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2008
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<h2 id="events">Events</h2> <h3>January</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/January_1/SI1VAKRT">January 1</a> – <a href="/facts/Cyprus/t9wL6lVK">Cyprus</a> and <a href="/facts/Malta/FsqM3M37">Malta</a> adopt the <a href="/facts/Euro/NWG2nlCx">euro</a> currency.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/January_14/S2XKKdjo">January 14</a> – At 19:04:39 <a href="/facts/Coordinated_Universal_Time/2EnjfSyu">UTC</a>, the uncrewed <a href="/facts/MESSENGER/EFJEPNxR">MESSENGER</a> <a href="/facts/Space_probe/AeWRBITP">space probe</a> is at its closest approach during its first flyby of the planet <a href="/facts/Mercury_(planet)/lVa1GIyX">Mercury</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/January_21/5ftFHkfk">January 21</a> <ul><li>Stock markets around the world plunge amid growing fears of a <a href="/facts/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States/NQ7VrhuL">U.S. Great Recession</a>, fueled by the 2007 <a href="/facts/Subprime_mortgage_crisis/E42h1pSY">subprime mortgage crisis</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Online_activist/n8wzzxom">Online activist</a> group <a href="/facts/Anonymous_(hacker_group)/Qm7Nqlro">Anonymous</a> initiates <a href="/facts/Project_Chanology/gHsCvpX2">Project Chanology</a>, after a <a href="/facts/News_leak/xyhkIMq0">leaked interview</a> of <a href="/facts/Tom_Cruise/kBgAITKE">Tom Cruise</a> by the <a href="/facts/Church_of_Scientology/7ymYWP74">Church of Scientology</a> is published on <a href="/facts/YouTube/db276jst">YouTube</a>, and the Church of Scientology issued a <a href="/facts/DMCA_takedown/rRnSIqG9">"copyright infringement" claim</a>. In response, Anonymous sympathizers took to the streets to <a href="/facts/Protest/XlKeUgBy">protest</a> outside the church (after February 10), while the church's websites and centres were getting <a href="/facts/Denial-of-service_attack/6nkoK02J">DoS attacks</a>, <a href="/facts/Prank_call/oVYYag73">phone line nukes</a>, and <a href="/facts/Black_fax/VhsMsN6Y">black faxes</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a>[<i>excessive citations</i>]</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/January_24/rgy52alf">January 24</a> – A peace deal is signed in <a href="/facts/Goma/hzLpdcX8">Goma</a>, <a href="/facts/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo/E2KmHDdv">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>, ending the <a href="/facts/Kivu_conflict/yTkf7gGv">Kivu conflict</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></li></ul> <h3>February</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/February_4/6MnFnWYE">February 4</a> – Civic mobilizations in <a href="/facts/Colombia/nl7r8Q2u">Colombia</a> against <a href="/facts/Revolutionary_Armed_Forces_of_Colombia/FyqG0Pfa">FARC</a>, under the name <i><a href="/facts/One_million_voices_against_FARC/2m89YkkN">One million voices against FARC</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/February_14/CpNgqcq1">February 14</a> – A <a href="/facts/Belavia/NNNDM4kx">Belavia</a> CRJ-100 <a href="/facts/Belavia_Flight_1834/QwJckT0y">crash lands</a> at <a href="/facts/Zvartnots_International_Airport/nNQFx4oG">Zvartnots International Airport</a> in Yerevan, Armenia. 7 people are injured.</li> <li><a href="/facts/February_17/B2p5gwTb">February 17</a> – <a href="/facts/Kosovo/lbyzI6UW">Kosovo</a> formally <a href="/facts/2008_Kosovo_declaration_of_independence/JjPNr2hn">declares independence</a> from <a href="/facts/Serbia/U0LVzPdI">Serbia</a>, to a mixed response from the international community.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/February_18/WmbangCr">February 18</a> – <a href="/facts/WikiLeaks/rm4lC2cD">WikiLeaks</a> releases <a href="/facts/Allegation/F5sSwMze">allegations</a> of <a href="/facts/Tax_evasion/4DSQPEhX">illegal activities</a> carried out by the <a href="/facts/Cayman_Islands/exXQq3xA">Cayman Islands</a> branch of <a href="/facts/Swiss_banking/k4lupIuQ">Swiss banking</a> corporation <a href="/facts/Julius_Baer_Group/HCEMxnaE">Julius Baer</a>; a subsequent <a href="/facts/Bank_Julius_Baer_v._WikiLeaks/uvBKNjqv">lawsuit against WikiLeaks</a> prompts a <a href="/facts/Web_domain/FDLD2m5G">temporary suspension</a> of the website, but uproar about violations of <a href="/facts/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution/1hNSoIvG">freedom of speech</a> causes WikiLeaks to be brought back online.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></li></ul> <h3>March</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/March_2/fwEowLwl">March 2</a> – <a href="/facts/Venezuela/eX1qnkln">Venezuela</a> and <a href="/facts/Ecuador/Tdv7czY4">Ecuador</a> <a href="/facts/2008_Andean_diplomatic_crisis/IVelEKET">move troops to the Colombian border</a>, following a Colombian raid against <a href="/facts/FARC/FyqG0Pfa">FARC</a> guerrillas inside Ecuadorian territory, in which senior commander <a href="/facts/Ra%25C3%25BAl_Reyes/TQ01NXlg">Raúl Reyes</a> is killed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/March_8/b66u0pus">March 8</a> – <a href="/facts/Barisan_Nasional/gvsBvgnS">Barisan Nasional</a> loses <a href="/facts/Supermajority/UrN29DaU">two-thirds majority</a>, for the first time since <a href="/facts/1969_Malaysian_general_election/zvXAxq37">1969</a>, to opposition during the <a href="/facts/2008_Malaysian_general_election/nCQazSVP">2008 Malaysian general election</a> but still retains control of government. The coalition also loses <a href="/facts/State_legislative_assemblies_of_Malaysia/jMWXdItS">majority control</a> of five states to the opposition.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/March_9/t1F5wBxw">March 9</a> – The first <a href="/facts/European_Space_Agency/L8YRNV0C">European Space Agency</a> <a href="/facts/Automated_Transfer_Vehicle/sHdKC0wv">Automated Transfer Vehicle</a>, a cargo spacecraft for the <a href="/facts/International_Space_Station/VNPUBz9m">International Space Station</a>, launches from <a href="/facts/Guiana_Space_Centre/hp6TSJ6W">Guiana Space Centre</a> in <a href="/facts/French_Guiana/aFSETEKm">French Guiana</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/19_March/dnyjjGjF">March 19</a> – An <a href="/facts/Energy/wd8PrQM7">Energy</a> release of a <a href="/facts/Gamma-ray_burst/oRRU6Fhn">Gamma-ray burst</a> called the <a href="/facts/GRB_080319B/7XcLcly2">GRB 080319B</a> is the <a href="/facts/Brightness/e93R5I4b">brightest</a> event ever recorded in the <a href="/facts/Universe/XbfpnDmM">Universe</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/March_24/4wPpsvg0">March 24</a> – <a href="/facts/Bhutan/fSRsLss9">Bhutan</a> holds its <a href="/facts/2008_Bhutanese_National_Assembly_election/W1uElqWv">first-ever general elections</a> following the adoption of a new <a href="/facts/Constitution_of_Bhutan/gugJvBRH">Constitution</a> which changed the country from an <a href="/facts/Absolute_monarchy/bw15yYtX">absolute monarchy</a> to a multiparty democracy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/March_25/D4N2hXpp">March 25</a> – <a href="/facts/African_Union/Pz1DVnDN">African Union</a> and <a href="/facts/Comoros/b6HkaTRQ">Comoros</a> forces <a href="/facts/2008_invasion_of_Anjouan/j88J4G5c">invade</a> the rebel-held island of <a href="/facts/Anjouan/54TT1eIY">Anjouan</a>, returning the island to Comorian control.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a></li></ul> <h3>April</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/April_29/kjYao5pS">April 29</a> – <i><a href="/facts/Grand_Theft_Auto_IV/8YPnocA6">Grand Theft Auto IV</a></i> is released worldwide, selling over 3.6 million units and earning $310 million during the first day, becoming not only the highest grossing video game release of all-time, but also the highest grossing entertainment product release ever.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a></li></ul> <h3>May</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/May_2/Jkr8fs6q">May 2</a> – <i><a href="/facts/Iron_Man_(2008_film)/spYD5hkx">Iron Man</a></i> is released in theaters, starting the <a href="/facts/Marvel_Cinematic_Universe/hHxMRNbp">Marvel Cinematic Universe</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/May_3/CuHe5Nu9">May 3</a> – <a href="/facts/Cyclone_Nargis/hfEcWqHl">Cyclone Nargis</a> passes through <a href="/facts/Myanmar/zcqQH2oE">Myanmar</a>, killing more than 138,000 people.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/May_12/07PVkbMH">May 12</a> – An earthquake measuring 7.9 on the <a href="/facts/Moment_magnitude_scale/jLCldUuF">moment magnitude scale</a> <a href="/facts/2008_Sichuan_earthquake/sKsN4135">strikes Sichuan, China</a>, killing an estimated 87,000 people.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/May_20/cs2G4cma">May 20</a>–<a href="/facts/May_24/56JbzrjQ">24</a> – The <a href="/facts/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2008/g11rePIK">Eurovision Song Contest 2008</a> takes place in <a href="/facts/Belgrade/Xeaz5zIy">Belgrade</a>, <a href="/facts/Serbia/U0LVzPdI">Serbia</a>, and is won by <a href="/facts/Russia_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2008/Nh3kIHFK">Russian</a> entrant <a href="/facts/Dima_Bilan/yYmKxMfC">Dima Bilan</a> with the song "<a href="/facts/Believe_(Dima_Bilan_song)/qJpQtuuz">Believe</a>".</li> <li><a href="/facts/May_21/7eCgCTWG">May 21</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Manchester_United_F.C./wmNVnVtQ">Manchester United</a> wins their third <a href="/facts/UEFA_European_Cup/h1ao7NDp">European Cup</a> and second <a href="/facts/UEFA_Champions_League/h1ao7NDp">Champions League</a> after they beat <a href="/facts/Chelsea_F.C./A3uY71YN">Chelsea</a> in the first all-English final in the history of the competition. Manchester United won the match 6–5 on penalties, following a 1–1 draw after extra time.</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Union_of_South_American_Nations/4aGg6G2m">Union of South American Nations</a>, an intergovernmental organization between states in <a href="/facts/South_America/PhrFEMk7">South America</a>, is founded.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/International_Court_of_Justice/7q8I7oSs">International Court of Justice</a> awards <a href="/facts/Middle_Rocks/QxsetU4J">Middle Rocks</a> to <a href="/facts/Malaysia/8zbUMzCP">Malaysia</a> and <a href="/facts/Pedra_Branca%2c_Singapore/RSVNb9W1">Pedra Branca</a> to <a href="/facts/Singapore/CQDkhUvD">Singapore</a>, ending a 29-year <a href="/facts/Pedra_Branca_dispute/e12rtIMf">territorial dispute</a> between the two countries.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/May_25/VasFejaY">May 25</a> – <a href="/facts/NASA/TIMCV0yV">NASA</a>'s uncrewed <a href="/facts/Phoenix_(spacecraft)/3rKuwcRX"><i>Phoenix</i></a> spacecraft becomes the first to land on the northern polar region of <a href="/facts/Mars/AQGtVvz0">Mars</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/May_28/6vlFjVgA">May 28</a> – The <a href="/facts/2008_Nepalese_Constituent_Assembly_election/D38yhP36">Legislature Parliament of Nepal</a> votes overwhelmingly in favor of abolishing the country's <a href="/facts/King_of_Nepal/vflU6od1">240-year-old monarchy</a>, turning the country into a republic.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/May_30/yUrMLpME">May 30</a> – International <a href="/facts/Convention_on_Cluster_Munitions/xhEq0hI2">Convention on Cluster Munitions</a> is adopted in Dublin.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a></li></ul> <h3>June</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/June_7/65d6SCTG">June 7</a>–<a href="/facts/June_29/3QLmKXqL">29</a> – <a href="/facts/Austria/4qWIMIyc">Austria</a> and <a href="/facts/Switzerland/LcGuxeTe">Switzerland</a> jointly host the <a href="/facts/UEFA_Euro_2008/WAIJX5Sv">UEFA Euro 2008</a> football tournament, which is won by <a href="/facts/Spain_national_football_team/YYgXHa7g">Spain</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/June_11/8w4EmInf">June 11</a> <ul><li>The <a href="/facts/Fermi_Gamma-ray_Space_Telescope/rwKktSFn">Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope</a> is launched.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a></li> <li>Canadian Prime Minister <a href="/facts/Stephen_Harper/YT6ovepA">Stephen Harper</a> formally apologizes, on behalf of the Canadian government, to the country's <a href="/facts/First_Nations_in_Canada/ccqhx22M">First Nations</a> for the <a href="/facts/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system/StHawnyU">Canadian Indian residential school system</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/June_14/lh9kkXn2">June 14</a> – <a href="/facts/Expo_2008/jCv380Ky">Expo 2008</a> opens in <a href="/facts/Zaragoza/HD8Jl4rQ">Zaragoza</a>, Spain, lasting to September 14, with the topic "Water and sustainable development".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/June_14/lh9kkXn2">June 14</a> – A <a href="/facts/2008_Iwate%25E2%2580%2593Miyagi_Nairiku_earthquake/mQns8m0f">6.9 magnitude earthquake</a> in <a href="/facts/Iwate_Prefecture/DbMGKFht">Iwate Prefecture</a>, <a href="/facts/Japan/U5mz0SRT">Japan</a>, kills 12 and injures more than 400.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a></li></ul> <h3>July</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/July_1/KU7lnN6l">July 1</a> – <a href="/facts/2008_riot_in_Mongolia/2UNHLMc8">Riots erupt in Mongolia</a> in response to allegations of fraud surrounding the 2008 legislative elections.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/July_2/09eQoyvE">July 2</a> – <a href="/facts/%25C3%258Dngrid_Betancourt/817aoPmJ">Íngrid Betancourt</a> and 14 other hostages are <a href="/facts/Operation_Jaque/0AdBP5n8">rescued</a> from <a href="/facts/Revolutionary_Armed_Forces_of_Colombia/FyqG0Pfa">FARC</a> rebels by <a href="/facts/Colombia/nl7r8Q2u">Colombian</a> security forces.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/July_10/QI64koSa">July 10</a> – <a href="/facts/Apple_Inc./oTJYta3k">Apple Inc.</a> launches the <a href="/facts/App_Store_(Apple)/0yqcGqey">App Store</a> with 500 apps available at launch.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/July_11/Q2AsEnr6">July 11</a> – <a href="/facts/South_Korea/pCobAaVw">South Korea</a> suspends all trips to <a href="/facts/North_Korea/Q41laakP">North Korea</a>'s <a href="/facts/Mount_Kumgang/ehJ9Xl7s">Mount Kumgang</a> after a 53-year-old South Korean tourist is shot and killed by a North Korean sentry.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/July_21/TjbcmpgH">July 21</a> – <a href="/facts/Radovan_Karad%25C5%25BEi%25C4%2587/C3Eqca8a">Radovan Karadžić</a>, the first president of the <a href="/facts/Republika_Srpska/EdFvNcIw">Republika Srpska</a>, is arrested in <a href="/facts/Belgrade/Xeaz5zIy">Belgrade</a>, <a href="/facts/Serbia/U0LVzPdI">Serbia</a>, on allegations of war crimes, following a 12-year-long <a href="/facts/Manhunt_(law_enforcement)/zSVSmxKj">manhunt</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a></li></ul> <h3>August</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/August_1/K6a8b43b">August 1</a> <ul><li>India and United States sign the historic <a href="/facts/India%25E2%2580%2593United_States_Civil_Nuclear_Agreement/6z04Y4CC">Civil Nuclear deal</a>.</li> <li>Eleven mountaineers from international expeditions die on <a href="/facts/K2/7zeyrQ0s">K2</a>, the second-highest mountain on Earth, in the <a href="/facts/2008_K2_disaster/oFkWwKnr">worst single accident</a> in the history of K2 mountaineering.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/August_6/wz7oRcfk">August 6</a> – President <a href="/facts/Sidi_Ould_Cheikh_Abdallahi/Ghmyz3kB">Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi</a> of <a href="/facts/Mauritania/JcP8EJku">Mauritania</a> is deposed in a <a href="/facts/2008_Mauritanian_coup_d%2527%25C3%25A9tat/YuexBlSB">military coup d'état</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/August_7/wwF2q19v">August 7</a> – <a href="/facts/Georgia_(country)/ccBF8bBE">Georgia</a> intervenes against Russian-backed separatists in its <a href="/facts/South_Ossetia/AF7z9Q3Q">South-Ossetia</a> and <a href="/facts/Abkhazia/7to1809j">Abkhazia</a> regions, causing <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russia</a> to invade Georgia and spark the <a href="/facts/Russo-Georgian_War/mbQ1VVjM">Russo-Georgian war</a>, the first major European land war of the 21st century.</li> <li><a href="/facts/August_8/Sly6Gs5G">August 8</a>–<a href="/facts/August_24/mVIkGKN1">24</a> – The <a href="/facts/2008_Summer_Olympics/G6YvB62G">2008 Summer Olympics</a> take place in <a href="/facts/Beijing/Bg4puFBv">Beijing</a>, China.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/August_20/a2rr3sGH">August 20</a> – <a href="/facts/Spanair_Flight_5022/Yp8dufC0">Spanair Flight 5022</a> crashes at <a href="/facts/Madrid%25E2%2580%2593Barajas_Airport/wLSh8L1b">Madrid–Barajas Airport</a>, killing 154 people on board.</li></ul> <h3>September</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/September_5/PSE8BQIk">September 5</a> – <a href="/facts/Quentin_Bryce/bBRrFuXN">Quentin Bryce</a> becomes the first female <a href="/facts/Governor-General_of_Australia/m9vELLAp">Governor-General of Australia</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/September_10/1EqUc6E2">September 10</a> – The <a href="/facts/Proton_beam/aES4kaGn">proton beam</a> is circulated for the first time in the <a href="/facts/Large_Hadron_Collider/XWJCFSqT">Large Hadron Collider</a>, the <a href="/facts/List_of_accelerators_in_particle_physics/Pjw6EQJm">world's largest and highest-energy</a> <a href="/facts/Particle_accelerator/Pkuc08xC">particle accelerator</a>, located at <a href="/facts/CERN/y1gwRchm">CERN</a>, near <a href="/facts/Geneva/14gXxjcq">Geneva</a>, under the Franco-Swiss border.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/September_13/1fQluuol">September 13</a> – <a href="/facts/Hurricane_Ike/QzU9RzYG">Hurricane Ike</a> makes landfall as a category 2 hurricane in <a href="/facts/Texas/B987WHF0">Texas</a>, killing 113 and causing over $30 billion in damages.</li> <li><a href="/facts/September_15/UeGjN5mu">September 15</a> – Stocks fall sharply Monday on a triptych of Wall Street woe: <a href="/facts/Lehman_Brothers/bJRIyEpS">Lehman Brothers</a>' bankruptcy filing, <a href="/facts/Merrill_Lynch/bwWt2DSs">Merrill Lynch</a>'s acquisition by <a href="/facts/Bank_of_America/fXUQI9vp">Bank of America</a>, and <a href="/facts/American_International_Group/1WRBxEfb">AIG</a>'s unprecedented request for short-term financing from the <a href="/facts/Federal_Reserve/VaCV51ne">Federal Reserve</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/September_20/QLfbxI7z">September 20</a> – A <a href="/facts/Islamabad_Marriott_Hotel_bombing/JS13E0tB">suicide truck bomb explosion</a> destroys the <a href="/facts/Marriott_International/BGJBLqEE">Marriott Hotel</a> in <a href="/facts/Islamabad/3xUNDt3g">Islamabad</a>, <a href="/facts/Pakistan/cbIsvJy1">Pakistan</a>, killing at least 54 and injuring 266.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/September_23/0VDxMSs7">September 23</a> – <a href="/facts/HTC_Dream/8uKja4yN">HTC Dream</a>, the first smartphone powered by <a href="/facts/Android_(operating_system)/nNyHb0xz">Android</a>, was launched.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/September_28/G8Tf1wmC">September 28</a> – <a href="/facts/SpaceX/2tKHsVdJ">SpaceX</a> <a href="/facts/Falcon_1/F4DBbpCS">Falcon 1</a> becomes the world's first privately developed <a href="/facts/Launch_vehicle/g1GCGFJB">space launch vehicle</a> to successfully <a href="/facts/Falcon_1_Flight_4/ye2C7wzm">make orbit</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a></li></ul> <h3>October</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/October_3/vvevkuTv">October 3</a> – <a href="/facts/2008_financial_crisis/qw8n1pSN">2008 financial crisis</a>: <a href="/facts/President_of_the_United_States/oMsfmLb1">U.S. President</a> <a href="/facts/George_W._Bush/mYSgM515">George W. Bush</a> signs the revised <a href="/facts/Emergency_Economic_Stabilization_Act_of_2008/bIX0I4d1">Emergency Economic Stabilization Act</a> into law, creating a <a href="/facts/Troubled_Asset_Relief_Program/oGtszDyw">700 billion dollar Treasury fund</a> to purchase failing bank <a href="/facts/Asset/o7TARXhB">assets</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/October_6/kEsfCLXn">October 6</a> – A controversial <a href="/facts/Peruvian/5GSQ1HVq">Peruvian</a> tape regarding a <a href="/facts/Norway/wlDRKRTR">Norwegian</a> <a href="/facts/Oil_company/xCKs0yQJ">oil company</a> causes the <a href="/facts/2008_Peru_oil_scandal/2npUTnPM">2008 Peru oil scandal</a>, sparking <a href="/facts/Protest/XlKeUgBy">protests</a> which cause <a href="/facts/Jorge_del_Castillo/ln3l5wUN">Jorge de Castillo</a> to <a href="/facts/Resignation/jsK379tP">resign from office</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/October_21/03PKQrWy">October 21</a> – The <a href="/facts/Large_Hadron_Collider/XWJCFSqT">Large Hadron Collider</a> (LHC) is officially <a href="/facts/Inauguration/bpwIetfn">inaugurated</a> at <a href="/facts/Geneva/14gXxjcq">Geneva</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/October_22/AT2kAN3s">October 22</a> – The <a href="/facts/ISRO/CdAoFQTL">Indian Space Research Organisation</a> successfully launches the <a href="/facts/Chandrayaan-1/IqP3zwxy">Chandrayaan-1</a> spacecraft on a <a href="/facts/Exploration_of_the_Moon/lFKweAk3">lunar exploration</a> mission.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/October_30/h1XNvxBm">October 30</a> – <a href="/facts/2008_Vietnam_floods/1voxLGTj">Floods</a> affected in <a href="/facts/Northern_Vietnam/M0TnAWeY">Northern Vietnam</a> and <a href="/facts/Central_Vietnam/JXTyXnPl">Central Vietnam</a> and lasted 5 days causing flooding in many <a href="/facts/Provinces_of_Vietnam/QlfRN5NI">provinces</a> and <a href="/facts/Municipalities_of_Vietnam/JHT0eEYS">cities</a>.</li> <li>October <ul><li>The <a href="/facts/Easyswap/E9vDqDHF">Easyswap</a> on-line local exchange trading system (LETS) website is officially launched in Switzerland.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a></li></ul></li></ul> <h3>November</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/November_1/1tRfIDru">November 1</a> – <a href="/facts/Satoshi_Nakamoto/jP9akWPY">Satoshi Nakamoto</a> publishes "<a href="/facts/Bitcoin/UJvqfray">Bitcoin</a>: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/November_2/oFnkNkjx">November 2</a> – In a race won by <a href="/facts/Brazil/QHkG46GL">Brazilian</a> driver <a href="/facts/Felipe_Massa/pKtdJkfp">Felipe Massa</a>, <a href="/facts/United_Kingdom/kuPAILt2">British driver</a> <a href="/facts/Lewis_Hamilton/rqSQeCXq">Lewis Hamilton</a> ends in 5th place in <a href="/facts/2008_Brazilian_Grand_Prix/Ec3veQAU">2008 Brazilian Grand Prix</a> and becomes the first <a href="/facts/Black_people/khyfdI6h">black</a> driver to win the <a href="/facts/Formula_One/BwdePyWY">Formula One</a> World Championship, and the second youngest driver to achieve the feat at the age of 23.</li> <li><a href="/facts/November_4/c1quLHEN">November 4</a> – <a href="/facts/2008_United_States_presidential_election/GEIXYxXu">2008 United States presidential election</a>: <a href="/facts/Democratic_Party_(United_States)/MNe3nDrL">Democratic</a> U.S. Senator <a href="/facts/Barack_Obama/76wUMgL1">Barack Obama</a> defeats <a href="/facts/Republican_Party_(United_States)/XXM1EVPr">Republican</a> candidate <a href="/facts/John_McCain/faE5g7r7">John McCain</a> and is elected the 44th <a href="/facts/President_of_the_United_States/oMsfmLb1">President of the United States</a>, making him the first <a href="/facts/African_Americans/pTgcAdo8">African-American</a> to be elected to the office.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/November_19/r6ss938W">November 19</a> – Claudia Castillo of Spain becomes the first person to have a successful <a href="/facts/Trachea/zMSEwjAy">trachea</a> <a href="/facts/Organ_transplant/1jNvVJn6">transplant</a> using a <a href="/facts/Tissue_engineering/Tx77KG1S">tissue-engineered</a> <a href="/facts/Organ_(anatomy)/FUYsLaxz">organ</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/November_20/IuYqbRIa">November 20</a> – The <a href="/facts/Buzzard_Coulee_meteorite/jlvE4n4M">Buzzard Coulee meteorite</a> falls in <a href="/facts/Saskatchewan/ehkUec57">Saskatchewan</a>. Reported to be 5 times brighter than the full moon and is seen in Alberta, Manitoba, and even North Dakota.</li> <li><a href="/facts/November_26/8mzsvBXL">November 26</a>–<a href="/facts/November_29/2gfLq1Iv">29</a> – Members of <a href="/facts/Lashkar-e-Taiba/DeHCQG3z">Lashkar-e-Taiba</a> carry out four days of coordinated bombing and shooting <a href="/facts/2008_Mumbai_attacks/80xFKuq9">attacks</a> across <a href="/facts/Mumbai/BdoEc10R">Mumbai</a>, killing 164 people.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/November_27/1oxhThC3">November 27</a> – <a href="/facts/XL_Airways_Germany_Flight_888T/3JUVgfGz">XL Airways Germany Flight 888T</a>. An <a href="/facts/Airbus_A320_family/tT68Vwuq">Airbus A320</a> due to be redelivered to <a href="/facts/Air_New_Zealand/myFfWE64">Air New Zealand</a> stalls and crashes over <a href="/facts/Mediterranean_Sea/Vr2pzVbM">Mediterranean Sea</a> resulting the deaths of 7</li></ul> <h3>December</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/December_10/XGs6d7Fl">December 10</a> – The <a href="/facts/Channel_Islands/JWuJ3Ups">Channel Island</a> of <a href="/facts/Sark/LQj9qu6r">Sark</a>, a British <a href="/facts/Crown_Dependencies/2jUeeK21">Crown dependency</a>, holds its <a href="/facts/2008_Sark_general_election/mq9WJRKc">first fully democratic elections</a> under a new constitutional arrangement, becoming the last European territory to abolish <a href="/facts/Feudalism/WCK7l9gA">feudalism</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/December_11/HVStcgwJ">December 11</a> – <a href="/facts/Bernie_Madoff/P4Vjc29N">Bernard Madoff</a> is arrested for <a href="/facts/Securities_fraud/u69MNnPX">securities fraud</a> after he was turned in by his sons for operating the largest <a href="/facts/Ponzi_scheme/TBqYoVxV">Ponzi scheme</a> in history, later known as the <a href="/facts/Madoff_investment_scandal/kd4FYJt1">Madoff investment scandal</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/December_18/54N9zaoh">December 18</a> – The <a href="/facts/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda/1LaIJT3D">International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda</a> finds <a href="/facts/Th%25C3%25A9oneste_Bagosora/soLyMvEG">Théoneste Bagosora</a> and two other senior Rwandan army officers guilty of <a href="/facts/Genocide/IjkNvg7y">genocide</a>, <a href="/facts/Crimes_against_humanity/N4nRKINC">crimes against humanity</a> and <a href="/facts/War_crime/36qQAugC">war crimes</a> and sentences them to <a href="/facts/Life_imprisonment/IMr3MIwe">life imprisonment</a> for their role in the <a href="/facts/Rwandan_genocide/sWRxDx4q">Rwandan genocide</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80"><sup>80</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/December_22/zTzeBtvz">December 22</a> – An ash dike <a href="/facts/Kingston_Fossil_Plant_coal_fly_ash_slurry_spill/uhmRoyoo">ruptured</a> at a solid waste containment area for a <a href="/facts/Tennessee_Valley_Authority/RgV7orV4">Tennessee Valley Authority</a> <a href="/facts/Kingston_Fossil_Plant/hTPoGG6q">coal-fired power plant</a> in <a href="/facts/Roane_County%2c_Tennessee/hmP8tA3w">Roane County, Tennessee</a>, releasing 4.2 million m3 (1.1 billion US gal) of <a href="/facts/Coal_fly_ash/RrPNlq9t">coal fly ash</a> <a href="/facts/Slurry/erSTjthc">slurry</a> in the largest industrial spill in U.S. history.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81"><sup>81</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/December_23/FRYjWUUS">December 23</a> – A <a href="/facts/2008_Guinean_coup_d%2527%25C3%25A9tat/szyREKmF">military coup d'état</a> deposes the government of <a href="/facts/Guinea/MaBu4ysQ">Guinea</a> shortly after the death of longtime <a href="/facts/List_of_presidents_of_Guinea/JjvxRTe7">President</a> <a href="/facts/Lansana_Cont%25C3%25A9/IRoXUf4o">Lansana Conté</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82"><sup>82</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/December_27/dl1DKXF7">December 27</a> – Israel <a href="/facts/Gaza_War_(2008%25E2%2580%25932009)/2CTaAgcT">invades</a> the <a href="/facts/Gaza_Strip/GodcCxlV">Gaza Strip</a>, in response to rockets being fired into Israeli territory by <a href="/facts/Hamas/VjIkApsc">Hamas</a>, and due to weapons being smuggled into the area.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83"><sup>83</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84"><sup>84</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85"><sup>85</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/December_31/YBW5G3CP">December 31</a> – An extra <a href="/facts/Leap_second/HQQ0X0hn">leap second</a> (23:59:60) is added to end of the year. The last time this occurred was in <a href="/facts/2005/gV0sNsas">2005</a>.</li></ul> <h3>Date unknown</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/European_Certification_and_Qualification_Association/nqam2dLs">European Certification and Qualification Association</a> is founded.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86"><sup>86</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/National_Disaster_Recovery_Fund/3z9Djla9">National Disaster Recovery Fund</a>, a disaster management fund is established by the <a href="/facts/Government_of_Jamaica/FSlPu3Xf">Government of Jamaica</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87"><sup>87</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="births-and-deaths">Births and deaths</h2> <p class="note">Main pages: Category:2008 births and <a href="/facts/Deaths_in_2008/g61bmxXx">Deaths in 2008</a></p> <h2 id="nobel-prizes">Nobel Prizes</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry/8Nb8Ajjy">Chemistry</a> – <a href="/facts/Martin_Chalfie/DeTp3X7u">Martin Chalfie</a>, <a href="/facts/Osamu_Shimomura/HxhNoapd">Osamu Shimomura</a>, and <a href="/facts/Roger_Y._Tsien/TMl3LvSN">Roger Y. Tsien</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences/8BBwNwre">Economics</a> – <a href="/facts/Paul_Krugman/PIcKk7ln">Paul Krugman</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature/wWVXbIbp">Literature</a> – <a href="/facts/J._M._G._Le_Cl%25C3%25A9zio/62vpA8qw">J. M. G. Le Clézio</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nobel_Peace_Prize/2wVhmLrX">Peace</a> – <a href="/facts/Martti_Ahtisaari/1bVTRsMK">Martti Ahtisaari</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics/o6w1nCbr">Physics</a> – <a href="/facts/Makoto_Kobayashi_(physicist)/5TkD1h41">Makoto Kobayashi</a>, <a href="/facts/Toshihide_Maskawa/TJEuQLAv">Toshihide Maskawa</a>, and <a href="/facts/Yoichiro_Nambu/kt4CFEUa">Yoichiro Nambu</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine/rlnpJX84">Physiology or Medicine</a> – <a href="/facts/Fran%25C3%25A7oise_Barr%25C3%25A9-Sinoussi/I9cxTkF2">Françoise Barré-Sinoussi</a>, <a href="/facts/Harald_zur_Hausen/Y6GmTxoI">Harald zur Hausen</a>, and <a href="/facts/Luc_Montagnier/5jIATmWX">Luc Montagnier</a></li></ul> <h2 id="new-english-words">New English words</h2> <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/At_sign/6Q03Vo2z">@</a></i></li> <li><i>adorbs</i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Anti-vaccine_activism/qxPLoTXg">anti-vaxxer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Bitcoin/UJvqfray">Bitcoin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Burner_phone/wuU6I2JQ">burner phone</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Cytokine_storm_syndrome/8fMp0yKC">cytokine storm syndrome</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Exome/qYLzGDpz">exome</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Fatberg/UX1hJdam">fatberg</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Social_stigma_of_obesity/AeDKob6D">fat-shamer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Ghost_pepper/8hWpb2mT">ghost pepper</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Hate-watch/eCqNU1XJ">hate-watch</a></i></li> <li><i>infinity scarf</i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Mansplaining/W4BvLkmu">mansplain</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Me_too_movement/gmAgfh1g">Me Too</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Photobomb/Tu7jmnD1">photobomb</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Stick_and_poke/l5QSeblC">stick and poke</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/TERF/gwafxcfM">TERF</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Friending_and_following/6WtqpH3p">unfollow</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88"><sup>88</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/2008_in_economics/TqyqKzCj">2008 in economics</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/2008_in_politics/J7ldcxUN">2008 in politics</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://www.accuracyproject.org/2008calendar.html">2008 Calendar</a> at Internet Accuracy Project</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"General Assembly Proclaims 2008 International Year of Languages, in Effort to Promote Unity in Diversity, Global Understanding". United Nations. Archived from the original on November 1, 2008. Retrieved November 2, 2008. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081101091611/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2007/ga10592.doc.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20081101091611/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2007/ga10592.doc.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>United Nations General Assembly Session 60 Resolution 192. A/RES/60/192 22 December 2005. Retrieved 2008-09-17. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" target="_blank">/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>United Nations General Assembly Session 60 Resolution 191. International Year of the Potato, 2008 A/RES/60/191 page 1. 22 December 2005. Retrieved 2007-11-18. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" target="_blank">/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>United Nations General Assembly Session 61 Resolution 192. A/RES/61/192 page 2. 20 December 2006. Retrieved 2007-11-13. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" target="_blank">/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Cyprus and Malta set to join eurozone in 2008 Archived January 30, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, EurActiv <a href="http://www.euractiv.com/en/euro/cyprus-malta-set-join-eurozone-2008/article-163836" target="_blank">http://www.euractiv.com/en/euro/cyprus-malta-set-join-eurozone-2008/article-163836</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Akrotiri and Dhekelia adopt the euro, EUbusiness (ISO 4217 code: VEF). 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