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YJ-83
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<h2 id="development">Development</h2> <p>The YJ-83 uses microprocessors and a strap-down <a href="/facts/Inertial_reference_unit/JHEXDTQN">inertial reference unit</a> (IRU); these are more compact than the equivalent electronics used in the <a href="/facts/YJ-8/zTWmbh1p">YJ-8</a> and the export C-802, allowing the YJ-83 to have a 180-km range at <a href="/facts/Mach_number/Ee01MIgw">Mach</a> 0.9. The missile is powered by the Chinese CTJ-2 turbojet and is fitted with a 190-kg high-explosive fragmentation warhead. Terminal guidance is by an active radar.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> </p><p>The air-launched YJ-83K has a range of 180 km (110 mi), a cruise speed of Mach 0.9, and a 165 kg (364 lb) high-explosive, semi-armour piercing warhead. The improved YJ-83KH uses a imaging-infrared seeker and has a range of 230 km;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> reportedly it may receive course corrections by remote link.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p><p>The YJ-83 entered service with the <a href="/facts/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Navy/TUDdhVYC">People's Liberation Army Navy</a> in 1998 and 1999,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> equipping large numbers of its surface warships.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> The YJ-83K is the standard anti-ship missile carried by the <a href="/facts/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Naval_Air_Force/C1p4M8xB">People's Liberation Army Naval Air Force</a>;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> the United States reported the usage in 2014.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Air_Force/QW1epsTb">People's Liberation Army Air Force</a> was using the YJ-83K by February 2020.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p> <h3>C-802A</h3> <p>The C-802 precedes the closely related YJ-83.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> It is powered by the French <a href="/facts/Microturbo_TRI_60/GP34vMCc">TRI 60-2</a> turbojet<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> and has a range of 65 nautical miles (120 km). The C-802 is considered a part of the YJ-83 family by the US military.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> The C-802 was likely an export-only design. From the 1990s, it was erroneously reported that it was used by China as the "YJ-2". It is not an export version of the <a href="/facts/YJ-82/GfKAQlnA">YJ-82</a>; the two are separate developments.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p><p>The C-802A<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> and C-802AK are the export surface- and air-launched variants.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> The C-802A has a range of 97 nautical miles (180 km).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> </p><p>Western reporting has erroneously attributed the "C-803" designation to the YJ-83. The "C-803" designation was not used in Chinese promotional information through 2012.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="operational-history">Operational history</h2> <p>On 14 July 2006, during the <a href="/facts/2006_Lebanon_War/fBLLu3GN">2006 Lebanon War</a>, <a href="/facts/Hezbollah/HRhTo2rI">Hezbollah</a> fired two Chinese-built C-802 missiles with upgraded <a href="/facts/Iran/24yukge8">Iranian</a> radar seekers. The first hit a Cambodian-flagged Egyptian freighter 60 km offshore. The other hit the <a href="/facts/Israeli_Navy/gd9E5BXa">Israeli Navy</a>'s <a href="/facts/Sa%27ar_5-class_corvette/xpVpgfwY">Sa'ar 5-class corvette</a> <a href="/facts/INS_Hanit/PH9hv5cF">INS <i>Hanit</i></a>, which was patrolling 8.5 nm offshore of <a href="/facts/Beirut/0sxJRAqW">Beirut</a>. The missile hit the corvette's unstealthy crane near the rear helicopter pad; the explosion holed the pad, set fire to fuel storage, and killed four crewmembers. The fire was extinguished after four hours, and <i>Hanit</i> returned to <a href="/facts/Port_of_Ashdod/MVYILzRf">Ashdod</a> under its own power for three weeks of repairs. The corvette's automatic anti-missile systems were deactivated before the attack; Israel was unaware that Hezbollah had C-802s, and there were concerns over <a href="/facts/Friendly_fire/huKuPn8V">friendly fire</a> with the <a href="/facts/Israeli_Air_Force/bcm4GjTf">Israeli Air Force</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> </p><p>In October 2016, a cruise missile launched by Houthis in Yemen damaged <a href="/facts/HSV-2_Swift/oMw5j31K">HSV-2 <i>Swift</i></a>, an unarmed transport ship under the control of the United Arab Emirates (who is opposed to the Houthis in <a href="/facts/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)/QBPCQJQX">Yemen's civil war</a>). Analysis of the damage caused by that missile led experts to believe it was a C-802, as the missile had an <a href="/facts/Explosively_formed_penetrator/IYo1L0LL">explosively formed penetrator</a> (EFP) warhead.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="variants">Variants</h2> YJ-83 Initial surface-launched version with 120 km range.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> YJ-83A/YJ-83J Variant with enhanced range; 180 km for surface-launch and 250 km for air-launch.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> YJ-83K Air-launched variant with 180 km range.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> YJ-83KH Air-launched variant with imaging-infrared (IIR) seeker and 230 km (140 mi; 120 nmi).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> C-802 Predecessor of the YJ-83.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> C-802A Export variant of the surface-launched YJ-83.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> C-802AK Export version of the air-launched YJ-83K.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> <a href="/facts/KD-88/aqyJzu82">KD-88</a> Further development. KD-88 is an air-launched cruise missile derived from YJ-83 missile.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> CM-802AKG Export version of KD-88. Based on the air-launched YJ-83 with a television (TV) or imaging-infrared (IIR) seeker and a redesigned airframe with more fuel.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> <h2 id="operators">Operators</h2> <a href="/facts/Algeria/UXDF4Tj6">Algeria</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Algerian_National_Navy/l40hTS3K">Algerian National Navy</a>: C-802, C-802A<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a></li></ul> <a href="/facts/Bangladesh/NXk4f78Y">Bangladesh</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Bangladesh_Navy/UhTgJfEg">Bangladesh Navy</a>: C-802, C-802A<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a></li></ul> <a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Air_Force/QW1epsTb">People's Liberation Army Air Force</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Navy/TUDdhVYC">People's Liberation Army Navy</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Naval_Air_Force/C1p4M8xB">People's Liberation Army Naval Air Force</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a></li></ul> <a href="/facts/Hezbollah/HRhTo2rI">Hezbollah</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Indonesia/vQnWU3IW">Indonesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Indonesian_Navy/vAFUbJw3">Indonesian Navy</a>: C-802<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a></li></ul> <a href="/facts/Iran/24yukge8">Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Navy/rwS0DNwG">Islamic Republic of Iran Navy</a>: C-802 and an Iranian copy called <a href="/facts/Noor_(missile)/RKe33ger">Noor</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a></li></ul> <a href="/facts/Myanmar/zcqQH2oE">Myanmar</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Myanmar_Navy/Dp75U10c">Myanmar Navy</a>: C-802<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Myanmar_Air_Force/VDb7As4X">Myanmar Air Force</a>: C-802A<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a></li></ul> <a href="/facts/Pakistan/cbIsvJy1">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Pakistan_Air_Force/Tnbsp4p7">Pakistan Air Force</a>: C-802AK<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Pakistan_Navy/po39ztHS">Pakistan Navy</a>: C-802, C-802A<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a></li></ul> <a href="/facts/Syria/7pDXGzq8">Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Syrian_Arab_Navy/kCYQEfnE">Syrian Arab Navy</a>: C-802<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a></li></ul> <a href="/facts/Thailand/GCUnN4JK">Thailand</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Royal_Thai_Navy/MuxcTNPB">Royal Thai Navy</a>: C-802A<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a></li></ul> <a href="/facts/Yemen/eDyoh4qV">Yemen</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Yemeni_Navy/j6adISIa">Yemeni Navy</a>: C-802<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a></li></ul> <a href="/facts/Venezuela/eX1qnkln">Venezuela</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Bolivarian_Navy_of_Venezuela/BKR29bmD">Bolivarian Navy of Venezuela</a>: C-802A on Guaiquerí-class boats and fast attack craft<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Noor_(missile)/RKe33ger">Noor</a> and <a href="/facts/Ghader_(missile)/pDHKJgPk">Ghader</a>, derivative of the C-802 produced by <a href="/facts/Iran/24yukge8">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Exocet/D6leL5eH">Exocet</a> – (France)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Harpoon_(missile)/60bT9d2q">Harpoon</a> – (United States)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Kh-35/FqKGfXgk">Kh-35</a> – (Russia)</li> <li><a href="/facts/NASM-MR/YCunqn7T">NASM-MR</a> – (India)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Otomat/4DKUvbK5">Otomat</a> – (Italy, France)</li> <li><a href="/facts/RBS_15/89Vf0Dwx">RBS 15</a> – (Sweden)</li> <li><a href="/facts/R-360_Neptune/4vk1x1h7">R-360 Neptune</a> – (Ukraine)</li></ul> Wikimedia Commons has media related to YJ-83. Bibliography <ul><li>Gormley, Dennis M.; Erickson, Andrew S.; Yuan, Jingdong (2014a). <a href="http://ndupress.ndu.edu/Portals/68/Documents/Books/force-multiplier.pdf"><i>A Low-Visibility Force Multiplier: Assessing China's Cruise Missile Ambitions</i></a> (PDF). Washington, D.C.: <a href="/facts/National_Defense_University_(Washington,_D.C.)/ttTrDb2h">National Defense University</a> Press.</li> <li>Gormley, Dennis M.; Erickson, Andrew S.; Yuan, Jingdong (30 September 2014b). <a href="http://ndupress.ndu.edu/Media/News/NewsArticleView/tabid/7849/Article/577568/jfq-75-a-potent-vector-assessing-chinese-cruise-missile-developments.aspx">"A Potent Vector: Assessing Chinese Cruise Missile Developments"</a>. <i>Joint Forces Quarterly</i> (75). <a href="/facts/National_Defense_University_(Washington,_D.C.)/ttTrDb2h">National Defense University</a>. Retrieved 8 May 2015.</li> <li>The International Institute for Strategic Studies (2022). <i>The Military Balance 2022</i>. Routledge. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-032-27900-8.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Office_of_Naval_Intelligence/9HFxz6V3">United States Office of Naval Intelligence</a> (2015). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518082350/http://www.oni.navy.mil/Intelligence_Community/china_media/2015_PLA_NAVY_PUB_Print_Low_Res.pdf">The PLA Navy: New Capabilities and Missions for the 21st Century</a> (PDF) (Report). Archived from <a href="http://www.oni.navy.mil/Intelligence_Community/china_media/2015_PLA_NAVY_PUB_Print_Low_Res.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 9 May 2015.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Gormley, Erickson & Yuan 2014b, p. 101. - Gormley, Dennis M.; Erickson, Andrew S.; Yuan, Jingdong (30 September 2014b). "A Potent Vector: Assessing Chinese Cruise Missile Developments". Joint Forces Quarterly (75). National Defense University. Retrieved 8 May 2015. <a href="http://ndupress.ndu.edu/Media/News/NewsArticleView/tabid/7849/Article/577568/jfq-75-a-potent-vector-assessing-chinese-cruise-missile-developments.aspx" target="_blank">http://ndupress.ndu.edu/Media/News/NewsArticleView/tabid/7849/Article/577568/jfq-75-a-potent-vector-assessing-chinese-cruise-missile-developments.aspx</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Gormley, Erickson & Yuan 2014b, p. 101. - Gormley, Dennis M.; Erickson, Andrew S.; Yuan, Jingdong (30 September 2014b). "A Potent Vector: Assessing Chinese Cruise Missile Developments". Joint Forces Quarterly (75). National Defense University. Retrieved 8 May 2015. <a href="http://ndupress.ndu.edu/Media/News/NewsArticleView/tabid/7849/Article/577568/jfq-75-a-potent-vector-assessing-chinese-cruise-missile-developments.aspx" target="_blank">http://ndupress.ndu.edu/Media/News/NewsArticleView/tabid/7849/Article/577568/jfq-75-a-potent-vector-assessing-chinese-cruise-missile-developments.aspx</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Rupprecht, Andreas (18 February 2020). "Images show PLAAF J-16 armed with YJ-83K anti-ship missile". Janes. Retrieved 12 November 2020. <a href="https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/images-show-plaaf-j-16-armed-with-yj-83k-anti-ship-missile" target="_blank">https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/images-show-plaaf-j-16-armed-with-yj-83k-anti-ship-missile</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Gormley, Erickson & Yuan 2014b, p. 102. - Gormley, Dennis M.; Erickson, Andrew S.; Yuan, Jingdong (30 September 2014b). "A Potent Vector: Assessing Chinese Cruise Missile Developments". Joint Forces Quarterly (75). National Defense University. Retrieved 8 May 2015. <a href="http://ndupress.ndu.edu/Media/News/NewsArticleView/tabid/7849/Article/577568/jfq-75-a-potent-vector-assessing-chinese-cruise-missile-developments.aspx" target="_blank">http://ndupress.ndu.edu/Media/News/NewsArticleView/tabid/7849/Article/577568/jfq-75-a-potent-vector-assessing-chinese-cruise-missile-developments.aspx</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Gormley, Erickson & Yuan 2014b, p. 101. - Gormley, Dennis M.; Erickson, Andrew S.; Yuan, Jingdong (30 September 2014b). "A Potent Vector: Assessing Chinese Cruise Missile Developments". Joint Forces Quarterly (75). National Defense University. Retrieved 8 May 2015. <a href="http://ndupress.ndu.edu/Media/News/NewsArticleView/tabid/7849/Article/577568/jfq-75-a-potent-vector-assessing-chinese-cruise-missile-developments.aspx" target="_blank">http://ndupress.ndu.edu/Media/News/NewsArticleView/tabid/7849/Article/577568/jfq-75-a-potent-vector-assessing-chinese-cruise-missile-developments.aspx</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>United States Office of Naval Intelligence 2015, p. 16. - United States Office of Naval Intelligence (2015). The PLA Navy: New Capabilities and Missions for the 21st Century (PDF) (Report). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 9 May 2015. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518082350/http://www.oni.navy.mil/Intelligence_Community/china_media/2015_PLA_NAVY_PUB_Print_Low_Res.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20150518082350/http://www.oni.navy.mil/Intelligence_Community/china_media/2015_PLA_NAVY_PUB_Print_Low_Res.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Rupprecht, Andreas (18 February 2020). "Images show PLAAF J-16 armed with YJ-83K anti-ship missile". Janes. Retrieved 12 November 2020. <a href="https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/images-show-plaaf-j-16-armed-with-yj-83k-anti-ship-missile" target="_blank">https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/images-show-plaaf-j-16-armed-with-yj-83k-anti-ship-missile</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>United States Office of the Secretary of Defense (June 2014). Annual Report To Congress: Military and Security Developments Involving the People's Republic of China 2014 (PDF) (Report). p. 40. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 July 2015. Retrieved 11 June 2015. <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Secretary_of_Defense" target="_blank">/wiki/Office_of_the_Secretary_of_Defense</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Rupprecht, Andreas (18 February 2020). "Images show PLAAF J-16 armed with YJ-83K anti-ship missile". Janes. Retrieved 12 November 2020. <a href="https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/images-show-plaaf-j-16-armed-with-yj-83k-anti-ship-missile" target="_blank">https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/images-show-plaaf-j-16-armed-with-yj-83k-anti-ship-missile</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Carlson, Christopher P. (8 February 2013). "China's Eagle Strike-Eight Anti-Ship Cruise Missiles, Part 3". DefenseMediaNetwork. Archived from the original on 3 June 2016. Retrieved 21 April 2016. <a href="http://www.defensemedianetwork.com/stories/chinas-eagle-strike-eight-anti-ship-cruise-missiles-the-yj-83-c803-and-the-family-tree/" target="_blank">http://www.defensemedianetwork.com/stories/chinas-eagle-strike-eight-anti-ship-cruise-missiles-the-yj-83-c803-and-the-family-tree/</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Gormley, Erickson & Yuan 2014b, p. 101. - Gormley, Dennis M.; Erickson, Andrew S.; Yuan, Jingdong (30 September 2014b). "A Potent Vector: Assessing Chinese Cruise Missile Developments". Joint Forces Quarterly (75). National Defense University. Retrieved 8 May 2015. <a href="http://ndupress.ndu.edu/Media/News/NewsArticleView/tabid/7849/Article/577568/jfq-75-a-potent-vector-assessing-chinese-cruise-missile-developments.aspx" target="_blank">http://ndupress.ndu.edu/Media/News/NewsArticleView/tabid/7849/Article/577568/jfq-75-a-potent-vector-assessing-chinese-cruise-missile-developments.aspx</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>United States Office of Naval Intelligence 2015, p. 16. - United States Office of Naval Intelligence (2015). The PLA Navy: New Capabilities and Missions for the 21st Century (PDF) (Report). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 9 May 2015. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518082350/http://www.oni.navy.mil/Intelligence_Community/china_media/2015_PLA_NAVY_PUB_Print_Low_Res.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20150518082350/http://www.oni.navy.mil/Intelligence_Community/china_media/2015_PLA_NAVY_PUB_Print_Low_Res.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Carlson, Christopher P. (6 February 2013). "China's Eagle Strike-Eight Anti-Ship Cruise Missiles, Part 2". DefenseMediaNetwork. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 21 April 2016. <a href="http://www.defensemedianetwork.com/stories/chinas-eagle-strike-eight-anti-ship-cruise-missiles-yj-81-yj-82-and-c802/" target="_blank">http://www.defensemedianetwork.com/stories/chinas-eagle-strike-eight-anti-ship-cruise-missiles-yj-81-yj-82-and-c802/</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Carlson, Christopher P. (8 February 2013). 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