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Organisation of African Unity
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<h2 id="history">History</h2> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Union_of_African_States/jgxFplno">Union of African States</a> and <a href="/facts/History_of_the_African_Union/Uhvog4gA">History of the African Union</a></p> <p>The inception of the OAU's establishment was the Sanniquellie Pledge at the First West African Summit Conference held in <a href="/facts/Sanniquellie/YH6eSGHB">Sanniquellie</a>, <a href="/facts/Liberia/U99yfl2k">Liberia</a> on 15–19 July 1959.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> President <a href="/facts/William_Tubman/FhBlmp7R">Tubman</a> of <a href="/facts/Liberia/U99yfl2k">Liberia</a> hosted President <a href="/facts/Ahmed_S%C3%A9kou_Tour%C3%A9/89NrGImY">Touré</a> of <a href="/facts/Guinea/MaBu4ysQ">Guinea</a>, and Prime Minister <a href="/facts/Kwame_Nkrumah/cDq1JGd9">Nkrumah</a> of <a href="/facts/Ghana/IkUw32Ya">Ghana</a>, and the three pledged to work together for the formation of a "Community of Independent African States".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p><p>The OAU was founded in May 1963<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> in <a href="/facts/Addis_Ababa/8TmdnlmM">Addis Ababa</a>, <a href="/facts/Ethiopia/LVujNp5v">Ethiopia</a>, by 32 African states with the main aim of bringing the African nations together and resolve the issues within the continent.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> Its first ever conference was held on 1 May 1963<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> in Addis Ababa.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> At that conference, the late <a href="/facts/The_Gambia/en5tl7Sz">Gambian</a> historian – and one of the leading <a href="/facts/African_nationalism/5NgShVDL">Gambian nationalists</a> and <a href="/facts/Pan-Africanism/IGqVoWGk">Pan-Africanists</a> at the time – <a href="/facts/Alieu_Ebrima_Cham_Joof/s1jIulIx">Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof</a> delivered a speech in front of the member states, in which he said:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p> It is barely 75 years when the European Powers sat around the table in Germany each holding a dagger to carve up Africa for its own benefit.… Your success will inspire and speed up the freedom and total independence of the African continent and eradicate imperialism and colonialism from the continent and eventually neo-colonialism from the globe… Your failure, which no true African in Africa is praying for, will prolong our struggle with bitterness and disappointment. I, therefore, adjure that you ignore any suggestion outside Africa and holding that the present civilization, which some of the big powered are boasting of, sprang up from Africa, and realising that the entire world has something earthly to learn from Africa, you would endeavour your utmost to come to agreement, save Africa from the clutches of neo-colonialism and resurrect African dignity, manhood and national stability. <h2 id="aims">Aims</h2> <p>The OAU had the following primary aims: </p> <ul><li>To co-ordinate and intensify the co-operation of <a href="/facts/Africa/XkqQUP9s">African</a> states in order to achieve a better life for the people of Africa.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></li> <li>To defend the sovereignty, territorial integrity and independence of African states.</li> <li>The OAU was also dedicated to the eradication of all forms of <a href="/facts/Colonialism/kvqx2DaV">colonialism</a> and white minority rule as, when it was established, there were several states that had not yet won their independence or were white minority-ruled. <a href="/facts/South_Africa/vvXQpLgq">South Africa</a> and <a href="/facts/Angola/PQrYRHMd">Angola</a> were two such countries. The OAU proposed two ways of ridding the continent of colonialism and white minority rule. First, it would defend the interests of independent countries and help to pursue the independence those of still-colonised ones. Secondly, it would remain neutral in terms of world affairs, preventing its members from being controlled once more by outside powers.</li></ul> <p>A Liberation Committee was established to aid independence movements and look after the interests of already-independent states. The OAU also aimed to stay neutral in terms of global politics, which would prevent them from being controlled once more by outside forces – an especial danger with the Cold War. </p> <p>The OAU had other aims, too: </p> <ul><li>Ensure that all Africans enjoyed <a href="/facts/Human_rights/WMW5XCdM">human rights</a>.</li> <li>Raise the <a href="/facts/Living_standards/oKRuG57a">living standards</a> of all Africans.</li> <li>Settle arguments and disputes between members – not through fighting but rather peaceful and diplomatic negotiation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></li></ul> <p>Soon after achieving independence, a number of African states expressed a growing desire for more unity within the continent. Not everyone was agreed on how this unity could be achieved, however, and two opinionated groups emerged in this respect: </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Casablanca_Group/ebH9bs93">The Casablanca bloc</a>, led by <a href="/facts/Kwame_Nkrumah/cDq1JGd9">Kwame Nkrumah</a> of <a href="/facts/Ghana/IkUw32Ya">Ghana</a>, wanted a <a href="/facts/Federation/R846sufb">federation</a> of all African countries. Aside from Ghana, it comprised also <a href="/facts/Algeria/UXDF4Tj6">Algeria</a>, <a href="/facts/Guinea/MaBu4ysQ">Guinea</a>, <a href="/facts/Morocco/6ly8170M">Morocco</a>, <a href="/facts/Egypt/8Ttg0JwB">Egypt</a>, <a href="/facts/Mali/sAaVqV1e">Mali</a> and <a href="/facts/Libya/HMPH8PWR">Libya</a>. Founded in 1961, its members were described as "progressive states".</li> <li><a href="/facts/Monrovia_Group/IaDToApz">The Monrovian bloc</a>, led by <a href="/facts/L%C3%A9opold_S%C3%A9dar_Senghor/fvjmjnJD">Senghor</a> of <a href="/facts/Senegal/PPaRNYJH">Senegal</a>, felt that unity should be achieved gradually, through economic cooperation. It did not support the notion of a political federation. Its other members were <a href="/facts/Nigeria/gbW17BX8">Nigeria</a>, <a href="/facts/Liberia/U99yfl2k">Liberia</a>, <a href="/facts/Ethiopia/LVujNp5v">Ethiopia</a>, and most of the former French colonies.</li></ul> <p>Some of the initial discussions took place at <a href="/facts/Sanniquellie/YH6eSGHB">Sanniquellie</a>, Liberia. The dispute was eventually resolved when <a href="/facts/Ethiopia/LVujNp5v">Ethiopian</a> emperor <a href="/facts/Haile_Selassie_I/zU5z6XG6">Haile Selassie I</a> invited the two groups to <a href="/facts/Addis_Ababa/8TmdnlmM">Addis Ababa</a>, where the OAU and its headquarters were subsequently established. The Charter of the Organisation was signed by 32 independent African states. </p><p>At the time of the OAU's disbanding, 53 out of the 54 African states were members; <a href="/facts/Morocco/6ly8170M">Morocco</a> left on 12 November 1984 following the admission of the <a href="/facts/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic/M3ld4Y8P">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a> as the government of <a href="/facts/Western_Sahara/xAmSkuJl">Western Sahara</a> in 1982.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="criticism-and-praise">Criticism and praise</h2> <p>The organisation was widely derided as a bureaucratic "talking shop" with little power. It struggled to enforce its decisions, and its lack of armed force made intervention exceedingly difficult. <a href="/facts/Civil_war/bMhgxnxC">Civil wars</a> in Nigeria and Angola continued unabated for years, and the OAU could do nothing to stop them. </p><p>The policy of non-interference in the affairs of member states also limited the effectiveness of the OAU. Thus, when <a href="/facts/Human_rights/WMW5XCdM">human rights</a> were violated, as in <a href="/facts/Uganda/PabdegRm">Uganda</a> under <a href="/facts/Idi_Amin/gjvrcmu6">Idi Amin</a> in the 1970s, the OAU was powerless to stop them. </p><p>The Organisation was praised by Ghanaian former <a href="/facts/United_Nations_Secretary-General/2nNU9WMu">United Nations Secretary-General</a> <a href="/facts/Kofi_Annan/x5YdH5wX">Kofi Annan</a> for bringing Africans together. Nevertheless, critics argue that, in its 39 years of existence, the OAU did little to protect the rights and liberties of African citizens from their own political leaders, often dubbing it as a "Dictators' Club"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> or "Dictators' Trade Union". </p><p>The OAU was, however, successful in some respects. Many of its members were members of the UN, too, and they stood together within the latter organisation to safeguard African interests – especially in respect of lingering colonialism. Its pursuit of African unity, therefore, was in some ways successful. </p><p>Total unity was difficult to achieve, however, as the OAU was largely divided. The former French colonies, still dependent on <a href="/facts/France/CxIeIKM3">France</a>, had formed the <a href="/facts/Monrovia_Group/IaDToApz">Monrovia Group</a>, and there was a further split between those that supported the United States and those that supported the <a href="/facts/USSR/m7wWsPto">USSR</a> in the <a href="/facts/Cold_War/spJdJQ3q">Cold War</a> of ideologies. The pro-<a href="/facts/Socialist/U2kVoPaA">Socialist</a> faction was led by Ghana's <a href="/facts/Kwame_Nkrumah/cDq1JGd9">Kwame Nkrumah</a>, while <a href="/facts/F%C3%A9lix_Houphou%C3%ABt-Boigny/m05PLPeU">Félix Houphouët-Boigny</a> of the <a href="/facts/Ivory_Coast/mSSED5Yl">Ivory Coast</a> led the pro-<a href="/facts/Capitalism/FbPc6TTw">capitalists</a>. Because of these divisions, it was difficult for the OAU to take action against states involved in internal conflicts because it could rarely reach an agreement on what was to be done. </p><p>The OAU did play a pivotal role in eradicating <a href="/facts/Colonialism/kvqx2DaV">colonialism</a> and white minority rule in Africa. It gave weapons, training and military bases to rebel groups fighting white minority and colonial rule. Groups such as the ANC and PAC, fighting <a href="/facts/Apartheid/8x87W8ex">apartheid</a>, and <a href="/facts/ZANU/SsGc5d6V">ZANU</a> and <a href="/facts/ZAPU/aCB87zeE">ZAPU</a>, fighting to topple the government of <a href="/facts/Rhodesia/JHQJpmdj">Rhodesia</a>, were aided in their endeavours by the OAU. African harbours were closed to the South African government, and South African aircraft were prohibited from flying over the rest of the continent. The UN was convinced by the OAU to expel South Africa from bodies such as the <a href="/facts/World_Health_Organization/YNN3bgug">World Health Organization</a>. </p><p>The OAU also worked with the UN to ease refugee problems. It set up the <a href="/facts/African_Development_Bank/S14GV19R">African Development Bank</a> for economic projects intended to make Africa financially stronger. Although all African countries eventually won their <a href="/facts/Independence/5FLmL8qT">independence</a>, it remained difficult for them to become totally independent of their former colonisers. There was often continued reliance on the former colonial powers for economic aid, which often came with strings attached: loans had to be paid back at high interest-rates, and goods had to be sold to the aiders at low rates. </p><p>The US and Soviet Union intervened in post-colonial Africa in pursuit of their own objectives. Help was sometimes provided in the form of <a href="/facts/Technology/9Uav5WVR">technology</a> and aid-workers. Despite the goodwill and best intentions, the OAU consistently failed at its stated goal - that of the fight to keep "Westerners" (colonialists) out of, and only focus upon, African affairs. The Organisation still heavily depended on Western help (military and economic) to intervene in African affairs, despite African leaders' displeasure at dealing with the international community, especially Western countries. </p> <h2 id="agencies">Agencies</h2> <p>Autonomous specialised agencies, working under the auspices of the OAU, were: </p> <ul><li>Pan-African Telecommunications Union (PATU)</li> <li>Pan-African Postal Union (PAPU)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Pan-African_News_Agency/lhJPgAty">Pan-African News Agency</a> (PANA)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Union_of_African_National_Television_and_Radio_Organisations/3DGTM3Ud">Union of African National Television and Radio Organisations</a> (URTNA)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Union_of_African_Railways/PbqHVwhK">Union of African Railways</a> (UAR)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Organisation_of_African_Trade_Union_Unity/tdqeYsad">Organisation of African Trade Union Unity</a> (OATUU)</li> <li>Supreme Council for Sports in Africa</li> <li><a href="/facts/African_Civil_Aviation_Commission/cNIDz2lU">African Civil Aviation Commission</a></li></ul> <h2 id="list-of-chairpersons">List of chairpersons</h2> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Chairperson_of_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity/PNlNsA6n">Chairperson of the Organisation of African Unity</a></p> <h2 id="oau-summits">OAU summits</h2> <table><tbody><tr><th>Host City</th><th>Host Country</th><th>Date</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Addis_Ababa/8TmdnlmM">Addis Ababa</a></td><td> <a href="/facts/Ethiopia/LVujNp5v">Ethiopia</a></td><td>22–25 May 1963</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Cairo/dXjj60ar">Cairo</a></td><td> <a href="/facts/Egypt/8Ttg0JwB">Egypt</a></td><td>17–21 July 1964</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Accra/wm954H5w">Accra</a></td><td> <a href="/facts/Ghana/IkUw32Ya">Ghana</a></td><td>21–26 October 1965</td></tr><tr><td>Addis Ababa</td><td> <a href="/facts/Ethiopia/LVujNp5v">Ethiopia</a></td><td>5–9 November 1966</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Kinshasa/REHVNkdc">Kinshasa</a></td><td> <a href="/facts/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo/E2KmHDdv">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></td><td>11–14 September 1967</td></tr><tr><td>Algiers</td><td> <a href="/facts/Algeria/UXDF4Tj6">Algeria</a></td><td>13–16 September 1968</td></tr><tr><td>Addis Ababa</td><td> <a href="/facts/Ethiopia/LVujNp5v">Ethiopia</a></td><td>6–10 September 1969</td></tr><tr><td>Addis Ababa</td><td> <a href="/facts/Ethiopia/LVujNp5v">Ethiopia</a></td><td>1–3 September 1970</td></tr><tr><td>Addis Ababa</td><td> <a href="/facts/Ethiopia/LVujNp5v">Ethiopia</a></td><td>21–23 June 1971</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Rabat/oPcxFY9g">Rabat</a></td><td> <a href="/facts/Morocco/6ly8170M">Morocco</a></td><td>12–15 June 1972</td></tr><tr><td>Addis Ababa</td><td> <a href="/facts/Ethiopia/LVujNp5v">Ethiopia</a></td><td>27–28 May 1973</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Mogadishu/B5DlpNob">Mogadishu</a></td><td> <a href="/facts/Somalia/3wQYwIdS">Somalia</a></td><td>1974</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Kampala/62v9AGDl">Kampala</a></td><td> <a href="/facts/Uganda/PabdegRm">Uganda</a></td><td>28 July–1 August 1975</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Port_Louis/yd1kFXSd">Port Louis</a></td><td> <a href="/facts/Mauritius/lVUARna5">Mauritius</a></td><td>2–6 July 1976</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Libreville/X8KMs4zQ">Libreville</a></td><td> <a href="/facts/Gabon/RKDffnwV">Gabon</a></td><td>2–5 July 1977</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Khartoum/qLorvydI">Khartoum</a></td><td> <a href="/facts/Sudan/yGeaNdvS">Sudan</a></td><td>18–22 July 1978</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Monrovia/XuFRoldL">Monrovia</a></td><td> <a href="/facts/Liberia/U99yfl2k">Liberia</a></td><td>17–20 July 1979</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Freetown/uAIVc2rb">Freetown</a></td><td> <a href="/facts/Sierra_Leone/gWP9YL0v">Sierra Leone</a></td><td>1–4 July 1980</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Nairobi/AykVFgL3">Nairobi</a></td><td> <a href="/facts/Kenya/Y9Ko9pQu">Kenya</a></td><td>24–27 June 1981</td></tr><tr><td>Addis Ababa</td><td> <a href="/facts/Ethiopia/LVujNp5v">Ethiopia</a></td><td>6–12 June 1983</td></tr><tr><td>Addis Ababa</td><td> <a href="/facts/Ethiopia/LVujNp5v">Ethiopia</a></td><td>12–15 November 1984</td></tr><tr><td>Addis Ababa</td><td> <a href="/facts/Ethiopia/LVujNp5v">Ethiopia</a></td><td>18–20 July 1985</td></tr><tr><td>Addis Ababa</td><td> <a href="/facts/Ethiopia/LVujNp5v">Ethiopia</a></td><td>28–30 July 1986</td></tr><tr><td>Addis Ababa</td><td> <a href="/facts/Ethiopia/LVujNp5v">Ethiopia</a></td><td>27–29 July- 1987</td></tr><tr><td>Addis Ababa</td><td> <a href="/facts/Ethiopia/LVujNp5v">Ethiopia</a></td><td>Extraordinary Summit: October 1987</td></tr><tr><td>Addis Ababa</td><td> <a href="/facts/Ethiopia/LVujNp5v">Ethiopia</a></td><td>25–28 May 1988</td></tr><tr><td>Addis Ababa</td><td> <a href="/facts/Ethiopia/LVujNp5v">Ethiopia</a></td><td>24–26 July 1989</td></tr><tr><td>Addis Ababa</td><td> <a href="/facts/Ethiopia/LVujNp5v">Ethiopia</a></td><td>9–11 July 1990</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Abuja/BTHTlNI1">Abuja</a></td><td> <a href="/facts/Nigeria/gbW17BX8">Nigeria</a></td><td>3–5 July 1991</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Dakar/zTxKbsaR">Dakar</a></td><td> <a href="/facts/Senegal/PPaRNYJH">Senegal</a></td><td>29 June – 1 July 1992</td></tr><tr><td>Cairo</td><td> <a href="/facts/Egypt/8Ttg0JwB">Egypt</a></td><td>28–30 June 1993</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Tunis/nmKNnW85">Tunis</a></td><td> <a href="/facts/Tunisia/4uC8Po6k">Tunisia</a></td><td>13–15 June 1994</td></tr><tr><td>Addis Ababa</td><td> <a href="/facts/Ethiopia/LVujNp5v">Ethiopia</a></td><td>26–28 June 1995</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Yaound%C3%A9/rVDzbQQ4">Yaoundé</a></td><td> <a href="/facts/Cameroon/QnrdY05C">Cameroon</a></td><td>8–10 June 1996</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Harare/DLq2hWlg">Harare</a></td><td> <a href="/facts/Zimbabwe/8Yqt8490">Zimbabwe</a></td><td>2–4 June 1997</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Ouagadougou/fa2Lcl8u">Ouagadougou</a></td><td> <a href="/facts/Burkina_Faso/L3zPAJwx">Burkina Faso</a></td><td>8–10 June 1998</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Algiers/Cdk8BQl1">Algiers</a></td><td> <a href="/facts/Algeria/UXDF4Tj6">Algeria</a></td><td>12–14 July 1999</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Sirte/9SBX876W">Sirte</a></td><td> <a href="/facts/Libya/HMPH8PWR">Libya</a></td><td>Extraordinary Summit 6–9 September 1999</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Lom%C3%A9/P7KPgAg2">Lomé</a></td><td> <a href="/facts/Togo/7HzUaQkw">Togo</a></td><td>10–12 July 2000</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Lusaka/Fszyz7ky">Lusaka</a></td><td> <a href="/facts/Zambia/lCnlx5a1">Zambia</a></td><td>9–11 July 2001, the last OAU summit</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="oau-members-by-date-of-admission-53-states">OAU members by date of admission (53 states)</h2> <table><tbody><tr><th>Date</th><th>Countries</th><th>Notes</th></tr><tr><td rowspan="33">25 May 1963</td><td> <a href="/facts/Algeria/UXDF4Tj6">Algeria</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Burundi/GTNtpIra">Burundi</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Cameroon/QnrdY05C">Cameroon</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Central_African_Republic/TKMWWr57">Central African Republic</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Chad/KStYoub3">Chad</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Republic_of_the_Congo/kNLEWqhl">Congo</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo/E2KmHDdv">DR Congo</a></td><td>1971–97 <a href="/facts/Zaire/fQ4DIs0j">Zaire</a></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Republic_of_Dahomey/KN27Hw2D">Dahomey</a></td><td>From 1975 <a href="/facts/Benin/G98jPhND">Benin</a></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Egypt/8Ttg0JwB">Egypt</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Ethiopia/LVujNp5v">Ethiopia</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Gabon/RKDffnwV">Gabon</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Ghana/IkUw32Ya">Ghana</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Guinea/MaBu4ysQ">Guinea</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Ivory_Coast/mSSED5Yl">Ivory Coast</a></td><td>From 1985 Côte d'Ivoire</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Liberia/U99yfl2k">Liberia</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Libya/HMPH8PWR">Libya</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Madagascar/ez12IAcY">Madagascar</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Mali/sAaVqV1e">Mali</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Mauritania/JcP8EJku">Mauritania</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Morocco/6ly8170M">Morocco</a></td><td>Withdrew 12 November 1984, protesting the membership of <a href="/facts/Western_Sahara/xAmSkuJl">Western Sahara</a>. However, Morocco joined the African Union in January 2017, 33 years after its withdrawal.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Niger/hRbX6MkM">Niger</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Nigeria/gbW17BX8">Nigeria</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Rwanda/UKR5UdKy">Rwanda</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Senegal/PPaRNYJH">Senegal</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Sierra_Leone/gWP9YL0v">Sierra Leone</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Somalia/3wQYwIdS">Somalia</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Sudan/yGeaNdvS">Sudan</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Tanganyika_(1961%E2%80%931964)/YcBe7rmn">Tanganyika</a></td><td>Tanganyika and Zanzibar merged 26 April 1964 to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar, which was renamed <a href="/facts/Tanzania/MJueJ7E4">Tanzania</a> on 1 November 1964.</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Togo/7HzUaQkw">Togo</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Tunisia/4uC8Po6k">Tunisia</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Uganda/PabdegRm">Uganda</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Republic_of_Upper_Volta/pMs8BatR">Upper Volta</a></td><td>From 1984 Burkina Faso</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Zanzibar/Nj7CFq9B">Zanzibar</a></td><td>Tanganyika and Zanzibar merged 26 April 1964 to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar, which was renamed Tanzania 1 November 1964.</td></tr><tr><td>13 December 1963</td><td> <a href="/facts/Kenya/Y9Ko9pQu">Kenya</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>13 July 1964</td><td> <a href="/facts/Malawi/HTj5q7Wc">Malawi</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>16 December 1964</td><td> <a href="/facts/Zambia/lCnlx5a1">Zambia</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>October 1965</td><td> <a href="/facts/The_Gambia/en5tl7Sz">Gambia</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">31 October 1966</td><td> <a href="/facts/Botswana/dGw6g94p">Botswana</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Lesotho/gYSatY8p">Lesotho</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>August 1968</td><td> <a href="/facts/Mauritius/lVUARna5">Mauritius</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>24 September 1968</td><td> <a href="/facts/Eswatini/Mfz58p4W">Swaziland</a> (now <a href="/facts/Eswatini/Mfz58p4W">Eswatini</a>)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>12 October 1968</td><td> <a href="/facts/Equatorial_Guinea/ARkq2P4f">Equatorial Guinea</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>19 November 1973</td><td> <a href="/facts/Guinea-Bissau/YqJjM4Ex">Guinea-Bissau</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>11 February 1975</td><td> <a href="/facts/Angola/PQrYRHMd">Angola</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">18 July 1975</td><td> <a href="/facts/Cape_Verde/YCNhPVhE">Cape Verde</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Comoros/b6HkaTRQ">Comoros</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Mozambique/mMWQ80JT">Mozambique</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe/7EbNfgsJ">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>29 June 1976</td><td> <a href="/facts/Seychelles/Ub9we8XU">Seychelles</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>27 June 1977</td><td> <a href="/facts/Djibouti/77jY0eII">Djibouti</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1 June 1980</td><td> <a href="/facts/Zimbabwe/8Yqt8490">Zimbabwe</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>22 February 1982</td><td> <a href="/facts/Western_Sahara/xAmSkuJl">Western Sahara</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3 June 1990</td><td> <a href="/facts/Namibia/ahXuaypy">Namibia</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>24 May 1993</td><td> <a href="/facts/Eritrea/tuhgQTdR">Eritrea</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>6 June 1994</td><td> <a href="/facts/South_Africa/vvXQpLgq">South Africa</a></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/African_Parliamentary_Union/2M4bmCQ0">African Parliamentary Union</a> (APU), another <a href="/facts/Inter-parliamentary_institution/gB10eJMG">inter-parliamentary institution</a> only of some African countries (non-members are <a href="/facts/Eritrea/tuhgQTdR">Eritrea</a>, <a href="/facts/Seychelles/Ub9we8XU">Seychelles</a>, <a href="/facts/Comoros/b6HkaTRQ">Comoros</a>, <a href="/facts/Mauritius/lVUARna5">Mauritius</a>, <a href="/facts/Madagascar/ez12IAcY">Madagascar</a>, <a href="/facts/Tanzania/MJueJ7E4">Tanzania</a>, <a href="/facts/Zimbabwe/8Yqt8490">Zimbabwe</a>, <a href="/facts/Malawi/HTj5q7Wc">Malawi</a>, <a href="/facts/Mozambique/mMWQ80JT">Mozambique</a>, <a href="/facts/Botswana/dGw6g94p">Botswana</a>, <a href="/facts/South_Africa/vvXQpLgq">South Africa</a>, <a href="/facts/Swaziland/Mfz58p4W">Swaziland</a>, <a href="/facts/Lesotho/gYSatY8p">Lesotho</a>, <a href="/facts/Sahrawi_Republic/M3ld4Y8P">Sahrawi Republic</a>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Africa_Day/HbtlW8mQ">Africa Day</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Bamako_Convention/5BQP0ltq">Bamako Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Casablanca_Group/ebH9bs93">Casablanca Group</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Convention_Governing_the_Specific_Aspects_of_Refugee_Problems_in_Africa/y7n2J4rk">Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_Linguistic_Rights_in_Constitutions_(Africa)/wNfMyBPM">List of Linguistic Rights in Constitutions (Africa)</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Monrovia_Group/IaDToApz">Monrovia Group</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/MPAIAC/pBSJRQBd">MPAIAC</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Pan-Africanism/IGqVoWGk">Pan-Africanism</a></li></ul> <ul> <li>Africa portal</li></ul> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Organisation of African Unity. <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li><i>OAU After Twenty Years</i>. Praeger (1984); <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-03-062473-8;</li> <li>Terry M. Mays, <i>Africa's First Peacekeeping Operation: The OAU in Chad, 1981–1982</i>, Praeger (2002); <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-275-97606-8</li> <li><a href="/facts/Chaloka_Beyani/xHWoIdce">Chaloka Beyani</a>, Chris Stringer, <i>African Exodus: Refugee Crisis, Human Rights, & the 1969 OAU Convention</i>. Lawyers Committee for Human Rights (1995); <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-934143-73-0</li> <li><a href="http://cec.rwanda2.free.fr/doc/Rapport_OUA/Rwanda-f/oua.htm">CEC.rwanda2.free.fr</a>, Report on the <a href="/facts/Rwandan_genocide/sWRxDx4q">Rwandan genocide</a> in 2000.</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081008070502/http://www.black-king.net/haile%20selassie%2005e.htm">Black-king.net</a>, Emperor <a href="/facts/Haile_Selassie/zU5z6XG6">Haile Selassie</a> of Ethiopia speaks at the OAU conference, Addis Ababa, 1963</li> <li>Willie Molesi, <i>Black Africa versus Arab North Africa: The Great Divide</i>, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 979-8332308994</li> <li>Willie Molesi, <i>Relations Between Africans and Arabs: Harsh Realities</i>,<a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 979-8334767546</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Staff writer (2025). "Organization of African Unity (OAU)". UIA Global Civil Society Database. uia.org. Brussels, Belgium: Union of International Associations. Yearbook of International Organizations Online. Retrieved 8 January 2025. <a href="https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100018734" target="_blank">https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100018734</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Department of International Relations and Cooperation – South Africa". dfa.gov.za. Archived from the original on 4 February 2012. Retrieved 10 December 2011. <a href="http://www.dirco.gov.za/foreign/Multilateral/africa/oau.htm" target="_blank">http://www.dirco.gov.za/foreign/Multilateral/africa/oau.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Due to the union of Tanganyika and Zanzibar into Tanzania about a year later, the 33 original signatories represent 32 modern states. <a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_(1961%E2%80%931964)" target="_blank">/wiki/Tanganyika_(1961%E2%80%931964)</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"African Union (See also – Organization of African Unity (OAU)) Archives". Question of Palestine. Retrieved 27 May 2021. <a href="https://www.un.org/unispal/document-source/african-union-see-also-organization-of-african-unity-oau/" target="_blank">https://www.un.org/unispal/document-source/african-union-see-also-organization-of-african-unity-oau/</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Beverton, Alys (10 May 2009). "Organization of African Unity (1963–2002)". Retrieved 27 May 2021. <a href="https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/organization-african-unity-1963-2002/" target="_blank">https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/organization-african-unity-1963-2002/</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>The First West African Summit Conference: Held at Sanniquellie, Central Province, Liberian hinterland, July 15-19, 1959. The Liberian Information Service. 1959. <a href="https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/10503787" target="_blank">https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/10503787</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"Special Conferences". International Organization. 16 (2): 444–446. 1962. doi:10.1017/S0020818300011218. <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-organization/article/abs/special-conferences/2791709EBA89F4623CD1CC1564BD69C4" target="_blank">https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-organization/article/abs/special-conferences/2791709EBA89F4623CD1CC1564BD69C4</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Jaynes, Gerald D., Encyclopedia of African American Society, Volume 1 (contributors: Thomson Gale (Firm), Sage Publications), (2005), p. 672, ISBN 978-0761927648 [1] Archived 18 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Jaynes, Gerald D., Encyclopedia of African American Society, Volume 1 (contributors: Thomson Gale (Firm), Sage Publications), (2005), p. 672, ISBN 978-0761927648 [1] Archived 18 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"Message to the Founding Fathers of the OAU at their First Conference at Addis Ababa 1st May 1963 – Alhaji A E Cham-Joof". The Point Newspaper, 29 June 2006. Archived 23 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://archive.thepoint.gm/Opinion%20-%20Talking%20Point52.htm" target="_blank">http://archive.thepoint.gm/Opinion%20-%20Talking%20Point52.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"Message to the Founding Fathers of the OAU at their First Conference at Addis Ababa 1st May 1963 – Alhaji A E Cham-Joof". The Point Newspaper, 29 June 2006. Archived 23 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://archive.thepoint.gm/Opinion%20-%20Talking%20Point52.htm" target="_blank">http://archive.thepoint.gm/Opinion%20-%20Talking%20Point52.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Jaynes, Gerald D., Encyclopedia of African American Society, Volume 1 (contributors: Thomson Gale (Firm), Sage Publications), (2005), p. 672, ISBN 978-0761927648 [1] Archived 18 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>"Message to the Founding Fathers of the OAU at their First Conference at Addis Ababa 1st May 1963 – Alhaji A E Cham-Joof". The Point Newspaper, 29 June 2006. Archived 23 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://archive.thepoint.gm/Opinion%20-%20Talking%20Point52.htm" target="_blank">http://archive.thepoint.gm/Opinion%20-%20Talking%20Point52.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"Department of International Relations and Cooperation – South Africa". dfa.gov.za. Archived from the original on 4 February 2012. Retrieved 10 December 2011. <a href="http://www.dirco.gov.za/foreign/Multilateral/africa/oau.htm" target="_blank">http://www.dirco.gov.za/foreign/Multilateral/africa/oau.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Elias, T. O. (1965). "The Charter of the Organization of African Unity". The American Journal of International Law. 59 (2): 243–267. doi:10.2307/2196967. ISSN 0002-9300. JSTOR 2196967. S2CID 146867168. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Beverton, Alys (10 May 2009). "Organization of African Unity (1963–2002)". blackpast.org. <a href="https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/organization-african-unity-1963-2002/" target="_blank">https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/organization-african-unity-1963-2002/</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Reynolds, Paul (8 July 2002). "BBC News – World – Africa – African Union replaces dictators' club". news.bbc.co.uk. Archived from the original on 4 March 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2006. <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2115736.stm" target="_blank">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2115736.stm</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>"Morocco rejoins the African Union after 33 years". Al Jazeera. 31 January 2017. Archived from the original on 18 June 2018. Retrieved 18 June 2018. <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/01/morocco-rejoins-african-union-33-years-170131084926023.html" target="_blank">https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/01/morocco-rejoins-african-union-33-years-170131084926023.html</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>"African Parliamentary Union". Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2015. <a href="http://www.africanpu.org/" target="_blank">http://www.africanpu.org/</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>