj">Ukrainians</a></li><li><a href="/facts/Serbs/R4RD6MvE">Serbs</a></li><li><a href="/facts/Bulgarians/xa4djST7">Bulgarians</a></li><li><a href="/facts/Belarusians/GXQdoLqy">Belarusians</a></li><li><a href="/facts/Macedonians_(ethnic_group)/uA0KNDPA">Macedonians</a></li><li><a href="/facts/Montenegrins/YzASGGch">Montenegrins</a></li></ul></td><td>Mainly <a href="/facts/Catholicism/rJ4F4gqH">Catholicism</a>:<ul><li><a href="/facts/Polish_people/SgzNqHKq">Poles</a></li><li><a href="/facts/Silesians/Yg51NbJt">Silesians</a></li><li><a href="/facts/Kashubians/638DdDfc">Kashubians</a></li><li><a href="/facts/Gorals/ovy5cKIH">Gorals</a></li><li><a href="/facts/Czechs/PsqFMBxp">Czechs</a> (largely <a href="/facts/Irreligion_in_the_Czech_Republic/ME02LrjW">irreligious</a>)</li><li><a href="/facts/Slovaks/Tq71d53c">Slovaks</a></li><li><a href="/facts/Croats/pxr26XCP">Croats</a></li><li><a href="/facts/Slovenes/nQphKLCK">Slovenes</a></li><li><a href="/facts/Sorbs/6ecSfQu5">Sorbs</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93">93</a></li><li><a href="/facts/Rusyns/5IpGTxpJ">Rusyns</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94">94</a></li><li><a href="/facts/Banat_Bulgarians/IUNI1Kas">Banat Bulgarians</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95">95</a></li></ul></td><td>Mainly <a href="/facts/Islam_in_Europe/lH1JPn25">Islam</a>:<ul><li><a href="/facts/Bosniaks/Ql7ttxoI">Bosniaks</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96">96</a></li><li><a href="/facts/Pomaks/AABAewCA">Pomaks</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97">97</a></li><li><a href="/facts/Gorani_people/yv8MQYUp">Gorani</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98">98</a></li><li><a href="/facts/Torbe%25C5%25A1i/hD1nCUqY">Torbeši</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99">99</a></li><li><a href="/facts/Muslims_(ethnic_group)/nNMprdPP">Ethnic Muslims</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2 id="relations-with-non-slavic-people">Relations with non-Slavic people</h2>
See also: <a href="/facts/Baltic_Slavic_piracy/Fyg5pfdx">Baltic Slavic piracy</a>, <a href="/facts/Narentines/bmMgg9yf">Narentines</a>, <a href="/facts/Germania_Slavica/T7hjIK35">Germania Slavica</a>, and <a href="/facts/Bavaria_Slavica/tVqACl7W">Bavaria Slavica</a>
Throughout their history, Slavs came into contact with non-Slavic groups. In the postulated homeland region (present-day <a href="/facts/Ukraine/Qof0uqAj">Ukraine</a>), they had contacts with the Iranian <a href="/facts/Sarmatians/peXYHqbc">Sarmatians</a> and the Germanic <a href="/facts/Goths/L0oobUSm">Goths</a>. After their subsequent spread, the Slavs began assimilating non-Slavic peoples. For example, in the Northern Black Sea region, the Slavs assimilated the remnants of the Goths.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100">100</a> In the Balkans, there were <a href="/facts/Prehistory_of_Southeastern_Europe/WWvQJSXf">Paleo-Balkan</a> peoples, such as Romanized and <a href="/facts/Hellenization/w07GMufL">Hellenized</a> (<a href="/facts/Jire%25C4%258Dek_Line/TDdklx47">Jireček Line</a>) <a href="/facts/Illyrians/GlwCC68g">Illyrians</a>, <a href="/facts/Thracians/JrSuD03j">Thracians</a> and <a href="/facts/Dacians/qtkMCqF9">Dacians</a>, as well as <a href="/facts/Greeks/wXwd2xlb">Greeks</a> and <a href="/facts/Celts/eMCVYAFz">Celtic</a> <a href="/facts/Scordisci/usjTydwr">Scordisci</a> and <a href="/facts/Serdi/rMUNyg32">Serdi</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101">101</a> Because Slavs were so numerous, most indigenous populations of the Balkans were Slavicized. Thracians and Illyrians mixed as ethnic groups in this period. 
A notable exception is Greece, where <a href="/facts/Sclaveni/0Le4ne29">Slavs were Hellenized</a> because <a href="/facts/Byzantine_Greeks/QWe9G3mS">Greeks</a> were more numerous, especially with more Greeks returning to Greece in the 9th century and the influence of the church and administration,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102">102</a> however, Slavicized regions within <a href="/facts/Macedonia_(region)/IXyeSqNL">Macedonia</a>, <a href="/facts/Thrace/26TVWCL0">Thrace</a> and <a href="/facts/Moesia_Inferior/bw41LUd4">Moesia Inferior</a> also had a larger portion of locals compared to migrating Slavs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103">103</a> Other notable exceptions are the territory of present-day <a href="/facts/Romania/yolzk5cN">Romania</a> and <a href="/facts/Hungary/YRedQLtI">Hungary</a>, where Slavs settled en route to present-day Greece, North Macedonia, Bulgaria and <a href="/facts/East_Thrace/9tznf4uK">East Thrace</a> but assimilated, and the modern <a href="/facts/Albanians/wc6Mj4KA">Albanian</a> nation which claims descent from Illyrians and other Balkan tribes.
The status of the <a href="/facts/Bulgars/VftrpvNf">Bulgars</a> as a ruling class and their control of the land nominally left their legacy in the <a href="/facts/Bulgaria/Er5pY3YS">Bulgarian country and people</a>, but Bulgars were gradually also Slavicized into the present-day South Slavic ethnic group known as <a href="/facts/Bulgarians/xa4djST7">Bulgarians</a>. The <a href="/facts/Romance_languages/TMK4KHI3">Romance speakers</a> within <a href="/facts/Dalmatian_city-states/FIJoGChU">the fortified Dalmatian cities</a> retained their culture and language for a long time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104">104</a> Dalmatian Romance was spoken until the high Middle Ages, but, they too were eventually assimilated into the body of Slavs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105">105</a>
In the Western Balkans, South Slavs and Germanic <a href="/facts/Gepids/oMkYp4xF">Gepids</a> intermarried with invaders, eventually producing a Slavicized population. In Central Europe, the West Slavs intermixed with <a href="/facts/Germanic_peoples/N16QoPA7">Germanic</a>, <a href="/facts/Hungarians/Aqot45Va">Hungarian</a>, and <a href="/facts/Celts/eMCVYAFz">Celtic</a> peoples, while in Eastern Europe the East Slavs had encountered <a href="/facts/Baltic_Finns/HyM7IgBp">Finnic</a> and <a href="/facts/Varangians/D9HbBA7T">Scandinavian peoples</a>. Scandinavians (<a href="/facts/Varangians/D9HbBA7T">Varangians</a>) and Finnic peoples were involved in the <a href="/facts/Kievan_Rus%2527/oYbNWrwR">early formation of the Rus' state</a> but were completely Slavicized after a century. Some <a href="/facts/Finno-Ugric_peoples/KRb8uB7p">Finno-Ugric</a> tribes in the north were also absorbed into the expanding Rus population.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106">106</a> In the 11th and 12th centuries, constant incursions by nomadic <a href="/facts/Turkic_peoples/ocd7rpI3">Turkic</a> tribes, such as the <a href="/facts/Kipchaks/VnMHdsIy">Kipchak</a> and the <a href="/facts/Pecheneg/h7FSsvs3">Pecheneg</a>, caused a massive migration of East Slavic populations to the safer, heavily forested regions of the north.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107">107</a> In the Middle Ages, groups of <a href="/facts/Saxons/mqm06m4r">Saxon</a> ore miners settled in medieval <a href="/facts/Bosnia/jNVA1gPB">Bosnia</a>, <a href="/facts/Serbia/U0LVzPdI">Serbia</a> and <a href="/facts/Bulgaria/Er5pY3YS">Bulgaria</a>, where they were Slavicized.

<a href="/facts/Saqaliba/Aa2QAK07">Saqaliba</a> refers to the Slavic <a href="/facts/Mercenary/uQSfwcDR">mercenaries</a> and <a href="/facts/Slavery/IXX2S92u">slaves</a> in the medieval Arab world in <a href="/facts/North_Africa/ItxQAfs7">North Africa</a>, <a href="/facts/Sicily/E6fug03z">Sicily</a> and <a href="/facts/Al-Andalus/JTNmWTzP">Al-Andalus</a>. Saqaliba served as caliph's guards.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108">108</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109">109</a> In the 12th century, <a href="/facts/Baltic_Slavic_piracy/Fyg5pfdx">Slavic piracy in the Baltics</a> increased. The <a href="/facts/Wendish_Crusade/1gF5zywM">Wendish Crusade</a> was started against the Polabian Slavs in 1147, as a part of the <a href="/facts/Northern_Crusades/jaq4cjSc">Northern Crusades</a>. The pagan chief of the Slavic <a href="/facts/Obotrites/ecBbm7YX">Obodrite</a> tribes, <a href="/facts/Niklot/ryzzK8uP">Niklot</a>, began his open resistance when <a href="/facts/Lothar_III/8eBjGTPm">Lothar III</a>, <a href="/facts/Holy_Roman_Emperor/RYrqYynl">Holy Roman Emperor</a>, invaded Slavic lands. In August 1160, Niklot was killed, and German colonization (<a href="/facts/Ostsiedlung/FqFSCa46">Ostsiedlung</a>) of the Elbe-Oder region began. In <a href="/facts/Hanoverian_Wendland/uCSLCN8s">Hanoverian Wendland</a>, <a href="/facts/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern/9eYnXcY4">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a> and <a href="/facts/Lusatia/vIgfz4LX">Lusatia</a>, invaders started <a href="/facts/Germanization/fawL24Kd">germanization</a>. Early forms of germanization were described by German monks: <a href="/facts/Helmold/rlND46sS">Helmold</a> in the manuscript <a href="/facts/Chronicon_Slavorum/ulmY358h">Chronicon Slavorum</a> and <a href="/facts/Adam_of_Bremen/kjyExaIp">Adam of Bremen</a> in <a href="/facts/Gesta_Hammaburgensis_ecclesiae_pontificum/GQsYQn8X">Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110">110</a> The <a href="/facts/Polabian_language/WqykA7Qz">Polabian language</a> survived until the beginning of the 19th century in what is now the German state of <a href="/facts/Lower_Saxony/fWt73Hu4">Lower Saxony</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111">111</a> In <a href="/facts/Eastern_Germany/RH4rFxVB">Eastern Germany</a>, around 20% of Germans have historic Slavic paternal ancestry, as revealed in Y-DNA testing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112">112</a> Similarly, in Germany, around 20% of the foreign surnames are of Slavic origin.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113">113</a>
<a href="/facts/History_of_the_Cossacks/CpVrLGu3">Cossacks</a>, although Slavic and practicing <a href="/facts/Eastern_Orthodox_Church/5n20Akh5">Orthodox Christianity</a>, came from a mix of ethnic backgrounds, including <a href="/facts/Tatars/hgokK6aw">Tatars</a> and other peoples. The <a href="/facts/Gorals/ovy5cKIH">Gorals</a> of southern <a href="/facts/Poland/eXJ7fd0D">Poland</a> and northern <a href="/facts/Slovakia/gmJwpwM3">Slovakia</a> are partially descended from the originally Balkan Romance speaking <a href="/facts/Vlachs/HxIXvqtu">Vlachs</a>, who migrated into the region from the 14th to 17th centuries and were quickly absorbed into the local population, especially since the majority of Vlachs were already <a href="/facts/Slavicisation/tApvkRJc">slavicized</a> and the term became synonymous with Ruthenians. The populations of <a href="/facts/Moravian_Wallachia/HPxLaptX">Moravian Wallachia</a>, <a href="/facts/Carpathian_Ruthenia/rCWLraVf">Carpathian Ruthenia</a> and parts of northern Slovakia are also descended partially from the Vlachs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114">114</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115">115</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116">116</a> Conversely, some Slavs were assimilated into other populations. Although the majority continued towards Southeast Europe, attracted by the riches of the area that became the state of Bulgaria, a few remained in the Carpathian Basin in Central Europe and were assimilated into the <a href="/facts/Hungarian_people/Aqot45Va">Magyar</a> people. Numerous rivers and places in <a href="/facts/History_of_Romania/ng38CH0m">Romania</a> have a name with Slavic origins.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117">117</a>

<h2 id="population">Population</h2>

<a href="/facts/Winkler_Prins/nNmUgNpJ">Winkler Prins</a> (2002) estimated the number of Slavs worldwide to be around c. 260 million at the time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:118" href="#fn:118">118</a>[unreliable source?] Currently it is estimated that there are 300 million Slavic inhabitants in <a href="/facts/Central_Europe/VdxzSbJz">Central</a>, <a href="/facts/Eastern_Europe/f5CDGzNA">Eastern</a>, and <a href="/facts/Southeast_Europe/zxgEvCdQ">Southeastern Europe</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:119" href="#fn:119">119</a>

<table><tbody><tr><th>Ethnicity</th><th colspan="2">Estimates and census data</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Belarusians/GXQdoLqy">Belarusians</a></td><td colspan="2"><ul><li>c. 8.37 million Belarusians in Belarus (2009 Belarusian census)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:120" href="#fn:120">120</a></li><li>46,787 <a href="/facts/Belarusian_minority_in_Poland/G5wPyxba">Belarusians in Poland</a> (2011 Polish census)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:121" href="#fn:121">121</a></li><li>20,710 "Byelorussian"	(5,125 Byelorussian-only) in Canada (2016 Canadian census)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:122" href="#fn:122">122</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Bosniaks/Ql7ttxoI">Bosniaks</a> (previously called "Bosnian Muslims")</td><td colspan="2"><ul><li>1,898,963 Bosniaks in Bosnia and Herzegovina (1991, according to Statistic yearbook of SRBiH 1992)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:123" href="#fn:123">123</a>: 43 </li><li>c. 1.9 million Bosniaks in Bosnia and Herzegovina (2013–2022 <a href="/facts/The_World_Factbook/q4qMpEQh">CIA World Factbook</a> estimate)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:124" href="#fn:124">124</a></li><li>153,801 Bosniaks in Serbia (2022 Serbian census)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:125" href="#fn:125">125</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:126" href="#fn:126">126</a></li><li>58,956 Bosniaks in Montenegro (2023 Montenegrin census)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:127" href="#fn:127">127</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:128" href="#fn:128">128</a></li><li>17,018 Bosniaks in North Macedonia (2002 North Macedonia census)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:129" href="#fn:129">129</a></li><li>26,740 "Bosnians" (15,610	Bosnian-only) in Canada (2016 Canadian census)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:130" href="#fn:130">130</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Bulgarians/xa4djST7">Bulgarians</a></td><td colspan="2"><ul><li>c. 10 million Bulgarians worldwide (Kolev early 2000s estimate)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:131" href="#fn:131">131</a></li><li>c. 6.5 million Bulgarians in Bulgaria (Jeffreys et al. 2008 estimate)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:132" href="#fn:132">132</a></li><li>c. 10 million Bulgarian speakers worldwide (Jeffreys et al. 2008 estimate)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:133" href="#fn:133">133</a></li><li>c. 9 million Bulgarians worldwide, of which nearly 7 million in Bulgaria (Cole 2011 estimate)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:134" href="#fn:134">134</a></li><li>c. 9 million Bulgarians worldwide, of which c. 7.3 million in Bulgaria (Danver 2015 estimate)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:135" href="#fn:135">135</a></li><li>12,918 Bulgarians in Serbia (2022 Serbian census)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:136" href="#fn:136">136</a></li><li>34,560 Bulgarians	(19,965 Bulgarian-only) in Canada (2016 Canadian census)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:137" href="#fn:137">137</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Bunjevci/nF3uSbhd">Bunjevci</a></td><td colspan="2"><ul><li>11,104 Bunjevci in Serbia (2022 Serbian census)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:138" href="#fn:138">138</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Croats/pxr26XCP">Croats</a></td><td colspan="2"><ul><li>c. 4.5 million Croats in Croatia and c. 4 million Croats abroad (1993 estimate by Palermo & Sabanadze 2011)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:139" href="#fn:139">139</a></li><li>759,906 Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina (1991, according to Statistic yearbook of SRBiH 1992)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:140" href="#fn:140">140</a>: 43 </li><li>c. 4.5 million Croats outside Croatia (Winland 2004 estimate)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:141" href="#fn:141">141</a></li><li>c. 4.5 million Croats and people of Croatian heritage outside Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina (HWC 2003 estimate)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:142" href="#fn:142">142</a></li><li>39,107 Croats in Serbia (2022 Serbian census)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:143" href="#fn:143">143</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:144" href="#fn:144">144</a></li><li>5,150 Croats in Montenegro (2023 Montenegrin census)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:145" href="#fn:145">145</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:146" href="#fn:146">146</a></li><li>133,965 Croats (55,595 Croatian-only) in Canada (2016 Canadian census)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:147" href="#fn:147">147</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Czechs/PsqFMBxp">Czechs</a></td><td colspan="2"><ul><li>c. 6.1 million Czechs in Czechia (2021–22 <a href="/facts/The_World_Factbook/q4qMpEQh">CIA World Factbook</a> estimate)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:148" href="#fn:148">148</a></li><li>6,732,104 Czechs in Czechia (2011 Czech census)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:149" href="#fn:149">149</a></li><li>28,996 Czechs in Slovakia (2021 Slovak census)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:150" href="#fn:150">150</a></li><li>3,447 Czechs in Poland (2011 Polish census)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:151" href="#fn:151">151</a></li><li>104,585 Czechs (23,250 Czech-only) in Canada (2016 Canadian census)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:152" href="#fn:152">152</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Czechoslovaks/AgE7AudY">Czechoslovaks</a> (a supra-ethnic category of Czechs and Slovaks)</td><td colspan="2"><ul><li>c. 304,000 people with Czechoslovak ancestry in the United States (2010 American Community Survey)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:153" href="#fn:153">153</a></li><li>40,715 "Czechoslovak, not otherwise specified" (5,075 Czechoslovak-only) in Canada (2016 Canadian census)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:154" href="#fn:154">154</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Gorani_people/yv8MQYUp">Gorani</a></td><td colspan="2"><ul><li>c. 60,000 Gorani worldwide (2009 estimate by political party Građanska inicijativa Goranaca)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:155" href="#fn:155">155</a></li><li>7,700 Gorani in Serbia (2022 Serbian census)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:156" href="#fn:156">156</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Kashubians/638DdDfc">Kashubians</a></td><td colspan="2"><ul><li>c. 331,000 Kashubs and c. 184,000 "half-Kashubs" (couldn't speak Kashubian) in the <a href="/facts/Gda%25C5%2584sk_Voivodeship_(1975%25E2%2580%25931998)/AdJqqIRA">Gdańsk region</a> (Latoszek 1980s)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:157" href="#fn:157">157</a></li><li>52,665 inhabitants of Poland spoke Kashubian at home (49,855 of them also spoke Polish at home) (2002 Polish census)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:158" href="#fn:158">158</a></li><li>566,737 "Kashubs and people with partial Kashubian ancestry" in Pomerania (Mordawski 2005)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:159" href="#fn:159">159</a></li><li>232,547 Kashubians in Poland (2011 Polish census)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:160" href="#fn:160">160</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Macedonians_(ethnic_group)/uA0KNDPA">Macedonians</a></td><td colspan="2"><ul><li>1,297,981 Macedonians in North Macedonia (2002 North Macedonia census)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:161" href="#fn:161">161</a></li><li>c. 580,000 <a href="/facts/Macedonian_diaspora/8QteD5Xf">Macedonian emigrants</a> (1964 estimate)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:162" href="#fn:162">162</a></li><li>14,767 Macedonians in Serbia (2022 Serbian census)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:163" href="#fn:163">163</a></li><li>43,110 Macedonians (18,405 Macedonian-only) in Canada (2016 Canadian census)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:164" href="#fn:164">164</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Montenegrins/YzASGGch">Montenegrins</a></td><td colspan="2"><ul><li>256,436 Montenegrins in Montenegro (2023 Montenegrin census)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:165" href="#fn:165">165</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:166" href="#fn:166">166</a></li><li>c. 500,000 Montenegrins outside Montenegro (2014 <a href="/facts/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Montenegro)/qrCJJj71">Montenegrin Foreign Ministry</a> estimate)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:167" href="#fn:167">167</a><ul><li>20,238 Montenegrins in Serbia (2022 Serbian census)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:168" href="#fn:168">168</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:169" href="#fn:169">169</a></li><li>4,165 Montenegrins (915 Montenegrin-only) in Canada (2016 Canadian census)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:170" href="#fn:170">170</a></li></ul></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Moravians_(ethnic_group)/lfvLP1fU">Moravians</a></td><td colspan="2"><ul><li>522,474 Moravians in Czechia (2011 Czech census)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:171" href="#fn:171">171</a></li><li>1,098 Moravians in Slovakia (2021 Slovak census)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:172" href="#fn:172">172</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Muslims_(ethnic_group)/nNMprdPP">Muslims (ethnic group)</a> (a supra-ethnic category of <a href="/facts/Bosniaks/Ql7ttxoI">Bosniaks</a>, <a href="/facts/Gorani_people/yv8MQYUp">Gorani</a>, <a href="/facts/Torbe%25C5%25A1i/hD1nCUqY">Torbeši</a>)</td><td colspan="2"><ul><li>13,011 Muslims in Serbia (2022 Serbian census)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:173" href="#fn:173">173</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:174" href="#fn:174">174</a></li><li>10,162 Muslims in Montenegro (2023 Montenegrin census)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:175" href="#fn:175">175</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:176" href="#fn:176">176</a></li><li>12,121 Muslims in Bosnia and Herzegovina (2013 BiH census)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:177" href="#fn:177">177</a>: 27 </li></ul></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Polish_people/SgzNqHKq">Poles</a></td><td colspan="2"><ul><li>37,393,651 inhabitants of Poland with declared Polish ethnicity (2011 Polish census)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:178" href="#fn:178">178</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:179" href="#fn:179">179</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:180" href="#fn:180">180</a></li><li>Over 20,000,000 <a href="/facts/Polish_diaspora/blJT04qC">Polish diaspora</a> (2015 estimate by wspolnotapolska.org.pl)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:181" href="#fn:181">181</a>[better source needed]</li><li>1,106,585	Poles (264,415 Polish-only) in Canada (2016 Canadian census)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:182" href="#fn:182">182</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Russians/RBG9H1Rj">Russians</a></td><td colspan="2"><ul><li>c. 118 million Russians in the Russian Federation (2002 <a href="/facts/Winkler_Prins/nNmUgNpJ">Winkler Prins</a> estimate)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:183" href="#fn:183">183</a></li><li>622,445 Russians (120,165 Russian-only) in Canada (2016 Canadian census)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:184" href="#fn:184">184</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Rusyns/5IpGTxpJ">Rusyns</a> (incl. <a href="/facts/Boykos/aAQyPkL6">Boykos</a>, <a href="/facts/Lemkos/t0U3XPGo">Lemkos</a>, <a href="/facts/Hutsuls/DQytjN6P">Hutsuls</a>)</td><td colspan="2"><ul><li>c. 1.2 million Rusyns worldwide (1995 Magocsi estimate)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:185" href="#fn:185">185</a></li><li>23,746 Rusyns in Slovakia (2021 Slovak census)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:186" href="#fn:186">186</a></li><li>11,483 Ruthenians in Serbia (2022 Serbian census)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:187" href="#fn:187">187</a></li><li>10,531 Lemkos in Poland (2011 Polish census)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:188" href="#fn:188">188</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Serbs/R4RD6MvE">Serbs</a></td><td colspan="2"><ul><li>5,360,239 Serbs in Serbia (2022 Serbian census)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:189" href="#fn:189">189</a></li><li>c. 2.3 million <a href="/facts/Serbian_diaspora/TLBGcpm4">Serbian diaspora</a> (2008 World Bank estimate)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:190" href="#fn:190">190</a></li><li>c. 3.2–3.8 million Serbian diaspora (2006 MARRI estimate)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:191" href="#fn:191">191</a></li><li>c. 3.9–4.2 million Serbian diaspora broadly defined (2008 <a href="/facts/Ministry_of_Religion_and_Diaspora_(Serbia)/qnCR6c83">Serbian Ministry for Diaspora</a> estimate)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:192" href="#fn:192">192</a></li><li>1,365,093 Serbs in Bosnia and Herzegovina (1991, according to Statistic yearbook of SRBiH 1992)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:193" href="#fn:193">193</a>: 43 </li><li>205,370 <a href="/facts/Serbs_of_Montenegro/R5a6o7ev">Serbs in Montenegro</a> (2023 Montenegrin census)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:194" href="#fn:194">194</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:195" href="#fn:195">195</a></li><li>35,939 <a href="/facts/Serbs_in_North_Macedonia/yN1t2ok7">Serbs in North Macedonia</a> (2002 North Macedonia census)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:196" href="#fn:196">196</a></li><li>96,535 Serbs (52,730 Serbian-only) in Canada (2016 Canadian census)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:197" href="#fn:197">197</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Silesians/Yg51NbJt">Silesians</a></td><td colspan="2"><ul><li>435,750 Silesians in Poland (2011 Polish census)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:198" href="#fn:198">198</a></li><li>12,231 Silesians in Czechia (2011 Czech census)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:199" href="#fn:199">199</a></li><li>c. 2 million Silesians in Poland (Grabowska 2002 estimate)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:200" href="#fn:200">200</a>: 6 </li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>Slavs (in the United States and Canada)</td><td colspan="2"><ul><li>c. 137,000 people with "Slavic" ancestry in the United States (2010 American Community Survey)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:201" href="#fn:201">201</a></li><li>4,870 "Slavic, not otherwise specified" (1,470 Slavic-only) in Canada (2016 Canadian census)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:202" href="#fn:202">202</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Slavic_speakers_of_Greek_Macedonia/FsXIQHf2">Slavs in Greece</a> (also a sub-ethnic category of Macedonians and Bulgarians)</td><td colspan="2"><ul><li>c. 200,000 speakers of "Macedonian" in Greece (Friedman 1985)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:203" href="#fn:203">203</a></li><li>c. 150,000—350,000 "Macedonians in Greek Macedonia" (various estimates around 1995)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:204" href="#fn:204">204</a></li><li>c. 20,000—50,000 "Slavic-speakers in northern Greece" (1990 <a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_State/WsB5FMBT">USDoS</a> estimates)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:205" href="#fn:205">205</a><ul><li>c. 5,000—10,000 of them self-identified as "Macedonians" (1990 <a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_State/WsB5FMBT">USDoS</a> estimates)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:206" href="#fn:206">206</a></li></ul></li><li>c. 10,000—50,000 Slavs in Greece (2002 <a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_State/WsB5FMBT">USDoS</a> estimates)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:207" href="#fn:207">207</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Slovaks/Tq71d53c">Slovaks</a></td><td colspan="2"><ul><li>4,353,775 Slovaks in Slovakia (2011 Slovak census)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:208" href="#fn:208">208</a>: 10 </li><li>4,567,547 Slovaks in Slovakia (2021 Slovak census)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:209" href="#fn:209">209</a></li><li>149,140 Slovaks in Czechia (2011 Czech census)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:210" href="#fn:210">210</a></li><li>41,730 Slovaks in Serbia (2022 Serbian census)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:211" href="#fn:211">211</a></li><li>c. 762,000 people with Slovak ancestry in the United States (2010 American Community Survey)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:212" href="#fn:212">212</a></li><li>2,294 (1,889 single, 947 multiple ethnic identity) Slovaks in Poland (2011 Polish census)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:213" href="#fn:213">213</a></li><li>72,290 Slovaks (20,475 Slovak-only) in Canada (2016 Canadian census)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:214" href="#fn:214">214</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Slovenes/nQphKLCK">Slovenes</a></td><td colspan="2"><ul><li>c. 1,632,000 Slovenes in Slovenia (2002 Slovenian census)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:215" href="#fn:215">215</a></li><li>c. 2.5 million Slovenes worldwide (2004 Zupančič estimate<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:216" href="#fn:216">216</a>)<ul><li>c. 1.8 million Slovenes in Slovenia (2004 Zupančič estimate<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:217" href="#fn:217">217</a>)</li><li>c. 0.7 million <a href="/facts/Slovene_diaspora/ykzUt5wM">Slovene diaspora</a> (2004 Zupančič estimate<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:218" href="#fn:218">218</a>)</li></ul></li><li>2,829 Slovenes in Serbia (2022 Serbian census)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:219" href="#fn:219">219</a></li><li>40,470 Slovenes (13,690 Slovenian-only) in Canada (2016 Canadian census)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:220" href="#fn:220">220</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Sorbs/6ecSfQu5">Sorbs</a></td><td colspan="2"><ul><li>c. 60,000 Sorbs in Germany (20,000 of which still spoke Sorb) (2007 Reuters estimate)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:221" href="#fn:221">221</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Ukrainians/393lUkjj">Ukrainians</a></td><td colspan="2"><ul><li>c. 46.7~51.8 million Ukrainians worldwide (2001 Ukrainian census + various diaspora estimates)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:222" href="#fn:222">222</a></li><li>c. 58,693,854 Ukrainians worldwide (1994 Pawliczko estimate<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:223" href="#fn:223">223</a>)<ul><li>c. 37,419,000 Ukrainians in Ukraine (1994 Pawliczko estimate<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:224" href="#fn:224">224</a>)</li><li>c. 21,274,854 <a href="/facts/Ukrainian_diaspora/xQTAraHh">Ukrainian diaspora</a> (1994 Pawliczko estimate<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:225" href="#fn:225">225</a>)</li></ul></li><li>1,359,655 Ukrainians (273,810 Ukrainian-only) in Canada (2016 Canadian census)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:226" href="#fn:226">226</a></li><li>51,001 Ukrainians in Poland (2011 Polish census)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:227" href="#fn:227">227</a></li><li>c. 1.2 million <a href="/facts/2022_Ukrainian_refugee_crisis/9dWAVw8R">Ukrainian refugees recorded in Poland</a> (August 2022 UNHCR figures)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:228" href="#fn:228">228</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Yugoslavs/DRTsylG2">Yugoslavs</a> (a supra-ethnic category of Bosniaks, Croats, Macedonians, Montenegrins, Serbs and Slovenes)</td><td colspan="2"><ul><li>210,395 <a href="/facts/Yugoslav_Americans/eSMDh2oD">Yugoslavs in the United States</a> (2021 American Community Survey)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:229" href="#fn:229">229</a></li><li>38,480 "Yugoslavian, not otherwise specified" (8,570 <a href="/facts/Yugoslav_Canadians/IKaHFAjV">Yugoslav-only</a>) in Canada (2016 Canadian census)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:230" href="#fn:230">230</a></li><li>27,143 <a href="/facts/Yugoslavs_in_Serbia/JPFjIu9N">Yugoslavs in Serbia</a> (2022 Serbian census)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:231" href="#fn:231">231</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:232" href="#fn:232">232</a></li><li>26,883 Yugoslavs in Australia (2011 Australian census)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:233" href="#fn:233">233</a></li><li>2,570 Yugoslavs in Bosnia and Herzegovina (2013 Bosnian and Herzegovinian census)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:234" href="#fn:234">234</a></li><li>1,632 Yugoslavs in Montenegro (2023 Montenegrin census)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:235" href="#fn:235">235</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2 id="historiography">Historiography</h2>
Main article: <a href="/facts/List_of_Slavic_studies_journals/zCf7TI4Y">List of Slavic studies journals</a>
<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>

<ul><li><a href="/facts/Asia_Minor_Slavs/TSjWuE1u">Asia Minor Slavs</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe/VR7tb16t">Ethnic groups in Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Gord_(archaeology)/IE2sgJyj">Gord (archaeology)</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Church_Slavonic/8R4I8vPs">Church Slavonic</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Lech%2c_%25C4%258Cech%2c_and_Rus/tlTgo6Jl">Lech, Čech, and Rus</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/List_of_contemporary_ethnic_groups/e0YktI37">List of contemporary ethnic groups</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/List_of_Slavic_tribes/SUDWgaA8">List of Slavic tribes</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Outline_of_Slavic_history_and_culture/N1rtDSh5">Outline of Slavic history and culture</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Panethnicity/1GnRDbs5">Panethnicity</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Pan-Slavic_colors/LLkW3YPc">Pan-Slavic colors</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Slavic_names/RHo6YQ0j">Slavic names</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Bulgarisation/txA4A5EB">Bulgarisation</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Polonization/T6tn3qfm">Polonization</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Russification/D9yUd7n9">Russification</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Serbianisation/D76zQ4FK">Serbianisation</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Polonization/T6tn3qfm">Polonization</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="notes">Notes</h2>

<h3>Citations</h3>

<h3>Sources</h3>
Primary sources

<ul><li><a href="/facts/Gyula_Moravcsik/8edjblL9">Moravcsik, Gyula</a>, ed. (1967) [1949]. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3al15wpFWiMC">Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio</a> (2nd revised ed.). Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-88402-021-9.</li>
<li>Scholz, Bernhard Walter, ed. (1970). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sTzl6wFjehMC">Carolingian Chronicles: Royal Frankish Annals and Nithard's Histories</a>. University of Michigan Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-472-06186-0.</li></ul>

Secondary sources

<ul><li>Allentoft, ME (11 June 2015). <a href="https://depot.ceon.pl/handle/123456789/13155">"Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia"</a>. <a href="/facts/Nature_(journal)/XmlJXkFx">Nature</a>. 522 (7555). <a href="/facts/Nature_Research/eTRtG9m7">Nature Research</a>: 167–172. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Natur.522..167A">2015Natur.522..167A</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature14507">10.1038/nature14507</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26062507">26062507</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4399103">4399103</a>.</li>
<li>Balanovsky, Oleg; Rootsi, Siiri; et al. (January 2008). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2253976">"Two sources of the Russian patrilineal heritage in their Eurasian context"</a>. American Journal of Human Genetics. 82 (1): 236–250. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajhg.2007.09.019">10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.09.019</a>. <a href="/facts/PMC_(identifier)/dX1zMt71">PMC</a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2253976">2253976</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18179905">18179905</a>.</li>
<li>Balanovsky, Oleg P. (2012). <a href="http://www.med-gen.ru/ar/ar_Balanovsky.pdf">Изменчивость генофонда в пространстве и времени: синтез данных о геногеографии митохондриальной ДНК и Y-хромосомы</a> [Variability of the gene pool in space and time: synthesis of data on the genogeography of mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome] (PDF) (Dr. habil. in Biology thesis) (in Russian). Moscow: <a href="/facts/USSR_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences/JsHAQ60h">Russian Academy of Medical Sciences</a>.</li>
<li>Barford, Paul M. (2001). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1Z9ItAtbJ5AC">The Early Slavs: Culture and Society in Early Medieval Eastern Europe</a>. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8014-3977-3.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Sebastian_Brather/88fLXj13">Brather, Sebastian</a> (2008). Archäologie der westlichen Slawen. Siedlung, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft im früh- und hochmittelalterlichen Ostmitteleuropa [Archaeology of the Western Slavs. Settlement, economy and society in early and high medieval East-Central Europe] (in German) (2 ed.). Berlin, New York: de Gruyter. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-3-11-020609-8.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Florin_Curta/C9dbs8Y5">Curta, Florin</a> (2001). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rcFGhCVs0sYC">The Making of the Slavs: History and Archaeology of the Lower Danube Region, c. 500–700</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-139-42888-0.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Florin_Curta/C9dbs8Y5">Curta, Florin</a> (2006). <a href="https://archive.org/details/southeasterneuro0000curt">Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-521-81539-0.</li>
<li>Curta Florin, <a href="https://www.academia.edu/229543/The_early_Slavs_in_Bohemia_and_Moravia_a_response_to_my_critics">The early Slavs in Bohemia and Moravia: a response to my critics</a></li>
<li>Đečević, Mehmed; Vuković-Ćalasan, Danijela; Knežević, Saša (2017). <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0888325416678042">"Re-designation of Ethnic Muslims as Bosniaks in Montenegro"</a>. East European Politics and Societies. 31 (1): 137–157. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0888325416678042">10.1177/0888325416678042</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:152238874">152238874</a>. Retrieved 18 August 2022.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Francis_Dvornik/9gRoL8sg">Dvornik, Francis</a> (1962). <a href="https://archive.org/details/slavsineuropeanh0000dvor">The Slavs in European History and Civilization</a>. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/John_Van_Antwerp_Fine_Jr./N2MJUnw8">Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr.</a> (1991) [1983]. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0NBxG9Id58C">The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century</a>. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-472-08149-3.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/John_Van_Antwerp_Fine_Jr./N2MJUnw8">Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr.</a> (1994) [1987]. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC">The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest</a>. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-472-08260-5.</li>
<li>Lacey, Robert. 2003. Great Tales from English History. Little, Brown and Company. New York. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-316-10910-X.</li>
<li>Lewis, Bernard. Race and Slavery in the Middle East. Oxford Univ. Press.</li>
<li>Mathieson, Iain (21 February 2018). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6091220">"The Genomic History of Southeastern Europe"</a>. <a href="/facts/Nature_(journal)/XmlJXkFx">Nature</a>. 555 (7695). <a href="/facts/Nature_Research/eTRtG9m7">Nature Research</a>: 197–203. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Natur.555..197M">2018Natur.555..197M</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature25778">10.1038/nature25778</a>. <a href="/facts/PMC_(identifier)/dX1zMt71">PMC</a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6091220">6091220</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29466330">29466330</a>.</li>
<li>Nystazopoulou-Pelekidou, Maria. 1992. <a href="http://www.hri.org/cgi-bin/brief?/docs/macque/">The "Macedonian Question": A Historical Review</a>. © Association Internationale d'Etudes du Sud-Est Europeen (AIESEE, International Association of Southeast European Studies), Comité Grec. Corfu: Ionian University. (English translation of a 1988 work written in Greek.)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Dimitri_Obolensky/xppUDt7x">Obolensky, Dimitri</a> (1974) [1971]. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RlBoAAAAMAAJ">The Byzantine Commonwealth: Eastern Europe, 500–1453</a>. London: Cardinal. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-351-17644-9.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/George_Ostrogorsky/T7gf7gMY">Ostrogorsky, George</a> (1956). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bt0_AAAAYAAJ">History of the Byzantine State</a>. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.</li>
<li>Rębała, Krzysztof, et al.. 2007. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10038-007-0125-6">Y-STR variation among Slavs: evidence for the Slavic homeland in the middle Dnieper basin</a>. Journal of Human Genetics, May 2007, 52(5): 408–414.</li>
<li>Verbenko, Dmitry A.; et al. (2005). "Variability of the 3'ApoB Minisatellite Locus in Eastern Slavonic Populations". Human Heredity. 60 (1): 10–18. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000087338">10.1159/000087338</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16103681">16103681</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8926871">8926871</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Alexis_P._Vlasto/WNmYyfjA">Vlasto, Alexis P.</a> (1970). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fpVOAAAAIAAJ">The Entry of the Slavs into Christendom: An Introduction to the Medieval History of the Slavs</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-521-07459-9.</li></ul>

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>

<ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100614174952/http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/25/8/1651">Mitochondrial DNA Phylogeny in Eastern and Western Slavs, B. Malyarchuk, T. Grzybowski, M. Derenko, M. Perkova, T. Vanecek, J. Lazur, P. Gomolcaknd I. Tsybovsky, Oxford Journals</a> (archived 14 June 2010)</li>
<li> Texts on Wikisource:
<ul><li>"Slavs". <a href="/facts/Encyclopedia_Americana/rsmEnQT5">Encyclopedia Americana</a>. 1920.</li>
<li>"Slavs". The New Student's Reference Work. 1914.</li>
<li>Leopold Lénard (1913). "The Slavs". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <a href="/facts/Catholic_Encyclopedia/GKufVzBf">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</li></ul></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
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<li id="fn:37">Gwiazda II, Henry J. (2016). "The Nazi Racial War: Concentration Camps in the New Order". The Polish Review. 61 (3): 59–84. doi:10.5406/polishreview.61.3.0059. <a href="https://scholarlypublishingcollective.org/tpr/article/61/3/59/215387/The-Nazi-Racial-War-Concentration-Camps-in-the-New" target="_blank">https://scholarlypublishingcollective.org/tpr/article/61/3/59/215387/The-Nazi-Racial-War-Concentration-Camps-in-the-New</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:39">Mark Harrison (2002). "Accounting for War: Soviet Production, Employment, and the Defence Burden, 1940–1945". Cambridge University Press. p.167. ISBN 0-521-89424-7 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yJcD7_Q_rQ8C&pg=PA167" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=yJcD7_Q_rQ8C&pg=PA167</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:41">Fritz, Stephen G. (2011). Ostkrieg: Hitler's War of Extermination in the East. University Press of Kentucky. Generalplan Ost (General plan for the east). ISBN 978-0-8131-4050-6 – via Google Books. <a href="978-0-8131-4050-6" target="_blank">978-0-8131-4050-6</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:61">"Kyrgyzstan Offers an Unlikely Window Into Slavic Culture". The Moscow Times. 10 December 2013. <a href="https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2013/12/10/kyrgyzstan-offers-an-unlikely-window-into-slavic-culture-a30350" target="_blank">https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2013/12/10/kyrgyzstan-offers-an-unlikely-window-into-slavic-culture-a30350</a> <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:62">"Kyrgyzstan Offers an Unlikely Window Into Slavic Culture". The Moscow Times. 10 December 2013. <a href="https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2013/12/10/kyrgyzstan-offers-an-unlikely-window-into-slavic-culture-a30350" target="_blank">https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2013/12/10/kyrgyzstan-offers-an-unlikely-window-into-slavic-culture-a30350</a> <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:63">Russians left behind in Central Asia, by Robert Greenall, BBC News, 23 November 2005. <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4420922.stm" target="_blank">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4420922.stm</a> <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:64">F. Kortlandt, The spread of the Indo-Europeans, Journal of Indo-European Studies, vol. 18 (1990), pp. 131–140. Online version, p. 4. <a href="http://www.kortlandt.nl/publications/art111e.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.kortlandt.nl/publications/art111e.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:64" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:65">F. Kortlandt, The spread of the Indo-Europeans, Journal of Indo-European Studies, vol. 18 (1990), pp. 131–140. Online version, p. 3. <a href="http://www.kortlandt.nl/publications/art111e.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.kortlandt.nl/publications/art111e.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:65" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:66">Brather 2008, pp. 54–55. - Brather, Sebastian (2008). Archäologie der westlichen Slawen. Siedlung, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft im früh- und hochmittelalterlichen Ostmitteleuropa [Archaeology of the Western Slavs. Settlement, economy and society in early and high medieval East-Central Europe] (in German) (2 ed.). Berlin, New York: de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-020609-8. <a href="#fnref:66" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:67">J.P. Mallory and D.Q. Adams, The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (2006), pp. 25–26. <a href="#fnref:67" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:68">"Russian". University of Toronto. Retrieved 26 March 2022. Russian is the most widespread of the Slavic languages and the largest native language in Europe. <a href="https://learn.utoronto.ca/programs-courses/languages-and-translation/language-learning/russian" target="_blank">https://learn.utoronto.ca/programs-courses/languages-and-translation/language-learning/russian</a> <a href="#fnref:68" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:69">Kobyliński, Zbigniew (1995). "The Slavs". In McKitterick, Rosamond (ed.). The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 1, c.500-c.700. Cambridge University Press. p. 531. ISBN 978-0-521-36291-7. <a href="978-0-521-36291-7" target="_blank">978-0-521-36291-7</a> <a href="#fnref:69" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:70">Roman Smal Stocki (1950). Slavs and Teutons: The Oldest Germanic-Slavic Relations. Bruce. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VM0KAQAAIAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=VM0KAQAAIAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:70" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:71">Raymond E. Zickel; Library of Congress. Federal Research Division (1 December 1991). Soviet Union: A Country Study. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. p. 138. ISBN 978-0-8444-0727-2. <a href="978-0-8444-0727-2" target="_blank">978-0-8444-0727-2</a> <a href="#fnref:71" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:72">Comparative Politics. Pearson Education India. pp. 182–. ISBN 978-81-317-6033-8. <a href="978-81-317-6033-8" target="_blank">978-81-317-6033-8</a> <a href="#fnref:72" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:73">Tarasov I.M. On the Mention of the Dnieper Varangians in the Context of the Legend of the Beginning of Kiev. 2023. P. 59–60 <a href="https://www.academia.edu/98572077" target="_blank">https://www.academia.edu/98572077</a> <a href="#fnref:73" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:74">Vlasto 1970, p. 237. - Vlasto, Alexis P. (1970). The Entry of the Slavs into Christendom: An Introduction to the Medieval History of the Slavs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-07459-9. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fpVOAAAAIAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=fpVOAAAAIAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:74" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:75">Verbenko 2005, pp. 10–18. - Verbenko, Dmitry A.; et al. (2005). "Variability of the 3'ApoB Minisatellite Locus in Eastern Slavonic Populations". Human Heredity. 60 (1): 10–18. doi:10.1159/000087338. PMID 16103681. S2CID 8926871. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000087338" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000087338</a> <a href="#fnref:75" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:76">Balanovsky 2012, p. 13. - Balanovsky, Oleg P. (2012). Изменчивость генофонда в пространстве и времени: синтез данных о геногеографии митохондриальной ДНК и Y-хромосомы [Variability of the gene pool in space and time: synthesis of data on the genogeography of mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome] (PDF) (Dr. habil. in Biology thesis) (in Russian). Moscow: Russian Academy of Medical Sciences. <a href="http://www.med-gen.ru/ar/ar_Balanovsky.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.med-gen.ru/ar/ar_Balanovsky.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:76" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:77">Verbenko 2005, pp. 10–18. - Verbenko, Dmitry A.; et al. (2005). "Variability of the 3'ApoB Minisatellite Locus in Eastern Slavonic Populations". Human Heredity. 60 (1): 10–18. doi:10.1159/000087338. PMID 16103681. S2CID 8926871. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000087338" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000087338</a> <a href="#fnref:77" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:78">Balanovsky 2012, p. 23. - Balanovsky, Oleg P. (2012). Изменчивость генофонда в пространстве и времени: синтез данных о геногеографии митохондриальной ДНК и Y-хромосомы [Variability of the gene pool in space and time: synthesis of data on the genogeography of mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome] (PDF) (Dr. habil. in Biology thesis) (in Russian). Moscow: Russian Academy of Medical Sciences. <a href="http://www.med-gen.ru/ar/ar_Balanovsky.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.med-gen.ru/ar/ar_Balanovsky.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:78" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:79">Balanovsky & Rootsi 2008, pp. 236–250. - Balanovsky, Oleg; Rootsi, Siiri; et al. (January 2008). "Two sources of the Russian patrilineal heritage in their Eurasian context". American Journal of Human Genetics. 82 (1): 236–250. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.09.019. PMC 2253976. PMID 18179905. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2253976" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2253976</a> <a href="#fnref:79" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:80">Balanovsky 2012, p. 26. - Balanovsky, Oleg P. (2012). Изменчивость генофонда в пространстве и времени: синтез данных о геногеографии митохондриальной ДНК и Y-хромосомы [Variability of the gene pool in space and time: synthesis of data on the genogeography of mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome] (PDF) (Dr. habil. in Biology thesis) (in Russian). Moscow: Russian Academy of Medical Sciences. <a href="http://www.med-gen.ru/ar/ar_Balanovsky.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.med-gen.ru/ar/ar_Balanovsky.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:80" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:81">Rebała, K; Mikulich, AI; Tsybovsky, IS; Siváková, D; Dzupinková, Z; Szczerkowska-Dobosz, A; Szczerkowska, Z (2007). "Y-STR variation among Slavs: Evidence for the Slavic homeland in the middle Dnieper basin". Journal of Human Genetics. 52 (5): 406–14. doi:10.1007/s10038-007-0125-6. PMID 17364156. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10038-007-0125-6" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10038-007-0125-6</a> <a href="#fnref:81" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:82">A. Zupan; et al. (2013). "The paternal perspective of the Slovenian population and its relationship with other populations". Annals of Human Biology. 40 (6): 515–526. doi:10.3109/03014460.2013.813584. PMID 23879710. S2CID 34621779. However, a study by Battaglia et al. (2009) showed a variance peak for I2a1 in the Ukraine and, based on the observed pattern of variation, it could be suggested that at least part of the I2a1 haplogroup could have arrived in the Balkans and Slovenia with the Slavic migrations from a homeland in present-day Ukraine... The calculated age of this specific haplogroup together with the variation peak detected in the suggested Slavic homeland could represent a signal of Slavic migration arising from medieval Slavic expansions. However, the strong genetic barrier around the area of Bosnia and Herzegovina, associated with the high frequency of the I2a1b-M423 haplogroup, could also be a consequence of a Paleolithic genetic signal of a Balkan refuge area, followed by mixing with a medieval Slavic signal from modern-day Ukraine. <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251567977" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251567977</a> <a href="#fnref:82" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:83">Underhill, Peter A. (2015), "The phylogenetic and geographic structure of Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a", European Journal of Human Genetics, 23 (1): 124–131, doi:10.1038/ejhg.2014.50, PMC 4266736, PMID 24667786, R1a-M458 exceeds 20% in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, and Western Belarus. The lineage averages 11–15% across Russia and Ukraine and occurs at 7% or less elsewhere (Figure 2d). Unlike hg R1a-M458, the R1a-M558 clade is also common in the Volga-Uralic populations. R1a-M558 occurs at 10–33% in parts of Russia, exceeds 26% in Poland and Western Belarus, and varies between 10 and 23% in the Ukraine, whereas it drops 10-fold lower in Western Europe. In general, both R1a-M458 and R1a-M558 occur at low but informative frequencies in Balkan populations with known Slavonic heritage. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:83" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:84">O.M. Utevska (2017). Генофонд українців за різними системами генетичних маркерів: походження і місце на європейському генетичному просторі [The gene pool of Ukrainians revealed by different systems of genetic markers: the origin and statement in Europe] (PhD) (in Ukrainian). National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. pp. 219–226, 302. <a href="http://nrcrm.gov.ua/science/councils/dissertation/" target="_blank">http://nrcrm.gov.ua/science/councils/dissertation/</a> <a href="#fnref:84" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:85">Neparáczki, Endre; et al. (2019). "Y-chromosome haplogroups from Hun, Avar and conquering Hungarian period nomadic people of the Carpathian Basin". Scientific Reports. 9 (16569). Nature Research: 16569. Bibcode:2019NatSR...916569N. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-53105-5. PMC 6851379. PMID 31719606. Hg I2a1a2b-L621 was present in 5 Conqueror samples, and a 6th sample form Magyarhomorog (MH/9) most likely also belongs here, as MH/9 is a likely kin of MH/16 (see below). This Hg of European origin is most prominent in the Balkans and Eastern Europe, especially among Slavic speaking groups. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6851379" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6851379</a> <a href="#fnref:85" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:86">Pamjav, Horolma; Fehér, Tibor; Németh, Endre; Koppány Csáji, László (2019). Genetika és őstörténet (in Hungarian). Napkút Kiadó. p. 58. ISBN 978-963-263-855-3. Az I2-CTS10228 (köznevén "dinári-kárpáti") alcsoport legkorábbi közös őse 2200 évvel ezelőttre tehető, így esetében nem arról van szó, hogy a mezolit népesség Kelet-Európában ilyen mértékben fennmaradt volna, hanem arról, hogy egy, a mezolit csoportoktól származó szűk család az európai vaskorban sikeresen integrálódott egy olyan társadalomba, amely hamarosan erőteljes demográfiai expanzióba kezdett. Ez is mutatja, hogy nem feltétlenül népek, mintsem családok sikerével, nemzetségek elterjedésével is számolnunk kell, és ezt a jelenlegi etnikai identitással összefüggésbe hozni lehetetlen. A csoport elterjedése alapján valószínűsíthető, hogy a szláv népek migrációjában vett részt, így válva az R1a-t követően a második legdominánsabb csoporttá a mai Kelet-Európában. Nyugat-Európából viszont teljes mértékben hiányzik, kivéve a kora középkorban szláv nyelvet beszélő keletnémet területeket. <a href="978-963-263-855-3" target="_blank">978-963-263-855-3</a> <a href="#fnref:86" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:87">Fóthi, E.; Gonzalez, A.; Fehér, T.; et al. (2020), "Genetic analysis of male Hungarian Conquerors: European and Asian paternal lineages of the conquering Hungarian tribes", Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 12 (1): 31, Bibcode:2020ArAnS..12...31F, doi:10.1007/s12520-019-00996-0, Based on SNP analysis, the CTS10228 group is 2200 ± 300 years old. The group's demographic expansion may have begun in Southeast Poland around that time, as carriers of the oldest subgroup are found there today. The group cannot solely be tied to the Slavs, because the proto-Slavic period was later, around 300–500 CE... The SNP-based age of the Eastern European CTS10228 branch is 2200 ± 300 years old. The carriers of the most ancient subgroup live in Southeast Poland, and it is likely that the rapid demographic expansion which brought the marker to other regions in Europe began there. The largest demographic explosion occurred in the Balkans, where the subgroup is dominant in 50.5% of Croatians, 30.1% of Serbs, 31.4% of Montenegrins, and in about 20% of Albanians and Greeks. As a result, this subgroup is often called Dinaric. It is interesting that while it is dominant among modern Balkan peoples, this subgroup has not been present yet during the Roman period, as it is almost absent in Italy as well (see Online Resource 5; ESM_5). <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:87" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:88">Kushniarevich, Alena; Kassian, Alexei (2020), "Genetics and Slavic languages", in Marc L. Greenberg (ed.), Encyclopedia of Slavic Languages and Linguistics Online, Brill, doi:10.1163/2589-6229_ESLO_COM_032367, retrieved 10 December 2020, The geographic distributions of the major eastern European NRY haplogroups (R1a-Z282, I2a-P37) overlap with the area occupied by the present-day Slavs to a great extent, and it might be tempting to consider both haplogroups as Slavic-specic patrilineal lineages <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341945550" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341945550</a> <a href="#fnref:88" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:89">Triska, Petr; Chekanov, Nikolay; Stepanov, Vadim; et al. (2017). "Between Lake Baikal and the Baltic Sea: genomic history of the gateway to Europe". BMC Genetics. 18 (1): 110. doi:10.1186/s12863-017-0578-3. PMC 5751809. PMID 29297395. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5751809" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5751809</a> <a href="#fnref:89" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:90">Sabrina P. Ramet (1989). Religion and Nationalism in Soviet and East European Politics. Duke University Press. pp. 380–. ISBN 978-0-8223-0891-1. <a href="978-0-8223-0891-1" target="_blank">978-0-8223-0891-1</a> <a href="#fnref:90" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:91">Goldblatt, Harvey (December 1986). "Orthodox Slavic Heritage and National Consciousness: Aspects of the East Slavic and South Slavic National Revivals". Harvard Ukrainian Studies. 10 (3/4). Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute: 336–354. JSTOR 41036261. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:91" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:92">Zdravkovski, Aleksander; Morrison, Kenneth (January 2014). "The Orthodox Churches of Macedonia and Montenegro: The Quest for Autocephaly". Religion and Politics in Post-Socialist Central and Southeastern Europe. pp. 240–262. doi:10.1057/9781137330727_10. ISBN 978-1-349-46120-2. <a href="978-1-349-46120-2" target="_blank">978-1-349-46120-2</a> <a href="#fnref:92" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:93">Sparrow, Thomas (16 June 2021). "Sorbs: The ethnic minority inside Germany". BBC. Retrieved 3 April 2022. <a href="https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20210615-sorbs-the-ethnic-minority-inside-germany" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20210615-sorbs-the-ethnic-minority-inside-germany</a> <a href="#fnref:93" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:94">Originally Eastern Orthodox, with some groups adopting Byzantine-Rite Catholicism under Polish and Austro-Hungarian rule and reverting to Eastern Orthodoxy starting in the late 19th Century.[citation needed] <a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Greek_Catholic_Church" target="_blank">/wiki/Ruthenian_Greek_Catholic_Church</a> <a href="#fnref:94" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:95">Vučković, Marija (2008). "Savremena istraživanja malih etničkih zajednica" [Contemporary studies of small ethnic communities]. XXI Vek (in Serbo-Croatian). 3: 2–8. Retrieved 1 March 2019. <a href="https://www.academia.edu/5364641" target="_blank">https://www.academia.edu/5364641</a> <a href="#fnref:95" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:96">Lopasic, Alexander (1981). "Bosnian Muslims: A Search for Identity". British Society for Middle Eastern Studies. 8 (2). Taylor & Francis: 115–121. doi:10.1080/13530198108705319. JSTOR 194542. <a href="/wiki/British_Society_for_Middle_Eastern_Studies" target="_blank">/wiki/British_Society_for_Middle_Eastern_Studies</a> <a href="#fnref:96" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:97">Hugh Poulton; Suha Taji-Farouki (January 1997). Muslim Identity and the Balkan State. Hurst. p. 33. ISBN 978-1-85065-276-2. <a href="978-1-85065-276-2" target="_blank">978-1-85065-276-2</a> <a href="#fnref:97" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:98">Bursać, Milan, ed. (2000), ГОРАНЦИ, МУСЛИМАНИ И ТУРЦИ У ШАРПЛАНИНСКИМ ЖУПАМА СРБИЈЕ: ПРОБЛЕМИ САДАШЊИХ УСЛОВА ЖИВОТА И ОПСТАНКА: Зборник радова са "Округлог стола" одржаног 19. априла 2000. године у Српској академији наука и уметности, Belgrade: SANU, pp. 71=73 <a href="http://www.rastko.rs/rastko-gora/zbornici/gora2000.php" target="_blank">http://www.rastko.rs/rastko-gora/zbornici/gora2000.php</a> <a href="#fnref:98" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:99">Kowan, J. (2000). Macedonia: The Politics of Identity and Difference. London: Pluto Press. p. 111. ISBN 0-7453-1594-1. <a href="0-7453-1594-1" target="_blank">0-7453-1594-1</a> <a href="#fnref:99" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:100">Tarasov I.M. On the Mention of the Dnieper Varangians in the Context of the Legend of the Beginning of Kiev. 2023. P. 59–60 <a href="https://www.academia.edu/98572077" target="_blank">https://www.academia.edu/98572077</a> <a href="#fnref:100" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:101">The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 3, Part 2: The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and Other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries BC by John Boardman, I. E. S. Edwards, E. Sollberger, and N. G. L. Hammond, ISBN 0-521-22717-8, 1992, page 600: "In the place of the vanished Treres and Tilataei we find the Serdi for whom there is no evidence before the first century BC. It has for long being supposed on convincing linguistic and archeological grounds that this tribe was of Celtic origin." <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:101" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:102">Fine 1991, p. 41. - Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr. (1991) [1983]. The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-08149-3. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0NBxG9Id58C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0NBxG9Id58C</a> <a href="#fnref:102" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:103">Florin Curta's An ironic smile: the Carpathian Mountains and the migration of the Slavs, Studia mediaevalia Europaea et orientalia. Miscellanea in honorem professoris emeriti Victor Spinei oblata, edited by George Bilavschi and Dan Aparaschivei, 47–72. Bucharest: Editura Academiei Române, 2018. <a href="#fnref:103" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:104">Fine 1991, p. 35. - Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr. (1991) [1983]. The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-08149-3. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0NBxG9Id58C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0NBxG9Id58C</a> <a href="#fnref:104" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:105">Simmonds, Lauren (11 May 2023). "Croatian Language – The Difference between Dalmatic and Dalmatian". <a href="https://total-croatia-news.com/lifestyle/croatian-language-8/#:~:text=The%20Dalmatic%20language%20does%20not,both%20Slavic%20and%20Romance%20languages" target="_blank">https://total-croatia-news.com/lifestyle/croatian-language-8/#:~:text=The%20Dalmatic%20language%20does%20not,both%20Slavic%20and%20Romance%20languages</a> <a href="#fnref:105" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:106">Balanovsky & Rootsi 2008, pp. 236–250. - Balanovsky, Oleg; Rootsi, Siiri; et al. (January 2008). "Two sources of the Russian patrilineal heritage in their Eurasian context". American Journal of Human Genetics. 82 (1): 236–250. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.09.019. PMC 2253976. PMID 18179905. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2253976" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2253976</a> <a href="#fnref:106" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:107">Klyuchevsky, Vasily (1987). "1: Mysl". The course of the Russian history (in Russian). Мысль. ISBN 5-244-00072-1. Retrieved 9 October 2009. <a href="5-244-00072-1" target="_blank">5-244-00072-1</a> <a href="#fnref:107" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:108">Lewis (1994). "ch 1". Archived from the original on 1 April 2001. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010401012040/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/med/lewis1.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20010401012040/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/med/lewis1.html</a> <a href="#fnref:108" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:109">Eigeland, Tor. 1976. "The golden caliphate". Saudi Aramco World, September/October 1976, pp. 12–16. <a href="http://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/197605/the.golden.caliphate.htm" target="_blank">http://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/197605/the.golden.caliphate.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:109" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:110">"Wend". Britannica.com. 13 September 2013. Archived from the original on 7 May 2008. Retrieved 4 April 2014. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080507201210/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/639735/Wend" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20080507201210/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/639735/Wend</a> <a href="#fnref:110" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:111">"Polabian language". Britannica.com. Retrieved 4 April 2014. <a href="http://www.britannica.com/topic/Polabian-language" target="_blank">http://www.britannica.com/topic/Polabian-language</a> <a href="#fnref:111" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:112">"Contemporary paternal genetic landscape of Polish and German populations: from early medieval Slavic expansion to post-World War II resettlements". European Journal of Human Genetics. 21 (4): 415–22. 2013. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2012.190. PMC 3598329. PMID 22968131. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3598329" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3598329</a> <a href="#fnref:112" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:113">"Y-chromosomal STR haplotype analysis reveals surname-associated strata in the East-German population". European Journal of Human Genetics. 14 (5): 577–582. 2006. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201572. PMID 16435000. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.ejhg.5201572" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.ejhg.5201572</a> <a href="#fnref:113" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:114">"Wołoscy pasterze w Ochotnicy oraz tutejsze nazwy pochodzenia wołoskiego". skansen-studzionki.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 29 March 2024. <a href="http://skansen-studzionki.pl/wolosi-w-ochotnicy" target="_blank">http://skansen-studzionki.pl/wolosi-w-ochotnicy</a> <a href="#fnref:114" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:115">Redakcja (23 November 2017). "Skąd pochodzą górale? Inwazja Wołochów zmieniła historię polskich gór". Nasza Historia (in Polish). Retrieved 29 March 2024. <a href="https://naszahistoria.pl/skad-pochodza-gorale-inwazja-wolochow-zmienila-historie-polskich-gor/ar/12701192" target="_blank">https://naszahistoria.pl/skad-pochodza-gorale-inwazja-wolochow-zmienila-historie-polskich-gor/ar/12701192</a> <a href="#fnref:115" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:116">Magocsi, Paul Robert (2015). With their backs to the mountains: a history of Carpathian Rus' and Carpatho-Rusyns. Budapest: Central European University Press. ISBN 978-615-5053-46-7. <a href="978-615-5053-46-7" target="_blank">978-615-5053-46-7</a> <a href="#fnref:116" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:117">Nandriș, Grigore (June 1956). "The Relations between Toponymy and Ethnology in Rumania". The Slavonic and East European Review. 34 (83). Modern Humanities Research Association: 490–494. JSTOR 4204755. <a href="/wiki/The_Slavonic_and_East_European_Review" target="_blank">/wiki/The_Slavonic_and_East_European_Review</a> <a href="#fnref:117" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:118">"Slaven". Encarta Encyclopedie Winkler Prins (in Dutch). Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum. 1993–2002. <a href="/wiki/Encarta" target="_blank">/wiki/Encarta</a> <a href="#fnref:118" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:119">Loginova, Nina N.; Radovanović, Milan M.; Yamashkin, Anatoliy A.; Vasin, Goran; Petrović, Marko D.; Demirović Bajrami, Dunja (31 December 2020). "Analysis of the population dynamics in the "Slavic World" with a special focus on Russia". Indonesian Journal of Geography. 52 (3): 317. doi:10.22146/ijg.51202. ISSN 2354-9114. <a href="https://doi.org/10.22146%2Fijg.51202" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.22146%2Fijg.51202</a> <a href="#fnref:119" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:120">"Changes in the populations of the majority ethnic groups". belstat.gov.by. Archived from the original on 28 July 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2016. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160728160107/http://www.belstat.gov.by/en/perepis-naseleniya/perepis-naseleniya-2009-goda/main-demographic-and-social-characteristics-of-population-of-the-republic-of-belarus/changes-in-the-populations-of-the-majority-ethnic-groups/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160728160107/http://www.belstat.gov.by/en/perepis-naseleniya/perepis-naseleniya-2009-goda/main-demographic-and-social-characteristics-of-population-of-the-republic-of-belarus/changes-in-the-populations-of-the-majority-ethnic-groups/</a> <a href="#fnref:120" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:121">Główny Urząd Statystyczny (January 2013). Ludność. Stan i struktura demograficzno-społeczna [Narodowy Spis Powszechny Ludności i Mieszkań 2011] (PDF) (in Polish). Główny Urząd Statystyczny. pp. 89–101. Retrieved 12 December 2014. <a href="http://stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/LUD_ludnosc_stan_str_dem_spo_NSP2011.pdf" target="_blank">http://stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/LUD_ludnosc_stan_str_dem_spo_NSP2011.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:121" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:122">"Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity Highlight Tables (2016 Canadian census)". Statistics Canada. 25 October 2017. Archived from the original on 27 October 2017. <a href="http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/imm/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=31&Geo=01&SO=4D" target="_blank">http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/imm/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=31&Geo=01&SO=4D</a> <a href="#fnref:122" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:123">"Socio-Economic Audit of Sarajevo Macro Region" (PDF). March 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 February 2007. Retrieved 8 March 2020. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070227125845/http://www.eured-bih.org/publikacije/SERSEA_SWOTeng.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20070227125845/http://www.eured-bih.org/publikacije/SERSEA_SWOTeng.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:123" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:124">This number is derived from the 2022 total population estimate of 3,816,459, multiplied by 0.501 based on the 2013 50.1% Bosniak share estimate. It is not certain that the Bosniak share was still 50.1% in 2022. The Factbook notes: "Republika Srpska authorities dispute the methodology and refuse to recognize the results." "Bosnia and Herzegovina - the World Factbook". 18 August 2022. <a href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bosnia-and-herzegovina/" target="_blank">https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bosnia-and-herzegovina/</a> <a href="#fnref:124" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:125">"Final results of the Census of Population, Households and Dwellings, 2022". Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. 28 April 2023. Retrieved 28 April 2023. <a href="https://popis2022.stat.gov.rs/en-us/5-vestisaopstenja/news-events/20230428-konacnirezpopisa/" target="_blank">https://popis2022.stat.gov.rs/en-us/5-vestisaopstenja/news-events/20230428-konacnirezpopisa/</a> <a href="#fnref:125" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:126">Đečević, Vuković-Ćalasan & Knežević 2017, p. 143. - Đečević, Mehmed; Vuković-Ćalasan, Danijela; Knežević, Saša (2017). "Re-designation of Ethnic Muslims as Bosniaks in Montenegro". East European Politics and Societies. 31 (1): 137–157. doi:10.1177/0888325416678042. S2CID 152238874. Retrieved 18 August 2022. <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0888325416678042" target="_blank">https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0888325416678042</a> <a href="#fnref:126" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:127">"Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in Montenegro 2023" (PDF). Statistical Office of Montenegro. Retrieved 15 October 2024. <a href="https://monstat.org/uploads/files/popis%202021/saopstenja/SAOPSTENJE_Popis%20stanovnistva%202023%20II_cg.pdf" target="_blank">https://monstat.org/uploads/files/popis%202021/saopstenja/SAOPSTENJE_Popis%20stanovnistva%202023%20II_cg.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:127" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:128">Đečević, Vuković-Ćalasan & Knežević 2017, p. 144. - Đečević, Mehmed; Vuković-Ćalasan, Danijela; Knežević, Saša (2017). "Re-designation of Ethnic Muslims as Bosniaks in Montenegro". East European Politics and Societies. 31 (1): 137–157. doi:10.1177/0888325416678042. S2CID 152238874. Retrieved 18 August 2022. <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0888325416678042" target="_blank">https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0888325416678042</a> <a href="#fnref:128" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:129">"Census of population in the Republic of Macedonia 2002" (PDF). www.stat.gov.mk. (page 62) <a href="http://www.stat.gov.mk/Publikacii/knigaX.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.stat.gov.mk/Publikacii/knigaX.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:129" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:130">"Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity Highlight Tables (2016 Canadian census)". Statistics Canada. 25 October 2017. Archived from the original on 27 October 2017. <a href="http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/imm/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=31&Geo=01&SO=4D" target="_blank">http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/imm/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=31&Geo=01&SO=4D</a> <a href="#fnref:130" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:131">Kolev, Yordan, Българите извън България 1878 – 1945, 2005, р. 18 Quote:"В началото на XXI в. общият брой на етническите българи в България и зад граница се изчислява на около 10 милиона души./At the beginning of the 21st century, the total number of ethnic Bulgarians in Bulgaria and abroad was estimated at about 10 million people." <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=buOgAAAAMAAJ&q=%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5+%D0%B2+%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0+1945" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=buOgAAAAMAAJ&q=%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5+%D0%B2+%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0+1945</a> <a href="#fnref:131" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:132">The Report: Bulgaria 2008. Oxford Business Group. 2008. pp. 7–8. ISBN 978-1-902339-92-4. Retrieved 26 March 2016. <a href="978-1-902339-92-4" target="_blank">978-1-902339-92-4</a> <a href="#fnref:132" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:133">The Report: Bulgaria 2008. Oxford Business Group. 2008. pp. 7–8. ISBN 978-1-902339-92-4. Retrieved 26 March 2016. <a href="978-1-902339-92-4" target="_blank">978-1-902339-92-4</a> <a href="#fnref:133" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:134">Cole, Jeffrey E. (25 May 2011). Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia. Abc-Clio. ISBN 978-1-59884-303-3. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) <a href="978-1-59884-303-3" target="_blank">978-1-59884-303-3</a> <a href="#fnref:134" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:135">Danver, Steven L. (10 March 2015). Native Peoples of the World. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-46400-6. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) <a href="978-1-317-46400-6" target="_blank">978-1-317-46400-6</a> <a href="#fnref:135" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:136">"Final results of the Census of Population, Households and Dwellings, 2022". Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. 28 April 2023. Retrieved 28 April 2023. <a href="https://popis2022.stat.gov.rs/en-us/5-vestisaopstenja/news-events/20230428-konacnirezpopisa/" target="_blank">https://popis2022.stat.gov.rs/en-us/5-vestisaopstenja/news-events/20230428-konacnirezpopisa/</a> <a href="#fnref:136" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:137">"Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity Highlight Tables (2016 Canadian census)". Statistics Canada. 25 October 2017. Archived from the original on 27 October 2017. <a href="http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/imm/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=31&Geo=01&SO=4D" target="_blank">http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/imm/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=31&Geo=01&SO=4D</a> <a href="#fnref:137" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:138">"Final results of the Census of Population, Households and Dwellings, 2022". Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. 28 April 2023. Retrieved 28 April 2023. <a href="https://popis2022.stat.gov.rs/en-us/5-vestisaopstenja/news-events/20230428-konacnirezpopisa/" target="_blank">https://popis2022.stat.gov.rs/en-us/5-vestisaopstenja/news-events/20230428-konacnirezpopisa/</a> <a href="#fnref:138" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:139">Palermo, Francesco (2011). "National Minorities in Inter-State Relations: Filling the Legal Vacuum?". In Francesco Palermo (ed.). National Minorities in Inter-State Relations. Natalie Sabanadze. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 11. ISBN 978-90-04-17598-3. <a href="978-90-04-17598-3" target="_blank">978-90-04-17598-3</a> <a href="#fnref:139" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:140">"Socio-Economic Audit of Sarajevo Macro Region" (PDF). March 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 February 2007. Retrieved 8 March 2020. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070227125845/http://www.eured-bih.org/publikacije/SERSEA_SWOTeng.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20070227125845/http://www.eured-bih.org/publikacije/SERSEA_SWOTeng.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:140" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:141">Daphne Winland (2004), "Croatian Diaspora", in Melvin Ember; Carol R. Ember; Ian Skoggard (eds.), Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World. Volume I: Overviews and Topics; Volume II: Diaspora Communities, vol. 2 (illustrated ed.), Springer Science+Business Media, p. 76, ISBN 978-0-306-48321-9, It is estimated that 4.5 million Croatians live outside Croatia ... <a href="978-0-306-48321-9" target="_blank">978-0-306-48321-9</a> <a href="#fnref:141" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:142">"Hrvatski Svjetski Kongres". Archived from the original on 23 June 2003. Retrieved 1 June 2016., Croatian World Congress, "4.5 million Croats and people of Croatian heritage live outside of the Republic of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina" <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030623031342/http://www.crowc.org/english/about.asp?subcat=general" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20030623031342/http://www.crowc.org/english/about.asp?subcat=general</a> <a href="#fnref:142" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:143">"Final results of the Census of Population, Households and Dwellings, 2022". Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. 28 April 2023. Retrieved 28 April 2023. <a href="https://popis2022.stat.gov.rs/en-us/5-vestisaopstenja/news-events/20230428-konacnirezpopisa/" target="_blank">https://popis2022.stat.gov.rs/en-us/5-vestisaopstenja/news-events/20230428-konacnirezpopisa/</a> <a href="#fnref:143" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:144">Đečević, Vuković-Ćalasan & Knežević 2017, p. 143. - Đečević, Mehmed; Vuković-Ćalasan, Danijela; Knežević, Saša (2017). "Re-designation of Ethnic Muslims as Bosniaks in Montenegro". East European Politics and Societies. 31 (1): 137–157. doi:10.1177/0888325416678042. S2CID 152238874. Retrieved 18 August 2022. <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0888325416678042" target="_blank">https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0888325416678042</a> <a href="#fnref:144" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:145">"Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in Montenegro 2023" (PDF). Statistical Office of Montenegro. Retrieved 15 October 2024. <a href="https://monstat.org/uploads/files/popis%202021/saopstenja/SAOPSTENJE_Popis%20stanovnistva%202023%20II_cg.pdf" target="_blank">https://monstat.org/uploads/files/popis%202021/saopstenja/SAOPSTENJE_Popis%20stanovnistva%202023%20II_cg.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:145" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:146">Đečević, Vuković-Ćalasan & Knežević 2017, p. 144. - Đečević, Mehmed; Vuković-Ćalasan, Danijela; Knežević, Saša (2017). "Re-designation of Ethnic Muslims as Bosniaks in Montenegro". East European Politics and Societies. 31 (1): 137–157. doi:10.1177/0888325416678042. S2CID 152238874. Retrieved 18 August 2022. <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0888325416678042" target="_blank">https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0888325416678042</a> <a href="#fnref:146" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:147">"Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity Highlight Tables (2016 Canadian census)". Statistics Canada. 25 October 2017. Archived from the original on 27 October 2017. <a href="http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/imm/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=31&Geo=01&SO=4D" target="_blank">http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/imm/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=31&Geo=01&SO=4D</a> <a href="#fnref:147" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:148">An estimated 57.3% ethnic Czechs (2021) on an estimated 10,705,384 total population (2022) makes about 6.1 million. However, 31.6% was unspecified, so this may be far off the real figure. "Czech Republic". CIA - The World Factbook. Retrieved 16 August 2022. <a href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/czechia/" target="_blank">https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/czechia/</a> <a href="#fnref:148" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:149">"Tab. 6.2 Obyvatelstvo podle národnosti podle krajů" [Table. 6.2 Population by nationality, by region] (PDF). Czech Statistical Office (in Czech). 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 January 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120131022340/http://notes2.czso.cz/cz/sldb2011/cd_sldb2011_11_12/index_html_files/PVCR062.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120131022340/http://notes2.czso.cz/cz/sldb2011/cd_sldb2011_11_12/index_html_files/PVCR062.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:149" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:150">"Ethnic composition of Slovakia 2021". Retrieved 5 July 2022. <a href="http://pop-stat.mashke.org/slovakia-ethnic-loc2021.htm" target="_blank">http://pop-stat.mashke.org/slovakia-ethnic-loc2021.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:150" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:151">Główny Urząd Statystyczny (January 2013). Ludność. Stan i struktura demograficzno-społeczna [Narodowy Spis Powszechny Ludności i Mieszkań 2011] (PDF) (in Polish). Główny Urząd Statystyczny. pp. 89–101. Retrieved 12 December 2014. <a href="http://stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/LUD_ludnosc_stan_str_dem_spo_NSP2011.pdf" target="_blank">http://stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/LUD_ludnosc_stan_str_dem_spo_NSP2011.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:151" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:152">"Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity Highlight Tables (2016 Canadian census)". Statistics Canada. 25 October 2017. Archived from the original on 27 October 2017. <a href="http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/imm/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=31&Geo=01&SO=4D" target="_blank">http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/imm/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=31&Geo=01&SO=4D</a> <a href="#fnref:152" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:153">"2010 American Community Survey". American FactFinder. 2010. Archived from the original on 18 January 2015. Retrieved 18 August 2022. <a href="https://archive.today/20150118121537/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B04003&prodType=table" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20150118121537/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B04003&prodType=table</a> <a href="#fnref:153" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:154">"Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity Highlight Tables (2016 Canadian census)". Statistics Canada. 25 October 2017. Archived from the original on 27 October 2017. <a href="http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/imm/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=31&Geo=01&SO=4D" target="_blank">http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/imm/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=31&Geo=01&SO=4D</a> <a href="#fnref:154" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:155">"Program političke stranke GIG". Do Nato intervencije na Srbiju, 24.03.1999.godine, u Gori je živelo oko 18.000 Goranaca. U Srbiji i bivšim jugoslovenskim republikama nalazi se oko 40.000 Goranaca, a značajan broj Goranaca živi i radi u zemljama Evropske unije i u drugim zemljama. Po našim procenama ukupan broj Goranaca, u Gori u Srbiji i u rasejanju iznosi oko 60.000. <a href="http://gig.rs/program.html" target="_blank">http://gig.rs/program.html</a> <a href="#fnref:155" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:156">"Final results of the Census of Population, Households and Dwellings, 2022". Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. 28 April 2023. Retrieved 28 April 2023. <a href="https://popis2022.stat.gov.rs/en-us/5-vestisaopstenja/news-events/20230428-konacnirezpopisa/" target="_blank">https://popis2022.stat.gov.rs/en-us/5-vestisaopstenja/news-events/20230428-konacnirezpopisa/</a> <a href="#fnref:156" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:157">Kwidzińska, Sławina (2007). The Kashubs Today: Culture — Language — Identity (PDF). Gdańsk: The Kashubian Institute. pp. 34–35. ISBN 978-83-89079-78-7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2022. <a href="978-83-89079-78-7" target="_blank">978-83-89079-78-7</a> <a href="#fnref:157" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:158">["Polen-Analysen. Die Kaschuben" (PDF). Länder-Analysen (in German). Polen NR. 95: 10–13. September 2011. http://www.laender-analysen.de/polen/pdf/PolenAnalysen95.pdf] <a href="http://www.laender-analysen.de/polen/pdf/PolenAnalysen95.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.laender-analysen.de/polen/pdf/PolenAnalysen95.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:158" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:159">["Polen-Analysen. Die Kaschuben" (PDF). Länder-Analysen (in German). Polen NR. 95: 10–13. September 2011. http://www.laender-analysen.de/polen/pdf/PolenAnalysen95.pdf] <a href="http://www.laender-analysen.de/polen/pdf/PolenAnalysen95.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.laender-analysen.de/polen/pdf/PolenAnalysen95.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:159" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:160">Including 16,000 single ethnic identity, 216,000 multiple ethnic identity Polish and Kashubian, 1,000 multiple ethnic identity Kashubian and another in Poland.[107] <a href="#fnref:160" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:161">"Census of population in the Republic of Macedonia 2002" (PDF). www.stat.gov.mk. (page 62) <a href="http://www.stat.gov.mk/Publikacii/knigaX.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.stat.gov.mk/Publikacii/knigaX.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:161" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:162">Topolinjska, Z. (1998), "In place of a foreword: facts about the Republic of Macedonia and the Macedonian language", International Journal of the Sociology of Language (131): 1–11, doi:10.1515/ijsl.1998.131.1, S2CID 143257269 <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:162" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:163">"Final results of the Census of Population, Households and Dwellings, 2022". Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. 28 April 2023. Retrieved 28 April 2023. <a href="https://popis2022.stat.gov.rs/en-us/5-vestisaopstenja/news-events/20230428-konacnirezpopisa/" target="_blank">https://popis2022.stat.gov.rs/en-us/5-vestisaopstenja/news-events/20230428-konacnirezpopisa/</a> <a href="#fnref:163" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:164">"Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity Highlight Tables (2016 Canadian census)". Statistics Canada. 25 October 2017. Archived from the original on 27 October 2017. <a href="http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/imm/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=31&Geo=01&SO=4D" target="_blank">http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/imm/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=31&Geo=01&SO=4D</a> <a href="#fnref:164" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:165">"Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in Montenegro 2023" (PDF). Statistical Office of Montenegro. Retrieved 15 October 2024. <a href="https://monstat.org/uploads/files/popis%202021/saopstenja/SAOPSTENJE_Popis%20stanovnistva%202023%20II_cg.pdf" target="_blank">https://monstat.org/uploads/files/popis%202021/saopstenja/SAOPSTENJE_Popis%20stanovnistva%202023%20II_cg.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:165" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:166">Đečević, Vuković-Ćalasan & Knežević 2017, p. 144. - Đečević, Mehmed; Vuković-Ćalasan, Danijela; Knežević, Saša (2017). "Re-designation of Ethnic Muslims as Bosniaks in Montenegro". East European Politics and Societies. 31 (1): 137–157. doi:10.1177/0888325416678042. S2CID 152238874. Retrieved 18 August 2022. <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0888325416678042" target="_blank">https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0888325416678042</a> <a href="#fnref:166" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:167">"Širom svijeta pola miliona Crnogoraca". RTCG - Radio Televizija Crne Gore - Nacionalni javni servis. 20 September 2014. Retrieved 18 August 2022. <a href="https://rtcg.me/vijesti/dijaspora/66019/sirom-svijeta-pola-miliona-crnogoraca.html" target="_blank">https://rtcg.me/vijesti/dijaspora/66019/sirom-svijeta-pola-miliona-crnogoraca.html</a> <a href="#fnref:167" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:168">"Final results of the Census of Population, Households and Dwellings, 2022". Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. 28 April 2023. Retrieved 28 April 2023. <a href="https://popis2022.stat.gov.rs/en-us/5-vestisaopstenja/news-events/20230428-konacnirezpopisa/" target="_blank">https://popis2022.stat.gov.rs/en-us/5-vestisaopstenja/news-events/20230428-konacnirezpopisa/</a> <a href="#fnref:168" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:169">Đečević, Vuković-Ćalasan & Knežević 2017, p. 143. - Đečević, Mehmed; Vuković-Ćalasan, Danijela; Knežević, Saša (2017). "Re-designation of Ethnic Muslims as Bosniaks in Montenegro". East European Politics and Societies. 31 (1): 137–157. doi:10.1177/0888325416678042. S2CID 152238874. Retrieved 18 August 2022. <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0888325416678042" target="_blank">https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0888325416678042</a> <a href="#fnref:169" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:170">"Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity Highlight Tables (2016 Canadian census)". Statistics Canada. 25 October 2017. Archived from the original on 27 October 2017. <a href="http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/imm/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=31&Geo=01&SO=4D" target="_blank">http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/imm/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=31&Geo=01&SO=4D</a> <a href="#fnref:170" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:171">"Tab. 6.2 Obyvatelstvo podle národnosti podle krajů" [Table. 6.2 Population by nationality, by region] (PDF). Czech Statistical Office (in Czech). 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 January 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120131022340/http://notes2.czso.cz/cz/sldb2011/cd_sldb2011_11_12/index_html_files/PVCR062.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120131022340/http://notes2.czso.cz/cz/sldb2011/cd_sldb2011_11_12/index_html_files/PVCR062.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:171" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:172">"Ethnic composition of Slovakia 2021". Retrieved 5 July 2022. <a href="http://pop-stat.mashke.org/slovakia-ethnic-loc2021.htm" target="_blank">http://pop-stat.mashke.org/slovakia-ethnic-loc2021.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:172" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:173">"Final results of the Census of Population, Households and Dwellings, 2022". Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. 28 April 2023. Retrieved 28 April 2023. <a href="https://popis2022.stat.gov.rs/en-us/5-vestisaopstenja/news-events/20230428-konacnirezpopisa/" target="_blank">https://popis2022.stat.gov.rs/en-us/5-vestisaopstenja/news-events/20230428-konacnirezpopisa/</a> <a href="#fnref:173" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:174">Đečević, Vuković-Ćalasan & Knežević 2017, p. 143. - Đečević, Mehmed; Vuković-Ćalasan, Danijela; Knežević, Saša (2017). "Re-designation of Ethnic Muslims as Bosniaks in Montenegro". East European Politics and Societies. 31 (1): 137–157. doi:10.1177/0888325416678042. S2CID 152238874. Retrieved 18 August 2022. <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0888325416678042" target="_blank">https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0888325416678042</a> <a href="#fnref:174" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:175">"Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in Montenegro 2023" (PDF). Statistical Office of Montenegro. Retrieved 15 October 2024. <a href="https://monstat.org/uploads/files/popis%202021/saopstenja/SAOPSTENJE_Popis%20stanovnistva%202023%20II_cg.pdf" target="_blank">https://monstat.org/uploads/files/popis%202021/saopstenja/SAOPSTENJE_Popis%20stanovnistva%202023%20II_cg.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:175" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:176">Đečević, Vuković-Ćalasan & Knežević 2017, p. 144. - Đečević, Mehmed; Vuković-Ćalasan, Danijela; Knežević, Saša (2017). "Re-designation of Ethnic Muslims as Bosniaks in Montenegro". East European Politics and Societies. 31 (1): 137–157. doi:10.1177/0888325416678042. S2CID 152238874. Retrieved 18 August 2022. <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0888325416678042" target="_blank">https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0888325416678042</a> <a href="#fnref:176" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:177">"Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in Bosnia and Herzegovina – Ethnicity/national affiliation, religion and mother tongue (Popis 2013 BiH)". www.popis.gov.ba. 2019. Retrieved 18 August 2022. <a href="http://www.popis.gov.ba/popis2013/knjige.php?id=2" target="_blank">http://www.popis.gov.ba/popis2013/knjige.php?id=2</a> <a href="#fnref:177" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:178">Including 36,522,000 single declared ethnic identity, 871,000 multiple declared ethnic identities (Polish and another ethnic identity, especially 431,000 Polish and Silesian, 216,000 Polish and Kashubian and 224,000 Polish and another identity)."Przynależność narodowo-etniczna ludności – wyniki spisu ludności i mieszkań 2011" (PDF). stat.gov.pl. 29 January 2013. Retrieved 16 August 2022. <a href="https://stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/Przynaleznosc_narodowo-etniczna_w_2011_NSP.pdf" target="_blank">https://stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/Przynaleznosc_narodowo-etniczna_w_2011_NSP.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:178" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:179">Główny Urząd Statystyczny (January 2013). Ludność. Stan i struktura demograficzno-społeczna [Narodowy Spis Powszechny Ludności i Mieszkań 2011] (PDF) (in Polish). Główny Urząd Statystyczny. pp. 89–101. Retrieved 12 December 2014. <a href="http://stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/LUD_ludnosc_stan_str_dem_spo_NSP2011.pdf" target="_blank">http://stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/LUD_ludnosc_stan_str_dem_spo_NSP2011.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:179" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:180">Struktura narodowo-etniczna, językowa i wyznaniowa ludności Polski [Narodowy Spis Powszechny Ludności i Mieszkań 2011] (PDF) (in Polish). Warsaw: Główny Urząd Statystyczny. November 2015. pp. 129–136. ISBN 978-83-7027-597-6. <a href="978-83-7027-597-6" target="_blank">978-83-7027-597-6</a> <a href="#fnref:180" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:181">Świat Polonii, witryna Stowarzyszenia Wspólnota Polska: "Polacy za granicą" Archived 8 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine (Polish people abroad as per summary by Świat Polonii, internet portal of the association Wspólnota Polska) <a href="http://wspolnota-polska.org.pl/polonia_w_liczbach.html" target="_blank">http://wspolnota-polska.org.pl/polonia_w_liczbach.html</a> <a href="#fnref:181" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:195">Đečević, Vuković-Ćalasan & Knežević 2017, p. 143. - Đečević, Mehmed; Vuković-Ćalasan, Danijela; Knežević, Saša (2017). "Re-designation of Ethnic Muslims as Bosniaks in Montenegro". East European Politics and Societies. 31 (1): 137–157. doi:10.1177/0888325416678042. S2CID 152238874. Retrieved 18 August 2022. <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0888325416678042" target="_blank">https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0888325416678042</a> <a href="#fnref:195" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:196">"Census of population in the Republic of Macedonia 2002" (PDF). www.stat.gov.mk. (page 62) <a href="http://www.stat.gov.mk/Publikacii/knigaX.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.stat.gov.mk/Publikacii/knigaX.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:196" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:197">"Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity Highlight Tables (2016 Canadian census)". Statistics Canada. 25 October 2017. Archived from the original on 27 October 2017. <a href="http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/imm/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=31&Geo=01&SO=4D" target="_blank">http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/imm/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=31&Geo=01&SO=4D</a> <a href="#fnref:197" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:198">Główny Urząd Statystyczny (January 2013). Ludność. Stan i struktura demograficzno-społeczna [Narodowy Spis Powszechny Ludności i Mieszkań 2011] (PDF) (in Polish). Główny Urząd Statystyczny. pp. 89–101. Retrieved 12 December 2014. <a href="http://stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/LUD_ludnosc_stan_str_dem_spo_NSP2011.pdf" target="_blank">http://stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/LUD_ludnosc_stan_str_dem_spo_NSP2011.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:198" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:199">"Tab. 6.2 Obyvatelstvo podle národnosti podle krajů" [Table. 6.2 Population by nationality, by region] (PDF). Czech Statistical Office (in Czech). 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 January 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120131022340/http://notes2.czso.cz/cz/sldb2011/cd_sldb2011_11_12/index_html_files/PVCR062.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120131022340/http://notes2.czso.cz/cz/sldb2011/cd_sldb2011_11_12/index_html_files/PVCR062.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:199" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:200">"The Institute for European Studies, Ethnological institute of UW" (PDF). Retrieved 16 August 2012. <a href="http://www.ies.ee/iesp/grabowska.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.ies.ee/iesp/grabowska.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:200" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:201">"2010 American Community Survey". American FactFinder. 2010. Archived from the original on 18 January 2015. Retrieved 18 August 2022. <a href="https://archive.today/20150118121537/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B04003&prodType=table" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20150118121537/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B04003&prodType=table</a> <a href="#fnref:201" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:202">"Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity Highlight Tables (2016 Canadian census)". Statistics Canada. 25 October 2017. Archived from the original on 27 October 2017. <a href="http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/imm/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=31&Geo=01&SO=4D" target="_blank">http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/imm/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=31&Geo=01&SO=4D</a> <a href="#fnref:202" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:203">"UCLA Language Materials Project: Language Profile". Lmp.ucla.edu. Archived from the original on 9 February 2011. Retrieved 4 September 2015. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110209045725/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=42&menu=004" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110209045725/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=42&menu=004</a> <a href="#fnref:203" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:204">Poulton, Hugh (1995). Who are the Macedonians?. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 167. ISBN 1-85065-238-4. As often occurs with Yugoslav sources, there appears to be confusion about the numbers as there is about the numbers of Macedonians in Greek Macedonia at present: some Yugoslav sources put the latter figure at 350,000 but more sober estimates put it at 150–200,000. <a href="1-85065-238-4" target="_blank">1-85065-238-4</a> <a href="#fnref:204" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:206">"National Conflict in a Transnational World: Greeks and Macedonians at the CSCE". Gate.net. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2015. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924020829/http://www.gate.net/~mango/Danforth_National_Conflict.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20150924020829/http://www.gate.net/~mango/Danforth_National_Conflict.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:206" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:207">"Greece". State.gov. 4 March 2002. Retrieved 4 September 2015. <a href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2001/eur/8261.htm" target="_blank">https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2001/eur/8261.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:207" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:208">"Základné údaje zo sčítania obyvateľov, domov a bytov 2011" [Basic data from the 2011 Census of Population, Houses and Apartments] (PDF). statistics.sk (in Slovak). Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic. July 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 November 2012. Retrieved 18 August 2022. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121114103943/http://portal.statistics.sk/files/ev_narodnost_12_7_v12.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20121114103943/http://portal.statistics.sk/files/ev_narodnost_12_7_v12.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:208" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:209">"Ethnic composition of Slovakia 2021". Retrieved 5 July 2022. <a href="http://pop-stat.mashke.org/slovakia-ethnic-loc2021.htm" target="_blank">http://pop-stat.mashke.org/slovakia-ethnic-loc2021.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:209" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:210">"Tab. 6.2 Obyvatelstvo podle národnosti podle krajů" [Table. 6.2 Population by nationality, by region] (PDF). Czech Statistical Office (in Czech). 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 January 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120131022340/http://notes2.czso.cz/cz/sldb2011/cd_sldb2011_11_12/index_html_files/PVCR062.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120131022340/http://notes2.czso.cz/cz/sldb2011/cd_sldb2011_11_12/index_html_files/PVCR062.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:210" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:211">"Final results of the Census of Population, Households and Dwellings, 2022". Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. 28 April 2023. Retrieved 28 April 2023. <a href="https://popis2022.stat.gov.rs/en-us/5-vestisaopstenja/news-events/20230428-konacnirezpopisa/" target="_blank">https://popis2022.stat.gov.rs/en-us/5-vestisaopstenja/news-events/20230428-konacnirezpopisa/</a> <a href="#fnref:211" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:212">"2010 American Community Survey". American FactFinder. 2010. Archived from the original on 18 January 2015. Retrieved 18 August 2022. <a href="https://archive.today/20150118121537/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B04003&prodType=table" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20150118121537/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B04003&prodType=table</a> <a href="#fnref:212" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:213">Główny Urząd Statystyczny (January 2013). Ludność. Stan i struktura demograficzno-społeczna [Narodowy Spis Powszechny Ludności i Mieszkań 2011] (PDF) (in Polish). Główny Urząd Statystyczny. pp. 89–101. Retrieved 12 December 2014. <a href="http://stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/LUD_ludnosc_stan_str_dem_spo_NSP2011.pdf" target="_blank">http://stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/LUD_ludnosc_stan_str_dem_spo_NSP2011.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:213" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:214">"Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity Highlight Tables (2016 Canadian census)". Statistics Canada. 25 October 2017. Archived from the original on 27 October 2017. <a href="http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/imm/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=31&Geo=01&SO=4D" target="_blank">http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/imm/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=31&Geo=01&SO=4D</a> <a href="#fnref:214" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:215">Zupančič, Jernej (August 2004). "Ethnic Structure of Slovenia and Slovenes in Neighbouring Countries" (PDF). Slovenia: a geographical overview. Association of the Geographic Societies of Slovenia. Retrieved 18 August 2022. <a href="http://zgs.zrc-sazu.si/Portals/8/Slo_Geo_Over/16.pdf" target="_blank">http://zgs.zrc-sazu.si/Portals/8/Slo_Geo_Over/16.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:215" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:216">Zupančič, Jernej (August 2004). "Ethnic Structure of Slovenia and Slovenes in Neighbouring Countries" (PDF). Slovenia: a geographical overview. Association of the Geographic Societies of Slovenia. Retrieved 18 August 2022. <a href="http://zgs.zrc-sazu.si/Portals/8/Slo_Geo_Over/16.pdf" target="_blank">http://zgs.zrc-sazu.si/Portals/8/Slo_Geo_Over/16.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:216" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:217">Zupančič, Jernej (August 2004). "Ethnic Structure of Slovenia and Slovenes in Neighbouring Countries" (PDF). Slovenia: a geographical overview. Association of the Geographic Societies of Slovenia. Retrieved 18 August 2022. <a href="http://zgs.zrc-sazu.si/Portals/8/Slo_Geo_Over/16.pdf" target="_blank">http://zgs.zrc-sazu.si/Portals/8/Slo_Geo_Over/16.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:217" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:218">Zupančič, Jernej (August 2004). "Ethnic Structure of Slovenia and Slovenes in Neighbouring Countries" (PDF). Slovenia: a geographical overview. Association of the Geographic Societies of Slovenia. Retrieved 18 August 2022. <a href="http://zgs.zrc-sazu.si/Portals/8/Slo_Geo_Over/16.pdf" target="_blank">http://zgs.zrc-sazu.si/Portals/8/Slo_Geo_Over/16.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:218" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:219">"Final results of the Census of Population, Households and Dwellings, 2022". Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. 28 April 2023. Retrieved 28 April 2023. <a href="https://popis2022.stat.gov.rs/en-us/5-vestisaopstenja/news-events/20230428-konacnirezpopisa/" target="_blank">https://popis2022.stat.gov.rs/en-us/5-vestisaopstenja/news-events/20230428-konacnirezpopisa/</a> <a href="#fnref:219" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:220">"Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity Highlight Tables (2016 Canadian census)". Statistics Canada. 25 October 2017. Archived from the original on 27 October 2017. <a href="http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/imm/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=31&Geo=01&SO=4D" target="_blank">http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/imm/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=31&Geo=01&SO=4D</a> <a href="#fnref:220" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:221">Chambers, Madeline (26 November 2007). "Germany's Sorb minority struggles for survival". Reuters. Retrieved 18 August 2022. <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/germany-sorbs-idUKL2243639820071126" target="_blank">https://www.reuters.com/article/germany-sorbs-idUKL2243639820071126</a> <a href="#fnref:221" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:222">Paul R. Magocsi (2010). A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples. University of Toronto Press. pp. 10–. ISBN 978-1-4426-1021-7. <a href="978-1-4426-1021-7" target="_blank">978-1-4426-1021-7</a> <a href="#fnref:222" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:223">Vic Satzewich (2003). The Ukrainian Diaspora. Routledge. pp. 19–21. ISBN 978-1-134-43495-4. <a href="978-1-134-43495-4" target="_blank">978-1-134-43495-4</a> <a href="#fnref:223" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:224">Vic Satzewich (2003). The Ukrainian Diaspora. Routledge. pp. 19–21. ISBN 978-1-134-43495-4. <a href="978-1-134-43495-4" target="_blank">978-1-134-43495-4</a> <a href="#fnref:224" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:225">Vic Satzewich (2003). The Ukrainian Diaspora. Routledge. pp. 19–21. ISBN 978-1-134-43495-4. <a href="978-1-134-43495-4" target="_blank">978-1-134-43495-4</a> <a href="#fnref:225" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:226">"Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity Highlight Tables (2016 Canadian census)". Statistics Canada. 25 October 2017. Archived from the original on 27 October 2017. <a href="http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/imm/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=31&Geo=01&SO=4D" target="_blank">http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/imm/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=31&Geo=01&SO=4D</a> <a href="#fnref:226" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:227">Główny Urząd Statystyczny (January 2013). Ludność. Stan i struktura demograficzno-społeczna [Narodowy Spis Powszechny Ludności i Mieszkań 2011] (PDF) (in Polish). Główny Urząd Statystyczny. pp. 89–101. Retrieved 12 December 2014. <a href="http://stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/LUD_ludnosc_stan_str_dem_spo_NSP2011.pdf" target="_blank">http://stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/LUD_ludnosc_stan_str_dem_spo_NSP2011.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:227" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:228">"Situation Ukraine Refugee Situation". data.unhcr.org. Retrieved 18 August 2022. <a href="https://data.unhcr.org/en/situations/ukraine" target="_blank">https://data.unhcr.org/en/situations/ukraine</a> <a href="#fnref:228" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:229">"2021 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates". American Community Survey 2021. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 8 April 2022. Retrieved 19 November 2022. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220408113537/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=people%20reporting%20ancestry&t=Ancestry&tid=ACSDT1Y2021.B04006" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20220408113537/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=people%20reporting%20ancestry&t=Ancestry&tid=ACSDT1Y2021.B04006</a> <a href="#fnref:229" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:230">"Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity Highlight Tables (2016 Canadian census)". Statistics Canada. 25 October 2017. Archived from the original on 27 October 2017. <a href="http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/imm/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=31&Geo=01&SO=4D" target="_blank">http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/imm/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=31&Geo=01&SO=4D</a> <a href="#fnref:230" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:231">"Final results of the Census of Population, Households and Dwellings, 2022". Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. 28 April 2023. Retrieved 28 April 2023. <a href="https://popis2022.stat.gov.rs/en-us/5-vestisaopstenja/news-events/20230428-konacnirezpopisa/" target="_blank">https://popis2022.stat.gov.rs/en-us/5-vestisaopstenja/news-events/20230428-konacnirezpopisa/</a> <a href="#fnref:231" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:232">Đečević, Vuković-Ćalasan & Knežević 2017, p. 143. - Đečević, Mehmed; Vuković-Ćalasan, Danijela; Knežević, Saša (2017). "Re-designation of Ethnic Muslims as Bosniaks in Montenegro". East European Politics and Societies. 31 (1): 137–157. doi:10.1177/0888325416678042. S2CID 152238874. Retrieved 18 August 2022. <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0888325416678042" target="_blank">https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0888325416678042</a> <a href="#fnref:232" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:233">"Fact sheets: Ancestry – Serbian". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 20 September 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2023. <a href="https://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/censushome.nsf/home/factsheetsancserb?opendocument&navpos=450" target="_blank">https://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/censushome.nsf/home/factsheetsancserb?opendocument&navpos=450</a> <a href="#fnref:233" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:234">"Popis stanovništva, domaćinstava i stanova u Bosni i Hercegovini - Etnička/nacionalna pripadnost, vjeroispovjest i maternji jezik" [Census of population, households and dwellings in Bosnia and Herzegovina - Ethnic/national affiliation, religion and mother tongue] (PDF). Agency for Statistics of Bosnia and Herzegovina. 2019. p. 27. <a href="https://www.popis.gov.ba/popis2013/doc/Knjiga2/K2_B_E.pdf#page=14" target="_blank">https://www.popis.gov.ba/popis2013/doc/Knjiga2/K2_B_E.pdf#page=14</a> <a href="#fnref:234" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:235">"Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in Montenegro 2023" (PDF). Statistical Office of Montenegro. Retrieved 15 October 2024. <a href="https://monstat.org/uploads/files/popis%202021/saopstenja/SAOPSTENJE_Popis%20stanovnistva%202023%20II_cg.pdf" target="_blank">https://monstat.org/uploads/files/popis%202021/saopstenja/SAOPSTENJE_Popis%20stanovnistva%202023%20II_cg.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:235" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Slavs open-in-new

Slavs