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Red avadavat
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<h2 id="taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2> <p>The red avadavat was <a href="/facts/Species_description/JyFpxSvJ">formally described</a> by the Swedish naturalist <a href="/facts/Carl_Linnaeus/gy5HWkHS">Carl Linnaeus</a> in 1758 in the <a href="/facts/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae/8H6KJrLJ">tenth edition</a> of his <i><a href="/facts/Systema_Naturae/8o4rU1DD">Systema Naturae</a></i> under the <a href="/facts/Binomial_nomenclature/jgBqAhPv">binomial name</a> <i>Fringilla amandava</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> Linnaeus based his description on "The Amaduvads Cock and Hen" that has been described and illustrated in 1738 by the English naturalist <a href="/facts/Eleazar_Albin/me5LbzrB">Eleazar Albin</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> Linnaeus specified the <a href="/facts/Type_locality_(biology)/mTM1beKX">locality</a> as East India but this was restricted to <a href="/facts/Kolkata/k0HVgEYm">Kolkata</a> (Calcutta) by <a href="/facts/E._C._Stuart_Baker/NNgwpk3u">E. C. Stuart Baker</a> in 1921.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> This species is now placed in the <a href="/facts/Genus/m8EFjSms">genus</a> <i><a href="/facts/Amandava/zyytwxz1">Amandava</a></i> that was introduced in 1836 by the English zoologist <a href="/facts/Edward_Blyth/bSW6RSo7">Edward Blyth</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p><p>The red avadavat were earlier included in the genus <i>Estrilda</i> by Jean Delacour. This placement was followed for a while but morphological,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> behavioural, biochemical<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> and DNA studies now support their separation in the genus <i>Amandava</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p><p>Three <a href="/facts/Subspecies/4L9jFacF">subspecies</a> are recognised:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p> <ul><li><i>A. a. amandava</i> (Linnaeus, 1758) – Pakistan, India, Nepal and Bangladesh</li> <li><i>A. a. flavidiventris</i> (<a href="/facts/Alfred_Russel_Wallace/bMvvalao">Wallace</a>, 1864) – Myanmar, south China, northwest, central Thailand and the Lesser Sundas</li> <li><i>A. a. punicea</i> (<a href="/facts/Thomas_Horsfield/BaP4umPc">Horsfield</a>, 1821) – southeast Thailand, Cambodia, south Vietnam, Java and Bali</li></ul> <h2 id="description">Description</h2> <p>This small finch is easily identified by the rounded black tail and the bill that is seasonally red. The rump is red and the breeding male is red on most of the upper parts except for a black eye-stripe, lower belly and wings. There are white spots on the red body and wing feathers. The non-breeding male is duller but has the red-rump while the female is duller with less of the white spotting on the feathers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="distribution-and-habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2> <p>Red avadavats are found mainly on flat plains, in places with tall grasses or crops, often near water.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> The species has four named subspecies. The nominate subspecies is called <i>amandava</i> and is found in <a href="/facts/Bangladesh/NXk4f78Y">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/facts/India/1kKHcnxM">India</a>, <a href="/facts/Nepal/yWCzTBR2">Nepal</a> and <a href="/facts/Pakistan/cbIsvJy1">Pakistan</a>; the Burmese form is called <i>flavidiventris</i> (also found in parts of <a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p">China</a>, <a href="/facts/Indonesia/vQnWU3IW">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/facts/Thailand/GCUnN4JK">Thailand</a> and <a href="/facts/Vietnam/0ulfA8Eq">Vietnam</a>);<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> the population further east in Java is called <i>punicea</i> and in Cambodia, <i>decouxi</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> </p><p>Introduced populations exist in several locations worldwide: southern <a href="/facts/Spain/bIyrB8EY">Spain</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Brunei/dyz9JUn8">Brunei</a>, <a href="/facts/Fiji/JU8Hs8WH">Fiji</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Egypt/8Ttg0JwB">Egypt</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> Malaysia, the United States, <a href="/facts/Bahrain/ndXdWPhr">Bahrain</a>, <a href="/facts/Guadeloupe/vwgVTYPm">Guadeloupe</a>, Iran, Italy, <a href="/facts/R%25C3%25A9union/8088YvSY">Réunion</a>, Malaysia, Mexico, the <a href="/facts/Dominican_Republic/u36V3Nsb">Dominican Republic</a>, <a href="/facts/Martinique/HTwzANWx">Martinique</a>, Portugal, Japan, <a href="/facts/Puerto_Rico/jVStMyG4">Puerto Rico</a>, <a href="/facts/Singapore/CQDkhUvD">Singapore</a> and Hawaii.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="behaviour-and-ecology">Behaviour and ecology</h2> <p>This finch is usually seen in small flocks,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> flying with rapid wingbeats and descending into grass clumps where they are hard to observe. Pairs stay together during the breeding season.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> These birds produce a distinctive low single note <i>pseep</i> call that is often given in flight. The song is a series of low notes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> Birds of a flock will preen each other, ruffling their head feathers in invitation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> They feed mainly on grass seeds but will also take insects such as termites when they are available.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> </p><p>They build a globular nest made of grass blades. The usual clutch is about five or six white eggs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> </p><p>The beak begins to turn red in May and darkens during November and December. The beak then turns rapidly to black in April and the cycle continues.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> These seasonal cycles are linked to seasonal changes in daylength.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> </p><p>Two ectoparasitic species of bird lice (an <a href="/facts/Ischnocera/N8pKUdIf">ischnoceran</a>, <i>Brueelia amandavae</i>, and an <a href="/facts/Amblycera/cCoF8Cat">amblyceran</a>, <i>Myrsidea amandava</i>) have been identified living on them<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> and a <a href="/facts/Paramyxoviridae/IAXXKum6">paramyxovirus</a> has been isolated from birds kept in Japan.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="conservation">Conservation</h2> <p>Though the current conservation status of Red avadavat is Least Concern (LC), it has become increasingly uncommon in at least part of Southeast Asia. In Thailand, they are described an uncommon to rare resident.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> In Cambodia, Red avadavats were already "exported by the thousands" to Vietnam in the 1920s, described as "uncommon and irregular" in the early 1960s, and populations are now considered to be low and of concern, yet significant numbers were still found in the <a href="/facts/Life_release/5PQq5PC0">merit release</a> trade in 2012.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="gallery">Gallery</h2> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Amandava amandava. <a href="/facts/Wikispecies/b2GhA7Le">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i>Amandava amandava</i>. <ul><li><a href="http://ibc.lynxeds.com/species/red-avadavat-amandava-amandava">Photos and videos The Internet Bird Collection</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=8663&m=0">BirdLife International species factsheet</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Pittie A (2004). "A dictionary of scientific bird names originating from the Indian region". Buceros. 9 (2). <a href="https://archive.org/details/BirdNamesIndia" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/BirdNamesIndia</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Yule H (1886). Hobson-Jobson:A glossary of Anglo-Indian colloquial words and phrases. John Murray. p. 30. <a href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924012794628#page/n83/mode/1up/search/Avadavat" target="_blank">https://archive.org/stream/cu31924012794628#page/n83/mode/1up/search/Avadavat</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 180. <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" target="_blank">/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Albin, Eleazar; Derham, William (1738). A Natural History of Birds : Illustrated with a Hundred and One Copper Plates, Curiously Engraven from the Life. Vol. 3. London: Printed for the author and sold by William Innys. p. 72, Plate 77. <a href="/wiki/Eleazar_Albin" target="_blank">/wiki/Eleazar_Albin</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Baker, E.C. Stuart (1921). "Hand-list of the "Birds of India" Part III". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 27: 692–744 [725]. <a href="/wiki/E._C._Stuart_Baker" target="_blank">/wiki/E._C._Stuart_Baker</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Paynter, Raymond A. Jr, ed. (1968). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 14. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 348. <a href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14481549" target="_blank">https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14481549</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>White, Gilbert (1836). Blyth, Edward (ed.). The Natural History of Selborne, with its Antiquites; Naturalist's Calendar, &c. London: Orr and Smith. p. 44, Footnote. <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_White" target="_blank">/wiki/Gilbert_White</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2021). "Waxbills, parrotfinches, munias, whydahs, Olive Warbler, accentors, pipits". IOC World Bird List Version 11.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 14 July 2021. <a href="/wiki/Frank_Gill_(ornithologist)" target="_blank">/wiki/Frank_Gill_(ornithologist)</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Harrison, C.J.O. (1962). "The affinities of the Red Avadavat, Amandava amandava (Linn.)". Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. 82: 126–132. <a href="https://archive.org/stream/bulletinofbritis82brit#page/126/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/stream/bulletinofbritis82brit#page/126/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Christidis, L (1987). "Biochemical systematics within Palaeotropic finches (Aves: Estrildidae)" (PDF). The Auk. 104 (3): 380–392. doi:10.2307/4087534. JSTOR 4087534. <a href="http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v104n03/p0380-p0392.pdf" target="_blank">http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v104n03/p0380-p0392.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Harrison, CJO (1962). "An ethological comparison of some waxbills (Estrildini), and its relevance to their taxonomy". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 139 (2): 261–282. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1962.tb01830.x. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Delacour, Jean (1943). "A revision of the subfamily Estrildinae of the family Ploceidae". Zoologica. 28: 69–86. <a href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/51008602" target="_blank">https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/51008602</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Webster, J.D. (2007). "Skeletal characters and the systematics of Estrildid finches (Aves:Estrildidae)". Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science. 116 (1): 90–107. Archived from the original on 2011-05-24. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110524004704/http://www.indianaacademyofscience.org/Documents/Proceedings/V116/Proc_v116_1_2007_pp90-107.aspx" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110524004704/http://www.indianaacademyofscience.org/Documents/Proceedings/V116/Proc_v116_1_2007_pp90-107.aspx</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2021). "Waxbills, parrotfinches, munias, whydahs, Olive Warbler, accentors, pipits". IOC World Bird List Version 11.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 14 July 2021. <a href="/wiki/Frank_Gill_(ornithologist)" target="_blank">/wiki/Frank_Gill_(ornithologist)</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Rasmussen, Pamela C.; Anderton, John C. (2012). Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide. Vol. 2: Attributes and Status (2nd ed.). Washington D.C. and Barcelona: Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History and Lynx Edicions. p. 572. ISBN 978-84-96553-87-3. <a href="978-84-96553-87-3" target="_blank">978-84-96553-87-3</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Whistler, Hugh (1949). Popular Handbook of Indian Birds. Gurney and Jackson. pp. 216–217. <a href="https://archive.org/stream/popularhandbooko033226mbp#page/n259/mode/1up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/stream/popularhandbooko033226mbp#page/n259/mode/1up</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Rasmussen, Pamela C.; Anderton, John C. (2012). Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide. Vol. 2: Attributes and Status (2nd ed.). Washington D.C. and Barcelona: Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History and Lynx Edicions. p. 572. ISBN 978-84-96553-87-3. <a href="978-84-96553-87-3" target="_blank">978-84-96553-87-3</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Baker, E.C. Stuart (1921). "Hand-list of the "Birds of India" Part III". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 27: 692–744 [725]. <a href="/wiki/E._C._Stuart_Baker" target="_blank">/wiki/E._C._Stuart_Baker</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Oates, EW (1890). Fauna of British India. Birds. Volume 2. Taylor and Francis, London. pp. 192–193. <a href="https://archive.org/stream/faunaofbritishin02oate#page/192/mode/1up/search/amandava" target="_blank">https://archive.org/stream/faunaofbritishin02oate#page/192/mode/1up/search/amandava</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Deignan, H.G. (1963). "Checklist of the birds of Thailand". United States National Museum Bulletin. 226: 216. <a href="https://archive.org/stream/bulletinunitedst2261963unit#page/216/mode/1up/search/amandava" target="_blank">https://archive.org/stream/bulletinunitedst2261963unit#page/216/mode/1up/search/amandava</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Paynter, Raymond A. Jr, ed. (1968). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 14. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 348. <a href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14481549" target="_blank">https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14481549</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Baker ECS (1926). Fauna of British India. Birds. Volume 3 (2nd ed.). Taylor and Francis. pp. 95–97. <a href="https://archive.org/stream/BakerFbiBirds3/BakerFBI3#page/n116/mode/1up/" target="_blank">https://archive.org/stream/BakerFbiBirds3/BakerFBI3#page/n116/mode/1up/</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>De Lope F.; Guerrero J.; De La Cruz C. (1984). "Une nouvelle espèce à classer parmi les oiseaux de la Péninsule Ibérique: Estrilda (Amandava) amandava L. (Ploceidae, Passeriformes)" [A new species for the Iberian Peninsula: Estrilda (Amandava) amandava L. (Ploceidae, Passeriformes)]. Alauda. 52 (4). <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Langham, N.P.E. (1987). "The annual cycle of the Avadavat Amandava amandava in Fiji". Emu. 87 (4): 232–243. Bibcode:1987EmuAO..87..232L. doi:10.1071/MU9870232. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Nicoll, MJ (1919). Handlist of the birds of Egypt. Government Press, Cairo. p. 30. <a href="https://archive.org/stream/handlistofbirdso00nico#page/29/mode/1up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/stream/handlistofbirdso00nico#page/29/mode/1up</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Barre N.; Benito-Espinal E. (1985). "Oiseaux granivores exotiques implantés en Guadeloupe, à Marie-Galante et en Martinique (Antilles françaises)" [Seed eating exotic birds established in Guadeloupe, Marie Galante and in Martinique (French West Indies)]. L'Oiseau et la Revue française d'Ornithologie. 55 (3): 235–241. <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Ticehurst, C.B. (1930). "The Amandavat (Aamandava amandava) in Mesopotamia". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 34 (2): 576. <a href="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48296085" target="_blank">https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48296085</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Amandava amandava". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. October 2016. <a href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22719614/94635498" target="_blank">https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22719614/94635498</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Evans, SM (1970). "Some factors affecting the flock behaviour of red avadavats (Amandava amandava) with particular reference to clumping". 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