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Sidama language
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<h2 id="terminology-and-classification">Terminology and classification</h2> <p>The term <i>Sidamo</i> has also been used in the past to refer to most Highland East Cushitic languages, earlier even to some <a href="/facts/Omotic_languages/ar9EClg8">Omotic languages</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> The results from a research study conducted in 1968-1969 concerning mutual intelligibility between different Sidamo languages suggest that Sidaama is more closely related to the <a href="/facts/Gedeo_language/x6sWDbMp">Gedeo language</a>, which it shares a border with to the south, than other Sidamo languages.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> According to <i><a href="/facts/Ethnologue/0AanCzKS">Ethnologue</a></i>, the two languages share a lexical similarity of 60%.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> Another study shows over 64% lexical similarity with <a href="/facts/Alaba-K%25E2%2580%2599abeena_language/ESrTo15y">Alaba-K'abeena</a>, 62% with <a href="/facts/Kambaata_language/0su4HbhP">Kambaata</a>, and 53% with <a href="/facts/Hadiyya_language/Xh7lWva3">Hadiyya</a>, all of which are other Highland East Cushitic languages spoken in southwestern <a href="/facts/Ethiopia/LVujNp5v">Ethiopia</a>. Sidaama vocabulary has also been influenced by <a href="/facts/Oromo_language/axmPP527">Oromo</a> vocabulary. </p> <h2 id="phonology">Phonology</h2> <h3>Consonants</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th colspan="2"></th><th><a href="/facts/Labial_consonant/bv4MqTMf">Labial</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Dental_consonant/Yraaz9Nm">Dental</a>/<a href="/facts/Alveolar_consonant/B6VkW2EX">Alveolar</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Palatal_consonant/KLcKyXE8">Palatal</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Velar_consonant/blWClp79">Velar</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Glottal_consonant/rMdEdLxH">Glottal</a></th></tr><tr><th rowspan="3"><a href="/facts/Plosive/okC9pztc">Plosive</a>/<a href="/facts/Affricate/Fn2y7FIA">Affricate</a></th><th>plain</th><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_bilabial_plosive/6ReC9arR">b</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive/1GaDe2Vy">t</a> <a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_plosive/A6hNvmCp">d</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate/14FYMJvN">tʃ</a> <a href="/facts/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate/o7oYJUqz">dʒ</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_velar_plosive/dDppVb6e">k</a> <a href="/facts/Voiced_velar_plosive/f6udTvfQ">g</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>ejective</th><td><a href="/facts/Bilabial_ejective_stop/xrN47eFU">pʼ</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Alveolar_ejective_stop/ea7ahEWx">tʼ</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate/TABCQBJI">tʃʼ</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Velar_ejective_stop/lNW5fHwr">kʼ</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Glottal_stop/Xfqy2ArP">ʔ</a></td></tr><tr><th>implosive</th><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_implosive/QV7zLYGN">ɗ</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Fricative/1FQuuhfX">Fricative</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative/dUkN8guL">f</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative/WLKtEYDe">s</a> <a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_fricative/TtHwyzp6">z</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative/enUwqS2w">ʃ</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_glottal_fricative/lfRB7CPW">h</a></td></tr><tr><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Nasal_consonant/m6D3cVhe">Nasal</a></th><th>plain</th><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_bilabial_nasal/1pd7NK2x">m</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_nasal/0CEs8314">n</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_palatal_nasal/dLa9YG49">ɲ</a></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>glottalized</th><td>ʼm</td><td>ʼn</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Tap_and_flap_consonants/5SFjKYlX">Tap/Flap</a></th><th>plain</th><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps/EvQ781EU">ɾ</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>glottalized</th><td></td><td>ʼɾ</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Approximant/SXrlw7zY">Approximant</a></th><th>plain</th><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_labial%25E2%2580%2593velar_approximant/HLDqbrvr">w</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant/dgbHhqeK">l</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_palatal_approximant/v0NVCbUh">j</a></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>glottalized</th><td></td><td>ʼl</td><td>ʼj</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Other consonant sounds /p/ and /v/ are only heard from loanwords.</li> <li>Gemination is also present for most consonants (e.g. /tː, kː, pʼː/).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a></li> <li>/ɾ/ can also be heard as a trill [rː] when geminated.</li></ul> <h3>Vowels</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th></th><th><a href="/facts/Front_vowel/htKQs3AT">Front</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Central_vowel/IFSaKUe9">Central</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Back_vowel/gyHoGCH0">Back</a></th></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Close_vowel/Ne6tHQHR">Close</a></th><td>i iː</td><td></td><td>u uː</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Mid_vowel/uzjGLRhf">Mid</a></th><td>e eː</td><td></td><td>o oː</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Open_vowel/roS0Y7lA">Open</a></th><td></td><td>a aː</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="grammar">Grammar</h2> <h3>Noun phrases</h3> <p>In Sidaama, not all <a href="/facts/Noun_phrase/mmz3tJt9">noun phrases</a> have <a href="/facts/Noun/SsnDNfkX">nouns</a>. This can occur when it is so obvious what kind of thing the <a href="/facts/Referent/QfURtq1V">referent</a> of the noun phrase is, that it is unnecessary for the speaker to mention it. Sidaama has two types of noun phrases without nouns. One type is made up only of an <a href="/facts/Adjective/0ohBjtmT">adjective</a> or a <a href="/facts/Numeral_(linguistics)/9Pzgh1Rp">numeral</a>, where the adjective or the numeral agrees in case, number, and gender with the referent of a noun phrase. This is shown in the examples below: </p> <p>busul-u</p><p>smart-NOM.M</p><p>da-ø-ino.</p><p>come-3SG.M-PERF.3</p><p>busul-u da-ø-ino.</p><p>smart-NOM.M come-3SG.M-PERF.3</p><p>‘The smart one (masculine) came.’</p> <p>sas-u</p><p>three-NOM.M</p><p>da-ø-ino</p><p>come-3SG.M-PERF.3</p><p>sas-u da-ø-ino</p><p>three-NOM.M come-3SG.M-PERF.3</p><p>‘The three (masculine) came.’</p> <p>The other type of noun phrase without a noun is formed with a noun-phrase <a href="/facts/Clitic/4A00CTek">clitic</a>, or NPC. This NPC starts with <i>t</i> (FEM) or <i>h</i> (MASC). This is thought to originate from the Afro-Asiatic <a href="/facts/Demonstrative/XAM9dxwK">demonstrative</a> containing <i>t</i> (FEM) or <i>k</i> (MASC). The Sidaama NPC appears in various forms. Which form is used then depends on the gender of the referent of the noun phrase, and the syntactic role or case of the noun phrase. When a noun phrase without a noun is formed with an NPC, both the speaker and the listener know its referent. In this case, the NPC attaches to the end of a <a href="/facts/Genitive_case/nMXh3StK">genitive</a> noun phrase or relative clause to form a noun phrase without a noun. This is shown in the examples below: </p> <p>isí=ti</p><p>3SG.M.GEN=NPC.F.NOM</p><p>ba’-’-ino.</p><p>disappear-3SG.F-PERF.3</p><p>isí=ti ba’-’-ino.</p><p>3SG.M.GEN=NPC.F.NOM disappear-3SG.F-PERF.3</p><p>‘His (FEM) disappeared.’</p> <p>ani</p><p>1SG.NOM</p><p>ku’uí</p><p>that.M.GEN</p><p>beett-í=ta</p><p>child-GEN.M.MOD=NPC.F.ACC</p><p>seekk-o-mm-o.</p><p>repair-PERF.1-1SG-M</p><p>ani ku’uí beett-í=ta seekk-o-mm-o.</p><p>1SG.NOM that.M.GEN child-GEN.M.MOD=NPC.F.ACC repair-PERF.1-1SG-M</p><p>‘I (MASC) repaired that boy’s (FEM).’<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a></p> <h3>Grammars</h3> <ul><li>Abebe Gebre-Tsadik (1982) "Derived nominals in Sidamo," B.A. thesis, Addis Ababa University. Addis Ababa.</li> <li>Abebe Gebre-Tsadik. 1985. "An overview of the morphological structure of Sidamo verbs," <i>The verb morphophonemics of five highland east Cushitic languages, including Burji</i>. Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere 2. Cologne: Institut für Afrikanistik. Pages 64–81.</li> <li>Anbessa Teferra (1984) "Sidamo verb morphology," B.A. thesis, Addis Ababa University. Addis Ababa.</li> <li>Anbessa Teferra. 2000. "A grammar of Sidaama," Doctoral dissertation. Jerusalem, Israel: The Hebrew University.</li> <li>ANBESSA TEFERRA, <i>Sidaama (Sidaamu Afoo)</i>, Languages of the World/Materials, 501 (München: LINCOM GmbH, 2014); 109 pp.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Enrico_Cerulli/GmD7hNXj">Cerulli, Enrico</a> (1938) <i>La Lingua e la Storia del Sidamo</i> (Studi Etiopici II). Rome: Istituto per l’Oriente.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Marcel_Cohen/MTFEFg7y">Cohen, Marcel</a> (1927) "Du verbe sidama (dans le groupe couchitique)," <i>Bulletin de la Société de la Linguistique de Paris</i> 83: 169-200.</li> <li>Gasparini, Armido (1978) <i>Grammatica Practica della Lingua Sidamo</i>. Awasa (Mimeographed: 127 pp.).</li> <li>Kramer, Ruth, and Anbessa Teferra. "Gender switch in Sidaama." <i>Journal of Afroasiatic Languages and Linguistics</i> 12, no. 2 (2020): 286-327.</li> <li>Kawachi, Kazuhiro (2007) "A grammar of Sidaama (Sidamo), a Cushitic language of Ethiopia," Doctoral dissertation. State University of New York at Buffalo.</li> <li>Moreno, Martino Mario (1940) <i>Manuale di Sidamo</i>. Milan: Mondadori.</li></ul> <h3>Dictionaries</h3> <ul><li>ACADEMY OF ETHIOPIAN LANGUAGES AND CULTURES, <i>Sidaamu Afii Dikshinere</i> (‘Sidaama monolingual dictionary’) (Addis Ababa: Academy of Ethiopian Languages and Cultures, Addis Ababa University, 2015)</li> <li>Gasparini, Armido (1983) <i>Sidamo-English dictionary</i>. Bologna, Italy: E.M.I.</li> <li>Hudson, Grover (1989) <i>Highland East Cushitic Dictionary</i> (Kuschitische Sprachstudien 7). Hamburg: Buske.</li> <li>Sileshi Worqineh and Yohannis Latamo (1995) <i>Sidaamu-Amaaru-Ingilizete Afii Qaalla Taashsho</i> [Sidaama–Amharic–English Dictionary]. Awasa: Sidaamu Zoone Wogattenna Isporte Biddishsha [Sidaama Zone Sports and Culture Department].</li> <li>Kjell Magne Yri, & Steve Pepper. (2019). dictionaria/sidaama: Sidaama Dictionary (Version v1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.3338363">10.5281/zenodo.3338363</a></li></ul> <h3>Bible translations</h3> <ul><li>British and Foreign Bible Society (1933) <i>St. Mark’s Gospel in Sidamo</i>. London.</li> <li>Ethiopian Bible Society (1984) <i>HaÌro GondoÌro</i> [New Testament of Sidamo]. Addis Ababa.</li></ul> <h3>Sociolinguistics and pragmatics</h3> <ul><li>ANBESSA TEFERRA. Women’s Language of Avoidance and Some Other Sidaama Endangered Cultural Practices. <i>Journal of Afroasiatic Languages</i> 6/1 (2016), 59–78.</li> <li>FEKEDE MENUTA GEWTA. The sociolinguistics and pragmatics of greetings in Sidama. <i>Journal of Languages and Culture</i> 7/3 (2016), 28–36.</li> <li>NIGUSSIE MESHESHA MITIKE and KJELL MAGNE YRI. Sociopolitical Discourse and Communication in Sidaama Folk Media. in <i>Multilingual Ethiopia</i> 339–357.</li> <li>YRI, KJELL MAGNE. School Grammars with Everyday Vocabulary: Suggestion for a Culture Specific Approach, with Sidaamu Afoo as an example. in <i>Multilingual Ethiopia</i> 319–338.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://www.msu.edu/~hudson/HECrefs.htm">Bibliography of Highland East Cushitic</a> by <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607201605/http://www.msu.edu/%7Ehudson/index.htm">Grover Hudson at the Michigan State University website</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070724090701/http://www.panafril10n.org/wikidoc/pmwiki.php/PanAfrLoc/Sidamo">PanAfrican L10n page on Sidamo</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Sidama at Ethnologue (27th ed., 2024) <a href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/sid" target="_blank">https://www.ethnologue.com/language/sid</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Ring, Trudy, Noelle Watson, and Paul Schellinger. "International Dictionary of Historic Places: Middle East and Africa, Volume 4." 1994. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R44VRnNCzAYC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=R44VRnNCzAYC</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Bender, Marvin L. and Robert L. Cooper. "Mutual Intelligibility Within Sidamo." 1971. <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/002438417190074X" target="_blank">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/002438417190074X</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Sidama at Ethnologue (27th ed., 2024) <a href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/sid" target="_blank">https://www.ethnologue.com/language/sid</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Kawachi, Kazuhiro (2007). A grammar of Sidaama (Sidamo): a Cushitic language of Ethiopia. University of Buffalo. <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Kawachi, Kazuhiro. "Noun Phrases Without Nouns in Sidaama (Sidamo)." 2011. <a href="https://researchmap.jp/?action=cv_download_main&upload_id=156457" target="_blank">https://researchmap.jp/?action=cv_download_main&upload_id=156457</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>