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Voiced retroflex fricative
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<h2 id="features">Features</h2> <p>Features of the voiced retroflex sibilant: </p> <ul><li>Its <a href="/facts/Manner_of_articulation/HxyCqDQC">manner of articulation</a> is <a href="/facts/Sibilant/5ejwC21e">sibilant</a> <a href="/facts/Fricative/1FQuuhfX">fricative</a>, which means it is generally produced by channeling air flow along a <a href="/facts/Sulcalization/ljJ4LzzE">groove</a> in the back of the tongue up to the place of articulation, at which point it is focused against the sharp edge of the nearly clenched teeth, causing high-frequency <a href="/facts/Turbulence/NpgFUhG5">turbulence</a>.</li> <li>Its <a href="/facts/Place_of_articulation/exCzaxeF">place of articulation</a> is <a href="/facts/Retroflex_consonant/lsBdJD4V">retroflex</a>, which prototypically means it is articulated <a href="/facts/Subapical_consonant/0QJc2Fys">subapical</a> (with the tip of the tongue curled up), but more generally, it means that it is <a href="/facts/Postalveolar_consonant/YUo5nJly">postalveolar</a> without being <a href="/facts/Palatalization_(phonetics)/LXAIp4TB">palatalized</a>. That is, besides the prototypical subapical articulation, the tongue can be <a href="/facts/Apical_consonant/L7691gMF">apical</a> (pointed) or, in some fricatives, <a href="/facts/Laminal_consonant/EVA0SWmd">laminal</a> (flat).</li> <li>Its <a href="/facts/Phonation/u2IGLdgG">phonation</a> is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.</li> <li>It is an <a href="/facts/Oral_consonant/feM4cful">oral consonant</a>, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.</li> <li>It is a <a href="/facts/Central_consonant/YLATXvJW">central consonant</a>, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.</li> <li>Its <a href="/facts/Airstream_mechanism/qooe2ESC">airstream mechanism</a> is <a href="/facts/Pulmonic_egressive/BICa0WA0">pulmonic</a>, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the <a href="/facts/Intercostal_muscle/SFCkv3vD">intercostal muscles</a> and <a href="/facts/Abdominal_muscles/HcTzDFL0">abdominal muscles</a>, as in most sounds.</li></ul> <h2 id="occurrence">Occurrence</h2> <p>In the following transcriptions, diacritics may be used to distinguish between <a href="/facts/Apical_consonant/L7691gMF">apical</a> [ʐ̺] and <a href="/facts/Laminal_consonant/EVA0SWmd">laminal</a> [ʐ̻]. </p><p>The commonality of [ʐ] cross-linguistically is 2% in a phonological analysis of 2155 languages.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><th colspan="2">Language</th><th>Word</th><th><a href="/facts/International_Phonetic_Alphabet/2e7jmUaG">IPA</a></th><th>Meaning</th><th>Notes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Abkhaz_language/CCHPFsb6">Abkhaz</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Abkhaz_alphabet/2c9u07wL">абжа/abža</a></td><td>[ˈabʐa]</td><td>'half'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Abkhaz_phonology/BFHDqSsb">Abkhaz phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Adyghe_language/Eamslo4k">Adyghe</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Cyrillic_script/0btN3oWC">жъы</a> / <i>jı</i> / ظہـ</td><td>[ʐ̻ə]ⓘ</td><td>'old'</td><td>Laminal.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Awet%25C3%25AF_language/pCMmr08U">Awetí</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a></td><td colspan="2">[pɨtiˈʐɨk˺]</td><td>'to pray'</td><td>Diachronically related to [<a href="/facts/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps/EvQ781EU">ɾ</a>] and also to some other alveolar sounds in certain occasions. As word lists created in the 1900s appoint for [<a href="/facts/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps/EvQ781EU">ɾ</a>] where there is [ʐ] now, the latter sound is supposed to be the result of a very recent sound change that is analogically happening in <a href="/facts/Waur%25C3%25A1_language/FTw0FMzB">Waurá</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Chinese_language/771ruUY1">Chinese</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Mandarin_Chinese/yxvDg67C">Mandarin</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Chinese_characters/5pn1PFvj">肉</a>/<a href="/facts/Hanyu_Pinyin/pUwjfMXg"><i>ròu</i></a></td><td>[ʐoʊ̯˥˩]ⓘ</td><td>'meat'</td><td>Also transcribed as a <a href="/facts/Retroflex_approximant/TvVxIsqL">retroflex approximant</a> [ɻ] depending on accent and dialect. See <a href="/facts/Mandarin_phonology/Bl7Mr2RM">Mandarin phonology</a>.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Changshu/MPySoSN0">Changshu</a> dialect</td><td>常熟</td><td>/dʐan ʐɔʔ/ [tʂʱä̃233 ʐɔʔ23] (without <a href="/facts/Tone_sandhi/5pq9wXjg">tone sandhi</a>)</td><td>'Changshu'</td><td>Pronounced [ʂʱ] when occurring at the first syllable. A native Wu Chinese speaker may reduce it a sound closer to a <a href="/facts/Retroflex_approximant/TvVxIsqL">retroflex approximant</a> [ɻ] (similar to the Standard Mandarin <i>r</i>) when trying to force a unnatural voiced pronunciation on the first syllable.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Faroese_language/1nf145FG">Faroese</a></td><td><i>renn</i></td><td>[ʐɛn]</td><td>'run'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Lower_Sorbian_language/cfo2ezgm">Lower Sorbian</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a></td><td><i>Łužyca</i></td><td>[ˈwuʐɨt͡sa]</td><td>'<a href="/facts/Lusatia/vIgfz4LX">Lusatia</a>'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Mapuche_language/kl1shd1z">Mapudungun</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Mapudungun_alphabet/YcCkVc9P">rayen</a></i></td><td>[ʐɜˈjën]</td><td>'flower'</td><td>May be [<a href="/facts/Voiced_retroflex_approximant/TvVxIsqL">ɻ</a>] or [<a href="/facts/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_approximant/LHNtHWAC">ɭ</a>] instead.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Marrithiyel_language/Ttct7eca">Marrithiyel</a></td><td>Marri Tjevin dialect</td><td colspan="2">[wiˈɲaʐu]</td><td>'they are laughing'</td><td>Voicing is non-contrastive.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Mehin%25C3%25A1ku_language/ua5CJ6ud">Mehináku</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></td><td colspan="2">[ɨˈʐũte]</td><td>'parrot'</td><td>Resulted from the <a href="/facts/Voicing_(phonetics)/VdqrEGQ3">voicing</a> of /ʂ/ in between vowels.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Pashto_language/hc2ndCqx">Pashto</a></td><td>Southern dialect</td><td><a href="/facts/Pashto_alphabet/I39tJ6pD">تږى/tâjai</a></td><td>[ˈtəʐai]</td><td>'thirsty'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Pashto_phonology/JvqbcVPr">Pashto phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3"><a href="/facts/Polish_language/lzpvYDvV">Polish</a></td><td>Standard<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Polish_orthography/BBpK4VAt">żona</a></i></td><td>[ˈʐ̻ɔn̪ä]ⓘ</td><td>'wife'</td><td>Also represented orthographically by ⟨rz⟩ and, when written so, may be instead pronounced as the <a href="/facts/Raised_alveolar_non-sonorant_trill/rDplJobc">raised alveolar non-sonorant trill</a> by few speakers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> It is transcribed as /ʒ/ by most Polish scholars. See <a href="/facts/Polish_phonology/tEdotI3h">Polish phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Dialects_of_Polish/X5QqsTNw">Southeastern Cuyavian dialects</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></td><td rowspan="2"><i><a href="/facts/Polish_orthography/BBpK4VAt">zapłacił</a></i></td><td rowspan="2">[ʐäˈpwät͡ɕiw]</td><td rowspan="2">'he paid'</td><td rowspan="2">Some speakers. It is a result of hypercorrecting the more popular merger of /ʐ/ and /z/ into [<a href="/facts/Voiced_dental_sibilant_fricative/TtHwyzp6">z</a>] (see <a href="/facts/Szadzenie/onJdFD3c">Szadzenie</a>).</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Masovian_dialect/drjdnezH">Suwałki dialect</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Romagnol/JQwzT7rA">Romagnol</a></td><td><i>diṣ</i></td><td>[ˈdiːʐ]</td><td>'ten'</td><td>Apical; may be [<a href="/facts/Voiced_apico-alveolar_fricative/TtHwyzp6">z̺ʲ</a>] or [<a href="/facts/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative/Tb8XpRoS">ʒ</a>] instead.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Russian_language/ETXrTgHV">Russian</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Russian_orthography/Kqy6hRtX">жена/žena</a></td><td>[ʐɨ̞ˈna]ⓘ</td><td>'wife'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Russian_phonology/JCPYSFSV">Russian phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Serbo-Croatian/MS85Xuwk">Serbo-Croatian</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Cyrillic_script/0btN3oWC">жут</a> / <i>žut</i></td><td>[ʐûːt̪]</td><td>'yellow'</td><td>Typically transcribed as /ʒ/. See <a href="/facts/Serbo-Croatian_phonology/RgNSQU8A">Serbo-Croatian phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Shina_language/qK3ohRsE">Shina</a></td><td>Gilgiti<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></td><td rowspan="2">ڙَکُݨ / ẓakuṇ</td><td rowspan="2">[ʐəkuɳ]</td><td rowspan="2">'donkey'</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Kohistani_Shina/qK3ohRsE">Kohistani</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Slovak_language/HmmobnJ8">Slovak</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Slovak_alphabet/NCxQPLa8">žaba</a></i></td><td>[ˈʐäbä]</td><td>'frog'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Spanish_language/95BgYNfv">Spanish</a></td><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Andean_Spanish/4LBHJHc7">Andean</a></td><td>hacer</td><td>[a'seʐ]</td><td>'do'</td><td>The phoneme [r] changes to [ʐ], when it is at the end of a syllable</td></tr><tr><td>marrón, ratón</td><td>[maˈʐon], [ʐa'ton]</td><td>'brown', 'mouse'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Spanish_phonology/y7knma4G">Spanish phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Swedish_language/1DkSIXkH">Swedish</a></td><td>Central dialects</td><td><i><a href="/facts/Swedish_alphabet/9vQCp9EF">fri</a></i></td><td>[fʐi]</td><td>'free'</td><td>Allophone of /ɹ/. Also may be pronounced as [r] or [ɾ]. See <a href="/facts/Swedish_phonology/2NY3Prus">Swedish phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Taruma_language/hWcI2Lds">Taruma</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></td><td><i>hoza</i></td><td>[ˈho.ʐa]</td><td>'rain'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Tilquiapan_Zapotec/REz3SXMX">Tilquiapan Zapotec</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></td><td>?</td><td>[ʐan]</td><td>'bottom'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Torwali_language/3EwNt9sB">Torwali</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Arabic_alphabet/hCA1a0xq">ݜوڙ</a></td><td>[ʂuʐ]</td><td>'straight'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Ubykh_language/y018mQRA">Ubykh</a></td><td colspan="2">[ʐa]</td><td>'firewood'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Ubykh_phonology/DgzPQN8o">Ubykh phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Ukrainian_language/2zDw7rpD">Ukrainian</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Ukrainian_alphabet/RXdMx44m">жaбa/žaba</a></td><td>[ˈʐɑbɐ]</td><td>'frog'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Ukrainian_phonology/tMNnkv5W">Ukrainian phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Upper_Sorbian_language/DuARBHID">Upper Sorbian</a></td><td>Some dialects<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></td><td>[<i>example needed</i>]</td><td></td><td></td><td>Used in dialects spoken in villages north of Hoyerswerda; corresponds to [<a href="/facts/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative/Tb8XpRoS">ʒ</a>] in the standard language.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Yi_language/lgUuxw4Y">Yi</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Yi_script/VE9bfJKS">ꏜ</a> <i>ry</i></td><td>[ʐʐ̩˧]</td><td>'grass'</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="voiced-retroflex-non-sibilant-fricative">Voiced retroflex non-sibilant fricative</h2> <h3>Features</h3> <p>Features of the voiced retroflex non-sibilant fricative: </p> <ul><li>Its <a href="/facts/Manner_of_articulation/HxyCqDQC">manner of articulation</a> is <a href="/facts/Fricative/1FQuuhfX">fricative</a>, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing <a href="/facts/Turbulence/NpgFUhG5">turbulence</a>.</li> <li>Its <a href="/facts/Place_of_articulation/exCzaxeF">place of articulation</a> is <a href="/facts/Retroflex_consonant/lsBdJD4V">retroflex</a>, which prototypically means it is articulated <a href="/facts/Subapical_consonant/0QJc2Fys">subapical</a> (with the tip of the tongue curled up), but more generally, it means that it is <a href="/facts/Postalveolar_consonant/YUo5nJly">postalveolar</a> without being <a href="/facts/Palatalization_(phonetics)/LXAIp4TB">palatalized</a>. That is, besides the prototypical subapical articulation, the tongue can be <a href="/facts/Apical_consonant/L7691gMF">apical</a> (pointed) or, in some fricatives, <a href="/facts/Laminal_consonant/EVA0SWmd">laminal</a> (flat).</li> <li>Its <a href="/facts/Phonation/u2IGLdgG">phonation</a> is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.</li> <li>It is an <a href="/facts/Oral_consonant/feM4cful">oral consonant</a>, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.</li> <li>It is a <a href="/facts/Central_consonant/YLATXvJW">central consonant</a>, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.</li> <li>Its <a href="/facts/Airstream_mechanism/qooe2ESC">airstream mechanism</a> is <a href="/facts/Pulmonic_egressive/BICa0WA0">pulmonic</a>, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the <a href="/facts/Intercostal_muscle/SFCkv3vD">intercostal muscles</a> and <a href="/facts/Abdominal_muscles/HcTzDFL0">abdominal muscles</a>, as in most sounds.</li></ul> <h3>Occurrence</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th colspan="2">Language</th><th>Word</th><th><a href="/facts/International_Phonetic_Alphabet/2e7jmUaG">IPA</a></th><th>Meaning</th><th>Notes</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/English_language/tpkxGt7b">English</a></td><td><a href="/facts/South_African_English/5IIVeacu">Eastern Cape</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/English_orthography/1Exe2W6G">red</a></i></td><td>[ɻ˔ed]</td><td>'red'</td><td>Apical; typical realization of /r/ in that region.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> See <a href="/facts/South_African_English_phonology/New3WE4X">South African English phonology</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Index_of_phonetics_articles/IwhbEHGN">Index of phonetics articles</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative/Tb8XpRoS">Voiced postalveolar fricative</a></li></ul> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <ul><li></li> <li>Hamann, Silke (2004), <a href="http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/silke/articles/Hamann_2004.pdf">"Retroflex fricatives in Slavic languages"</a> (PDF), <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, 34 (1): 53–67, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100304001604">10.1017/S0025100304001604</a>, <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2224095">2224095</a></li> <li>Hanulíková, Adriana; Hamann, Silke (2010), <a href="http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/silke/articles/Hanulikova&Hamann_2010.pdf">"Slovak"</a> (PDF), <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, 40 (3): 373–378, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100310000162">10.1017/S0025100310000162</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Peter_Ladefoged/GPHjbHmP">Ladefoged, Peter</a>; <a href="/facts/Ian_Maddieson/p0cyavQ2">Maddieson, Ian</a> (1996). <a href="/facts/The_Sounds_of_the_World%2527s_Languages/Je2AlBAP"><i>The Sounds of the World's Languages</i></a>. Oxford: Blackwell. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-631-19815-6.</li> <li>Lunsford, Wayne A. (2001), <a href="http://www.fli-online.org/documents/languages/torwali/wayne_lunsford_thesis.pdf">"An overview of linguistic structures in Torwali, a language of Northern Pakistan"</a> (PDF), <i>M.A. Thesis, University of Texas at Arlington</i></li> <li>Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), <a href="http://www.balsas-nahuatl.org/mixtec/Christian_articles/Otomanguean/Merrill.pdf">"Tilquiapan Zapotec"</a> (PDF), <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, 38 (1): 107–114, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100308003344">10.1017/S0025100308003344</a></li> <li>Sadowsky, Scott; Painequeo, Héctor; Salamanca, Gastón; Avelino, Heriberto (2013), "Mapudungun", <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, 43 (1): 87–96, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100312000369">10.1017/S0025100312000369</a></li> <li>Šewc-Schuster, Hinc (1984), <i>Gramatika hornjo-serbskeje rěče</i>, Budyšin: Ludowe nakładnistwo Domowina</li> <li>Zygis, Marzena (2003), "Phonetic and Phonological Aspects of Slavic Sibilant Fricatives", <i>ZAS Papers in Linguistics</i>, 3: 175–213, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.21248%2Fzaspil.32.2003.191">10.21248/zaspil.32.2003.191</a></li> <li>Drude, Sebastian (2020), "A Fonologia do Awetí", <i>Revista Brasileira de Línguas Indígenas</i> (in Brazilian Portuguese), 3 (2): 190, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.18468%2Frbli.2020v3n2.p183-205">10.18468/rbli.2020v3n2.p183-205</a>, <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234223262">234223262</a></li> <li>Felipe, Paulo Henrique Pereira Silva de (2020), <i>Fonologia e morfossintaxe da língua mehináku (arawak)</i> (Thesis), pp. 87–89, <a href="/facts/Hdl_(identifier)/rdebSxmC">hdl</a>:<a href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12733%2F1640175">20.500.12733/1640175</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://phoible.org/parameters?sSearch_0=%CA%90">List of languages with [ʐ]</a> on <a href="/facts/PHOIBLE/2qqHhjzI">PHOIBLE</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Phoible.org. (2018). PHOIBLE Online – Segments. [online] Available at: http://phoible.org/parameters. <a href="http://phoible.org/parameters" target="_blank">http://phoible.org/parameters</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Drude (2020), p. 190. - Drude, Sebastian (2020), "A Fonologia do Awetí", Revista Brasileira de Línguas Indígenas (in Brazilian Portuguese), 3 (2): 190, doi:10.18468/rbli.2020v3n2.p183-205, S2CID 234223262 <a href="https://doi.org/10.18468%2Frbli.2020v3n2.p183-205" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.18468%2Frbli.2020v3n2.p183-205</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Drude (2020), p. 190. - Drude, Sebastian (2020), "A Fonologia do Awetí", Revista Brasileira de Línguas Indígenas (in Brazilian Portuguese), 3 (2): 190, doi:10.18468/rbli.2020v3n2.p183-205, S2CID 234223262 <a href="https://doi.org/10.18468%2Frbli.2020v3n2.p183-205" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.18468%2Frbli.2020v3n2.p183-205</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Šewc-Schuster (1984:40–41) - Šewc-Schuster, Hinc (1984), Gramatika hornjo-serbskeje rěče, Budyšin: Ludowe nakładnistwo Domowina <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Zygis (2003:180–181, 190–191) - Zygis, Marzena (2003), "Phonetic and Phonological Aspects of Slavic Sibilant Fricatives", ZAS Papers in Linguistics, 3: 175–213, doi:10.21248/zaspil.32.2003.191 <a href="https://doi.org/10.21248%2Fzaspil.32.2003.191" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.21248%2Fzaspil.32.2003.191</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Sadowsky et al. 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Archived from the original on 2013-11-13. Retrieved 2013-11-06. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131113214551/http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=218&Itemid=58" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20131113214551/http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=218&Itemid=58</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"Gwary polskie – Gwara regionu". www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 14 January 2022. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131113203509/http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=862&Itemid=17" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20131113203509/http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=862&Itemid=17</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>"Gwary polskie – Szadzenie". www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 14 January 2022. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131113204558/http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=79&Itemid=58" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20131113204558/http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=79&Itemid=58</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Hamann (2004:65) - Hamann, Silke (2004), "Retroflex fricatives in Slavic languages" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 53–67, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001604, S2CID 2224095 <a href="http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/silke/articles/Hamann_2004.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/silke/articles/Hamann_2004.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Ziya, Muhammad Amin, Prof. (2010, October). Gilti Shina Urdu Dictionary / ݜِناٗ - اُردو لغت. Publisher: Zia Publications, Gilgit. ضیاء پبلیکبشنز، گلیٗتISBN: 978-969-942-00-8 https://archive.org/details/MuhammadAmeenZiaGiltiShinaUrduDictionary/page/n5/mode/1up <a href="https://archive.org/details/MuhammadAmeenZiaGiltiShinaUrduDictionary/page/n5/mode/1up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/MuhammadAmeenZiaGiltiShinaUrduDictionary/page/n5/mode/1up</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Hanulíková & Hamann (2010:374) - Hanulíková, Adriana; Hamann, Silke (2010), "Slovak" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (3): 373–378, doi:10.1017/S0025100310000162 <a href="http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/silke/articles/Hanulikova&Hamann_2010.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/silke/articles/Hanulikova&Hamann_2010.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Unknown[permanent dead link] <a href="https://studenttheses.universiteitleiden.nl/access/item%3A3454579/view" target="_blank">https://studenttheses.universiteitleiden.nl/access/item%3A3454579/view</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Merrill (2008:109) - Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344 <a href="http://www.balsas-nahuatl.org/mixtec/Christian_articles/Otomanguean/Merrill.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.balsas-nahuatl.org/mixtec/Christian_articles/Otomanguean/Merrill.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Lunsford (2001:16–20) - Lunsford, Wayne A. (2001), "An overview of linguistic structures in Torwali, a language of Northern Pakistan" (PDF), M.A. Thesis, University of Texas at Arlington <a href="http://www.fli-online.org/documents/languages/torwali/wayne_lunsford_thesis.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.fli-online.org/documents/languages/torwali/wayne_lunsford_thesis.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Šewc-Schuster (1984:41) - Šewc-Schuster, Hinc (1984), Gramatika hornjo-serbskeje rěče, Budyšin: Ludowe nakładnistwo Domowina <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Zygis (2003:180) - Zygis, Marzena (2003), "Phonetic and Phonological Aspects of Slavic Sibilant Fricatives", ZAS Papers in Linguistics, 3: 175–213, doi:10.21248/zaspil.32.2003.191 <a href="https://doi.org/10.21248%2Fzaspil.32.2003.191" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.21248%2Fzaspil.32.2003.191</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Šewc-Schuster (1984:40–41) - Šewc-Schuster, Hinc (1984), Gramatika hornjo-serbskeje rěče, Budyšin: Ludowe nakładnistwo Domowina <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:165) - Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). 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