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2011 in science
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<h2 id="events-discoveries-and-inventions">Events, discoveries and inventions</h2> <h3>January</h3> <ul><li>3 January – American <a href="/facts/Pharmaceutical/h9mhwWP2">pharmaceutical</a> company <a href="/facts/Johnson_%26_Johnson/DSfqnVrM">Johnson & Johnson</a> announces a partnership for the development of a test for the detection of <a href="/facts/Metastatic_cancer/4dadbm6z">metastatic cancer</a> in the bloodstream.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a></li> <li>5 January <ul><li>Researchers at the <a href="/facts/University_of_Pennsylvania/LBBBULox">University of Pennsylvania</a> find that a major cause of <a href="/facts/Baldness/uEPKUafl">baldness</a> may be related to the inability of some <a href="/facts/Stem_cells/qgB9dFrI">stem cells</a> to grow into full-sized hair <a href="/facts/Hair_follicle/SXsAKufM">follicles</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a></li> <li>An engineer from the <a href="/facts/University_of_Missouri/Ss7ITAmw">University of Missouri</a> announces his ambition to create a flexible <a href="/facts/Solar_panel/gufbEu8n">solar sheet</a> of small nano-antennas, capable of capturing solar energy with 90% efficiency; this would mark a significant improvement over contemporary commercial solar panels, which have an average efficiency of around 20%.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>6 January – The <i><a href="/facts/Journal_of_Personality_and_Social_Psychology/hAsExTRx">Journal of Personality and Social Psychology</a></i>, a peer-reviewed journal of the <a href="/facts/American_Psychological_Association/907fEfuc">American Psychological Association</a>, announces that it will shortly publish a paper presenting strong evidence of <a href="/facts/Extrasensory_perception/nT29VWIA">ESP</a>, the ability to sense future events.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></li> <li>11 January – <a href="/facts/Kepler-10b/V5sNCP9Q">Kepler-10b</a>, the first confirmed small rocky <a href="/facts/Exoplanet/zjfmqfUf">exoplanet</a>, is discovered in the <a href="/facts/Draco_(constellation)/bMAUnLGs">Draco constellation</a> using <a href="/facts/NASA/TIMCV0yV">NASA</a>'s <a href="/facts/Kepler_space_telescope/E485cUts">Kepler space telescope</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></li> <li>12 January – Researchers announce that salty <a href="/facts/Junk_food/A8y8wz30">junk food</a> can damage <a href="/facts/Arteries/Y1Yj0jat">arteries</a> in as little as thirty minutes after being eaten.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></li> <li>14 January – A study conducted at the <a href="/facts/Innsbruck_Medical_University/uGa9fYJl">Innsbruck Medical University</a> in <a href="/facts/Austria/4qWIMIyc">Austria</a> reveals that <a href="/facts/Stainless_steel/IDdo8bEx">stainless steel</a> or <a href="/facts/Titanium/53ArnDoy">titanium</a> <a href="/facts/Tongue_piercing/ISzfpk53">tongue piercings</a> harbor more <a href="/facts/Bacteria/wC8xSCsU">bacteria</a> than plastic piercings.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></li> <li>15 January – In a study funded by the <a href="/facts/U.S._National_Cancer_Institute/R4KbY7Pb">U.S. National Cancer Institute</a>, researchers reveal that <a href="/facts/Smoking/byhnmD0X">smoking</a> <a href="/facts/Cigarette/8kuVCjbr">cigarettes</a> can cause damages in the body in minutes rather than years.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></li> <li>18 January – Researchers in <a href="/facts/Australia/qLHpbppq">Australia</a> announce that <a href="/facts/Shark/rh5Cotvx">sharks</a> are <a href="/facts/Colorblind/02Taxf5C">colorblind</a>, after examining the eyes of 17 separate shark species.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></li> <li>19 January – A <a href="/facts/Cochrane_Library/9oxIGBNV">Cochrane Library</a> review suggests that <a href="/facts/Antioxidant/4TG4MQ83">antioxidants</a> may improve male fertility.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> This work was updated in 2019 and noted that only low quality evidence from small randomized controlled trials supports this association and higher quality larger studies are needed to understand more about the association between antioxidants and male fertility.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></li></ul> <ul><li>20 January <ul><li>A landmark study unveils a medical technique that renders <a href="/facts/T-cells/5z6PQ9UN">T-cells</a> resistant to <a href="/facts/HIV/ulY2rgzu">HIV</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/World_Meteorological_Organization/NWrDcKbl">World Meteorological Organization</a> concludes that 2010 was the joint-<a href="/facts/Instrumental_temperature_record/sJC5uRQj">hottest year on record</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a></li> <li>Scientists achieve 10 billion bits of <a href="/facts/Quantum_entanglement/afzslwN0">quantum entanglement</a> in <a href="/facts/Silicon/cgWx0hdr">silicon</a>, a significant step in <a href="/facts/Quantum_computing/nbbcgmvq">quantum computing</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>21 January – An article in <i><a href="/facts/Science_(journal)/uTyzjkwD">Science</a></i> reveals the discovery of a <i><a href="/facts/Darwinopterus/SbXPpASM">Darwinopterus</a></i> <a href="/facts/Pterosaur/YNQwa1ru">pterosaur</a> in <a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p">China</a> with an unhatched egg, thereby allowing the genders to be differentiated.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a></li> <li>24 January <ul><li>Researchers publish direct evidence that massive <a href="/facts/Volcanic_eruption/AwqpzdaG">volcanic eruptions</a> took place 250 million years ago, likely causing the <a href="/facts/Permian%E2%80%93Triassic_extinction_event/d8kI8Mfn">Permian–Triassic extinction event</a>, the biggest single extinction event in Earth's history.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a></li> <li>An article in <i><a href="/facts/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences/w75CThX0">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a></i> reveals the discovery of <i><a href="/facts/Linhenykus/M8PvJ5Xo">Linhenykus</a> monodactylus</i>, an <a href="/facts/Alvarezsauridae/9SYHLNg8">alvarezsaurid</a> <a href="/facts/Theropod/KUzy1Ef7">theropod</a> <a href="/facts/Dinosaur/JRdMqBnq">dinosaur</a>, in <a href="/facts/Inner_Mongolia/6nlXuwM9">Inner Mongolia</a>; though a cousin to the giant <a href="/facts/Tyrannosaurus_rex/HQw1cywX">Tyrannosaurus rex</a>, it is no bigger than a modern <a href="/facts/Parrot/u32QQjMe">parrot</a>, and possesses only one claw on each forelimb.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a></li> <li>Scientists and students have built a <a href="/facts/3D_printer/lbvWU3t0">3D printer</a> that makes edible food.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>27 January <ul><li>Under pressure from industry and governments, the <a href="/facts/European_Commission/Cc5JgbEI">European Commission</a> is putting the final touches on a strategy to reduce <a href="/facts/Europe/DTAtrKfh">Europe</a>'s dependence on <a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p">Chinese</a>-supplied <a href="/facts/Rare-earth_metals/PQSUQumk">rare-earth metals</a>, which are essential in export products like cars and electronics.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a></li> <li>Astronomers document <a href="/facts/H1504%2B65/oyt9YYaV">H1504+65</a>, a <a href="/facts/White_dwarf/gIYlTtrC">white dwarf</a> in <a href="/facts/Ursa_Minor/bweeon4R">Ursa Minor</a> with the hottest surface temperature known at this time, at 200,000 <a href="/facts/Kelvin/E3trzC4C">K</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>30 January – <a href="/facts/Molybdenite/jatlEkxR">Molybdenite</a> is revealed to be up to 100,000 times more efficient than <a href="/facts/Silicon/cgWx0hdr">silicon</a> transistors, and to have better electrical properties than <a href="/facts/Graphene/QDGUBaPt">graphene</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a></li></ul> <h3>February</h3> <ul><li>2 February – The <a href="/facts/SLAC_National_Accelerator_Laboratory/CzX2afas">Linac Coherent Light Source</a>, an <a href="/facts/X-ray/wseP79cN">X-ray</a> source a billion times brighter than previous sources, becomes operational at <a href="/facts/Stanford_University/JEQeF9z2">Stanford University</a>. The device could potentially revolutionize 3D <a href="/facts/Bioanalysis/VWMxe51e">bioanalysis</a> techniques, especially in the analysis of <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">proteins</a> and <a href="/facts/Virus/mf88Bcbl">viruses</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a></li> <li>3 February <ul><li>A blood test to detect <a href="/facts/VCJD/cKM3UPJw">vCJD</a> is developed by British scientists, who say it could identify healthy people who are carriers of the disease.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a></li> <li>Further data from the <a href="/facts/Kepler_space_telescope/E485cUts">Kepler space telescope</a> published in <i><a href="/facts/Nature_(journal)/XmlJXkFx">Nature</a></i> reveals that the star <a href="/facts/Kepler-11/2aWz0fKw">Kepler-11</a>, located 2,000 <a href="/facts/Light_year/IGc5NdQb">light years</a> from Earth, has a planetary system including six planets, which range between two and four-and-a-half times the radius of Earth, and between two and thirteen times its mass. Five orbit the star closer than <a href="/facts/Mercury_(planet)/lVa1GIyX">Mercury</a> orbits the Sun, and all are likely to have atmospheres made of light gases, and to be too hot to support life. The data also includes details of more than 1,000 additional exoplanet candidates.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>4 February – Scientists reveal a tiny artificial <a href="/facts/Brain/EKla9NkJ">brain</a>, derived from <a href="/facts/Rat/5rn6uEKM">rat</a> <a href="/facts/Neuron/G7CyTVdH">neurons</a>, that exhibits 12 seconds of short-term memory.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a></li> <li>7 February – Scientists at <a href="/facts/Oxford_University/ExVVQL6V">Oxford University</a> successfully test a universal <a href="/facts/Flu/nWuFzh6L">flu</a> vaccine, which should work against all known strains of the illness.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a></li> <li>9 February – Using 25 years of evidence from over 470,000 participants, researchers show that <a href="/facts/Sleep_deprivation/uAUkKVEM">sleep deprivation</a> and disrupted sleep patterns can have long-term, serious health implications.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a></li> <li>10 February – Scientists identify the root molecular cause of a variety of illnesses brought on by advanced age, including waning energy, failure of the <a href="/facts/Heart/fF4KSGdk">heart</a> and other organs, and metabolic disorders such as <a href="/facts/Diabetes/2xeHXbsI">diabetes</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a></li> <li>11 February – Scientists show that <a href="/facts/Stem_cell/qgB9dFrI">stem cells</a> delivered via a <a href="/facts/Nose/Kv0lv34S">nasal</a> spray lead to an improvement of motor functions in rats with <a href="/facts/Parkinson%27s_disease/xpekKj6x">Parkinson's disease</a>-like symptoms.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a></li> <li>15 February <ul><li>In a world first for <a href="/facts/Artificial_intelligence/lJGauQwX">artificial intelligence</a>, <a href="/facts/IBM/QszA7nwd">IBM</a>'s <a href="/facts/Watson_(artificial_intelligence_software)/xub4UvVx">Watson supercomputer</a> defeats two humans on the <i><a href="/facts/Jeopardy!/4H3SPzUJ">Jeopardy!</a></i> <a href="/facts/Quiz_show/mIK3t6xK">quiz show</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a></li> <li>Scientists report stimulation of <a href="/facts/Mouse/6m1X7m0g">mouse</a> muscle fibers in a way similar to the regeneration of severed limbs in <a href="/facts/Newts/2KNMYeSn">newts</a> and <a href="/facts/Salamanders/5pKurkwV">salamanders</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>16 February – Researchers find a way of manipulating tiny swimming robots, just 1.3 millimetres long, using electric currents in water.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a></li> <li>17 February <ul><li>Scientists build the world's first anti-laser, capable of absorbing an incoming <a href="/facts/Laser/jk6PTvvT">laser</a> beam entirely.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a></li> <li>A <a href="/facts/Hummingbird/LfcJhMzm">hummingbird</a>-like "Nano Air Vehicle" is demonstrated for the first time, in an attempt to secure a <a href="/facts/DARPA/Uf9sarhT">DARPA</a> contract to create small surveillance aircraft.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>20 February – <a href="/facts/Stanford_University/JEQeF9z2">Stanford University</a> researchers create new stretchable <a href="/facts/Solar_cell/3L814UCC">solar cells</a> that could power artificial electronic 'super skin', capable of detecting chemicals and biological molecules. The potential applications include clothing, robotics, prosthetic limbs and more.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a></li> <li>21 February – New research indicates that <a href="/facts/Bilingual/WgzhSW6h">bilingual</a> speakers are better at <a href="/facts/Human_multitasking/DzbLnHkC">multitasking</a>, because they are better at editing out irrelevant information; this overturns previous assumptions of <a href="/facts/Bilingualism/WgzhSW6h">bilingualism</a> causing confusion, especially in children.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a></li> <li>22 February <ul><li>The first complete <a href="/facts/Millimeter/25mdTXpa">millimeter</a>-scale computing system is developed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Chinese_people/Ft6TzPzd">Chinese</a> scientists calculate a <a href="/facts/Quantum/4x5QTxGB">quantum</a> law of <a href="/facts/Protein_folding/rf3nR2Y1">protein folding</a> that explains the impact of temperature on folding.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a></li> <li>The first full-color <a href="/facts/Quantum_dot/K5Ytv8Yw">quantum dot</a> display prototype is unveiled by <a href="/facts/Samsung/oNXUwDjn">Samsung</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>28 February <ul><li>Scientists at <a href="/facts/Yale_University/KUdS6jt1">Yale University</a> demonstrate that <a href="/facts/Bulk_metallic_glasses/5YrugEP4">bulk metallic glasses</a> (BMGs) can be blow-molded into shapes that would be impossible with normal metals without loss in strength or durability.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a></li> <li>A <a href="/facts/Pacemaker/b90Qt8ND">pacemaker</a> the size of a <a href="/facts/Tic_Tac/nwWTRaHo">Tic Tac</a> is announced by <a href="/facts/Medtronic/dms8dHG5">Medtronic</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a></li></ul></li></ul> <h3>March</h3> <ul><li>1 March <ul><li>UK researchers demonstrate an optical <a href="/facts/Microscope/ldJp0CI3">microscope</a> with one of the highest resolutions yet achieved, capable of imaging objects as little as 50 <a href="/facts/Nanometres/a98sjHyu">nanometres</a> across.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a></li> <li>Scientists have determined how to generate a backward-pulling force from a forward-propagating beam, effectively creating a form of "<a href="/facts/Tractor_beam/Po3zMfqY">tractor beam</a>".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Switzerland/LcGuxeTe">Swiss</a> researchers discover a gene in <a href="/facts/Wasp/pbJjDyjr">wasps</a> that allow them to <a href="/facts/Asexual_reproduction/HpovW0VS">reproduce asexually</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>4 March <ul><li>Researchers transform a human <a href="/facts/Embryonic_stem_cell/P1n1eS1p">embryonic stem cell</a> into a critical type of <a href="/facts/Neuron/G7CyTVdH">neuron</a> that dies early in <a href="/facts/Alzheimer%27s_disease/w7Ad6tdg">Alzheimer's disease</a> and is a major cause of memory loss; the discovery may have major implications in the treatment of the disease.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a></li> <li>A groundbreaking study of <a href="/facts/Mice/6m1X7m0g">mice</a> indicates the <a href="/facts/Liver/Rtp4Fk2b">liver</a>, not the <a href="/facts/Brain/EKla9NkJ">brain</a>, could be the source of <a href="/facts/Amyloid/IjBcvNvV">amyloid</a> brain plaques associated with <a href="/facts/Alzheimer%27s_disease/w7Ad6tdg">Alzheimer's disease</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>5 March – The <a href="/facts/United_States_Air_Force/7MxWBYlc">United States Air Force</a> launches its robotic <a href="/facts/Boeing_X-37/yVpEholX">Boeing X-37</a> <a href="/facts/Spaceplane/oMJNJPy7">spaceplane</a> on its <a href="/facts/USA-226/xKt3Mr1y">second long-duration spaceflight</a>; the spaceplane ultimately remains in orbit for 469 days.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a></li> <li>8 March – The world's first <a href="/facts/Tissue_engineering/Tx77KG1S">tissue-engineered</a> <a href="/facts/Urethra/THkvxu0d">urethras</a> are successfully used.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80"><sup>80</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81"><sup>81</sup></a></li> <li>12 March – Surgeons in <a href="/facts/Houston/1v8AwQUN">Houston</a>, <a href="/facts/Texas/B987WHF0">Texas</a>, successfully implant the world's first continuous-flow <a href="/facts/Artificial_heart/BeLtuRoE">artificial heart</a> in a human patient. The <a href="/facts/Turbine/gqosKCkI">turbine</a>-based device is efficient and long-lived, and may herald the mass production of smaller and more durable alternatives to conventional artificial hearts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82"><sup>82</sup></a></li> <li>14 March – Archeologists believe that they have found the lost city of <a href="/facts/Atlantis/XofT8ou7">Atlantis</a> in mud swamps near <a href="/facts/Cadiz,_Spain/nNUXQKlv">Cadiz, Spain</a>. They theorize that a <a href="/facts/Tsunami/N3xGNHBl">tsunami</a> struck the ancient settlement; a television special on the <a href="/facts/National_Geographic_Channel/19KuJFw6">National Geographic Channel</a> later investigates their findings.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83"><sup>83</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84"><sup>84</sup></a></li> <li>16 March – Scientists report the first successful use of <a href="/facts/Microcarrier/af5xHW83">microcarriers</a> to bring anti-<a href="/facts/Cancer/PVW6n1D0">cancer</a> drugs to the targeted area in the <a href="/facts/Liver/Rtp4Fk2b">liver</a> of a living rabbit.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85"><sup>85</sup></a></li> <li>18 March – <a href="/facts/NASA/TIMCV0yV">NASA</a>'s <a href="/facts/MESSENGER/EFJEPNxR">MESSENGER</a> spacecraft successfully enters orbit around the planet <a href="/facts/Mercury_(planet)/lVa1GIyX">Mercury</a> – the first probe to do so.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86"><sup>86</sup></a></li> <li>20 March <ul><li>A new way of delivering drugs to the brain, using the body's own <a href="/facts/Exosome_(vesicle)/2hWPVlV3">exosomes</a>, is developed by scientists, overcoming a major barrier to the delivery of potential new drugs for many neurological diseases, including <a href="/facts/Alzheimer%27s_disease/w7Ad6tdg">Alzheimer's</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87"><sup>87</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88"><sup>88</sup></a></li> <li>Researchers announce the development of a three-dimensional nanostructure for battery <a href="/facts/Cathode/tqdlGayU">cathodes</a> that allows for dramatically faster charging, without sacrificing energy storage capacity. This could lead to <a href="/facts/Cellphone/H3EcqD9h">cellphones</a> that charge in seconds, and <a href="/facts/Electric_cars/agINmGGQ">electric cars</a> that charge in minutes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89"><sup>89</sup></a></li> <li>A new way of making battery <a href="/facts/Electrodes/251PaKX8">electrodes</a>, based on nanostructured metal foams, can be used to make a <a href="/facts/Lithium-ion/3L22xFhB">lithium-ion</a> battery that recharge by 90% in under two minutes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90"><sup>90</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91"><sup>91</sup></a></li> <li>Scientists demonstrate how <a href="/facts/SHANK3/5DKGrVKS">SHANK3</a>, a brain <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a>, may trigger <a href="/facts/Autism/6MTwMNoJ">autism</a>-like behavior in <a href="/facts/Mice/6m1X7m0g">mice</a> by stopping effective communication between brain cells.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92"><sup>92</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93"><sup>93</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>22 March – A 6 cm-by-6 cm chip holding nine quantum devices, among them four "quantum bits", is demonstrated at the <a href="/facts/American_Physical_Society/DCkkU6dD">American Physical Society</a> meeting in <a href="/facts/Dallas/f3c7MQn0">Dallas</a>, <a href="/facts/Texas/B987WHF0">Texas</a>. It is hoped that further scaling up to 10 qubits should be possible later this year.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94"><sup>94</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95"><sup>95</sup></a></li></ul> <ul><li>24 March <ul><li>A landmark study indicates that <a href="/facts/Pioglitazone/CU7VLBTw">pioglitazone</a> prevents the development of <a href="/facts/Type_2_diabetes/zCMXksmt">type 2 diabetes</a> in 72% of pre-diabetic subject participants, the largest such decrease yet demonstrated by any intervention.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96"><sup>96</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97"><sup>97</sup></a></li> <li>The first sperm cells are grown in a lab.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98"><sup>98</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99"><sup>99</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>27 March – <a href="/facts/Harvard_University/Lhy9L1cx">Harvard University</a> scientists demonstrate use of an electric field to extinguish an open flame more than 1 foot tall, a development they say could yield <a href="/facts/Fire_suppression_systems/d4wINj2X">fire-suppression</a> alternatives to water and chemical retardants.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100"><sup>100</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101"><sup>101</sup></a></li> <li>31 March – Scientists announce the successful controlled <a href="/facts/Quantum_entanglement/afzslwN0">entanglement</a> of 14 quantum bits (qubits), realizing the largest quantum register yet produced—nearly double the previous record for the number of entangled quantum bits realized.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102"><sup>102</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103"><sup>103</sup></a></li></ul> <h3>April</h3> <ul><li>4 April <ul><li>A human <a href="/facts/Heart/fF4KSGdk">heart</a> is grown in a laboratory from <a href="/facts/Stem_cell/qgB9dFrI">stem cells</a>, marking a major advance in <a href="/facts/Personalized_medicine/rawUyWgd">personalized medicine</a>.</li> <li>Five more <a href="/facts/Gene/e1swwPY6">genes</a> which increase the risk of developing <a href="/facts/Alzheimer%27s/w7Ad6tdg">Alzheimer's</a> have been identified, taking the number of genes linked to the disease to 10.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104"><sup>104</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105"><sup>105</sup></a></li> <li>A meta-study indicates that people with <a href="/facts/Autism/6MTwMNoJ">autism</a> process visual information differently from non-autistic people.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106"><sup>106</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107"><sup>107</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108"><sup>108</sup></a></li> <li>A <a href="/facts/Particle_accelerator/Pkuc08xC">particle accelerator</a> in the <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a> shows compelling hints of a never-before-seen particle – researchers say it could be "the most significant discovery in physics in half a century".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109"><sup>109</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110"><sup>110</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111"><sup>111</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>5 April <ul><li>Scientists develop a novel approach to inhibiting <a href="/facts/Angiogenesis/h0HF9IUd">angiogenesis</a> for <a href="/facts/Cancer/PVW6n1D0">cancer</a> treatment.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112"><sup>112</sup></a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Russian_Federal_Space_Agency/GzWfae7U">Russian Federal Space Agency</a> announces a joint plan with <a href="/facts/NASA/TIMCV0yV">NASA</a> to develop a future <a href="/facts/Nuclear_rocket/nYPc1mTy">nuclear-powered rocket</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113"><sup>113</sup></a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>6 April – <a href="/facts/Japan/U5mz0SRT">Japanese</a> scientists announce that they have created working <a href="/facts/Retina/v0ISNX2S">retinas</a> from mouse <a href="/facts/Stem_cells/qgB9dFrI">stem cells</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114"><sup>114</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115"><sup>115</sup></a></li> <li>11 April – <a href="/facts/ZRTP/QLW7PIwP">ZRTP</a>, a cryptographic <a href="/facts/Key-agreement_protocol/W1DErngS">key-agreement</a> <a href="/facts/Real-time_Transport_Protocol/YKQK1RK2">Real-time Transport Protocol</a> devised by <a href="/facts/Phil_Zimmermann/L36wnTv4">Phil Zimmermann</a>, is published.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116"><sup>116</sup></a></li> <li>12 April <ul><li>According to a controversial study, the aging process can be reduced by increasing <a href="/facts/Telomere/RQ4Gp9LT">telomere</a> lengths without <a href="/facts/Cancer/PVW6n1D0">cancer</a> risk.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117"><sup>117</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:118" href="#fn:118"><sup>118</sup></a></li> <li>Scientists produce the first comprehensive analysis of the <a href="/facts/Greenhouse_gas/HXaHqrT8">greenhouse gas</a> footprint of <a href="/facts/Shale_gas/Pwp8R3DQ">shale gas</a>, concluding that its environmental impact is worse than <a href="/facts/Coal/83kV3qxg">coal</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:119" href="#fn:119"><sup>119</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:120" href="#fn:120"><sup>120</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>13 April <ul><li><a href="/facts/Cellphone/H3EcqD9h">Cellphones</a> may be contributing to a global decline in <a href="/facts/Honeybee/GetXQWM0">honeybee</a> populations, according to researchers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:121" href="#fn:121"><sup>121</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:122" href="#fn:122"><sup>122</sup></a></li> <li>American scientists discover that <a href="/facts/Light/jeofpMn4">light</a> can demonstrate strong <a href="/facts/Magnetism/eo75vApl">magnetic effects</a> when travelling through certain materials at certain intensities. This finding, which overturns a century-old scientific assumption that light's magnetic effects are too weak to be tangible, may lead to the development of <a href="/facts/Solar_panel/gufbEu8n">solar panels</a> capable of storing energy magnetically.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:123" href="#fn:123"><sup>123</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>14 April <ul><li>More than 1,000 UK patients with advanced <a href="/facts/Pancreatic_cancer/6h9GIInW">pancreatic cancer</a> have joined a trial using a new <a href="/facts/Vaccine/QcXzLug2">vaccine</a> to treat the disease.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:124" href="#fn:124"><sup>124</sup></a></li> <li>Shrinkage in parts of the brain of some with <a href="/facts/Alzheimer%27s_disease/w7Ad6tdg">Alzheimer's disease</a> can be detected up to a decade before symptoms appear.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:125" href="#fn:125"><sup>125</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:126" href="#fn:126"><sup>126</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>15 April <ul><li>The world's first <a href="http://www.brain-map.org/">human brain map</a> is unveiled, providing an interactive research tool that will help scientists to understand how the brain works. The map is hoped to aid new discoveries in disease and treatments; one thousand anatomical sites in the brain can be searched, supported by more than 100 million data points that indicate the <a href="/facts/Gene_expression/alCPohLR">gene expression</a> and <a href="/facts/Biochemistry/fa2pWEBp">biochemistry</a> of each site.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:127" href="#fn:127"><sup>127</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>16 April – <a href="/facts/Sci-Hub/kQSxPsKS">Sci-Hub</a> – a <a href="/facts/Shadow_library/j4DpJeq1">shadow library</a> website for <a href="/facts/Open_access/r7rLYN6C">open access</a> that provides free access to most paywalled <a href="/facts/Academic_paper/WfPqsYr1">research papers</a> and books <a href="/facts/Copyright_infringement/33JDsS5S">without regard to copyright</a> – is launched.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:128" href="#fn:128"><sup>128</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:129" href="#fn:129"><sup>129</sup></a></li> <li>17 April – Researchers have injected biodegradable nanofiber spheres carrying cells into wounds to grow tissue.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:130" href="#fn:130"><sup>130</sup></a></li> <li>18 April <ul><li>Scientists demonstrate mathematically that asymmetrical materials should be possible; such material would allow most light or sound waves through in one direction, while preventing them from doing so in the opposite direction; such materials would allow the construction of true one-way mirrors, soundproof rooms, or even <a href="/facts/Quantum_computers/nbbcgmvq">quantum computers</a> that use light to perform calculations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:131" href="#fn:131"><sup>131</sup></a></li> <li>A new design for thin-film <a href="/facts/Solar_cell/3L814UCC">solar cells</a> has been developed that requires significantly less <a href="/facts/Silicon/cgWx0hdr">silicon</a> than standard models, and may be more efficient at capturing solar energy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:132" href="#fn:132"><sup>132</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>19 April – An international research team publishes a new method to produce belts of <a href="/facts/Graphene/QDGUBaPt">graphene</a>, called nanoribbons. By using hydrogen, they have managed to transform single-walled <a href="/facts/Carbon_nanotubes/atuDPPaG">carbon nanotubes</a> into ribbons.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:133" href="#fn:133"><sup>133</sup></a></li> <li>20 April – Scientists describe a Chinese spider they say is the biggest fossilised <a href="/facts/Arachnid/xPJbsLga">arachnid</a> yet found; <i>Nephila jurassica</i>, as they have called their specimen, would have had a leg span of some 15 cm.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:134" href="#fn:134"><sup>134</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:135" href="#fn:135"><sup>135</sup></a></li></ul> <ul><li>21 April <ul><li>Scientists successfully cause a modified anti-<a href="/facts/Malaria/rN3g58CX">malaria</a> gene to spread amongst a population of <a href="/facts/Mosquitoes/u8hTMTfc">mosquitoes</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:136" href="#fn:136"><sup>136</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:137" href="#fn:137"><sup>137</sup></a></li> <li>Researchers have built a <a href="/facts/Carbon_nanotube/atuDPPaG">carbon nanotube</a> <a href="/facts/Synapse/vdMRJCUn">synapse</a> circuit whose behavior in tests reproduces the function of a <a href="/facts/Neuron/G7CyTVdH">neuron</a>, the building block of the human <a href="/facts/Brain/EKla9NkJ">brain</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:138" href="#fn:138"><sup>138</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Israel/dEe3IcaY">Israeli</a> engineers have built an artificial device capable of detecting <a href="/facts/Cancer/PVW6n1D0">cancers</a> of the head and neck by analysing breath.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:139" href="#fn:139"><sup>139</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:140" href="#fn:140"><sup>140</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>22 April – <a href="/facts/Gene_transcription/bDgp9HDN">Gene transcription</a> is observed in real time in a live cell.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:141" href="#fn:141"><sup>141</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:142" href="#fn:142"><sup>142</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:143" href="#fn:143"><sup>143</sup></a></li> <li>24 April – Small <a href="/facts/Laser/jk6PTvvT">lasers</a> capable of igniting a fuel/air mixture more efficiently, resulting in less pollution, may replace <a href="/facts/Spark_plug/Y9lG10hg">spark plugs</a> in <a href="/facts/Gasoline/lcnxq5BS">gasoline</a> engines.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:144" href="#fn:144"><sup>144</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:145" href="#fn:145"><sup>145</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:146" href="#fn:146"><sup>146</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:147" href="#fn:147"><sup>147</sup></a></li> <li>25 April <ul><li>Some microbes can survive <a href="/facts/Gravity/bqAN7DdQ">gravity</a> more than 400,000 times that felt on Earth, a new study says. By contrast, most humans can tolerate three to five times Earth's surface gravity before losing consciousness.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:148" href="#fn:148"><sup>148</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:149" href="#fn:149"><sup>149</sup></a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/European_Commission/Cc5JgbEI">European Commission</a> has approved plans to build a trio of <a href="/facts/Lasers/jk6PTvvT">lasers</a> that will each dwarf the power of any previous laser. The project, called the <a href="/facts/Extreme_Light_Infrastructure/jmw8JVAF">Extreme Light Infrastructure</a>, will lay the groundwork for building an even more powerful laser that could try to pull "virtual" particles out of the vacuum of <a href="/facts/Space-time/uRIN1x4b">space-time</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:150" href="#fn:150"><sup>150</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>28 April <ul><li>Researchers publish findings of three more <a href="/facts/Gene/e1swwPY6">genes</a> linked to the most common form of <a href="/facts/Breast_cancer/6hME580v">breast cancer</a>, which could provide targets for new treatments.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:151" href="#fn:151"><sup>151</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:152" href="#fn:152"><sup>152</sup></a></li> <li>According to an <a href="/facts/American_Physical_Society/DCkkU6dD">American Physical Society</a> report, technologies for removing <a href="/facts/Carbon_dioxide/xGzpppEp">carbon dioxide</a> from the atmosphere are unlikely to offer an economically feasible way to slow human-driven <a href="/facts/Climate_change/rEN4BDE7">climate change</a> for several decades.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:153" href="#fn:153"><sup>153</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:154" href="#fn:154"><sup>154</sup></a></li></ul></li></ul> <h3>May</h3> <ul><li>1 May <ul><li>Researchers successfully store a <a href="/facts/Qubit/WveeEubw">qubit</a> in a single <a href="/facts/Atom/FoQ4kGN5">atom</a> by writing the quantum state of single <a href="/facts/Photon/mFNhAEzA">photons</a> into a <a href="/facts/Rubidium/KDHSe2HM">rubidium</a> atom and reading it out again later.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:155" href="#fn:155"><sup>155</sup></a></li> <li>A <a href="/facts/Detroit/S84s4PGo">Detroit</a> entrepreneur has invented a heat-treatment that makes <a href="/facts/Steel/aN6qWo4H">steel</a> 7 percent stronger than any steel on record in less than 10 seconds.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:156" href="#fn:156"><sup>156</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>3 May <ul><li>Middle-aged people who are overweight but not <a href="/facts/Obese/RBF9y5Vl">obese</a> are 71% more likely to develop <a href="/facts/Dementia/T0MRDE9I">dementia</a> than those with a normal weight, according to new research; links between obesity and dementia had previously been found.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:157" href="#fn:157"><sup>157</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:158" href="#fn:158"><sup>158</sup></a></li> <li>Scientists have used <a href="/facts/Nanoscopic_scale/hyFgwMKM">nanoscale</a> capsules to release an <a href="/facts/Immune_system/HRCTf1pb">immune system</a>-stimulating <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> directly into <a href="/facts/Lung_cancer/LHLdR454">lung cancer</a> tumors.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:159" href="#fn:159"><sup>159</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Australia/qLHpbppq">Australian</a> researchers say they are a step closer to finding a <a href="/facts/Vaccine/QcXzLug2">vaccine</a> for <a href="/facts/HIV/ulY2rgzu">HIV</a>, and hope to be able to offer a preventative jab by 2020.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:160" href="#fn:160"><sup>160</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:161" href="#fn:161"><sup>161</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>4 May <ul><li><a href="/facts/Yukon/JAGCCGCW">Yukon</a> fossils may represent the first early traces of <a href="/facts/Biomineralization/m5mGPaTM">biomineralization</a> in <a href="/facts/Eukaryote/SkwyPLMA">eukaryotes</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:162" href="#fn:162"><sup>162</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:163" href="#fn:163"><sup>163</sup></a></li> <li>Experimental data gathered by the <a href="/facts/Gravity_Probe_B/UkD1Vs5F">Gravity Probe B</a> satellite <a href="/facts/Tests_of_general_relativity/yDgwtNrw">confirms</a> two aspects of the <a href="/facts/General_theory_of_relativity/jVsoIg8X">general theory of relativity</a>, which was published by <a href="/facts/Albert_Einstein/CNTet8qu">Albert Einstein</a> in 1916.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:164" href="#fn:164"><sup>164</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:165" href="#fn:165"><sup>165</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/CERN/y1gwRchm">CERN</a> scientists have confined <a href="/facts/Antihydrogen/sv9UPRzo">antihydrogen</a> atoms for 1,000 seconds, four orders of magnitude longer than has ever been achieved before in capturing and maintaining <a href="/facts/Antimatter/NvpGDLof">antimatter</a> atoms.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:166" href="#fn:166"><sup>166</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Intel/SMF0gJJX">Intel</a> unveils its next generation of <a href="/facts/Microprocessor/Fx9CaQht">microprocessor</a> technology, codenamed <a href="/facts/Sandy_Bridge/os1WwI9l">Ivy Bridge</a>. The upcoming chips will be the first to use a <a href="/facts/22_nanometer/zr0VI9w6">22 nanometre manufacturing process</a>, which packs transistors more densely than the current <a href="/facts/32nm/CsdohJVh">32nm</a> system, providing greater efficiency. <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:167" href="#fn:167"><sup>167</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:168" href="#fn:168"><sup>168</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>6 May <ul><li>A new study suggests that the drop in production of <a href="/facts/Neurons/G7CyTVdH">neurons</a> in <a href="/facts/Old_age/nEpQmo9g">old age</a> is due to the shrinking cache of adult <a href="/facts/Stem_cell/qgB9dFrI">stem cells</a> in our brains.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:169" href="#fn:169"><sup>169</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:170" href="#fn:170"><sup>170</sup></a></li> <li>A machine used for measuring impurities in <a href="/facts/Semiconductors/zFf3mGTE">semiconductors</a> can be used to analyze <a href="/facts/Immune_cells/vsDunUK0">immune cells</a> in far more detail than has been previously possible, researchers from <a href="/facts/Stanford_University/JEQeF9z2">Stanford University</a> have shown.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:171" href="#fn:171"><sup>171</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:172" href="#fn:172"><sup>172</sup></a></li> <li>Researchers have identified a group of <a href="/facts/Mitochondrial/ErHqrdJ1">mitochondrial</a> <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">proteins</a>, the absence of which allows other protein groups to stabilise the <a href="/facts/Genome/31Sm08JT">genome</a>. This could delay the onset of age-related diseases and increase lifespan.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:173" href="#fn:173"><sup>173</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:174" href="#fn:174"><sup>174</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>9 May – <a href="/facts/Smog/5FYzS8sT">Smog</a>-eating <a href="/facts/Aluminium/7wmR8jYE">aluminium</a> panels which clean themselves and the air around them are unveiled; their <a href="/facts/Titanium_dioxide/T0KWmKcz">titanium dioxide</a> coating, when combined with sunlight, acts as a catalyst to break down pollutants into harmless matter that <a href="/facts/Rain/MLqcQEyx">rain</a> washes away.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:175" href="#fn:175"><sup>175</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:176" href="#fn:176"><sup>176</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:177" href="#fn:177"><sup>177</sup></a></li> <li>11 May <ul><li>A new <a href="/facts/Phylum/ELT3Jyax">phylum</a> of <a href="/facts/Fungi/BHo5DP59">fungi</a> is announced, and named <a href="/facts/Cryptomycota/uYBrx9ty">cryptomycota</a> ("hidden fungi").<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:178" href="#fn:178"><sup>178</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:179" href="#fn:179"><sup>179</sup></a></li> <li>A new vaccine can protect <a href="/facts/Macaques/r2tPXVFu">macaques</a> against the monkey equivalent of <a href="/facts/HIV/ulY2rgzu">HIV</a>, and could provide a fresh approach to an HIV vaccine, a study suggests.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:180" href="#fn:180"><sup>180</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:181" href="#fn:181"><sup>181</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/D-Wave_Systems/dtS6wEU1">D-Wave Systems</a>, after some 12 years of research, the accumulation of 60 patents, and the filing of 100 more, has released the world's first commercial <a href="/facts/Quantum_computer/nbbcgmvq">quantum computer</a>, priced at $10 million.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:182" href="#fn:182"><sup>182</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:183" href="#fn:183"><sup>183</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:184" href="#fn:184"><sup>184</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>12 May – The <a href="/facts/Exoplanet/zjfmqfUf">exoplanet</a> <a href="/facts/Gliese_581d/4Jzo58Fy">Gliese 581d</a> can be considered the first confirmed exoplanet that could potentially support Earth-like life, according to a team of French scientists.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:185" href="#fn:185"><sup>185</sup></a></li></ul> <ul><li>13 May <ul><li>New results from <a href="/facts/Mice/6m1X7m0g">mice</a> cast doubts on hopes for self-<a href="/facts/Organ_transplant/1jNvVJn6">transplants</a> generated from the receiver's <a href="/facts/Stem_cell/qgB9dFrI">stem cells</a>, as such transplants can be rejected by the immune system.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:186" href="#fn:186"><sup>186</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:187" href="#fn:187"><sup>187</sup></a></li> <li>According to new research, a small set of genes located within the <a href="/facts/Mitochondria/ErHqrdJ1">mitochondria</a> of cells is crucial to unravelling the secrets of <a href="/facts/Male_infertility/wrF5RGjs">male infertility</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:188" href="#fn:188"><sup>188</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:189" href="#fn:189"><sup>189</sup></a></li> <li>The discovery of a new physical phenomenon could yield <a href="/facts/Transistor/Bmr8zwL0">transistors</a> with greatly enhanced <a href="/facts/Capacitance/0pH046TL">capacitance</a> – a measure of the voltage required to move a charge. This, in turn, could lead to the revival of <a href="/facts/Clock_speed/w055Woaj">clock speed</a> as the measure of a computer's power.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:190" href="#fn:190"><sup>190</sup></a></li> <li>Contaminated water can be cleaned much more effectively using a novel, cheap material, which could offer a low-cost way to purify water in the developing world.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:191" href="#fn:191"><sup>191</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:192" href="#fn:192"><sup>192</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>15 May – Researchers have found that <a href="/facts/KLF14/z4Uyn7AY">KLF14</a>, a gene linked to <a href="/facts/Type_2_diabetes/zCMXksmt">type 2 diabetes</a> and <a href="/facts/Cholesterol/TnfPlYc1">cholesterol</a> levels, is in fact a 'master regulator' gene, which controls the behaviour of other genes found within <a href="/facts/Adipose_tissue/PxxedB6e">fat</a> in the body.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:193" href="#fn:193"><sup>193</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:194" href="#fn:194"><sup>194</sup></a></li> <li>16 May – <a href="/facts/NASA/TIMCV0yV">NASA</a>'s <a href="/facts/Space_Shuttle_Endeavour/fcX8nN5Q">Space Shuttle <i>Endeavour</i></a> launches on its final mission.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:195" href="#fn:195"><sup>195</sup></a></li> <li>18 May <ul><li>Scientists have achieved <a href="/facts/Invisibility/yW8zGvKm">invisibility</a> in the visible light range of the <a href="/facts/Spectrum/wPUjkpqI">spectrum</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:196" href="#fn:196"><sup>196</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Rogue_planet/3t9nlDVa">Rogue planets</a> lacking parent stars may outnumber "normal" <a href="/facts/Exoplanets/zjfmqfUf">exoplanets</a> by at least 50 percent, and are nearly twice as common in our galaxy as main-sequence stars, according to a new study.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:197" href="#fn:197"><sup>197</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:198" href="#fn:198"><sup>198</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>19 May <ul><li>By using electrical stimulation of the <a href="/facts/Spinal_cord/XbWLr917">spinal cord</a>, a man from <a href="/facts/Oregon/4Uq446Ko">Oregon</a> who became paralyzed after being hit by a car can stand and move his legs on his own.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:199" href="#fn:199"><sup>199</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:200" href="#fn:200"><sup>200</sup></a></li> <li>Scientists have developed an <a href="/facts/Open-source/7X9rCdz4">open-source</a> desktop <a href="/facts/Genome/31Sm08JT">genome</a> analyzer. It works in conjunction with a browser that allows biologists to rapidly and easily analyze and process their high-throughput information. <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:201" href="#fn:201"><sup>201</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:202" href="#fn:202"><sup>202</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>20 May – A highly developed <a href="/facts/Sense_of_smell/t6ytFklU">sense of smell</a> kick-started the evolution of mammals' big brains, according to new research.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:203" href="#fn:203"><sup>203</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:204" href="#fn:204"><sup>204</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:205" href="#fn:205"><sup>205</sup></a></li> <li>23 May <ul><li>Researchers have set a new record for the rate of data transfer using a single <a href="/facts/Laser/jk6PTvvT">laser</a>: 26 <a href="/facts/Terabit/aaConqna">terabits</a> per second.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:206" href="#fn:206"><sup>206</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:207" href="#fn:207"><sup>207</sup></a></li> <li>The bacteria responsible for <a href="/facts/Stomach_ulcers/peMGnYCd">stomach ulcers</a> have been linked to <a href="/facts/Parkinson%27s_disease/xpekKj6x">Parkinson's disease</a>, according to American researchers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:208" href="#fn:208"><sup>208</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:209" href="#fn:209"><sup>209</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>24 May – A superhot substance recently made in the <a href="/facts/Large_Hadron_Collider/XWJCFSqT">Large Hadron Collider</a> is the densest form of matter ever observed, scientists have announced.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:210" href="#fn:210"><sup>210</sup></a></li></ul> <ul><li>25 May <ul><li>Reexamination of data indicates that the <a href="/facts/Gamma-ray_burst/oRRU6Fhn">gamma-ray burst</a> <a href="/facts/GRB_090423/jbvvdsK1">GRB 090423</a> may be the most distant single object yet detected; scientists believe the blast, which was detected by NASA's <a href="/facts/Swift_Observatory/Cq0rcuN6">Swift Observatory</a>, occurred a mere 520 million years after the <a href="/facts/Big_Bang/I5T1vTnv">Big Bang</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:211" href="#fn:211"><sup>211</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:212" href="#fn:212"><sup>212</sup></a></li> <li>NASA ends its operational planning activities for the veteran <a href="/facts/Mars_rover/6ueforXf">Mars rover</a> <i><a href="/facts/Spirit_rover/qNWFPqzj">Spirit</a></i>; it will now transition the <a href="/facts/Mars_Exploration_Rover/74WxIsHS">Mars Exploration Rover Project</a> to a single-rover operation focused on Spirit's still-active twin, <i><a href="/facts/Opportunity_rover/MEC0VIuy">Opportunity</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:213" href="#fn:213"><sup>213</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:214" href="#fn:214"><sup>214</sup></a></li> <li>Swedish scientists unveil a technique that causes the brain to misinterpret the size of the human body.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:215" href="#fn:215"><sup>215</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:216" href="#fn:216"><sup>216</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>26 May <ul><li>Stanford University researchers have managed to turn human skin cells directly into <a href="/facts/Neuron/G7CyTVdH">neurons</a>, without first turning them into <a href="/facts/Pluripotent_stem_cell/81323LbR">pluripotent stem cells</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:217" href="#fn:217"><sup>217</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:218" href="#fn:218"><sup>218</sup></a></li> <li>Researchers believe they have made the first experimental observation of the dynamical <a href="/facts/Casimir_effect/xRhpDH6T">Casimir effect</a>, using a rapidly moving mirror that turns virtual <a href="/facts/Photon/mFNhAEzA">photons</a> into real ones.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:219" href="#fn:219"><sup>219</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>29 May – Human organs could be grown inside <a href="/facts/Pigs/b5wxwdDY">pigs</a> for use in transplant operations, following research using <a href="/facts/Stem_cell/qgB9dFrI">stem cells</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:220" href="#fn:220"><sup>220</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:221" href="#fn:221"><sup>221</sup></a></li> <li>31 May <ul><li>A team of <a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p">Chinese</a> physicists successfully <a href="/facts/Quantum_entanglement/afzslwN0">entangles</a> eight <a href="/facts/Photon/mFNhAEzA">photons</a> simultaneously and observes them in action; the previous record was six.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:222" href="#fn:222"><sup>222</sup></a></li> <li>Researchers have demonstrated the first true nanoscale waveguides for next generation on-chip optical communication systems; this holds potential for nanoscale photonic applications such as intra-chip optical communication, signal modulation, nanoscale lasers and bio-medical sensing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:223" href="#fn:223"><sup>223</sup></a></li> <li>A NASA-led research team unveils the most precise map ever produced of the <a href="/facts/Carbon/ukrgQexo">carbon</a> stored in Earth's tropical forests; the data is expected to provide a baseline for ongoing carbon monitoring and research.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:224" href="#fn:224"><sup>224</sup></a></li></ul></li></ul> <h3>June</h3> <ul><li>June – <a href="/facts/Baltic_Sea_anomaly/v8nXYRx0">Baltic Sea anomaly</a> discovered.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:225" href="#fn:225"><sup>225</sup></a></li> <li>1 June <ul><li><a href="/facts/Element_114/Aa7uGMuG">Elements 114</a> and <a href="/facts/Element_116/nQc1FE6E">116</a> are officially added to the <a href="/facts/Periodic_table/umdGIfUb">periodic table</a>, becoming its heaviest members yet. <a href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn20540-heaviest-elements-yet-join-periodic-table.html?DCMP=OTC-rss&nsref=online-news">(<i>New Scientist</i>)</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604155537/http://www.iupac.org/web/nt/2011-06-01_elements_114_116">(IUPAC)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2FPAC-REP-10-05-01">(<i>Pure Appl. Chem.</i>)</a> </li> <li>Scientists have discovered a worm that is the deepest-living animal known, surviving in 48-degree-<a href="/facts/Celsius/okAEu1CA">Celsius</a> (118 <a href="/facts/Fahrenheit/2TVmyJod">Fahrenheit</a>) water at depths of 1.3 kilometres (0.81 mi). <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-13620701">(BBC)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature09974">(<i>Nature</i>)</a> </li></ul></li> <li>2 June – A team of students at the <a href="/facts/University_of_California/M9AWowUd">University of California</a> is developing a first-of-its kind, phase-change memory <a href="/facts/Solid_state_drive/aMHBy8gU">solid-state</a> storage device that provides performance thousands of times faster than a conventional <a href="/facts/Hard_drive/kekLSGSE">hard drive</a>, and up to seven times faster than current state-of-the-art solid-state drives. <a href="http://www.jacobsschool.ucsd.edu/news/news_releases/release.sfe?id=1078">(Jacobs School of Engineering)</a></li> <li>3 June <ul><li>Researchers have bent one of the most basic rules of <a href="/facts/Quantum_mechanics/BRc3Mzgr">quantum mechanics</a> by succeeding in observing light behaving as both a wave and a particle. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-13626587">(BBC)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1202218">(<i>Science</i>)</a> </li> <li>Six men in the <a href="/facts/MARS-500/GTtvA5F5">MARS-500</a> facility near Moscow have now been in isolation for exactly 365 days, simulating a human mission to <a href="/facts/Mars/AQGtVvz0">Mars</a>. <a href="https://www.newscientist.com/blogs/shortsharpscience/2011/06/a-year-in-the-life-of-a-marson.html">(<i>New Scientist</i>)</a> <a href="http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEMGI068BOG_index_0.html">(ESA)</a></li> <li>About one in 10 rocky planets around stars like the <a href="/facts/Sun/CadPCVHh">Sun</a> may host a <a href="/facts/Natural_satellite/AE4KQKbq">moon</a> proportionally as large <a href="/facts/Moon/zKHqEMPb">as Earth's</a>. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-13609153">(BBC)</a> <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1105.4616">(arXiv)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2011.05.025">(<i>Icarus</i>)</a> </li></ul></li> <li>6 June – A team of <a href="/facts/Virginia_Commonwealth_University/9SDImvCV">Virginia Commonwealth University</a> scientists has discovered a new class of 'superatoms' – a stable cluster of <a href="/facts/Atom/FoQ4kGN5">atoms</a> that can mimic different elements of the periodic table – with unusual magnetic characteristics.<a href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1100129108">(<i>PNAS</i>)</a> </li> <li>7 June – Fragranced clothing, triggered by scent molecules that are stable in the dark and only release their aroma when exposed to light, has been described in a thesis written by scientist Dr. Olga Hinze of <a href="/facts/Cologne_University/PrcKaGv2">Cologne University</a>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110615153600/http://www.henkel.com/SID-06BCB14D-04FF0F95/press/press-releases-2011-20110607-light-triggered-fragrance-32662.htm">(Henkel)</a></li> <li>8 June – China's <a href="/facts/Carbon_dioxide/xGzpppEp">carbon dioxide</a> emissions rose 10.4 percent in 2010 compared with the previous year, as global emissions rose at their fastest rate for more than four decades, according to data released by <a href="/facts/BP/awvwSJ3x">BP</a>. <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-energy-bp-emissions-idUSTRE75728120110608">(Reuters)</a> <a href="http://www.bp.com/sectionbodycopy.do?categoryId=7500&contentId=7068481">(BP)</a></li> <li>9 June <ul><li>Researchers have achieved a breakthrough in anti-<a href="/facts/Bacteria/wC8xSCsU">bacterial</a> science, identifying natural ingredients capable of eradicating bacteria that have developed resistance to <a href="/facts/Antibiotics/sF1kIfxg">antibiotics</a>. <a href="http://www.tno.nl/content.cfm?context=overtno&content=persbericht&laag1=37&item_id=201106080029&Taal=2">(TNO)</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Type_2_diabetes/zCMXksmt">Type 2 diabetes</a>, previously regarded as inevitably progressive, is successfully reversed in a group of newly diagnosed patients by an extreme eight-week diet of 600 calories a day. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-13887909">(BBC)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00125-011-2204-7">(<i>Diabetologia</i>)</a> </li></ul></li> <li>10 June <ul><li>Cross-checks on data that hinted at the discovery of a new <a href="/facts/Sub-atomic_particle/tMEzcTWQ">sub-atomic particle</a> have failed to find support for the observation. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-13722986">(BBC)</a> <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1106.1921">(arXiv)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.107.011804"><i>Phys. Rev. Lett.</i></a> </li> <li>US scientists publish data about how <a href="/facts/Nicotine/VQ6HcIrY">nicotine</a> acts as an appetite suppressant, a finding that could help in fighting obesity. <a href="https://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/wellbeing/scientists-hit-on-why-smokers-are-thinner-20110610-1fvwu.html">(<i>Sunday Morning Herald</i>)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1201889">(<i>Science</i>)</a> </li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>12 June – The <a href="/facts/Nabro_Volcano/UYIjvLKG">Nabro Volcano</a> begins to <a href="/facts/2011_eruption_of_Nabro/gA8Ssqvm">erupt</a>, releasing the highest quantity of <a href="/facts/Sulfur_dioxide/jDK1fIDs">sulfur dioxide</a> ever observed by satellite. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110625040147/http://earthquake-report.com/2011/06/24/unusual-series-of-moderate-volcanic-earthquakes-in-eritrea-and-ethiopia/">(Earthquake-Report.com)</a>[usurped]</li> <li>13 June – A study suggests that <a href="/facts/Protostars/fhQYMSBA">protostars</a> may be seeding the universe with water. These stellar embryos shoot jets of material from their north and south poles as their growth is fed by infalling dust, which circles the bodies in vast disks. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110616141849/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/06/110613-space-science-star-water-bullets-kristensen">(<i>National Geographic</i>)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F201116758">(<i>Astron. Astrophys.</i>)</a> </li> <li>14 June <ul><li>A study reveals that, on average, three to five days of global human activity produces the equivalent amount of carbon dioxide that volcanoes produce globally each year. <a href="https://www.usgs.gov/newsroom/article.asp?ID=2827&from=rss_home">(US Geological Survey)</a></li> <li>Ten new planets outside our Solar System have been spotted by the French-led <a href="/facts/COROT/RUf22I1t">COROT</a> satellite, bringing the total number of known <a href="/facts/Exoplanets/zjfmqfUf">exoplanets</a> to 561. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-13761405">(BBC)</a></li> <li>A Japanese experiment sees hints that <a href="/facts/Neutrino/yGWVfSg2">neutrino</a> particles can oscillate between all three types, opening new lines of research to test why matter became more prevalent than <a href="/facts/Antimatter/NvpGDLof">antimatter</a> in the <a href="/facts/Big_Bang/I5T1vTnv">Big Bang</a>. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-13763641">(BBC)</a> <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1106.2822">(arXiv)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.107.041801"><i>Phys. Rev. Lett.</i></a> </li></ul></li> <li>15 June – A central <a href="/facts/June_2011_lunar_eclipse/vYce5mgq">lunar eclipse</a> takes place, with a totality of 1 hour and 40 minutes. (<i><a href="http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/more-news/longest-lunar-eclipse-for-a-decade-for-south-australia-stargazers/story-fn7x8me2-1226075835237">Herald Sun</a></i>)</li> <li>16 June – Researchers have developed a scalable approach to fabricating high-speed <a href="/facts/Graphene/QDGUBaPt">graphene</a> transistors. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fnl201922c"><i>Nano Lett.</i></a> </li> <li>17 June <ul><li>The <a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_Energy/PRp6Cz8g">United States Department of Energy</a> reports that it will invest $150 million in a private company that has developed a <a href="/facts/Silicon/cgWx0hdr">silicon</a>-wafer <a href="/facts/Solar_cell/3L814UCC">solar cell</a> that can be manufactured twice as cheaply as standard solar cells. <a href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/06/17/dept-of-energy-makes-150m_n_879542.html">(<i>Huffington Post</i>)</a></li> <li>Thousands of insects are being lined up to have their <a href="/facts/Genome/31Sm08JT">genomes</a> sequenced. The five-year project will help researchers pinpoint vulnerable regions of insects' genomes, which could be targeted with <a href="/facts/Pesticide/Uhf4KnwJ">pesticides</a>. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-13778365">(BBC)</a> <a href="http://www.entsoc.org/press-releases/entomologists-launch-5000-insect-genome-project-i5k">(Entomological Society of America)</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160329221712/http://entsoc.org/press-releases/entomologists-launch-5000-insect-genome-project-i5k">Archived</a> 2016-03-29 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Scientists have developed a nano-device that powers itself by harvesting energy from vibrations, while at the same time transmitting data wirelessly with a range of up to 10 metres (33 ft). <a href="http://www.popsci.com/science/article/2011-06/first-self-powering-nano-device-can-also-transmit-data-over-long-distances">(<i>PopSci</i>)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fnl201505c">(<i>Nano Lett.</i>)</a> </li></ul></li> <li>19 June <ul><li>Researchers have used a human vaccine to cure <a href="/facts/Prostate_cancer/Mx7XuDhm">prostate cancer</a> in mice. <a href="http://medicalxpress.com/news/2011-06-approach-cancer-vaccines-successful-early.html">(<i>Medical Xpress</i>)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnm.2390">(<i>Nat. Med.</i>)</a> </li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Oceans/8W8lYgjD">oceans</a> are in a worse state than previously suspected, with a <a href="/facts/Mass_extinction/HloJubtR">mass extinction</a> of marine species looming, according to a new report. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-13796479">(BBC)</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110626102633/http://www.stateoftheocean.org/pdfs/1906_IPSO-LONG.pdf">(IPSO)</a></li></ul></li> <li>20 June – A <a href="/facts/Japan/U5mz0SRT">Japanese</a> computer has taken first place on the <a href="http://www.top500.org/list/2011/06/100">Top 500 supercomputer list</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170701150947/https://www.top500.org/list/2011/06/100/">Archived</a> 2017-07-01 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a>, ending <a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p">China</a>'s reign at the top after just six months. Capable of operating at 8.16 <a href="/facts/Petaflops/6zYlH68F">petaflops</a> (quadrillion floating-point calculations per second), the <a href="/facts/K_computer/x1lBCwTT">K computer</a> is more powerful than the next five systems combined. <a href="http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9217755/Japan_takes_back_first_place_on_Top_500_supercomputer_list?taxonomyId=12">(<i>ComputerWorld</i>)</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110623132519/http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9217755/Japan_takes_back_first_place_on_Top_500_supercomputer_list?taxonomyId=12">Archived</a> 2011-06-23 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <ul><li>22 June <ul><li>A newly developed <a href="/facts/Multiferroic/AmlHcVAF">multiferroic</a> composite of <a href="/facts/Nickel/KwMCHYRP">nickel</a>, <a href="/facts/Cobalt/gqhScEw4">cobalt</a>, <a href="/facts/Manganese/j9ELd1TL">manganese</a> and <a href="/facts/Tin/obW9mqc3">tin</a> can be either non-magnetic or highly magnetic, depending on its temperature, making it capable of converting heat into electricity. <a href="http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2011-06/new-alloy-can-convert-heat-directly-electricity">(<i>PopSci</i>)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Faenm.201000048">(<i>Adv. Energy Mater.</i>)</a> </li> <li>The brains of people living in cities operate differently from those in rural areas, according to a brain-scanning study. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2011/jun/22/city-living-afffects-brain">(<i>The Guardian</i>)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature10190">(<i>Nature</i>)</a> </li> <li>Scientists demonstrate an acoustic "<a href="/facts/Cloaking_device/EbBt1b1T">cloaking device</a>" that makes objects invisible to <a href="/facts/Sound_waves/DlKXlPuF">sound waves</a>; such acoustic cloaking was proposed theoretically in <a href="/facts/2008_in_science/NLKwU0lC">2008</a>, but has only this year been put into practice. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-13905573">(BBC)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.1">(<i>Phys. Rev. Lett.</i>)</a> </li> <li><a href="/facts/Stanford_University/JEQeF9z2">Stanford University</a> researchers have developed a new method of attaching <a href="/facts/Nanowire/Ege0K9Ek">nanowire</a> electronics to the surface of virtually any object, regardless of its shape or composition. The method could be used in making everything from wearable electronics and flexible computer displays to high-efficiency <a href="/facts/Solar_cell/3L814UCC">solar cells</a> and ultrasensitive biosensors.<a href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fnl201901z">(<i>Nano Lett.</i>)</a> </li></ul></li> <li>23 June – Single-celled <a href="/facts/Yeast/eGD24nfI">yeast</a> has been observed to evolve into a multicellular organism, complete with division of labour between cells. This suggests that the evolutionary leap to multicellularity may be a surprisingly small hurdle.<a href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21028184.300-lab-yeast-make-evolutionary-leap-to-multicellularity.html">(<i>New Scientist</i>)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1115323109">(<i>PNAS</i>)</a> </li> <li>24 June <ul><li>A tiny biological <a href="/facts/Fuel_cell/UcMYnCW3">fuel cell</a> powered by <a href="/facts/Bacteria/wC8xSCsU">bacteria</a>, with a capacity of just 0.3 <a href="/facts/Microliter/QKwbQz8I">microliters</a>, has been built by researchers at <a href="/facts/Carnegie_Mellon_University/XKd7L2KA">Carnegie Mellon University</a> (CMU). The new device, the size of a single strand of human hair, generates energy from the metabolism of bacteria on thin <a href="/facts/Gold/1znknojp">gold</a> plates in micro-manufactured channels. <a href="https://www.engadget.com/2011/06/21/carnegie-mellon-researchers-develop-worlds-smallest-biological/">(<i>Engadget</i>)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fbit.23156">(<i>Biotechnol. Bioeng.</i>)</a> </li> <li>Biologists publish the explanation for <a href="/facts/Yeast/eGD24nfI">yeast</a> cells reversing aging. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1204349">(<i>Science</i>)</a> </li></ul></li> <li>25 June – Stanford researchers have developed a microphone that can be used at any depth in the ocean, even under crushing pressure, and is sensitive to a wide range of sounds, from a whisper in a library to an explosion of <a href="/facts/Trinitrotoluene/sADUt6nC">TNT</a>. They modeled their device after the extraordinarily acute hearing of <a href="/facts/Orcas/AaDEqz8T">orcas</a>. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1121%2F1.3543949">(<i>J. Acoust. Soc. Am.</i>)</a> </li></ul> <p>26 June </p> <ul><li><ul><li>A new gene-editing technique provides the first published successful healing of a genetic condition in a live animal, by curing mice of <a href="/facts/Haemophilia_B/e5Afggoe">haemophilia B</a>. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2011/jun/26/doctors-breakthrough-repairing-genetic-defects">(<i>The Guardian</i>)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnews.2011.384">(<i>Nature News</i>)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature10177">(<i>Nature</i>)</a> </li> <li><a href="/facts/%C3%96sterplana_065/yAMKqByn">Österplana 065</a> meteorite is found in Sweden. <a href="http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meteor/metbull.php?code=63063">(Meteoritical Bulletin)</a></li></ul></li> <li>27 June – A new bacterium is reported to have been produced from an engineered <a href="/facts/DNA/nB89Iauz">DNA</a> sequence, in which <a href="/facts/Thymine/A5C8MnLN">thymine</a> was replaced by the synthetic building block 5-chlorouracil – a substance "toxic to other organisms". <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.201100535">(<i>Angew. Chem.</i>)</a> </li> <li>28 June – The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization holds a ceremony in <a href="/facts/Rome/bh1Ttx3T">Rome</a>, declaring the once-widespread cattle disease <a href="/facts/Rinderpest/LFwtm3KT">rinderpest</a> to be globally eradicated.<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/28/health/28rinderpest.html">(<i>The New York Times</i>)</a> <a href="http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/80728/icode/">(FAO)</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111224210958/http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/80728/icode/">Archived</a> 2011-12-24 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>30 June – Computer corporation <a href="/facts/IBM/QszA7nwd">IBM</a> develops a form of 'instantaneous' memory, 100 times faster than <a href="/facts/Flash_memory/Cn8JsStx">flash memory</a>. <a href="https://www.engadget.com/2011/06/30/embargo-ibm-develops-instantaneous-memory-100x-faster-than-fl/">(Engadget)</a></li></ul> <h3>July</h3> <ul><li>1 July – Based on results from the <a href="/facts/Tevatron/dHkngs84">Tevatron particle accelerator</a>, scientists have reported stronger evidence that a small excess of matter over <a href="/facts/Antimatter/NvpGDLof">antimatter</a> was present during the <a href="/facts/Big_Bang/I5T1vTnv">Big Bang</a> as particles decayed. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-13988836">(BBC)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevD.84.052007">(<i>Phys. Rev. D</i>)</a> </li> <li>3 July <ul><li><a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p">China</a>'s monopoly over <a href="/facts/Rare-earth_metals/PQSUQumk">rare-earth metals</a> could be challenged by the discovery of massive deposits of these widely used minerals on the floor of the <a href="/facts/Pacific_Ocean/bdxgXRVM">Pacific Ocean</a>, a new study suggests. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fngeo1185">(<i>Nat. Geosci.</i>)</a> </li> <li>Warming oceans will melt <a href="/facts/Glacier/8GrKVUSS">glaciers</a> quicker than expected, according to a new study. As oceans heat up, they could erode ice sheets much faster than warmer air alone. <a href="http://www.livescience.com/14892-warming-ocean-melting-ice-sheets.html">(LiveScience)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fngeo1189">(<i>Nat. Geosci.</i>)</a> </li></ul></li> <li>7 July <ul><li>Surgeons in <a href="/facts/Sweden/u3qC7lyj">Sweden</a> have carried out the world's first synthetic <a href="/facts/Organ_transplant/1jNvVJn6">organ transplant</a>, using an artificial <a href="/facts/Windpipe/zMSEwjAy">windpipe</a> coated in <a href="/facts/Stem_cell/qgB9dFrI">stem cells</a>. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-14047670">(BBC)</a> <a href="https://archive.today/20120903220512/http://www.karolinska.se/en/OM/press-nyheter/nyhetslista/First-Successful-Transplantation-of-a-Synthetic-Tissue-Engineered-Windpipe-/">(Karolinska Hospital)</a></li> <li>Global investment in <a href="/facts/Renewable_energy/6Bu6IrpF">renewable energy sources</a> grew by 32% during 2010 to reach a record level of US$211 billion, according to a UN study. Reportedly, the main drivers of investment growth were <a href="/facts/Wind_farm/geQfaAFu">wind farms</a> in China and rooftop <a href="/facts/Solar_panel/gufbEu8n">solar panels</a> in Europe. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-14030849">(BBC)</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110712131825/http://www.unep.org/Renewable_Energy_Investment/">(UNEP)</a></li> <li>The molecular basis for the breakage of <a href="/facts/DNA/nB89Iauz">DNA</a>, an important process in the development of <a href="/facts/Cancer/PVW6n1D0">cancer</a>, has been identified by <a href="/facts/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem/aEpNukpQ">Hebrew University of Jerusalem</a> scientists. <a href="http://www.jpost.com/HealthAndSci-Tech/Health/Article.aspx?id=228363">(<i>The Jerusalem Post</i>)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.molcel.2011.05.019">(<i>Mol. Cell</i>)</a> </li></ul></li> <li>9 July – Researchers have reprogrammed <a href="/facts/Brain_cells/C1blhJJ4">brain cells</a> to become <a href="/facts/Heart/fF4KSGdk">heart</a> cells. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1101223108">(<i>PNAS</i>)</a> </li> <li>10 July – An international team of scientists based in <a href="/facts/Scotland/VGwbbxB2">Scotland</a> have decoded the full <a href="/facts/DNA/nB89Iauz">DNA</a> sequence of the <a href="/facts/Potato/F8jRVExs">potato</a>, one of the world's most important staple crops, for the first time. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-14096485">(BBC)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature10158">(<i>Nature</i>)</a> </li> <li>12 July <ul><li>A computer has learned language by playing <a href="/facts/Strategy_game/96bumhg6">strategy games</a>, inferring the meaning of words without human supervision. <a href="http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2011/language-from-games-0712.html">(MIT)</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726175331/http://www.acl2011.org/accepted/627.html">(ACL)</a></li> <li>Researchers at the <a href="/facts/University_of_Cambridge/0la7aX9o">University of Cambridge</a> have identified a part of the brain associated with <a href="/facts/Empathy/Pak5Dvfh">empathy</a> which may be a 'biomarker' for a familial risk of <a href="/facts/Autism/6MTwMNoJ">autism</a>. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Ftp.2011.18">(<i>Transl. Psychiatry</i>)</a> </li> <li>The planet <a href="/facts/Neptune/1eucwHIC">Neptune</a> completes its first orbit since it was discovered in <a href="/facts/1846_in_science/EVxflLUS">1846</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:226" href="#fn:226"><sup>226</sup></a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>13 July <ul><li>A string of a dozen underwater <a href="/facts/Volcanoes/c2M5upml">volcanoes</a>, several of them active, has been found near <a href="/facts/Antarctica/bEM5Lem5">Antarctica</a>, the first such discovery in that region. <a href="http://ca.news.yahoo.com/huge-underwater-volcanoes-discovered-near-antarctica-185010146.html">(Yahoo!)</a></li> <li>Technicians from <a href="/facts/Kagawa_University/rYXHlIxX">Kagawa University</a> demonstrate a <a href="/facts/Bionic/ht3GueDP">bionic</a> <a href="/facts/Mouth/WthDlXsC">mouth</a> that replicates almost all the human organs that are required for singing. <a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/freaky-robot-mouth-learns-to-sing">(IEEE Spectrum)</a></li></ul></li> <li>14 July – A "fountain of youth" that sustains the production of new <a href="/facts/Neuron/G7CyTVdH">neurons</a> in the brains of rodents may also be present in the human brain, researchers have found. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neuron.2011.05.029">(<i>Neuron</i>)</a> </li> <li>16 July <ul><li><a href="/facts/NASA/TIMCV0yV">NASA</a>'s <i><a href="/facts/Dawn_(spacecraft)/z4JeyNQB">Dawn</a></i> probe enters orbit around the asteroid <a href="/facts/4_Vesta/xnQ8acw1">4 Vesta</a>. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-14160135">(BBC)</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120322202418/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/asteroidwatch/newsfeatures.cfm?release=2011-212">(NASA)</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Japan/U5mz0SRT">Japanese</a> company <a href="/facts/Sumitomo_Electric_Industries/lFvMkb1f">Sumitomo Electric Industries</a> develops a new material which they believe can improve the range of <a href="/facts/Electric_vehicles/jhCbx5ur">electric vehicles</a> by 300%. <a href="http://inhabitat.com/aluminum-celmet-could-increase-electric-vehicle-range-by-300/">(Inhabitat)</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718095124/http://inhabitat.com/aluminum-celmet-could-increase-electric-vehicle-range-by-300">Archived</a> 2011-07-18 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120102021025/http://global-sei.com/news/press/11/11_19.html">(Suitomo Electric)</a></li></ul></li> <li>19 July <ul><li><a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russia</a>'s <a href="/facts/RadioAstron/D6lgHW25">RadioAstron</a>, the largest orbital <a href="/facts/Radio_telescope/SxIXUowL">radio telescope</a> yet constructed, is successfully launched into Earth orbit. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-14200971">(BBC)</a></li> <li>It is announced the <a href="/facts/Herschel_Space_Observatory/WgQTnYjK">Herschel Space Observatory</a> has discovered a dense ribbon of gas and dust more than 600 light years across at the centre of the <a href="/facts/Milky_Way/ulF6lccN">Milky Way</a> galaxy. <a href="http://herschel.cf.ac.uk/results/twisted-ring-galactic-centre">(Herschel)</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110724040240/http://herschel.cf.ac.uk/results/twisted-ring-galactic-centre">Archived</a> 2011-07-24 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul></li> <li>20 July <ul><li>The <a href="/facts/Hubble_Space_Telescope/NQeIf0vw">Hubble Space Telescope</a> discovers <a href="/facts/Moons_of_Pluto/g89834mJ">another moon</a> orbiting <a href="/facts/Pluto/egq7MBeR">Pluto</a>. <a href="http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/cbet/cbet002769.txt">(IAU)</a></li> <li>An experiment at the <a href="/facts/Fermi_National_Accelerator_Laboratory/8yyTx3oj">Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory</a> has revealed a heavy relative of the <a href="/facts/Neutron/oRCM1geb">neutron</a>. <a href="http://www.livescience.com/15151-subatomic-particle.html">(LiveScience)</a> <a href="http://www.fnal.gov/pub/presspass/press_releases/2011/CDF-Xi-sub-b-observation-20110720.html">(FermiLab)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.107.102001">(<i>Phys. Rev. Lett.</i>)</a> </li> <li>The world's most powerful "<a href="/facts/Split_magnet/sNbK4Rv1">split magnet</a>" – one that is made in two halves with holes in the middle to observe experiments – has been built in the US. It operates at 25 <a href="/facts/Tesla_(unit)/K6I5Stn9">Tesla</a>, equivalent to 500,000 times the strength of Earth's <a href="/facts/Geomagnetic_field/73G36wmx">magnetic field</a>. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-14204608">(BBC)</a></li></ul></li> <li>21 July <ul><li><a href="/facts/Space_Shuttle_Atlantis/3NQUThEB">Space Shuttle <i>Atlantis</i></a> completes <a href="/facts/STS-135/K9lMMNWC">STS-135</a>, the 135th and final mission of the <a href="/facts/Space_Shuttle_program/6Ikdvwsw">Space Shuttle program</a>. <a href="http://www.spaceflightnow.com/shuttle/sts135/">(Spaceflight Now)</a></li> <li>A 120-million-year-old fossil is the oldest pregnant <a href="/facts/Lizard/VPCpCwjT">lizard</a> ever discovered, according to scientists. The fossil, found in <a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p">China</a>, is a very complete 30-cm (12-in)-long specimen with more than a dozen embryos in its body. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/14200255">(BBC)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00114-011-0820-1">(<i>Naturwissenschaften</i>)</a> </li> <li>Researchers at the <a href="/facts/University_of_Minnesota/vN1uQvP5">University of Minnesota</a> have discovered a <a href="/facts/Gene/e1swwPY6">gene</a> required to maintain male gender throughout life. <a href="http://medicalxpress.com/news/2011-07-gene-required-male-sex-life.html">(Medical Xpress)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature10239">(<i>Nature</i>)</a> </li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>26 July <ul><li>Using <a href="/facts/Silicon/cgWx0hdr">silicon</a> <a href="/facts/Lithography/LFwpJbE7">lithography</a>, liquid <a href="/facts/Silicone/4AX8YA5m">silicone</a>, and <a href="/facts/Electrodes/251PaKX8">electrodes</a> that are fashioned into patterns invisible to the naked eye, researchers at <a href="/facts/Stanford_University/JEQeF9z2">Stanford University</a> have created transparent electric <a href="/facts/Battery_(electricity)/bqEpm4ue">batteries</a>. <a href="http://www.technologyreview.com/energy/38132/">(<i>Technology Review</i>)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1102873108">(<i>PNAS</i>)</a> </li> <li><a href="/facts/DNA/nB89Iauz">DNA</a> circuits have been used to make a neural network and to store memories. <a href="https://arstechnica.com/science/news/2011/07/artificial-neural-network-used-for-memory-created-using-dna-computing.ars">(Ars Technica)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature10262">(<i>Nature</i>)</a> </li></ul></li> <li>28 July – A <a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p">Chinese</a> fossil of a previously unknown <a href="/facts/Bird/RJF6zwLP">bird</a>-like dinosaur is estimated by scientists to be about 155 million years old – five million years older than <a href="/facts/Archaeopteryx/2sR4Tns8">Archaeopteryx</a>, which for 150 years has been assumed to be the world's earliest bird. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110801143653/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/dinosaurs/8666077/Newly-discovered-dinosaur-could-disprove-earliest-bird-theory.html">(<i>Daily Telegraph</i>)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature10288">(<i>Nature</i>)</a> </li> <li>29 July – A major clinical trial will investigate whether <a href="/facts/Stem_cell/qgB9dFrI">stem cells</a> can be safely used to stop or even reverse the damage caused by <a href="/facts/Multiple_sclerosis/vghXl0IQ">multiple sclerosis</a>. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-14332206">(BBC)</a></li></ul> <h3>August</h3> <ul><li>3 August – Researchers suggest that <a href="/facts/Earth/HLLmDfj0">Earth</a> once had a small second <a href="/facts/Moon/zKHqEMPb">Moon</a> that was destroyed in a slow-motion collision with the far side of its larger companion. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-14391929">(BBC)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature10289">(<i>Nature</i>)</a> </li> <li>4 August <ul><li>New images from the <a href="/facts/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter/7odg7YfX">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a> appear to show evidence of flowing, <a href="/facts/Liquid_water/0lkXnJPK">liquid water</a> on <a href="/facts/Mars/AQGtVvz0">Mars</a>. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-14408928">(BBC)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1204816">(<i>Science</i>)</a> </li> <li>A ring of <a href="/facts/Antiprotons/dLqJkhGQ">antiprotons</a> is detected around the Earth. <a href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21128245.500-antiproton-ring-found-around-earth.html">(New Scientist)</a> <a href="http://nextbigfuture.com/2011/08/confirmation-of-geomagnetically-trapped.html">(Next Big Future)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F2041-8205%2F737%2F2%2FL29">(<i>Astrophys. J. Lett.</i>)</a> </li> <li>Artificial <a href="/facts/Sperm/RCxpXygQ">sperm</a> are created using <a href="/facts/Stem_cell/qgB9dFrI">stem cells</a> for the first time, in a scientific breakthrough that could lead to new treatments for infertile men. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110805012134/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/8682142/Stem-cells-used-to-make-artificial-sperm.html">(<i>Daily Telegraph</i>)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2011.06.052">(<i>Cell</i>)</a> </li></ul></li> <li>5 August <ul><li>The solar-powered probe <i><a href="/facts/Juno_(spacecraft)/UzlYPApe">Juno</a></i> is launched from <a href="/facts/Kennedy_Space_Center/zmwszuPr">Kennedy Space Center</a> on a five-year mission to <a href="/facts/Jupiter/95m7XjMT">Jupiter</a>. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-14412988">(BBC)</a> <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/news/juno20110805.html">(NASA)</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200426125459/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/news/juno20110805.html">Archived</a> 2020-04-26 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Bypassing <a href="/facts/Stem_cell/qgB9dFrI">stem cells</a>, scientists have made <a href="/facts/Neurons/G7CyTVdH">neurons</a> directly from <a href="/facts/Human_skin/cfRXQwSs">human skin</a>. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2011.07.007">(<i>Cell</i>)</a> </li> <li>Scientists have developed a new class of molecules that target cells' entry systems to ensure harmful organisms do not gain access. The molecules, nicknamed pitstops, could lead to new therapeutic approaches to prevent the spread of viral and bacterial infections. <a href="http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2011/08/05/3285707.htm">(ABC Science)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2011.06.025">(<i>Cell</i>)</a> </li></ul></li> <li>6 August – A study postulates that the demise of the world's forests <a href="/facts/Permian-Triassic_extinction_event/d8kI8Mfn">250 million years ago</a> was likely accelerated by aggressive tree-killing <a href="/facts/Fungi/BHo5DP59">fungi</a>, who flourished in conditions brought about by global <a href="/facts/Climate_change/rEN4BDE7">climate change</a>. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2FG32178.1">(<i>Geology</i>)</a> </li></ul> <ul><li>8 August – A report, based on <a href="/facts/NASA/TIMCV0yV">NASA</a> analysis of <a href="/facts/Meteorites/NsmHlBlX">meteorites</a> found on <a href="/facts/Earth/HLLmDfj0">Earth</a>, suggests that the building blocks of <a href="/facts/DNA/nB89Iauz">DNA</a> (<a href="/facts/Adenine/PSeDFBnl">adenine</a>, <a href="/facts/Guanine/hoTSpz0x">guanine</a> and related <a href="/facts/Organic_molecules/gqCNaN45">organic molecules</a>) may have been formed in <a href="/facts/Outer_space/R3LRKyFs">outer space</a>. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1106493108">(<i>PNAS</i>)</a> </li> <li>10 August – A new <a href="/facts/Gene_therapy/CaxRLfKM">gene therapy</a> that has successfully neutralized advanced cases of <a href="/facts/Chronic_lymphocytic_leukemia/jbaDruD9">chronic lymphocytic leukemia</a> (CLL) in 3 patients is published. <a href="https://www.foxnews.com/health//">(Fox News)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMoa1103849">(<i>NEJM</i>)</a> <a href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=reprogrammed-cells-cure-leukemia">(<i>Scientific American</i>)</a></li> <li>11 August <ul><li>Researchers say they have created the first-ever animal with artificial information in its genetic code. The technique, they say, could give biologists "atom-by-atom control" over the molecules in living organisms. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-14492948">(BBC)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja2054034">(<i>J. Am. Chem. Soc.</i>)</a> </li> <li><a href="/facts/Arctic_ice/M1ACdwEX">Arctic ice</a> might be thinning four times faster than predicted by the <a href="/facts/IPCC/sh76du1u">IPCC</a>, according to a new study by <a href="/facts/MIT/Xk49vNA8">MIT</a>'s Department of Earth, Atmosphere, and Planetary Sciences (EAPS). <a href="http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2011/arctic-ice-melt-0810.html">(MIT)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2011JC007110">(<i>J. Geophys. Res.</i>)</a> </li> <li>Scientists have shown how an <a href="/facts/Enzyme/DSI1Fh7y">enzyme</a> from a <a href="/facts/Microbe/pysJYcE2">microbe</a> can quickly and cheaply produce <a href="/facts/Hydrogen/BoYHjl0J">hydrogen</a> from water. Hydrogen is seen as vital to future energy systems, but its production has previously been too costly and time-consuming to be viable on a large scale. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-14494972">(BBC)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1205864">(<i>Science</i>)</a> </li></ul></li> <li>12 August – An ultra-thin, flexible electronic circuit that can be stuck to the skin like a temporary <a href="/facts/Tattoo/l5QSeblC">tattoo</a> is developed, with possible applications in <a href="/facts/Cellphone/H3EcqD9h">cellphone</a> and <a href="/facts/Mobile_computing/eHT86bQU">mobile computing</a> technology. <a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/how-computers-will-soon-get-under-our-skin-2336246.html">(<i>The Independent</i>)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1206157">(<i>Science</i>)</a> </li> <li>16 August <ul><li>Private donors, including actress <a href="/facts/Jodie_Foster/qDjycFgW">Jodie Foster</a>, raise enough money to re-open the mothballed <a href="/facts/SETI/dh8h2HNn">SETI</a> radio telescope array, allowing SETI to continue its search for extraterrestrial intelligence. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-14544953">(BBC)</a></li> <li>A study of fossilised plants suggests that <a href="/facts/Wood/z13NpHPl">woody</a> plants first appeared on the Earth about 10 million years earlier than previously thought. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-14543120">(BBC)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1208882">(<i>Science</i>)</a> </li> <li><a href="/facts/Taiwan/VcJoUD8w">Taiwanese</a> researchers report that 15 minutes of exercise a day can boost <a href="/facts/Life_expectancy/uPc8bWWW">life expectancy</a> by three years and cut death risk by 14%. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-14526853">(BBC)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2811%2960749-6">(<i>The Lancet</i>)</a> </li></ul></li> <li>17 August <ul><li><a href="/facts/DARPA/Uf9sarhT">DARPA</a> is offering $500,000 to study what it would take—organizationally, technically, sociologically and ethically—to <a href="/facts/Interstellar_travel/fIIYxUKD">send humans to another star</a>, a challenge of such magnitude that the study alone could take a hundred years. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/18/science/space/18starship.html">(<i>The New York Times</i>)</a></li> <li>Researchers at the <a href="/facts/University_of_Edinburgh/L69HscH9">University of Edinburgh</a> state that <a href="/facts/Near-death_experience/q8Lv6fyK">near-death experiences</a> are the work of neural pathway disturbances caused by a disruption of the <a href="/facts/Oxygen/acyn6o8r">oxygen</a> supply to the brain, and are not <a href="/facts/Supernatural/qSlTK0Ss">supernatural</a> events. <a href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=peace-of-mind-near-death">(<i>Scientific American</i>)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tics.2011.07.010">(<i>Trends Cogn. Sci.</i>)</a> </li></ul></li> <li>18 August <ul><li><a href="/facts/IBM/QszA7nwd">IBM</a> has developed a microprocessor which it claims comes closer than ever to replicating the human brain. The system is capable of "rewiring" its connections as it encounters new information, similar to the way biological synapses work. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-14574747">(BBC)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1978542.1978559"><i>Comm. ACM</i></a> </li> <li>Within decades, <a href="/facts/Solar_flare/6kCvPKxD">solar storms</a> are likely to become more disruptive to planes and spacecraft, say researchers at <a href="/facts/Reading_University/nohWeG6A">Reading University</a>. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-14580995">(BBC)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2011GL048489">(<i>Geophys. Res. Lett.</i>)</a> </li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>19 August – The US <a href="/facts/Office_of_Naval_Research/qKug0oD2">Office of Naval Research</a> says that it has successfully tested a new type of explosive material that can dramatically increase weapons' impacts. Missiles made from the high-density substance can explode with up to five times the energy of existing explosives. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-14581097">(BBC)</a></li> <li>22 August – American researchers prototype a basic form of bulletproof skin, based on genetically modified <a href="/facts/Silkworm/r4IJIUtk">silkworm</a> threads. <a href="http://www.policeone.com/police-products/body-armor/articles/4241091-Researchers-create-bulletproof-skin/">(Police One)</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111023193751/http://www.policeone.com/police-products/body-armor/articles/4241091-Researchers-create-bulletproof-skin/">Archived</a> 2011-10-23 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>23 August <ul><li>The natural world contains about 8.7 million <a href="/facts/Species/oDg6b96r">species</a>, according to a new estimate described by scientists as the most accurate ever. However, the vast majority of these species have not been identified – cataloguing them all could take more than 1,000 years. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-14616161">(BBC)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001127">(<i>PLoS Biol.</i>)</a> </li> <li>Computer simulations suggest that violent <a href="/facts/Asteroid/g7Ulr1VB">asteroid</a> impacts flinging life from Earth to other planets is more likely than previously thought. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-14637109">(BBC)</a> <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1108.3375">(ArXiv)</a></li></ul></li> <li>24 August – <a href="/facts/Antibiotics/sF1kIfxg">Antibiotics</a>' impact on <a href="/facts/Gut_bacteria/Xy1IWzSP">gut bacteria</a> is permanent—and so serious in its long-term consequences that medicine should consider whether to restrict the prescription of antibiotics to pregnant women and young children, according to a new study. <a href="https://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2011/08/killing-beneficial-bacteria/">(Wired)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F476393a">(<i>Nature</i>)</a> </li> <li>25 August – A <a href="/facts/Monkey/ARjd5RRr">monkey</a> sporting a ginger beard and matching fiery red tail, discovered in a threatened region of the <a href="/facts/Brazil/QHkG46GL">Brazilian</a> <a href="/facts/Amazon_Rainforest/MGVatclX">Amazon</a>, is believed to be a species new to science. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/aug/25/new-monkey-species-amazon">(<i>The Guardian</i>)</a></li> <li>26 August – An <a href="/facts/Atomic_clock/MF8nsXDR">atomic clock</a> at the UK's <a href="/facts/National_Physical_Laboratory_(United_Kingdom)/NM5HzE0b">National Physical Laboratory</a> (NPL) has the best long-term accuracy of any clock in the world, researchers from NPL and <a href="/facts/Penn_State_University/WMQagtjM">Penn State University</a> have found. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-14657002">(BBC)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0026-1394%2F48%2F5%2F007">(<i>Metrologia</i>)</a> </li> <li>29 August – Japanese scientists announce an innovation in <a href="/facts/Wind_turbine/lUfWqfLg">wind turbine</a> technology, the <a href="/facts/Wind_lens/l6geANfV">wind lens</a>, which could triple the energy output of wind turbines, making wind energy affectively cheaper than nuclear energy. <a href="http://www.mnn.com/green-tech/research-innovations/blogs/japanese-breakthrough-will-make-wind-power-cheaper-than-nuclea">(Mother Nature Network)</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111031021912/http://www.mnn.com/green-tech/research-innovations/blogs/japanese-breakthrough-will-make-wind-power-cheaper-than-nuclea">Archived</a> 2011-10-31 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="http://www.riam.kyushu-u.ac.jp/windeng/en_aboutus_detail04.html">(Kyushu University)</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120101010531/http://www.riam.kyushu-u.ac.jp/windeng/en_aboutus_detail04.html">Archived</a> 2012-01-01 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>31 August <ul><li>An engineered <a href="/facts/Virus/mf88Bcbl">virus</a>, injected into the blood, can selectively target and destroy <a href="/facts/Cancer/PVW6n1D0">cancer</a> cells throughout the body, in what researchers have labelled a medical first. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-14730608">(BBC)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature10358">(<i>Nature</i>)</a> </li> <li>A pill to prevent <a href="/facts/Sunburn/Ff6gMYHA">sunburn</a> is being developed, using <a href="/facts/Coral/j7fBLrpw">coral</a>'s natural defence against the sun's harmful <a href="/facts/Ultraviolet/kncBUqn5">ultraviolet</a> rays. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-14717834">(BBC)</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Graphene/QDGUBaPt">Graphene</a>, the strongest known material on Earth, could help boost <a href="/facts/Broadband/nEn3A95N">broadband</a> internet speed, say researchers. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-14730689">(BBC)</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Advanced_Micro_Devices/CB1G7QTb">AMD</a> has broken the world <a href="/facts/Overclocking/wNpjgAFI">overclocking</a> speed record, thanks to the use of <a href="/facts/Liquid_nitrogen/IGWI1h00">liquid nitrogen</a> and <a href="/facts/Liquid_helium/JYXCAcDf">liquid helium</a> <a href="/facts/Computer_cooling/nG6gYYcm">coolant</a>. The company achieved an overclocked frequency of 8.429 <a href="/facts/GHz/6Wshj5qm">GHz</a> on a near-production, eight-core <a href="/facts/Bulldozer_(processor)/fUPzoGrd">AMD FX 8150 Bulldozer</a> processor sample. <a href="https://archive.today/20130420102346/http://www.eweekeurope.co.uk/news/supercooled-amd-bulldozer-breaks-overclocking-record-39553">(eweek europe)</a></li></ul></li></ul> <h3>September</h3> <ul><li>2 September <ul><li>Researchers create the <a href="/facts/Single_molecule_electric_motor/YB21ICKg">smallest electric motor</a> yet devised, made from a single <a href="/facts/Molecule/N9ljSfFq">molecule</a> around a <a href="/facts/Nanometre/a98sjHyu">nanometre</a> across. The invention could have applications in both <a href="/facts/Nanotechnology/Co4FFNfY">nanotechnology</a> and medicine. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-14763223">(BBC)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnnano.2011.142">(<i>Nat. Nanotechnol.</i>)</a> </li> <li>Researchers report two major breakthroughs in <a href="/facts/Quantum_computing/nbbcgmvq">quantum computing</a>—a quantum system built on the familiar <a href="/facts/Von_Neumann_architecture/te0yulFa">von Neumann processor-memory architecture</a>, and a working digital quantum simulator built on a quantum-computer platform. <a href="http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2011-09/two-key-computing-advances-bring-quantum-computers-closer-reality">(PopSci)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1208001">(<i>Science</i>-1)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1208517">(<i>Science</i>-2)</a> </li> <li><a href="/facts/Yale_University/KUdS6jt1">Yale University</a> researchers have discovered the source of signals that trigger <a href="/facts/Hair/L7vt9FL3">hair</a> growth, an insight that may lead to new treatments for <a href="/facts/Baldness/uEPKUafl">baldness</a>. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2011.07.019">(<i>Cell</i>)</a> </li> <li>Scientists map the taste <a href="/facts/Cerebral_cortex/GpXosGHP">cortex</a> in <a href="/facts/Mice/6m1X7m0g">mice</a>, pinpointing the brain regions that detect certain flavors. <a href="http://www.popsci.com/science/article/2011-09/scientists-map-mouse-taste-cortex-pinpointing-brain-regions-detect-certain-flavors">(PopSci)</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110910152307/http://www.popsci.com/science/article/2011-09/scientists-map-mouse-taste-cortex-pinpointing-brain-regions-detect-certain-flavors">Archived</a> 2011-09-10 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1204076">(<i>Science</i>)</a> </li> <li>Researchers suggest that dry desert planets might be the most common type of habitable planet in the galaxy, rather than watery planets such as <a href="/facts/Earth/HLLmDfj0">Earth</a>. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1089%2Fast.2010.0545">(<i>Astrobiology</i>)</a> </li> <li><a href="/facts/Challacombe_scale/a53H7yk4">Challacombe scale</a> for a clinical oral dryness score introduced. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.bdj.2011.884">(<i>Br. Dent. J.</i>)</a> </li></ul></li> <li>8 September <ul><li><a href="/facts/Cuba/vHjTXLPW">Cuban</a> medical authorities release <a href="/facts/CimaVax-EGF/mjDf0YSm">CimaVax-EGF</a>, the first therapeutic <a href="/facts/Vaccine/QcXzLug2">vaccine</a> for <a href="/facts/Lung_cancer/LHLdR454">lung cancer</a>. The vaccine was the result of a 25-year research project at <a href="/facts/Havana/Md8Krt6E">Havana</a>'s <a href="/facts/Center_of_Molecular_Immunology/HSNAxlvN">Center of Molecular Immunology</a>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111011071402/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/health/2011-09/07/c_131111574.htm">(Xinhua)</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/University_of_Glasgow/D0XAYMtq">University of Glasgow</a> scientists have taken their first tentative steps towards creating "life" from inorganic chemical cells, potentially defining the new area of "inorganic biology." <a href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn20906-lifelike-cells-are-made-of-metal.html">(<i>New Scientist</i>)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.201105068">(<i>Angew. Chem.</i>)</a> </li></ul></li> <li>9 September – Feeding a <a href="/facts/Supercomputer/HT9NwGAN">supercomputer</a> with news stories could help predict major world events, according to US researchers. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-14841018">(BBC)</a> <a href="http://www.uic.edu/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/viewArticle/3663/3040">(<i>First Monday</i>)</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130411092238/http://www.uic.edu/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/viewArticle/3663/3040">Archived</a> 2013-04-11 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>12 September <ul><li><a href="/facts/Arctic_sea_ice/M1ACdwEX">Arctic sea ice</a> has melted to a historic low, researchers from the <a href="/facts/University_of_Bremen/jAAw3zTl">University of Bremen</a> in <a href="/facts/Germany/paluuWBX">Germany</a> report. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110929100654/http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2011/09/12/arctic-ice-levels-hit-historic-low-researchers-say/">(CNN)</a> <a href="http://www.iup.uni-bremen.de:8084/amsr/minimum2011-en.pdf">(AMSR-E)</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118215823/http://www.iup.uni-bremen.de:8084/amsr/minimum2011-en.pdf">Archived</a> 2012-01-18 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Astronomers using the <a href="/facts/European_Southern_Observatory/mJtjDbwx">European Southern Observatory</a>'s <a href="/facts/HARPS/glno5GIm">HARPS</a> instrument announce the discovery of more than 50 new <a href="/facts/Exoplanets/zjfmqfUf">exoplanets</a> – including 16 <a href="/facts/Super-Earths/C8xrtn2w">super-Earths</a> – with one planet reportedly orbiting at the edge of the <a href="/facts/Goldilocks_zone/bjgaUkfB">habitable zone</a> of its star. By studying the properties of all the HARPS planets found so far, the team has found that about 40% of stars similar to the <a href="/facts/Sun/CadPCVHh">Sun</a> have at least one planet lighter than <a href="/facts/Saturn/D54LcGJ9">Saturn</a>. <a href="http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1134/">(ESO)</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>13 September <ul><li>The relative risks to the supply of some of Earth's <a href="/facts/Rare-earth_element/PQSUQumk">rarest elements</a> have been detailed in a new list published by the <a href="/facts/British_Geological_Survey/0YmacsLo">British Geological Survey</a> (BGS). <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-14903904">(BBC)</a> <a href="http://www.bgs.ac.uk/mineralsuk/statistics/riskList.html">(BGS)</a></li> <li>Researchers have developed a sophisticated camera system able to <a href="/facts/Lie_detector/kWYPYd6a">detect lies</a> by watching facial movements during speech. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-14900800">(BBC)</a></li></ul></li> <li>14 September <ul><li><a href="/facts/NASA/TIMCV0yV">NASA</a> unveils the design for <a href="/facts/Space_Launch_System/DbGCgH1W">a new heavy-lift rocket</a> to take humans to <a href="/facts/Mars/AQGtVvz0">Mars</a> and the <a href="/facts/Asteroids/g7Ulr1VB">asteroids</a>. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-14915725">(BBC)</a></li> <li>Researchers may have discovered how to safely open and close the <a href="/facts/Blood%E2%80%93brain_barrier/xYzvVwdu">blood–brain barrier</a>, offering a new way to safely deliver therapies to treat <a href="/facts/Alzheimer%27s_disease/w7Ad6tdg">Alzheimer's disease</a>, <a href="/facts/Multiple_sclerosis/vghXl0IQ">multiple sclerosis</a> and cancers of the central nervous system directly to the brain. <a href="http://medicalxpress.com/news/2011-09-breaching-blood-brain-barrier-year-old-puzzle.html">(Medical Xpress)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.3337-11.2011">(<i>J. Neurosci.</i>)</a> </li></ul></li> <li>15 September – A piece of <a href="/facts/Amber/GHP6h5gx">amber</a> discovered in <a href="/facts/Alberta/PjKJFbJY">Alberta</a>, Canada, contains an 80-million-year-old <a href="/facts/Feather/sxbf96nF">feather</a> that could provide clues to the <a href="/facts/Origin_of_birds/SAdvMKvp">relationship</a> between <a href="/facts/Dinosaurs/JRdMqBnq">dinosaurs</a> and modern avian species. <a href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/science/dinosaur-feathers-found-in-alberta-amber-1.1086765">(CBC)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1212049">(<i>Science</i>)</a> </li> <li>16 September <ul><li>Scientists' predictions about the formation and characteristics of <a href="/facts/Dark_matter/y5HgX55N">dark matter</a> have been shaken by research into <a href="/facts/Dwarf_galaxies/TKS7W9tA">dwarf galaxies</a> surrounding the <a href="/facts/Milky_Way/ulF6lccN">Milky Way</a>. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-14948730">(BBC)</a></li> <li>Artificial <a href="/facts/Blood_vessels/FG3GjPNW">blood vessels</a> made on a <a href="/facts/3D_printer/lbvWU3t0">3D printer</a> may soon be used for transplants of lab-created organs. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-14946808">(BBC)</a></li></ul></li> <li>19 September – People with <a href="/facts/Schizophrenia/FMP4lQ57">schizophrenia</a> are six times more likely to develop <a href="/facts/Epilepsy/wawyp56a">epilepsy</a>, reports a <a href="/facts/Taiwan/VcJoUD8w">Taiwanese</a> study, which found a strong relationship between the two diseases. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-14948264">(BBC)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1528-1167.2011.03268.x">(<i>Epilepsia</i>)</a> </li> <li>20 September – US researchers say they have demonstrated how <a href="/facts/Fuel_cell/UcMYnCW3">fuel cells</a> powered by <a href="/facts/Bacteria/wC8xSCsU">bacteria</a> can be "self-powered" and produce a limitless supply of <a href="/facts/Hydrogen/BoYHjl0J">hydrogen</a> for <a href="/facts/Hydrogen_car/dMKIgm1F">hydrogen cars</a>. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-14976893">(BBC)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1106335108">(<i>PNAS</i>)</a> </li> <li>22 September <ul><li>An international team of scientists at <a href="/facts/CERN/y1gwRchm">CERN</a> records <a href="/facts/Neutrino/yGWVfSg2">neutrino</a> particles apparently traveling faster than the <a href="/facts/Speed_of_light/sKSQwdNx">speed of light</a>. If confirmed, the discovery would overturn <a href="/facts/Albert_Einstein/CNTet8qu">Albert Einstein</a>'s 1905 <a href="/facts/Special_theory_of_relativity/vsFFc63E">special theory of relativity</a>, which says that nothing can travel faster than light. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-15017484">(BBC)</a> <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1109.4897">(ArXiv)</a></li> <li>A non-disease-causing <a href="/facts/Virus/mf88Bcbl">virus</a> kills human <a href="/facts/Breast_cancer/6hME580v">breast cancer</a> cells in the laboratory, creating opportunities for potential new cancer therapies, according to <a href="/facts/Penn_State_College_of_Medicine/KccGNxBP">Penn State College of Medicine</a> researchers who tested the virus on three different breast cancer types. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110924054651/http://live.psu.edu/story/55260">(Pennsylvania State University)</a></li></ul></li> <li>24 September – <a href="/facts/NASA/TIMCV0yV">NASA</a>'s <a href="/facts/Upper_Atmosphere_Research_Satellite/jUI52Hqx">Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite</a> (UARS) deorbits and impacts the <a href="/facts/Pacific_Ocean/bdxgXRVM">Pacific Ocean</a>, having been decommissioned in 2005. UARS, which was launched in 1991, was designed for the study of <a href="/facts/Earth%27s_atmosphere/FV97Am25">Earth's atmosphere</a>, particularly the <a href="/facts/Ozone_layer/v4KfjalC">ozone layer</a>. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/uars/index.html">(NASA)</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180225204106/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/uars/index.html">Archived</a> 2018-02-25 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>26 September – Researchers have demonstrated that <a href="/facts/Electron/L0KBo5cW">electrons</a> can move freely in layers of linked <a href="/facts/Semiconductor/zFf3mGTE">semiconductor</a> <a href="/facts/Nanoparticles/k8kNxX4E">nanoparticles</a> under the influence of light. This discovery may assist the development of cheap and efficient <a href="/facts/Quantum_dot/K5Ytv8Yw">quantum dot</a> <a href="/facts/Solar_cell/3L814UCC">solar cells</a>. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnnano.2011.159">(<i>Nat. Nanotechnol.</i>)</a> </li> <li>27 September <ul><li>Scientists have successfully replaced an injured part of a <a href="/facts/Rat/5rn6uEKM">rat</a>'s brain with a synthetic substitute. <a href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21128315.700-rat-cyborg-gets-digital-cerebellum.html">(<i>New Scientist</i>)</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120117040430/http://www.sens.org/node/2210">(SENS Foundation)</a></li> <li>Scientists have created a nanostructure which can multiply <a href="/facts/Stem_cells/qgB9dFrI">stem cells</a> used in therapies – a first step towards developing large-scale stem cell culture factories. <a href="http://www.labmate-online.com/news/news-and-views/5/university_of_southampton/stem_cell_breakthrough_has_therapies_potential/16830/">(Labmate online)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnmat3058">(<i>Nat. Mater.</i>)</a> </li></ul></li> <li>29 September <ul><li>A rocket carrying <a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p">China</a>'s first space laboratory module, <a href="/facts/Tiangong-1/YoX6HLeX">Tiangong-1</a>, is successfully launched, marking the start of the <a href="/facts/Tiangong_program/hSQcgPpX">Tiangong program</a> to create a modular <a href="/facts/Space_station/2HtaLbDH">space station</a>. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-15112760">(BBC)</a></li> <li>A new method for <a href="/facts/Self-healing_material/MNkbhSTv">self-healing materials</a> is presented, inspired by mammalian <a href="/facts/Vasculature/WXwudzzc">vasculature</a>. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-15096393">(BBC)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsif.2011.0508">(<i>J. R. Soc. Interface</i>)</a> </li> <li><a href="/facts/Geothermal_power_plants/1zdrqHdU">Geothermal power plants</a> could help produce <a href="/facts/Lithium/7vXX6BWA">lithium</a> for <a href="/facts/Electric_cars/agINmGGQ">electric cars</a>, by way of a new process which extracts lithium from the <a href="/facts/Brine/xsN2GcLF">brines</a> used to generate electricity in a geothermal power plant. <a href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=geothermal-power-plants-could-help-produce-lithium-for-electric-cars">(<i>Scientific American</i>)</a></li></ul></li> <li>30 September <ul><li>Scientists release the most accurate simulation of the structure of the <a href="/facts/Universe/XbfpnDmM">universe</a> to date. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gmcvFmlkYjY">(YouTube)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F740%2F2%2F102">(<i>Astrophys. J.</i>)</a> </li> <li><a href="/facts/Boston_Dynamics/uPMLSwqy">Boston Dynamics</a> unveils its AlphaDog military transport robot, a larger, faster and quieter version of its <a href="/facts/BigDog/p1pBn0AH">BigDog</a> prototype. The legged robot can carry up to 400 pounds (180 kg) of cargo, and is designed to support infantry in rough terrain. <a href="https://techcrunch.com/2011/09/30/video-alphadog-is-a-bigger-faster-quieter-bigdog/">(TechCrunch)</a></li></ul></li></ul> <h3>October</h3> <ul><li>3 October <ul><li>The 2011 <a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine/rlnpJX84">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> is shared by <a href="/facts/Bruce_Beutler/dvWsxFsV">Bruce Beutler</a> of the United States, <a href="/facts/Jules_A._Hoffmann/sb4LVIUG">Jules A. Hoffmann</a> of <a href="/facts/France/CxIeIKM3">France</a> and <a href="/facts/Ralph_M._Steinman/Pth8Hlls">Ralph M. Steinman</a> of <a href="/facts/Canada/cWWFM8oc">Canada</a> (posthumously), for their research into the human <a href="/facts/Immune_system/HRCTf1pb">immune system</a>. <a href="http://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=10756360">(AP via <i>New Zealand Herald</i>)</a> <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-15149257">(BBC)</a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Atacama_Large_Millimeter_Array/1hLdJxsw">Atacama Large Millimeter Array</a> in <a href="/facts/Chile/uEyTfEcx">Chile</a> – the largest and most complex <a href="/facts/Radio_telescope/SxIXUowL">radio telescope</a> ever built – begins operations. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-15107254">(BBC)</a></li></ul></li> <li>4 October – The 2011 <a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics/o6w1nCbr">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> is shared by Drs <a href="/facts/Adam_Riess/od3WGg9F">Adam Riess</a>, <a href="/facts/Saul_Perlmutter/r7pVlRCA">Saul Perlmutter</a> and <a href="/facts/Brian_Schmidt/2KBGCHT7">Brian Schmidt</a> for their discoveries relating to <a href="/facts/Dark_energy/6bWIYewA">dark energy</a>. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/05/science/space/05nobel.html">(<i>The New York Times</i>)</a></li> <li>5 October <ul><li>The 2011 <a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry/8Nb8Ajjy">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> is awarded to Professor <a href="/facts/Dan_Shechtman/naGEoaaq">Dan Shechtman</a> of <a href="/facts/Iowa_State_University/7JgIwlXQ">Iowa State University</a> for the discovery of <a href="/facts/Quasicrystals/evHcQeCp">quasicrystals</a>. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/06/science/06nobel.html">(<i>The New York Times</i>)</a></li> <li>A form of <a href="/facts/Cloning/Vb6SM4c7">cloning</a> has been used to create personalised <a href="/facts/Embryonic_stem_cells/P1n1eS1p">embryonic stem cells</a> in humans, according to American researchers. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-15181015">(BBC)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature10397">(<i>Nature</i>)</a> </li></ul></li> <li>6 October – A "smart pill" has been developed that is able to record accurate information about internal conditions in the <a href="/facts/Gut_(anatomy)/nK2zwqBS">gut</a>, such as acidity, pressure and temperature. <a href="http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/at-a-glance/main-section/smart_pill_with_inside_view_offers_new_hope_for_irritable_bowel_sufferers_1_3842506">(<i>The Yorkshire Post</i>)</a></li> <li>7 October – Data from the <a href="/facts/ESA/L8YRNV0C">ESA</a>'s <i><a href="/facts/Venus_Express/tU5cQTfc">Venus Express</a></i> probe reveals that the planet <a href="/facts/Venus/pADnueP6">Venus</a> has an <a href="/facts/Ozone_layer/v4KfjalC">ozone layer</a> in its <a href="/facts/Upper_atmosphere/5yH29VP8">upper atmosphere</a>. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-15203281">(BBC)</a></li> <li>10 October <ul><li>UK doctors report that the <a href="/facts/Antibiotic/sF1kIfxg">antibiotic</a> normally used to treat <a href="/facts/Gonorrhoea/xulQCkLF">gonorrhoea</a> is no longer effective, because the <a href="/facts/Sexually_transmitted_disease/IYL1rxdI">sexually transmitted disease</a> is now largely resistant to it. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-15238613">(BBC)</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130528202530/http://www.hpa.org.uk/web/HPAweb%26Page%26HPAwebAutoListName/Page/1221117908959">(HPA)</a></li> <li>Exercise is equally effective at preventing <a href="/facts/Migraines/5XaE1W25">migraines</a> as drugs, a Swedish study suggests.<a href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0333102411419681">(<i>Cephalalgia</i>)</a> </li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>12 October <ul><li>The genetic code of the germ that caused the 14th-century <a href="/facts/Black_Death/fztxlxgl">Black Death</a> has been reconstructed by scientists for the first time. The British researchers extracted <a href="/facts/DNA/nB89Iauz">DNA</a> fragments of the ancient bacterium from the teeth of medieval corpses found in <a href="/facts/London/KozCCsy9">London</a>. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-15278366">(BBC)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature10549">(<i>Nature</i>)</a> </li> <li><a href="/facts/Ginger/ljRLQ4Nd">Ginger</a> supplements may boost <a href="/facts/Human_digestive_system/SdpF0sWq">digestive</a> and <a href="/facts/Colon_(anatomy)/vQtlNBv9">colon</a> health, according to a new study. <a href="https://www.latimes.com/health/la-xpm-2011-oct-12-la-heb-ginger-colon-inflammation-20111012-story.html">(<i>Los Angeles Times</i>)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1158%2F1940-6207.CAPR-11-0224">(<i>Cancer Prev. Res.</i>)</a> </li></ul></li> <li>13 October – Silencing a <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> known as BCL11A can reactivate fetal <a href="/facts/Hemoglobin/RsD1MzYA">hemoglobin</a> production in adult <a href="/facts/Mice/6m1X7m0g">mice</a> and effectively reverse <a href="/facts/Sickle_cell_disease/93LT7ATq">sickle cell disease</a>, according to a new study. <a href="http://medicalxpress.com/news/2011-10-scientists-reverse-sickle-cell-anemia.html">(MedicalXpress)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1211053">(<i>Science</i>)</a> </li> <li>14 October <ul><li>Seven vehicle manufacturers in Europe and the US have agreed to adopt a standardised, universal charging system for <a href="/facts/Electric_vehicles/jhCbx5ur">electric vehicles</a>. <a href="https://www.newscientist.com/blogs/onepercent/2011/10/green-machine-electric-vehicle.html">(<i>New Scientist</i>)</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120308181718/http://media.ford.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=35430">(Ford)</a></li> <li>Using <a href="/facts/Carbon_nanotubes/atuDPPaG">carbon nanotubes</a>, researchers have created artificial muscles that can twist 1,000 times more than any similar material made in the past—a development that could prove useful in <a href="/facts/Robotics/wkmvodJz">robotics</a> and <a href="/facts/Prosthetic_limbs/odTuXtC0">prosthetic limbs</a>. <a href="http://www.technologyreview.com/energy/38866/?p1=A3">(Technology Review)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1211220">(<i>Science</i>)</a> </li></ul></li> <li>16 October – For the first time, researchers have found a way to inject a precise dose of a <a href="/facts/Gene_therapy/CaxRLfKM">gene therapy</a> agent directly into a single living cell without using a needle. The technique uses electricity to fire therapeutic biomolecules through a tiny channel and into a cell in a fraction of a second. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnnano.2011.164">(<i>Nat. Nanotechnol.</i>)</a> </li> <li>17 October – The world's first commercial <a href="/facts/Spaceport/y2SJQ8Wr">spaceport</a>, <a href="/facts/Spaceport_America/sLWgIGvh">Spaceport America</a>, is opened by <a href="/facts/Virgin_Group/g6JNK5yk">Virgin Group</a> chairman <a href="/facts/Richard_Branson/khhRPD3m">Richard Branson</a> in the <a href="/facts/U.S._state/PFwcRIYQ">U.S. state</a> of <a href="/facts/New_Mexico/wosJCGaW">New Mexico</a>. The <a href="/facts/SpaceShipTwo/IAAHm6Qx">SpaceShipTwo</a> <a href="/facts/Spaceplane/oMJNJPy7">spaceplane</a> is expected to begin commercial flights from the spaceport by 2013. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-15344836">(BBC)</a></li> <li>18 October <ul><li>The <a href="/facts/World_Health_Organization/YNN3bgug">World Health Organization</a> reports that global <a href="/facts/Malaria/rN3g58CX">malaria</a> deaths have fallen by 20% since 2001, claiming that over 30 countries are on course to eradicate the <a href="/facts/Mosquito/u8hTMTfc">mosquito</a>-borne disease by 2020. The fall in deaths is believed to be the result of improved diagnostic technologies and wider use of <a href="/facts/Malaria_vaccine/VFAbrCR7">malaria vaccines</a>. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-15346624">(BBC)</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120206080646/http://www.rbm.who.int/ProgressImpactSeries/report9.html">(WHO)</a></li> <li>A <a href="/facts/Malaria/rN3g58CX">malaria</a> vaccine has shown promising results in a clinical trial in Africa. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-15358554">(BBC)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMoa1102287">(<i>NEJM</i>)</a> </li> <li>Europe's highest court, the <a href="/facts/European_Court_of_Justice/yhkq7Y7Q">European Court of Justice</a>, has ruled that <a href="/facts/Embryonic_stem_cell/P1n1eS1p">stem cells from human embryos</a> cannot be <a href="/facts/Patent/LjT2bG3A">patented</a>, in a case that could have major implications for stem cell research and <a href="/facts/Regenerative_medicine/RplB5P22">regenerative medicine</a>. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-15350723">(BBC)</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Spain/bIyrB8EY">Spanish</a> engineers have developed a machine that uses <a href="/facts/Machine_vision/8kvmXVcA">artificial vision</a> and <a href="/facts/Ultraviolet/kncBUqn5">UV</a> rays to scan through <a href="/facts/Citrus/6FqG38Dk">citrus</a> fruits and detect rotten ones. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-15356406">(BBC)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11947-011-0725-1">(<i>Food Bioprocess Technol.</i>)</a> </li> <li><a href="/facts/Joseph_Fourier_University/U5NMAF5b">Joseph Fourier University</a> have developed a <a href="/facts/Microbial_Fuel_Cells/cPaa7FtW">biofuel cell</a> that can generate electricity from <a href="/facts/Glucose/oUSkoLCD">glucose</a> and oxygen. This could allow patients to power their own <a href="/facts/Medical_implant/3PKvy4I2">medical implants</a>. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-15305579">(BBC)</a></li></ul></li> <li>19 October <ul><li>British <a href="/facts/Computer_chip/fjn6vg7C">computer chip</a> designer <a href="/facts/ARM_Holdings/jqqppj7b">ARM</a> unveils the <a href="/facts/Cortex_A7/Ch36KljD">Cortex A7</a> processor, which should allow manufacturers to make cheaper and more efficient <a href="/facts/Smartphone/cSIrBMWG">smartphones</a>. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-15372756">(BBC)</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Imperial_College_London/SoXBRyax">Imperial College London</a> researchers have shown <a href="/facts/Logic_gates/RHLulvKI">logic gates</a> can be built out of <i><a href="/facts/E._coli/nR4Gvl56">E. coli</a></i> bacteria and <a href="/facts/DNA/nB89Iauz">DNA</a>. This could be used to make sophisticated diagnostic cells that assess and treat illness in the body. ] <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms1516">(<i>Nat. Commun.</i>)</a> </li></ul></li> <li>21 October <ul><li>The Earth's surface <a href="/facts/Global_warming/rEN4BDE7">is undeniably warming</a>, according to a detailed new analysis by an American scientific group. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-15373071">(BBC)</a> <a href="http://berkeleyearth.org/">(Berkeley Earth Project)</a></li> <li>Further research has been published suggesting there is no link between <a href="/facts/Mobile_phone/H3EcqD9h">mobile phones</a> and <a href="/facts/Brain_cancer/avjI5Nhm">brain cancer</a>. The latest study looked at more than 350,000 mobile phone users over an 18-year period. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-15387297">(BBC)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.d6387">(<i>BMJ</i>)</a> </li> <li>The first two satellites of the <a href="/facts/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)/sPyWl594">Galileo</a> <a href="/facts/Satellite_navigation/lVgPlF5v">satellite navigation</a> system are launched from <a href="/facts/Guiana_Space_Center/hp6TSJ6W">Guiana Space Center</a> by the <a href="/facts/European_Space_Agency/L8YRNV0C">European Space Agency</a>. The Galileo system is intended to reduce Europe's reliance on America's dominant <a href="/facts/Global_Positioning_System/DKVLnzF3">Global Positioning System</a> (GPS). <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-10-21/europe-launches-two-galileo-satellites-to-cut-reliance-on-gps.html">(Bloomberg)</a> <a href="http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEM167GURTG_index_0.html">(ESA)</a></li></ul></li> <li>24 October – <a href="/facts/India/1kKHcnxM">India</a>'s <a href="/facts/Minister_of_Health_and_Family_Welfare_(India)/wgMB3qlq">Minister of Health</a>, <a href="/facts/Ghulam_Nabi_Azad/CN3ElX9D">Ghulam Nabi Azad</a>, reports that the country has almost entirely eradicated <a href="/facts/Polio/6dYyXUhE">polio</a> through a <a href="/facts/Polio_vaccine/nR2Tk2Um">vaccination</a> program which immunises over 170 million children every year. No new polio cases have been reported in India for over nine months. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-15425852">(BBC)</a></li></ul> <ul><li>25 October <ul><li>Human DNA may carry a 'memory' of living conditions in childhood, according to a new study. <a href="http://scienceblog.com/48584">(Science Blog)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fije%2Fdyr147">(<i>Int. J. Epidemiol.</i>)</a> </li> <li><a href="/facts/Space_telescope/BtI46sDX">Space telescope</a> observations indicate that the <a href="/facts/Supernova/Pfo2J23l">supernova</a> <a href="/facts/SN_185/yKk5zVNB">RCW 86</a>, first seen by <a href="/facts/Chinese_astronomy/o84DLtYR">Chinese astronomers</a> in 185 AD, expanded at an unprecedented rate due to the formation of a <a href="/facts/Vacuum/BTk3goyV">vacuum</a>-like "cavity" around it in the early stages of the death of its <a href="/facts/Star/PFbd6ICx">star</a>. The expansion of the supernova, which was visible even in daylight when first discovered, has remained a mystery for nearly 2,000 years. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-15445688">(BBC)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F741%2F2%2F96">(<i>Astrophys. J.</i>)</a> </li> <li>The last of the <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a>' <a href="/facts/B53_nuclear_bomb/r0n4zhHN">B53</a> <a href="/facts/Nuclear_warhead/QVdBcMdm">nuclear warheads</a> is disassembled near <a href="/facts/Amarillo,_Texas/bQW8vxU7">Amarillo</a>, <a href="/facts/Texas/B987WHF0">Texas</a>. The nine-<a href="/facts/TNT_equivalent/nEQ5z8mp">megaton</a> bomb, which first entered service in 1962, was formerly the most powerful <a href="/facts/Nuclear_weapon/QVdBcMdm">nuclear weapon</a> in the country's <a href="/facts/United_States_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction/jDx0YqMP">nuclear arsenal</a>, possessing nearly 600 times the yield of the <a href="/facts/Little_Boy/4XAsA7xT">Little Boy</a> atomic bomb that destroyed <a href="/facts/Hiroshima/WuFDhz14">Hiroshima</a> in 1945. <a href="http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/scientists-texas-disassembling-b53-bomb-powerful-nuclear-weapon-u-s-history-article-1.967867">(<i>New York Daily News</i>)</a></li></ul></li> <li>26 October <ul><li>The <a href="/facts/Boeing_787_Dreamliner/QFDfFXDF">Boeing 787 Dreamliner</a>, a <a href="/facts/Composite_materials/UBysQldh">composite</a>-based <a href="/facts/Airliner/mhhg0xRy">airliner</a> with up to 20% greater fuel efficiency than previous models, completes its first commercial flight for <a href="/facts/All_Nippon_Airways/VSUu1zUW">All Nippon Airways</a>, after a three-year production delay. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-15456914">(BBC)</a></li> <li>American scientists confirm that an infectious <a href="/facts/Fungus/BHo5DP59">fungus</a>, <i><a href="/facts/Geomyces_destructans/qE5ss9rG">Geomyces destructans</a></i>, is responsible for the incurable <a href="/facts/White-nose_syndrome/1TCkDeFl">white-nose syndrome</a> that has decimated <a href="/facts/Bat/CJudzNt1">bat</a> populations across North America since 2006. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-15460894">(BBC)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature10590">(<i>Nature</i>)</a> </li> <li>Scientists at the <a href="/facts/University_of_Hong_Kong/sAxpHJrn">University of Hong Kong</a> have found that the <a href="/facts/Cosmic_dust/Uy6hlL29">cosmic dust</a> permeating the universe contains complex <a href="/facts/Organic_compound/gqCNaN45">organic</a> matter, described as "amorphous organic solids with a mixed <a href="/facts/Aromatic/wK0DzRY6">aromatic</a>-<a href="/facts/Aliphatic/9usN3neo">aliphatic</a> structure". Such organic matter could be created naturally, and rapidly, by <a href="/facts/Star/PFbd6ICx">stars</a>. <a href="http://www.space.com/13401-cosmic-star-dust-complex-organic-compounds.html">(Space.com)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature10542">(<i>Nature</i>)</a> </li></ul></li> <li>27 October <ul><li>Researchers in <a href="/facts/Oxford/kHvWDTXW">Oxford</a>, <a href="/facts/England/U9mE5bGL">England</a>, begin human trials of a pioneering <a href="/facts/Gene_therapy/CaxRLfKM">gene therapy</a> technique, which is hoped to provide a cure for crippling <a href="/facts/Eye/h3lbYU55">ocular</a> defects such as <a href="/facts/Retina/v0ISNX2S">retinal</a> <a href="/facts/Choroideremia/J5cNoR7G">choroideremia</a>. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-15446912">(BBC)</a></li> <li>New measurements reveal that the <a href="/facts/Dwarf_planet/IkQoCdwD">dwarf planet</a> <a href="/facts/Eris_(dwarf_planet)/vuaR65F7">Eris</a> is almost identical in size to <a href="/facts/Pluto/egq7MBeR">Pluto</a>, which was deemed to be a dwarf planet in 2006. <a href="https://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2011/10/eris-measurement/">(<i>Wired</i>)</a> <a href="http://www.eso.org/public/announcements/ann11076/">(ESO)</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>28 October <ul><li>British scientists report that a daily dose of <a href="/facts/Aspirin/opMK4qLk">aspirin</a> can reduce the incidence of <a href="/facts/Bowel_cancer/nV592sW7">bowel cancer</a> in people at high risk of the disease. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-15475553">(BBC)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2811%2961049-0">(<i>The Lancet</i>)</a> </li> <li>Human-caused climate change is already a major factor in more frequent Mediterranean droughts, according to a new study, which shows that the magnitude and frequency of drying is too great to be explained by natural variability alone. <a href="http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2011/20111027_drought.html">(NOAA)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1175%2FJCLI-D-11-00296.1">(<i>J. Clim.</i>)</a> </li> <li>NASA launches the <a href="/facts/NPOESS_Preparatory_Project/LSDxT28K">NPOESS Preparatory Project</a> – the first of its next generation of polar-orbiting satellites dedicated to gathering weather and climate data. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-15488016">(BBC)</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110503072222/http://npp.gsfc.nasa.gov/misison_details.html">(NASA)</a></li></ul></li> <li>29 October – <a href="/facts/CERN/y1gwRchm">CERN</a> researchers attempt to repeat <a href="/facts/Faster-than-light_neutrino_anomaly/TbpSA8Ao">a recent experiment</a> that apparently yielded <a href="/facts/Faster-than-light/tpFg6JNd">faster-than-light</a> <a href="/facts/Neutrino/yGWVfSg2">neutrinos</a>, using a more efficient system of measurement to validate their results. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2011/oct/28/physicists-check-neutrinos-faster-light">(<i>The Guardian</i>)</a></li> <li>31 October <ul><li>An investigation into social-psychology research papers uncovered massive amount of academic fraud at Dutch Universities. At least 30 papers by psychologist <a href="/facts/Diederik_Stapel/Ft0HvLvU">Diederik Stapel</a> are found to have been faked.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:227" href="#fn:227"><sup>227</sup></a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/World_population/tzYcheuD">world population</a> reaches seven billion, according to the <a href="/facts/United_Nations/fgXLnmgT">United Nations</a>. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/oct/31/seven-billionth-baby-born-philippines?intcmp=122">(<i>The Guardian</i>)</a></li></ul></li></ul> <h3>November</h3> <ul><li>1 November <ul><li><a href="/facts/India/1kKHcnxM">India</a> announces plans for a prototype <a href="/facts/Nuclear_power_plant/IJj5pJUn">nuclear power plant</a> that uses <a href="/facts/Thorium/ysdWH470">thorium</a> – an innovative, potentially safer nuclear fuel. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/nov/01/india-thorium-nuclear-plant">(<i>The Guardian</i>)</a></li> <li>Scientists have transformed age-worn cells in people over 90 – including a <a href="/facts/Centenarian/rubjcm3A">centenarian</a> – into rejuvenated stem cells that are "indistinguishable" from those found in <a href="/facts/Embryo/9QHnLVLN">embryos</a>. <a href="http://medicalxpress.com/news/2011-10-rejuvenated-stem-cells-coaxed-centenarian.html">(Medical Xpress)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgad.173922.111">(<i>Genes Dev.</i>)</a> </li></ul></li> <li>2 November <ul><li><a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p">China</a>'s uncrewed <a href="/facts/Shenzhou_8/92pkbsEk">Shenzhou 8</a> spacecraft robotically docks with the orbiting <a href="/facts/Tiangong-1/YoX6HLeX">Tiangong-1</a> <a href="/facts/Space_station/2HtaLbDH">space station</a> module, marking China's first orbital docking, and a major milestone in its efforts to construct a <a href="/facts/Tiangong-3/6a3BWv6Q">full-scale space station</a> by 2020. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-15562928">(BBC)</a></li> <li>American researchers delay, and in some cases even eliminate, the onset of age-related symptoms such as wrinkles, muscle wasting and <a href="/facts/Cataracts/RzN7k7K2">cataracts</a> in mice. The development may have significant implications for the study and treatment of such symptoms in humans. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-15552964">(BBC)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature10600">(<i>Nature</i>)</a> </li> <li><a href="/facts/Morocco/6ly8170M">Morocco</a> is chosen as the first location for <a href="/facts/Desertec/YnFEwoyG">Desertec</a> – a German-led, €400bn project to build a vast network of <a href="/facts/Solar_farm/gPf4oQNW">solar</a> and <a href="/facts/Windfarm/geQfaAFu">windfarms</a> across North Africa and the Middle East, with the aim of providing 15% of Europe's electricity supply by 2050. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/nov/02/morocco-solar-farm-renewables">(<i>The Guardian</i>)</a></li></ul></li> <li>4 November <ul><li>Six men emerge from the 520-day <a href="/facts/MARS-500/GTtvA5F5">MARS-500</a> isolation experiment, which aimed to simulate a <a href="/facts/Human_mission_to_Mars/zIwMBMPD">human mission to Mars</a>. The experiment, undertaken at a <a href="/facts/Moscow/XUU6VkdY">Moscow</a> scientific institute, was intended to investigate the isolation of long-duration spaceflight and its effects on the human body and mind. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-15574646">(BBC)</a></li> <li>A 20-year-old alternative <a href="/facts/Solar_cell/3L814UCC">solar cell</a> design using dye-sensitized nanocrystal cells (DSC) could lead to cheap, <a href="/facts/3D_printing/lbvWU3t0">printable</a> cells, revolutionising <a href="/facts/Solar_power/NpgmEbU2">solar power</a> use worldwide, according to a new study. <a href="http://www.kurzweilai.net/cheap-printable-photovoltaic-cells-could-boost-worldwide-use-of-solar-power">(KurzweilAI)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja1088869">(<i>J. Am. Chem. Soc.</i>)</a> </li></ul></li> <li>5 November <ul><li>An American doctor claims that <a href="/facts/Eye_color/50sYzD22">brown eyes</a> can safely and permanently be turned <a href="/facts/Eye_color/50sYzD22">blue</a> by using short <a href="/facts/Laser/jk6PTvvT">laser</a> pulses to destroy pigment in the <a href="/facts/Iris_(anatomy)/e774BXL8">iris</a>. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-15596885">(BBC)</a></li> <li>An official <a href="/facts/White_House/CJQc7dKF">White House</a> report states that "The <a href="/facts/U.S._government/VJCxUaf7">U.S. government</a> has no evidence that any <a href="/facts/Extraterrestrial_life/arxCPFTQ">life exists outside our planet</a>, or that an extraterrestrial presence has contacted or engaged any member of the human race." It furthermore asserts that there is "no credible information to suggest that any evidence is being hidden from the public's eye." Although odds are "pretty high" that there may be life on other planets, "the odds of us making contact with any of them—especially any <a href="/facts/Extraterrestrial_intelligence/X1c45DNV">intelligent ones</a>—are extremely small, given the distances involved." <a href="http://www.universetoday.com/90717/no-alien-visits-or-ufo-coverups-white-house-says/">(UniverseToday)</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111124052154/https://wwws.whitehouse.gov/Petitions#!/response/searching-et-no-evidence-yet">(White House)</a></li></ul></li> <li>6 November – <a href="/facts/Dopamine/5gNy8Xkd">Dopamine</a>-producing brain cells that are killed off by <a href="/facts/Parkinson%27s_disease/xpekKj6x">Parkinson's disease</a> have been grown from stem cells and grafted into monkeys' brains by American researchers, in a major step towards new treatments for the condition. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2011/nov/06/stem-cells-brain-parkinsons-disease">(<i>The Guardian</i>)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature10648">(<i>Nature</i>)</a> </li></ul> <ul><li>8 November <ul><li>The <a href="/facts/Asteroid/g7Ulr1VB">asteroid</a> <a href="/facts/2005_YU55/7DmUBGK1">YU55</a> makes a close Earth flyby, passing within 0.85 <a href="/facts/Lunar_distance_(astronomy)/8gWF1bT6">lunar distances</a> (about 201,700 miles) of the Earth. YU55 is approximately 400 metres (1,300 ft) across, and is the largest asteroid to make a close pass since 1976. Another comparable flyby will not occur until 2028. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-15572634">(BBC)</a></li> <li>Russia launches the <a href="/facts/Fobos-Grunt/mDKzr71w">Fobos-Grunt</a> probe, marking the nation's first attempt at an interplanetary mission since 1996. The mission's goal is to obtain samples from <a href="/facts/Phobos_(moon)/qqS9JvuG">Phobos</a>' surface and return them to Earth in 2014. The Chinese <a href="/facts/Yinghuo-1/RXBUx1Q4">Yinghuo-1</a> probe, China's first <a href="/facts/Mars/AQGtVvz0">Mars</a>-exploration spacecraft, is also launched. However, despite reaching orbit successfully, the two spacecraft are left unable to begin their journey to Mars, due to the failure of a secondary engine to ignite. <a href="http://www.space.com/13540-russia-mars-phobos-grunt-mission-launch-preview.html">(Space.com)</a> <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-15631472">(BBC)</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Honda/asGvEBbW">Honda</a> revamps its <a href="/facts/Humanoid_robot/0l82ABSc">humanoid robot</a>, <a href="/facts/Asimo/dTGmS9jf">Asimo</a>, giving it enhanced <a href="/facts/Artificial_intelligence/lJGauQwX">artificial intelligence</a>, the ability to move without being controlled by an operator, and a greater capability to cope with different situations. <a href="http://content.usatoday.com/communities/driveon/post/2011/11/hondas-asimo-robot-can-act-on-its-own/1">(USA Today)</a></li> <li>A Scottish-designed <a href="/facts/Powered_exoskeleton/qMDlIbnE">bionic leg exoskeleton</a>, designed to allow disabled people to walk, is approved for sale in the United Kingdom. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-15629439">(BBC)</a></li></ul></li> <li>9 November <ul><li>Dutch scientists build a <a href="/facts/Nanoscopic/hyFgwMKM">nanoscopic</a> "<a href="/facts/Electric_car/agINmGGQ">electric car</a>" made of a single complex <a href="/facts/Molecule/N9ljSfFq">molecule</a>, capable of travelling small distances when an electric current is applied to it. Though currently at a rudimentary level of development, the invention may have applications in the fields of <a href="/facts/Nanorobotics/LmFlh2IJ">nanorobotics</a> and <a href="/facts/Molecular_machinery/5VvXFnoq">molecular machinery</a>. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-15637867">(BBC)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature10587">(<i>Nature</i>)</a> </li> <li>A team of scientists in Japan synthesize the world's first <a href="/facts/Stem_cell/qgB9dFrI">stem-cell</a>-derived <a href="/facts/Pituitary_gland/gdrQyldF">pituitary gland</a>. <a href="http://www.technologyreview.com/biomedicine/39108/?p1=A1">(Technology Review)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature10637">(<i>Nature</i>)</a> </li> <li>If current trends continue, Earth will almost certainly suffer a mass extinction of species, according to a major new survey of 583 conservation scientists published in <i>Conservation Biology</i>. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1523-1739.2011.01772.x">(<i>Conserv. Biol.</i>)</a> </li></ul></li> <li>10 November <ul><li>No wild <a href="/facts/Western_Black_Rhinoceros/qLk6w6df">black rhinos</a> remain in West Africa, according to the latest global assessment of threatened species. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-15663982">(BBC)</a> <a href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/news/another-leap-towards-the-barometer-of-life">(IUCN)</a></li> <li>British computer chip designer <a href="/facts/ARM_Holdings/jqqppj7b">ARM</a> unveils its latest graphics processing unit (GPU) for mobile devices. The Mali-T658 offers up to ten times the performance of its predecessor, and may start to appear in devices towards the end of 2013. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-15668347">(BBC)</a> <a href="http://www.arm.com/about/newsroom/mali-t658-gpu-extends-graphics-and-gpu-compute-leadership-for-high-performance-devices.php">(ARM)</a></li> <li>A method of communicating with <a href="/facts/Brain_damage/70hWCEhs">brain-damaged</a> patients who appear to be in a <a href="/facts/Vegetative_state/EkAyEEU3">vegetative state</a> is discovered by scientists in the UK and <a href="/facts/Belgium/YKuMXP5j">Belgium</a>. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-15661977">(BBC)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2811%2961224-5">(<i>The Lancet</i>)</a> </li></ul></li> <li>14 November <ul><li>A study of <a href="/facts/Heart_failure/7fckX3Jm">heart failure</a> patients treated with their own stem cells has achieved striking results and could result in the biggest breakthrough in a generation. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111114192731/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/healthnews/8889031/Stem-cell-test-is-biggest-breakthrough-in-treating-heart-attacks-for-a-generation.html">(Daily Telegraph)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2811%2961590-0">(<i>The Lancet</i>)</a> </li> <li>Scientists have used brain scan images to create the world's first movie of the female brain as it approaches, experiences and recovers from an <a href="/facts/Orgasm/Dweqd5oI">orgasm</a>. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2011/nov/14/female-orgasm-recorded-brain-scans">(The Guardian)</a> <a href="http://www.abstractsonline.com/Plan/ViewAbstract.aspx?sKey=03bb8ea7-7ca8-419f-9cbf-cde88764af11&cKey=6f5384e8-a50a-4b24-ba07-348f5b81950a&mKey={8334BE29-8911-4991-8C31-32B32DD5E6C8}">(Neuroscience 2011)</a></li></ul></li> <li>15 November <ul><li>95% of adults worldwide now own <a href="/facts/Cellphone/H3EcqD9h">cellphones</a>, according to a new study. <a href="http://www.marketwatch.com/story/cell-phones-approach-total-penetration-globally-with-smartphones-moving-toward-market-dominance-2011-11-15">(Market Watch)</a></li> <li>British doctors report that they have cured a baby boy of a life-threatening <a href="/facts/Liver/Rtp4Fk2b">liver</a> disease using implanted cells which acted like a temporary liver, allowing the damaged organ to recover. The cell implant technique, developed by researchers at <a href="/facts/King%27s_College_Hospital/6wv9JoC7">King's College Hospital</a>, London, is described as a world first. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-15744176">(BBC)</a></li> <li>American researchers report that the recharge speed of <a href="/facts/Lithium-ion_batteries/3L22xFhB">lithium-ion batteries</a> can be significantly enhanced by making millions of tiny holes in them. The discovery could lead to laptop and cellphone batteries which recharge ten times faster and hold a charge ten times larger than current technology allows. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-15735478">(BBC)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Faenm.201100426">(<i>Adv. Energy Mater.</i>)</a> </li></ul></li> <li>16 November <ul><li>Police in <a href="/facts/Northern_Ireland/Jmr0NRyl">Northern Ireland</a> consider the use of airborne <a href="/facts/UAV/qt87T19t">surveillance drones</a> to combat crime, following the adoption of such technology by other UK police forces. Canadian drone manufacturer <a href="/facts/Aeryon_Scout/fh0mCbX1">Aeryon Labs</a> is cited as a potential supplier. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-15759537">(BBC)</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Intel/SMF0gJJX">Intel</a> debuts an accelerator <a href="/facts/Computer_chip/fjn6vg7C">chip</a> capable of running at speeds of one <a href="/facts/Teraflop/6zYlH68F">teraflop</a> at a <a href="/facts/Supercomputer/HT9NwGAN">supercomputing</a> conference in <a href="/facts/Seattle/7lYIrCa6">Seattle</a>. The device, dubbed <a href="/facts/Knights_Corner_(Intel)/Fv5dhyKc">Knights Corner</a>, combines 50 individual processor cores into a single chip. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-15758057">(BBC)</a> <a href="http://newsroom.intel.com/community/intel_newsroom/blog/2011/11/15/intel-reveals-details-of-next-generation-high-performance-computing-platforms">(Intel)</a></li> <li>A report commissioned by the <a href="/facts/State_of_New_York/mnl67G1G">State of New York</a> warns that future <a href="/facts/Hurricane_Irene/vrdQnbLp">Hurricane Irene</a>-like storms could put a third of <a href="/facts/New_York_City/YlyvFmVC">New York City</a> under water and flood many of the tunnels leading into <a href="/facts/Manhattan/fF9JeXjh">Manhattan</a> in under an hour, due to the effects of <a href="/facts/Climate_change/rEN4BDE7">climate change</a>. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/nov/16/climate-change-report-new-york-city">(<i>The Guardian</i>)</a> <a href="http://www.nyserda.ny.gov/Publications/Research-and-Development/Environmental/EMEP-Publications/Response-to-Climate-Change-in-New-York.aspx">(NYSERDA)</a></li> <li>Scientists report that estimates of the rate of <a href="/facts/Decline_in_amphibian_populations/UwpykwU0">amphibian population decline</a> are too optimistic, and that populations could decline even faster than previously thought. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/nov/16/amphibians-terrifying-extinction-threat">(<i>The Guardian</i>)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature10650">(<i>Nature</i>)</a> </li></ul></li> <li>17 November <ul><li>Researchers at the <a href="/facts/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology/Xk49vNA8">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> design a computer chip that mimics the way that the human brain's <a href="/facts/Neuron/G7CyTVdH">neurons</a> adapt in response to new information. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-15772240">(BBC)</a> <a href="http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2011/brain-chip-1115.html">(MIT)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1106161108">(<i>PNAS</i>)</a> </li> <li>China's uncrewed <a href="/facts/Shenzhou_8/92pkbsEk">Shenzhou 8</a> spacecraft returns to Earth after successfully docking with the orbiting <a href="/facts/Tiangong-1/YoX6HLeX">Tiangong-1</a> laboratory module. The crewed <a href="/facts/Shenzhou_9/UbfyDzbv">Shenzhou 9</a> and <a href="/facts/Shenzhou_10/4RlEqGG9">10</a> follow-up missions are expected to visit Tiangong-1 in 2012. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-15776662">(BBC)</a></li> <li>For the first time, astronomers have produced a complete description of a <a href="/facts/Black_hole/1r2lmkcF">black hole</a>. The American team conducted precise measurements using ground- and orbit-based telescopes, allowing them to reconstruct the complete history of the <a href="/facts/Cygnus_X-1/fv6UCHEU">Cygnus X-1</a> object from its birth some six million years ago. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F742%2F2%2F85">(<i>Astrophys. J.</i>)</a> </li></ul></li> <li>18 November <ul><li>A team of American engineers claims to have created the world's lightest material – a <a href="/facts/Metallic_microlattice/PyMC02Mj">microlattice of metallic tubes</a> 100 times lighter than <a href="/facts/Styrofoam/ULtGBPUN">Styrofoam</a>, with "extraordinary" energy absorption properties. The new material may have applications in the development of next-generation batteries and <a href="/facts/Shock_absorber/2FGD4PNh">shock absorbers</a>. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-15788735">(BBC)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1211649">(<i>Science</i>)</a> </li> <li><a href="/facts/OPERA_experiment/dp0n0ggo">OPERA physicists</a> conduct a follow-up experiment which confirms their earlier observations, first reported on 22 September 2011, of <a href="/facts/Faster-than-light_neutrino_anomaly/TbpSA8Ao">neutrinos apparently exceeding the speed of light</a>. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/19/science/space/neutrino-finding-is-confirmed-in-second-experiment-opera-scientists-say.html">(<i>The New York Times</i>)</a> <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1109.4897">(arXiv)</a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/U.S._Army_Space_and_Missile_Defense_Command/aQ1ybsJK">U.S. Army Space and Missile Defense Command</a> successfully tests a new <a href="/facts/Hypersonic/QUsQbhur">hypersonic</a> weapon system, capable of striking targets 3,700 kilometres (2,300 mi) away in under 30 minutes. The weapon was developed as part of the <a href="/facts/Prompt_Global_Strike/oNRAbYs5">Prompt Global Strike</a> program. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-15790620">(BBC)</a></li> <li>American scientists develop an ultra-thin, ultra-flexible brain implant with resolution fifty times greater than was previously possible, designed to monitor <a href="/facts/Epileptic_seizures/zuIrQyze">epileptic seizures</a>. The device could revolutionize <a href="/facts/Epilepsy/wawyp56a">epilepsy</a> treatment and lead to a deeper understanding of brain function. <a href="http://www.technologyreview.com/biomedicine/39158/?p1=A3">(Technology Review)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnn.2973">(<i>Nat. Neurosci.</i>)</a> </li></ul></li> <li>19 November – A computer system able to <a href="/facts/Computer_vision/Tl2Yyk66">read scientific papers in a similar way to humans</a> promises breakthroughs in <a href="/facts/Cancer_research/w7HvoRug">cancer research</a>, according to scientists at <a href="/facts/Cambridge_University/0la7aX9o">Cambridge University</a>. Called CRAB, the system is able to trawl through millions of peer-reviewed articles for clues to the causes of <a href="/facts/Tumour/K0ytzmPz">tumours</a>. <a href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/8900085/Computer-that-can-read-promises-cancer-breakthroughs.html">(<i>The Telegraph</i>)</a></li> <li>22 November – <a href="/facts/University_of_Washington/36PG6qkG">University of Washington</a> scientists successfully trial a new generation of <a href="/facts/Contact_lenses/0nzxq5Rm">contact lenses</a> capable of projecting images in front of the eyes. Human trials are expected to follow the successful animal trials.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:228" href="#fn:228"><sup>228</sup></a></li> <li>23 November – A study published in Nature shows that recent melting of Arctic sea ice is unprecedented on a historic timescale and cannot be explained by natural processes alone.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:229" href="#fn:229"><sup>229</sup></a></li> <li>24 November – Japanese researchers have developed a way to illuminate tiny, hidden tumors with a <a href="/facts/Fluorescent/qsJVT2qP">fluorescent</a> spray. Within minutes, doctors can track down residual cancer that has <a href="/facts/Metastasis/4dadbm6z">spread and scattered throughout the body</a>, helping to ensure that no tumors are left behind during surgery. <a href="http://www.smartplanet.com/blog/rethinking-healthcare/new-spray-illuminates-hard-to-spot-tumors-within-minutes/7509?tag=header;header-sec">(Smart Planet)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscitranslmed.3002823">(<i>Sci. Transl. Med.</i>)</a> </li></ul> <ul><li>26 November – NASA's <a href="/facts/Mars_Science_Laboratory/yEARUMpM">Mars Science Laboratory</a> mission successfully launches for <a href="/facts/Mars/AQGtVvz0">Mars</a>. The mission landed the robotic <i>Curiosity</i> <a href="/facts/Mars_rover/6ueforXf">rover</a> on the surface of Mars in August 2012,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:230" href="#fn:230"><sup>230</sup></a> whereupon the rover began its search for evidence of past or present <a href="/facts/Life_on_Mars_(planet)/A14ye2It">life on Mars</a>. <a href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/os-mars-rover-launch-20111126,0,6917996.story">(<i>Chicago Tribune</i>)</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1QCNsKricls">(Launch Video – 04:00)</a></li> <li>28 November <ul><li>An American <a href="/facts/Carbon_capture_and_storage/d8DzjobH">carbon capture and storage</a> (CCS) project begins a three-year trial to pump one million tonnes of <a href="/facts/Carbon_dioxide/xGzpppEp">CO2</a> underground. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111206103901/http://www.clickgreen.org.uk/research/trends/122849-us-carbon-capture-project-starts-to-bury-1-million-tonnes-of-co2.html">(Click Green)</a> <a href="https://archive.today/20130415222758/http://sequestration.org/resources/topStories.html">(MGSC)</a></li> <li>Swiss researchers are developing magnetic nanoparticles that could be used to remove harmful substances from the bloodstream. <a href="http://www.technologyreview.com/biomedicine/39181/?p1=A1">(Technology Review)</a></li></ul></li> <li>30 November <ul><li>Researchers at <a href="/facts/Washington_State_University/m0GFu1vA">Washington State University</a> develop an artificial bone "scaffold" which can be produced using <a href="/facts/3D_printer/lbvWU3t0">3D printers</a>, potentially allowing doctors to quickly print replacement bone tissue for injured patients. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-15963467">(BBC)</a></li> <li>As the <a href="/facts/Arctic/bxbuUz7Q">Arctic</a> warms, thawing <a href="/facts/Permafrost/SkFC7LMT">permafrost</a> will release <a href="/facts/Greenhouse_gases/HXaHqrT8">greenhouse gases</a> faster and at significantly higher levels than previous estimates, according to survey results from 41 international scientists. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F480032a">(<i>Nature</i>)</a> </li></ul></li></ul> <h3>December</h3> <ul><li>1 December – <a href="/facts/Oxford_University/ExVVQL6V">Oxford University</a> researchers successfully <a href="/facts/Quantum_entanglement/afzslwN0">entangle</a> two millimeter-scale <a href="/facts/Diamond/IBUdnd1y">diamonds</a> using controlled laser pulses. This represents the first known instance of quantum entanglement in objects <a href="/facts/Macroscopic/NLwPDtLe">large enough to see with the naked eye</a>. <a href="http://www.nature.com/news/entangled-diamonds-vibrate-together-1.9532">(<i>Nature News</i>)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1212625">(<i>Science</i>)</a> </li> <li>2 December <ul><li>Scientists suggest "<a href="/facts/Ununquadium/Aa7uGMuG">flerovium</a>" and "<a href="/facts/Ununhexium/nQc1FE6E">livermorium</a>" as names for the newest additions to the <a href="/facts/Periodic_table/umdGIfUb">periodic table</a>. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-16002181">(BBC)</a></li> <li>Researchers have created an advanced <a href="/facts/Fuel_cell/UcMYnCW3">fuel cell</a> which could give <a href="/facts/Electric_cars/agINmGGQ">electric cars</a> greater range, while keeping CO2 emissions low. <a href="http://www.technologyreview.com/energy/39203/?p1=A1">(Technology Review)</a></li> <li>Researchers from the <a href="/facts/London_Centre_for_Nanotechnology/oeW1fUBY">London Centre for Nanotechnology</a> (LCN) discover a property of <a href="/facts/Graphene/QDGUBaPt">graphene</a> that could widen its applications in <a href="/facts/Nanotechnology/Co4FFNfY">nanotechnology</a>. The team of scientists observed the surface of graphene sheets and found a series of ridges on the material, which could improve understanding of <a href="/facts/Superconductivity/pqQAlSzJ">superconductivity</a>. <a href="https://archive.today/20130422054136/http://www.theengineer.co.uk/sectors/electronics/news/graphene-discovery-could-be-vital-to-future-nanotechnology/1011136.article%23ixzz1g27ITCQR">(The Engineer)</a></li></ul></li> <li>5 December <ul><li>NASA's <a href="/facts/Exoplanet/zjfmqfUf">exoplanet</a>-hunting <i><a href="/facts/Kepler_(spacecraft)/E485cUts">Kepler</a></i> mission confirms its first extrasolar planet in the <a href="/facts/Habitable_zone/bjgaUkfB">habitable zone</a> of a Sun-like star. The planet, <a href="/facts/Kepler-22b/7pLeFatp">Kepler-22b</a>, is around 2.5 times the size of Earth, and may have a surface temperature of 22 degrees Celsius, making it potentially suitable for terrestrial life. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-16040655">(BBC)</a> <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/news/kepscicon-briefing.html">(NASA)</a></li> <li>New research suggests that at least three-quarters of the rise in average global temperatures since the 1950s is due to human activity. <a href="http://www.theage.com.au/national/explosion-in-carbon-emissions-20111204-1odkm.html">(<i>The Age</i>)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fngeo1327">(<i>Nat. Geosci.</i>)</a> </li> <li>American scientists report the discovery of the two largest <a href="/facts/Supermassive_black_hole/BcuTx8Q5">supermassive black holes</a> known to science. The two black holes each have a mass nearly 10 billion times greater than the Sun. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-16034045">(BBC)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature10636">(<i>Nature</i>)</a> </li> <li>German researchers have demonstrated a <a href="/facts/Graphene/QDGUBaPt">graphene</a>-based <a href="/facts/Transistor/Bmr8zwL0">transistor</a> array that is compatible with living biological cells and capable of recording the electrical signals they generate. <a href="http://www.theengineer.co.uk/sectors/electronics/news/scientists-create-transistor-compatible-with-living-cells/1011135.article#ixzz1g272UbRv">(The Engineer)</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121108073309/http://www.theengineer.co.uk/sectors/electronics/news/scientists-create-transistor-compatible-with-living-cells/1011135.article#ixzz1g272UbRv">Archived</a> 2012-11-08 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fadma.201102990">(<i>Adv. Mater.</i>)</a> </li></ul></li> <li>6 December – When climate data is adjusted to remove the impact of short-term factors such as <a href="/facts/El_Ni%C3%B1o-Southern_Oscillation/FVgabDRn">El Niño-Southern Oscillation</a>, <a href="/facts/Volcanic_aerosols/c2M5upml">volcanic aerosols</a> and <a href="/facts/Solar_variation/QrP4Egea">solar variability</a>, the global warming signal becomes even more evident, according to a new study. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1748-9326%2F6%2F4%2F044022">(<i>Environ. Res. Lett.</i>)</a> </li> <li>8 December <ul><li>NASA's <a href="/facts/Opportunity_rover/MEC0VIuy"><i>Opportunity</i></a> <a href="/facts/Mars_rover/6ueforXf">Mars rover</a> finds veins of <a href="/facts/Gypsum/MItYU70n">gypsum</a> on the surface of <a href="/facts/Mars/AQGtVvz0">Mars</a>, strongly implying the presence of liquid water on the planet. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-16082935">(BBC)</a></li> <li>Spanish researchers unveil a process which allows highly complex shapes to be "carved" into <a href="/facts/Nanoparticle/k8kNxX4E">nanoparticles</a>, potentially revolutionising medical tests and drugs treatments. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-16101495">(BBC)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1212822">(<i>Science</i>)</a> </li></ul></li> <li>9 December – Biologists at <a href="/facts/Tufts_University/yglpUbAL">Tufts University</a> coax tissue to grow a new organ by simply altering the membrane voltage gradients of cells. In the experiment, <a href="/facts/Tadpole/GFl3NasU">tadpoles</a> were made to grow new eyes outside of their head areas. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fdev.073759">(<i>Development</i>)</a> </li> <li>13 December <ul><li>Plumes of <a href="/facts/Methane/kBHneYnh">methane</a> – a <a href="/facts/Greenhouse_gas/HXaHqrT8">greenhouse gas</a> 20 times more potent than carbon dioxide – are observed bubbling to the surface of the <a href="/facts/Arctic_Ocean/l6HS3QyV">Arctic Ocean</a> by scientists surveying the region. <a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/shock-as-retreat-of-arctic-sea-ice-releases-deadly-greenhouse-gas-6276134.html">(<i>The Independent</i>)</a></li> <li>Researchers at the <a href="/facts/Large_Hadron_Collider/XWJCFSqT">Large Hadron Collider</a> report that the elusive <a href="/facts/Higgs_boson/3LAYXfft">Higgs boson</a> may have been glimpsed during particle collisions. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-16158374">(BBC)</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>14 December <ul><li><a href="/facts/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology/Xk49vNA8">MIT</a> scientists develop an imaging system capable of capturing images at one trillion <a href="/facts/Frames_per_second/sbRkc9xa">frames per second</a> – fast enough to image individual light waves travelling through space. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120107124442/http://futureoftech.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/12/13/9421061-camera-captures-light-particles-moving-through-space">(MSNBC)</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Microsoft/nGIDDXdx">Microsoft</a> co-founder <a href="/facts/Paul_Allen/S0euHIKT">Paul Allen</a> and aerospace engineer <a href="/facts/Burt_Rutan/KfUqgMlu">Burt Rutan</a> announce plans to develop a <a href="/facts/Commercial_spaceflight/9rSz8Lhh">commercial spaceflight</a> venture, dubbed Stratolaunch Systems, using a giant carrier aircraft to launch rockets from the upper atmosphere. The first uncrewed test flights of the system are expected to begin in 2016. <a href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/12/13/paul-allen-stratolaunch-systems_n_1146179.html">(<i>Huffington Post</i>)</a></li></ul></li> <li>15 December <ul><li>American researchers extend the lifespan of <a href="/facts/Drosophila_melanogaster/KtnHVCcB">fruit flies</a> by up to 50% by tweaking genes in the flies' intestines. <a href="http://www.gizmag.com/pgc-1-gene-tweak-extends-lifespan/20868/">(GizMag)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cmet.2011.09.013">(<i>Cell Metab.</i>)</a> </li> <li><a href="/facts/Columbia_University/Hlf1gw53">Columbia University</a> researchers publish a survey, <a href="/facts/Same-sex_marriage_in_Massachusetts/qn1f6Xo9">began in 2003</a>, revealing that <a href="/facts/Same-sex_marriage/J2dpSgaV">same-sex marriage</a> improves the health of <a href="/facts/Homosexuality/gNy8Nvl0">gay men</a> overall. The study recorded a reduction in <a href="/facts/Clinical_depression/l2lQeWqr">depression</a>, blood-pressure issues, and stress-related disorders. The reaction of <a href="/facts/Lesbian/b8hj21I6">lesbians</a> was not studied. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-16203621">(BBC)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.2105%2FAJPH.2011.300382">(<i>Am. J. Public Health</i>)</a> </li></ul></li> <li>16 December <ul><li>Chinese engineers demonstrate a chemical coating, based on <a href="/facts/Titanium_dioxide/T0KWmKcz">titanium dioxide</a>, which allows <a href="/facts/Cotton/efXRcjbn">cotton</a> clothes to clean themselves of stains when exposed to sunlight. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fam201251d">(<i>ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces</i>)</a> </li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Energy_Saving_Trust/w8GpS5Vq">Energy Saving Trust</a> (EFT) reports the results of a trial of <a href="/facts/LED_lamp/kMsxpkk9">LED light</a> fittings in social housing in the United Kingdom. The LED fittings offered significant improvements in efficiency over traditional light fittings, and also proved more popular with residents. The EFT predicts a substantial market share for LED lighting by 2015. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-16199552">(BBC)</a> <a href="http://www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/Publications2/Energy-efficiency/Lit-Up-an-LED-lighting-field-trial">(EST)</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120403130859/http://www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/Publications2/Energy-efficiency/Lit-Up-an-LED-lighting-field-trial">Archived</a> 2012-04-03 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Brown_University/o9MRu4jx">Brown University</a> engineers reveal a system that can efficiently remove traces of toxic <a href="/facts/Heavy_metals/Cblmy8qI">heavy metals</a> from water. The technique is reportedly scalable and commercially viable. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cej.2011.09.062">(<i>Chem. Eng. J.</i>)</a> </li></ul></li> <li>17 December – American researchers report advances in <a href="/facts/Solar_cell/3L814UCC">solar cell</a> efficiency, using <a href="/facts/Quantum_dot/K5Ytv8Yw">quantum dot</a> technology to capture additional electrons from photons striking solar panels. <a href="http://news.cnet.com/8301-11386_3-57344421-76/two-for-one-quantum-dot-solar-cells-boost-power/?tag=txt;title">(CNET)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1209845">(<i>Science</i>)</a> </li> <li>19 December – Scientists at the <a href="/facts/University_of_California/M9AWowUd">University of California</a> report a major breakthrough in the cultivation of <a href="/facts/Drought/LVW0rfuV">drought</a>-tolerant crops. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1112838108">(<i>PNAS</i>)</a> </li> <li>20 December <ul><li>Scientists operating the <a href="/facts/Kepler_(spacecraft)/E485cUts">Kepler Space Telescope</a> report the discovery of the first truly <a href="/facts/Terrestrial_planet/jpMC1ULt">Earth-sized</a> <a href="/facts/Extrasolar_planets/zjfmqfUf">extrasolar planets</a>, <a href="/facts/Kepler-20e/aWdvHn7B">Kepler-20e</a> and <a href="/facts/Kepler-20f/GxFEYCrw">Kepler-20f</a>, orbiting a <a href="/facts/Solar_analog/KdMa9BIH">Sun-like star</a>, <a href="/facts/Kepler-20/Dh1hYMCf">Kepler-20</a>. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/news/kepler-20-system.html">(NASA)</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190504012546/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/news/kepler-20-system.html">Archived</a> 2019-05-04 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature.2011.9688">(<i>Nature</i>)</a> </li> <li>A potential new <a href="/facts/Malaria_vaccine/VFAbrCR7">malaria vaccine</a> has shown promise in animal studies, according to <a href="/facts/Oxford_University/ExVVQL6V">Oxford University</a> researchers. The team plans to start safety trials in human volunteers, following lab tests which showed the vaccine to be effective against all known strains of malaria. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-16253364">(BBC)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms1615">(<i>Nat. Commun.</i>)</a> </li> <li>Canadian scientists win approval to start human trials of an experimental <a href="/facts/HIV_vaccine/jnUQVkv7">HIV vaccine</a>. <a href="https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/article/1104653--canadian-developed-hiv-vaccine-approved-for-human-studies?bn=1">(<i>The Star</i>)</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>21 December <ul><li>Researchers at the <a href="/facts/University_of_Notre_Dame/oplPM5R2">University of Notre Dame</a> reveal an inexpensive "solar paint" that uses <a href="/facts/Semiconductor/zFf3mGTE">semiconducting</a> nanoparticles to capture solar energy. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fnn204381g">(<i>ACS Nano</i>)</a> </li> <li>According to a study published in <i><a href="/facts/PNAS/w75CThX0">PNAS</a></i>, the introduction of non-native <a href="/facts/Snakes/YhA2gcn0">snakes</a> into <a href="/facts/Everglades/z73DWmu0">southern Florida swamps</a> has devastated the population of small mammals in the region, with sightings of species such as <a href="/facts/Raccoon/BREQAMnp">raccoons</a> declining by 99% since 2000. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120202222917/http://www.bio.davidson.edu/people/midorcas/research/Pythons/Python.htm">(Davidson Herpetology Laboratory)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fnn204381g">(<i>ACS Nano</i>)</a> </li></ul></li> <li>22 December <ul><li><a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p">China</a> conducts its <a href="/facts/2011_in_spaceflight/g5lUt7FQ">18th successful orbital launch of 2011</a>, marking the first year that more Chinese than American spacecraft were launched. <a href="https://www.wired.com/dangerroom/2012/04/china-rocket-launches/">(<i>Wired</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/University_of_Texas/6NApstxT">University of Texas</a> researchers report that solar cells can be made to yield more energy by exploiting a so-called "shadow state" of <a href="/facts/Photon/mFNhAEzA">photons</a>, doubling the number of <a href="/facts/Electrons/L0KBo5cW">electrons</a> that may be harvested in the process. The discovery could allow the theoretical maximum <a href="/facts/Silicon_solar_cell/3L814UCC">efficiency of silicon solar cells</a> to be increased from 31% to 44%. <a href="http://www.gizmag.com/solar-shadow-state/20930/">(GizMag)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1213986">(<i>Science</i>)</a> </li> <li>American researchers unveil self-repairing electronic chips that can repair broken circuits by releasing microcapsules of conductive liquid metal. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-16291943">(BBC)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fadma.201102888">(<i>Adv. Mater.</i>)</a> </li> <li><a href="/facts/Harvard_University/Lhy9L1cx">Harvard University</a> researchers develop a method of <a href="/facts/Supercooling/VdSgseJU">supercooling</a> that could generate the lowest temperatures yet achieved on Earth, potentially aiding the creation of <a href="/facts/Quantum_computers/nbbcgmvq">quantum computers</a>. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-16285036">(BBC)</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature10668">(<i>Nature</i>)</a> </li> <li>Researchers at <a href="/facts/CERN/y1gwRchm">CERN</a>'s <a href="/facts/Large_Hadron_Collider/XWJCFSqT">Large Hadron Collider</a> (LHC) report the discovery of a new particle, dubbed <a href="/facts/Bottom_quark/2s4rJRSo">Chib(3P)</a>. The discovery marks the LHC's first clear observation of a new particle since it became operational in 2009. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-16301908">(BBC)</a> <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1112.5154">(arXiv)</a></li></ul></li> <li>27 December <ul><li>China activates its <a href="/facts/Compass_navigation_system/eW9Ex0WP">Compass satellite navigation system</a>, a rival to the American <a href="/facts/Global_Positioning_System/DKVLnzF3">Global Positioning System</a> (GPS), offering navigation services on the Chinese mainland. The system, also known as Beidou-2, is expected to offer global coverage by 2020. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-16337648">(BBC)</a></li> <li>China unveils a prototype <a href="/facts/High-speed_rail/I1obpP6M">high-speed train</a> capable of reaching speeds of over 310 mph (500 km/h), the first ultra-high-speed train developed by China without the aid of international partnerships. <a href="https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/dcf63854-306e-11e1-b96f-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1iM5tUVzI">(<i>Financial Times</i>)</a></li></ul></li> <li>29 December <ul><li><a href="/facts/South_Korea/pCobAaVw">South Korean</a> researchers begin the development of microscopic robots capable of entering human <a href="/facts/Blood_vessel/FG3GjPNW">blood vessels</a> to treat illnesses. The microbots, which measure just 1 millimeter in diameter, are steered and propelled by externally induced magnetic fields. <a href="http://www.innovationnewsdaily.com/758-microrobots-could-treat-diseases-from-inside-your-bloodstream.html">(Innovation News Daily)</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120117060222/http://www.innovationnewsdaily.com/758-microrobots-could-treat-diseases-from-inside-your-bloodstream.html">Archived</a> 2012-01-17 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Wildlife_trade/WNLPEduI">wildlife trade</a> monitor group Traffic reports that more <a href="/facts/Ivory/pERH5AX6">ivory</a> was seized in 2011 than in any year since 1989. Around 23 tonnes (51,000 lb) of ivory – representing at least 2,500 dead <a href="/facts/Elephant/6prrEFFK">elephants</a> – were intercepted in 13 operations, mostly in shipments intended for the Asian market. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-16353204">(BBC)</a> <a href="http://www.traffic.org/home/2011/12/29/2011-annus-horribilis-for-african-elephants-says-traffic.html">(Traffic)</a></li> <li>Chemists at <a href="/facts/Harvard_University/Lhy9L1cx">Harvard University</a> report the creation of a self-assembling artificial <a href="/facts/Cell_membrane/vAXSD0DT">cell membrane</a>, formed from an oil/<a href="/facts/Detergent/4FLKXR6p">detergent</a> emulsion mixed with copper ions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:231" href="#fn:231"><sup>231</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:232" href="#fn:232"><sup>232</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>31 December – <a href="/facts/NASA/TIMCV0yV">NASA</a>'s <a href="/facts/Gravity_Recovery_and_Interior_Laboratory/1mADQk2x">GRAIL-A</a> satellite enters lunar orbit, to be joined the following day by its twin, GRAIL-B. The two spacecraft will map the Moon's gravitational field in unprecedented detail, with the aim of improving scientists' understanding of how the Moon formed. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/grail/news/grail20111231.html">(NASA)</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225050453/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/grail/news/grail20111231.html">Archived</a> 2021-02-25 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <h2 id="prizes">Prizes</h2> <h3>Abel Prize</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Abel_Prize/j5XVqwKd">Abel Prize</a></p> <ul><li>2011 Abel Prize: <a href="/facts/John_Milnor/LTf24paN">John Milnor</a></li></ul> <h3>Nobel Prize</h3> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physiology_or_Medicine/0MNMRqfN">List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine</a>, <a href="/facts/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physics/1gsf7AN5">List of Nobel laureates in Physics</a>, and <a href="/facts/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Chemistry/7osWRyAd">List of Nobel laureates in Chemistry</a></p> <ul><li>2011 <a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine/rlnpJX84">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a>: <a href="/facts/Bruce_Beutler/dvWsxFsV">Bruce Beutler</a>, <a href="/facts/Jules_A._Hoffmann/sb4LVIUG">Jules A. Hoffmann</a> and <a href="/facts/Ralph_M._Steinman/Pth8Hlls">Ralph M. Steinman</a></li> <li>2011 <a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics/o6w1nCbr">Nobel Prize in Physics</a>: <a href="/facts/Saul_Perlmutter/r7pVlRCA">Saul Perlmutter</a>, <a href="/facts/Brian_Schmidt/2KBGCHT7">Brian Schmidt</a> and <a href="/facts/Adam_Riess/od3WGg9F">Adam Riess</a></li> <li>2011 <a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry/8Nb8Ajjy">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a>: <a href="/facts/Dan_Shechtman/naGEoaaq">Dan Shechtman</a></li></ul> <h2 id="deaths">Deaths</h2> <h3>January</h3> <ul><li>1 January – <a href="/facts/Louise_Reiss/ssktBamJ">Louise Reiss</a>, American physician, co-ordinated the <a href="/facts/Baby_Tooth_Survey/Q6hepWNk">Baby Tooth Survey</a> (b. <a href="/facts/1920_in_science/FcwHBQPg">1920</a>).</li> <li>3 January – <a href="/facts/Anatoliy_Skorokhod/boIrt8wI">Anatoliy Skorokhod</a>, Ukrainian mathematician (b. <a href="/facts/1930_in_science/5KHEm9z9">1930</a>).</li> <li>4 January – <a href="/facts/Jack_Richardson_(chemical_engineer)/ThDqjbf7">Jack Richardson</a>, British chemical engineer (b. <a href="/facts/1920_in_science/FcwHBQPg">1920</a>).</li> <li>5 January – <a href="/facts/Jack_Ertle_Oliver/lhVottoo">Jack Ertle Oliver</a>, American scientist, provided seismic evidence supporting <a href="/facts/Plate_tectonics/RtRG5lY4">plate tectonics</a> (b. <a href="/facts/1923_in_science/P8DhUfan">1923</a>).</li> <li>8 January – <a href="/facts/Willi_Dansgaard/4kd30hB8">Willi Dansgaard</a>, Danish paleoclimatologist and geophysicist (b. <a href="/facts/1922_in_science/VFLMRogY">1922</a>).</li> <li>17 January <ul><li><a href="/facts/Shinichiro_Sakurai/x7zVebD2">Shinichiro Sakurai</a>, Japanese automotive engineer (b. <a href="/facts/1929_in_science/7e1fvv7I">1929</a>).</li> <li><a href="/facts/Bernard_Crossland/jq3FITdJ">Bernard Crossland</a>, British engineer (b. <a href="/facts/1923_in_science/P8DhUfan">1923</a>).</li></ul></li> <li>18 January – <a href="/facts/John_Herivel/PST0EqhR">John Herivel</a>, British historian of science and former cryptanalyst (b. <a href="/facts/1918_in_science/pShT8ADH">1918</a>).</li> <li>9 January – <a href="/facts/Ernest_McCulloch/lwQ7rU7U">Ernest McCulloch</a>, Canadian haematologist, pioneer of stem cell science (b. <a href="/facts/1926_in_science/IYIaVGQD">1926</a>).</li> <li>25 January – <a href="/facts/Daniel_Bell/u7vkV3ay">Daniel Bell</a>, American sociologist (b. <a href="/facts/1919_in_science/1IXTj2Qm">1919</a>).</li> <li>31 January – <a href="/facts/Charles_Kaman/A8RTDMP9">Charles Kaman</a>, American aeronautical engineer (b. <a href="/facts/1919_in_science/1IXTj2Qm">1919</a>).</li></ul> <h3>February</h3> <ul><li>2 February – <a href="/facts/Rodney_Hill/EylbyT70">Rodney Hill</a>, British mathematician, pioneer of <a href="/facts/Plasticity_(physics)/2VKo6keA">plasticity</a> theory (b. <a href="/facts/1921_in_science/jqlgdekP">1921</a>).</li> <li>6 February – <a href="/facts/Ken_Olsen/0v0p1kYV">Ken Olsen</a>, American engineer, <a href="/facts/Digital_Equipment_Corporation/ztxs6keA">Digital Equipment Corporation</a> founder (b. <a href="/facts/1926_in_science/IYIaVGQD">1926</a>).</li> <li>8 February – <a href="/facts/Bradley_C._Livezey/K6oBYSAU">Bradley C. Livezey</a>, American ornithologist (b. <a href="/facts/1954_in_science/zRkVrII3">1954</a>).</li> <li>10 February – <a href="/facts/Oleg_Lavrentiev/ojDjoNDa">Oleg Lavrentiev</a>, Soviet physicist (b. <a href="/facts/1926_in_science/IYIaVGQD">1926</a>).</li> <li>11 February – <a href="/facts/Christian_J._Lambertsen/ha4dTl4F">Christian J. Lambertsen</a>, American physician and engineer, developer of the first <a href="/facts/Scuba_set/mTsh3mPB">SCUBA</a> device (b. <a href="/facts/1917_in_science/2F9GvY8e">1917</a>).</li> <li>13 February <ul><li><a href="/facts/Nobutoshi_Kihara/lJdf0QXK">Nobutoshi Kihara</a>, Japanese engineer, lead worker on the <a href="/facts/Sony_Walkman/psCPm0zv">Sony Walkman</a> (b. <a href="/facts/1926_in_science/IYIaVGQD">1926</a>).</li> <li><a href="/facts/Shi_Yafeng/lW0DABJQ">Shi Yafeng</a>, Chinese geographer and <a href="/facts/Glaciology/dSElvpIj">glaciology</a> expert (b. <a href="/facts/1919_in_science/1IXTj2Qm">1919</a>).</li></ul></li> <li>15 February – <a href="/facts/Charles_Epstein_(geneticist)/yS5aFTNB">Charles Epstein</a>, American geneticist and <a href="/facts/Unabomber/6MmjSqv8">Unabomber</a> victim (b. <a href="/facts/1933_in_science/3R88mjlY">1933</a>).</li> <li>17 February – <a href="/facts/Richard_F._Daines/f1KVkfdV">Richard F. Daines</a>, American physician and health official (b. <a href="/facts/1951_in_science/2H50d4c5">1951</a>).</li> <li>19 February – <a href="/facts/Anson_Rainey/z2seTRm3">Anson Rainey</a>, American scholar of Near East history and Linguistics (b. <a href="/facts/1930_in_science/5KHEm9z9">1930</a>).</li> <li>20 February – <a href="/facts/Frank_A._McClintock/Y4rzaf30">Frank A. McClintock</a>, American mechanical engineer (b. <a href="/facts/1921_in_science/jqlgdekP">1921</a>).</li> <li>21 February – <a href="/facts/Edwin_D._Kilbourne/PXULzVpz">Edwin D. Kilbourne</a>, American research scientist and <a href="/facts/Influenza/nWuFzh6L">influenza</a> vaccine expert (b. <a href="/facts/1920_in_science/FcwHBQPg">1920</a>).</li> <li>26 February – <a href="/facts/Zhu_Guangya/dAsFDcmI">Zhu Guangya</a>, Chinese nuclear physicist, helped develop China's first <a href="/facts/Atomic_bomb/QVdBcMdm">atomic bomb</a> (b. <a href="/facts/1924_in_science/CFmNQjJJ">1924</a>).</li></ul> <h3>March</h3> <ul><li>1 March – <a href="/facts/John_M._Lounge/3UN7mxCl">John M. Lounge</a>, American astronaut (b. <a href="/facts/1946_in_science/zGLDDTAv">1946</a>).</li> <li>3 March <ul><li><a href="/facts/Venkatraman_Radhakrishnan/mznMRBFA">Venkatraman Radhakrishnan</a>, Indian astronomer (b. <a href="/facts/1929_in_science/7e1fvv7I">1929</a>).</li> <li><a href="/facts/James_L._Elliot/5hqjTrDW">James L. Elliot</a>, American astronomer, discoverer of the rings of <a href="/facts/Uranus/x7YwT1ar">Uranus</a> (b. <a href="/facts/1943_in_science/qE5oCwsr">1943</a>).</li></ul></li> <li>4 March <ul><li><a href="/facts/Simon_van_der_Meer/ek72eXfC">Simon van der Meer</a>, Dutch Nobel physicist (b. <a href="/facts/1925_in_science/l6SsxtXD">1925</a>).</li> <li><a href="/facts/Chester_Kahapea/nbmDl4Nd">Chester Kahapea</a>, American soil scientist, known as the "face of <a href="/facts/Hawaii_Admission_Act/2Vbo4CrQ">Hawaiian statehood</a>" (b. <a href="/facts/1945_in_science/Nb05Rd7S">1945</a>).</li> <li><a href="/facts/Alenush_Terian/LoXU9Gng">Alenush Terian</a> Armenian-Iranian astronomer and physicist (b. <a href="/facts/1920_in_science/FcwHBQPg">1920</a>).</li></ul></li> <li>5 March – <a href="/facts/Alberto_Granado/pxzD77hD">Alberto Granado</a>, Argentine founder of the Santiago School of Medicine (b. <a href="/facts/1922_in_science/VFLMRogY">1922</a>).</li> <li>6 March – <a href="/facts/Marie-Andr%C3%A9e_Bertrand/3Sw5Vw03">Marie-Andrée Bertrand</a>, Canadian criminologist (b. <a href="/facts/1925_in_science/l6SsxtXD">1925</a>).</li> <li>8 March <ul><li><a href="/facts/Victor_Manuel_Blanco/Bpevpv53">Victor Manuel Blanco</a>, Puerto Rican astronomer (b. <a href="/facts/1918_in_science/pShT8ADH">1918</a>).</li> <li><a href="/facts/Iraj_Afshar/7zJfVmTh">Iraj Afshar</a>, Iranian scholar and bibliographer (b. <a href="/facts/1925_in_science/l6SsxtXD">1925</a>).</li></ul></li> <li>11 March – <a href="/facts/Donny_George_Youkhanna/EW2xEATu">Donny George Youkhanna</a>, Iraqi archaeologist and anthropologist (b. <a href="/facts/1950_in_science/pYrc6Dbc">1950</a>).</li> <li>13 March – <a href="/facts/David_Rumelhart/FdCe3jMx">David Rumelhart</a>, American applied psychologist (b. <a href="/facts/1942_in_science/U4slv5ob">1942</a>).</li> <li>14 March <ul><li><a href="/facts/Leslie_Collier/8UrWa781">Leslie Collier</a>, British virologist (b. <a href="/facts/1921_in_science/jqlgdekP">1921</a>).</li> <li><a href="/facts/G._Alan_Marlatt/DyEyx4bM">G. Alan Marlatt</a>, American addiction medicine pioneer (b. <a href="/facts/1941_in_science/JC6AnWC8">1941</a>).</li></ul></li> <li>17 March – <a href="/facts/Murdoch_Mitchison/9woUAc41">Murdoch Mitchison</a>, British biologist (b. <a href="/facts/1917_in_science/2F9GvY8e">1917</a>).</li> <li>19 March – <a href="/facts/Robert_Ross_(entrepreneur)/JKE5Kccv">Robert Ross</a>, American physician and educator, founder of the <a href="/facts/Ross_University_School_of_Medicine/5Gcca6Sz">Ross University School of Medicine</a> and the <a href="/facts/University_of_Medicine_and_Health_Sciences/5Hgt22VF">University of Medicine and Health Sciences</a> (b. <a href="/facts/1918_in_science/pShT8ADH">1918</a>).</li> <li>21 March – Bohumil Fišer, Czech cardiologist and health minister (b. <a href="/facts/1943_in_science/qE5oCwsr">1943</a>).</li> <li>23 March <ul><li><a href="/facts/Teodor_Negoi%C5%A3%C4%83/F1YLPRtI">Teodor Negoiţă</a>, Romanian polar explorer and scientist (b. <a href="/facts/1947_in_science/BITl1Rt7">1947</a>).</li> <li><a href="/facts/Jean_Bartik/DRQ0huSh">Jean Bartik</a>, American mathematician and <a href="/facts/ENIAC/EcfmM1Y0">ENIAC</a> programmer (b. <a href="/facts/1924_in_science/CFmNQjJJ">1924</a>).</li></ul></li> <li>25 March – <a href="/facts/Thomas_Eisner/13YnGt9U">Thomas Eisner</a>, German-American <a href="/facts/Entomologist/zTtUNTWm">entomologist</a> and pioneer of <a href="/facts/Chemical_ecology/aVxuLMCu">chemical ecology</a> (b. <a href="/facts/1929_in_science/7e1fvv7I">1929</a>).</li> <li>26 March <ul><li><a href="/facts/Paul_Baran/uVUe5PPB">Paul Baran</a>, Polish Internet pioneer (b. <a href="/facts/1926_in_science/IYIaVGQD">1926</a>).</li> <li><a href="/facts/Harry_Coover/vRsftkm5">Harry Coover</a>, American <a href="/facts/Superglue/jLS7fkwR">superglue</a> inventor (b. <a href="/facts/1917_in_science/2F9GvY8e">1917</a>).</li></ul></li></ul> <h3>April</h3> <ul><li>2 April – <a href="/facts/John_C._Haas/qxlctjbF">John C. Haas</a>, American chemical engineer (b. <a href="/facts/1918_in_science/pShT8ADH">1918</a>).</li> <li>3 April – <a href="/facts/William_Prusoff/CApwCWhg">William Prusoff</a>, American pharmacologist and early <a href="/facts/AIDS/RqLIEMuJ">AIDS</a> drug pioneer (b. <a href="/facts/1920_in_science/FcwHBQPg">1920</a>).</li> <li>5 April – <a href="/facts/Baruch_Samuel_Blumberg/H3P4Is6F">Baruch Samuel Blumberg</a>, American Nobel physician (b. <a href="/facts/1925_in_science/l6SsxtXD">1925</a>).</li> <li>6 April – <a href="/facts/F._Gordon_A._Stone/LCQ5eJ6o">F. Gordon A. Stone</a>, American chemist (b. <a href="/facts/1925_in_science/l6SsxtXD">1925</a>).</li> <li>9 April – <a href="/facts/Jerry_Lawson_(engineer)/KucPlvqk">Jerry Lawson (engineer)</a>, American <a href="/facts/Video_game/vmTdNASJ">video game</a> pioneer (b. <a href="/facts/1940_in_science/e2fd7zbd">1940</a>).</li> <li>12 April – <a href="/facts/J%C4%81nis_Polis/hVIh9kQQ">Jānis Polis</a>, Latvian pharmacologist (b. <a href="/facts/1938_in_science/tUHHnx0z">1938</a>).</li> <li>14 April – <a href="/facts/William_Lipscomb/pBuh6kw9">William Lipscomb</a>, American Nobel chemist (b. <a href="/facts/1919_in_science/1IXTj2Qm">1919</a>).</li> <li>21 April <ul><li><a href="/facts/Harold_Garfinkel/3lAzQHSy">Harold Garfinkel</a>, American sociologist and pioneer of <a href="/facts/Ethnomethodology/m9Rx2LFY">ethnomethodology</a> (b. <a href="/facts/1917_in_science/2F9GvY8e">1917</a>).</li> <li><a href="/facts/Max_Mathews/oBCBqPYK">Max Mathews</a>, American electrical engineer who arranged the synthesized musical accompaniment for "<a href="/facts/Daisy_Bell/D9no5A9G">Daisy Bell</a>" (b. <a href="/facts/1926_in_science/IYIaVGQD">1926</a>).</li></ul></li> <li>22 April – <a href="/facts/Merle_Greene_Robertson/VM100a7A">Merle Greene Robertson</a>, American archaeologist whose drawings were used to crack the <a href="/facts/Maya_script/MYVpESKV">Maya script</a> (b. <a href="/facts/1913_in_science/6nl9Anqy">1913</a>).</li> <li>30 April – <a href="/facts/Daniel_Quillen/E4Nak15V">Daniel Quillen</a>, American mathematician (b. <a href="/facts/1940_in_science/e2fd7zbd">1940</a>).</li></ul> <h3>May</h3> <ul><li>1 May <ul><li><a href="/facts/Steven_A._Orszag/gJyh0qF0">Steven A. Orszag</a>, American mathematician (b. <a href="/facts/1943_in_science/qE5oCwsr">1943</a>).</li> <li><a href="/facts/J._Ernest_Wilkins,_Jr./5eLDY1Su">J. Ernest Wilkins, Jr.</a>, American nuclear physicist (b. <a href="/facts/1923_in_science/P8DhUfan">1923</a>).</li></ul></li> <li>2 May – <a href="/facts/David_Sencer/Up9L9ggU">David Sencer</a>, American physician and former director of the <a href="/facts/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention/NmoJNDV5">CDC</a> (b. <a href="/facts/1924_in_science/CFmNQjJJ">1924</a>).</li> <li>3 May – <a href="/facts/Robert_Brout/c7uArLqg">Robert Brout</a>, American-born Belgian physicist (b. <a href="/facts/1928_in_science/C3E10xR9">1928</a>).</li> <li>5 May <ul><li><a href="/facts/Leslie_Audus/yLk1NKa8">Leslie Audus</a>, British botanist (b. <a href="/facts/1911_in_science/gnx7WAwC">1911</a>).</li> <li><a href="/facts/Salom%C3%B3n_Hakim/59A7Fwjw">Salomón Hakim</a>, Colombian physician (b. <a href="/facts/1929_in_science/7e1fvv7I">1929</a>).</li></ul></li> <li>6 May – <a href="/facts/Horace_Freeland_Judson/PNAqQnHj">Horace Freeland Judson</a>, American science historian (b. <a href="/facts/1931_in_science/oL52v7VX">1931</a>).</li> <li>7 May – <a href="/facts/Willard_Boyle/Dryt56Lb">Willard Boyle</a>, Canadian Nobel physicist (b. <a href="/facts/1924_in_science/CFmNQjJJ">1924</a>).</li> <li>8 May – <a href="/facts/Corwin_Hansch/RMH7MEYe">Corwin Hansch</a>, American chemist (b. <a href="/facts/1918_in_science/pShT8ADH">1918</a>).</li> <li>9 May – <a href="/facts/Henry_Feffer/uLoW9SYk">Henry Feffer</a>, American surgeon (b. <a href="/facts/1918_in_science/pShT8ADH">1918</a>).</li> <li>11 May – <a href="/facts/Maurice_Goldhaber/qnqFC0QS">Maurice Goldhaber</a>, Austrian-born American physicist (b. <a href="/facts/1911_in_science/gnx7WAwC">1911</a>).</li> <li>12 May <ul><li><a href="/facts/Noreen_Murray/DcPzMRbj">Noreen Murray</a>, British molecular geneticist (b. <a href="/facts/1935_in_science/Bv2tQnCb">1935</a>).</li> <li><a href="/facts/Jack_Keil_Wolf/UPP1tkjp">Jack Keil Wolf</a>, American electrical engineer (b. <a href="/facts/1935_in_science/Bv2tQnCb">1935</a>).</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>19 May <ul><li><a href="/facts/David_H._Kelley/ljdFMuzs">David H. Kelley</a>, American-born Canadian archaeologist (b. <a href="/facts/1924_in_science/CFmNQjJJ">1924</a>).</li> <li><a href="/facts/Tom_West/T2Ufew8H">Tom West</a>, American computer engineer (b. <a href="/facts/1939_in_science/krmaIvm6">1939</a>).</li></ul></li> <li>20 May – <a href="/facts/Steve_Rutt/v9rcKzUR">Steve Rutt</a>, American engineer and early pioneer of video animation (b. <a href="/facts/1945_in_science/Nb05Rd7S">1945</a>).</li> <li>26 May – <a href="/facts/Irwin_D._Mandel/wyx1RzF2">Irwin D. Mandel</a>, American dentist (b. <a href="/facts/1922_in_science/VFLMRogY">1922</a>).</li> <li>28 May <ul><li><a href="/facts/Leo_Rangell/Rtvv2w8o">Leo Rangell</a>, American psychiatrist (b. <a href="/facts/1913_in_science/6nl9Anqy">1913</a>).</li> <li><a href="/facts/John_H._Sinfelt/nR2lLMlH">John H. Sinfelt</a>, American chemical engineer in unleaded gasoline (b. <a href="/facts/1931_in_science/oL52v7VX">1931</a>).</li></ul></li> <li>30 May – <a href="/facts/Rosalyn_Sussman_Yalow/ykQ7zhzK">Rosalyn Sussman Yalow</a>, American physicist and winner of the <a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Medicine/rlnpJX84">Nobel Prize in Medicine</a> (b. <a href="/facts/1921_in_science/jqlgdekP">1921</a>).</li></ul> <h3>June</h3> <ul><li>3 June – <a href="/facts/Jack_Kevorkian/lWQyIBLh">Jack Kevorkian</a>, American <a href="/facts/Pathologist/U9b18LJG">pathologist</a>, advocate of <a href="/facts/Euthanasia/aYfNlLna">euthanasia</a> (b. <a href="/facts/1928_in_science/C3E10xR9">1928</a>).</li> <li>8 June – <a href="/facts/Anatole_Abragam/BJUTT2sN">Anatole Abragam</a>, Russian-born French physicist (b. <a href="/facts/1914_in_science/syUzlX5D">1914</a>).</li> <li>11 June – James Rahal, Jr., American physician, <a href="/facts/West_Nile_virus/BU0j4uux">West Nile virus</a> expert (b. <a href="/facts/1933_in_science/3R88mjlY">1933</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:233" href="#fn:233"><sup>233</sup></a></li> <li>16 June – <a href="/facts/%C3%96sten_M%C3%A4kitalo/kjUNUXXE">Östen Mäkitalo</a>, Swedish electrical engineer, <a href="/facts/Cell_phone/H3EcqD9h">cell phone</a> inventor (b. <a href="/facts/1938_in_science/tUHHnx0z">1938</a>).</li> <li>17 June – <a href="/facts/Nathan_Sharon/Rw762C33">Nathan Sharon</a>, Israeli biochemist (b. <a href="/facts/1925_in_science/l6SsxtXD">1925</a>).</li> <li>18 June – <a href="/facts/Bob_Pease/CNI4BUWL">Bob Pease</a>, American electrical engineer (b. <a href="/facts/1940_in_science/e2fd7zbd">1940</a>).</li> <li>20 June <ul><li><a href="/facts/Robert_H._Widmer/TI4H6kVP">Robert H. Widmer</a>, American aeronautical engineer (b. <a href="/facts/1916_in_science/bafd4Cjp">1916</a>).</li> <li><a href="/facts/He_Zehui/cNEMY8Wy">He Zehui</a>, Chinese nuclear physicist (b. <a href="/facts/1914_in_science/syUzlX5D">1914</a>).</li></ul></li> <li>23 June – <a href="/facts/Christiane_Desroches_Noblecourt/gwmbru0v">Christiane Desroches Noblecourt</a>, French Egyptologist (b. <a href="/facts/1913_in_science/6nl9Anqy">1913</a>).</li> <li>26 June – <a href="/facts/Robert_Morris_(cryptographer)/3L0QovBu">Robert Morris</a>, American cryptographer (b. <a href="/facts/1932_in_science/P11Ig2d5">1932</a>).</li></ul> <h3>July</h3> <ul><li>7 July – <a href="/facts/Ricardo_Alegr%C3%ADa/u1wrB0yF">Ricardo Alegría</a>, Puerto Rican anthropologist and archeologist (b. <a href="/facts/1921_in_science/jqlgdekP">1921</a>).</li> <li>8 July – <a href="/facts/William_R._Corliss/jQa8USCB">William R. Corliss</a>, American physicist (b. <a href="/facts/1926_in_science/IYIaVGQD">1926</a>).</li> <li>11 July – <a href="/facts/Tom_Gehrels/lpP8ewtA">Tom Gehrels</a>, Dutch-born American astronomer (b. <a href="/facts/1925_in_science/l6SsxtXD">1925</a>).</li> <li>15 July – <a href="/facts/John_S._Toll/3okBJuBA">John S. Toll</a>, American physicist and university chancellor (b. <a href="/facts/1923_in_science/P8DhUfan">1923</a>).</li> <li>16 July – <a href="/facts/John_Crook_(ethologist)/p5wRzWTq">John Crook</a>, British ethologist (b. <a href="/facts/1930_in_science/5KHEm9z9">1930</a>).</li> <li>18 July – Rudiger D. Haugwitz, German-born American chemist (b. <a href="/facts/1932_in_science/P11Ig2d5">1932</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:234" href="#fn:234"><sup>234</sup></a></li> <li>21 July <ul><li><a href="/facts/Franz_Alt_(mathematician)/okpl4YNg">Franz Alt</a>, Austrian-born American mathematician (b. <a href="/facts/1910_in_science/Auegqwd7">1910</a>).</li> <li>Harold J. Kosasky, Canadian-born American physician (b. c. <a href="/facts/1928_in_science/C3E10xR9">1928</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:235" href="#fn:235"><sup>235</sup></a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>23 July <ul><li><a href="/facts/Robert_Ettinger/L982W6af">Robert Ettinger</a>, American academic, known as "the father of <a href="/facts/Cryonics/R6Qh8QpJ">cryonics</a>" and a pioneer of <a href="/facts/Transhumanism/lTkdgFLo">transhumanism</a> (b. <a href="/facts/1918_in_science/pShT8ADH">1918</a>).</li> <li><a href="/facts/Richard_Pike/SlcHYx9n">Richard Pike</a>, British chemist (b. <a href="/facts/1950_in_science/pYrc6Dbc">1950</a>).</li></ul></li> <li>27 July – <a href="/facts/John_Rawlins_(Royal_Navy_officer)/pCdWbYVg">John Rawlins</a>, British <a href="/facts/Surgeon_Vice-Admiral/9yQh7pbU">Surgeon Vice-Admiral</a> (b. <a href="/facts/1922_in_science/VFLMRogY">1922</a>).</li> <li>28 July – Max Harry Weil, Swiss-born American physician (b. <a href="/facts/1927_in_science/zk9YrBCk">1927</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:236" href="#fn:236"><sup>236</sup></a></li> <li>30 July – <a href="/facts/Daniel_D._McCracken/Tw4hS67j">Daniel D. McCracken</a>, American computer scientist (b. <a href="/facts/1930_in_science/5KHEm9z9">1930</a>).</li></ul> <h3>August</h3> <ul><li>2 August – <a href="/facts/Baruj_Benacerraf/NNzBfEd5">Baruj Benacerraf</a>, Venezuelan-born American Nobel immunologist (b. <a href="/facts/1920_in_science/FcwHBQPg">1920</a>).</li> <li>6 August – <a href="/facts/Bernadine_Healy/fUDUF4aB">Bernadine Healy</a>, American physician (b. <a href="/facts/1944_in_science/YpWh560e">1944</a>).</li> <li>7 August <ul><li><a href="/facts/Charles_C._Edwards/zu6gTIde">Charles C. Edwards</a>, American physician (b. <a href="/facts/1923_in_science/P8DhUfan">1923</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:237" href="#fn:237"><sup>237</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Paul_Meier_(statistician)/1yeT1Anu">Paul Meier</a>, American mathematician (b. <a href="/facts/1924_in_science/CFmNQjJJ">1924</a>).</li></ul></li> <li>11 August – <a href="/facts/George_Devol/Beob6xWJ">George Devol</a>, American inventor of the first <a href="/facts/Unimate/K7NNdbKF">industrial robot</a>. (b. <a href="/facts/1912_in_science/ro3op4mA">1912</a>).</li> <li>14 August – <a href="/facts/Fritz_Bach/1Dqzx3ov">Fritz H. Bach</a>, Austrian-born American physician (b. <a href="/facts/1934_in_science/QVectKTG">1934</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:238" href="#fn:238"><sup>238</sup></a></li> <li>18 August – <a href="/facts/Maurice_M._Rapport/l7D8cBW1">Maurice M. Rapport</a>, American neuroscience biochemist (b. <a href="/facts/1919_in_science/1IXTj2Qm">1919</a>).</li> <li>20 August <ul><li><a href="/facts/William_B._Kannel/S2glgygk">William B. Kannel</a>, American physician (b. <a href="/facts/1923_in_science/P8DhUfan">1923</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:239" href="#fn:239"><sup>239</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:240" href="#fn:240"><sup>240</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/William_I._Wolff/21IgNvgw">William I. Wolff</a>, American physician and <a href="/facts/Colonoscopy/21IgNvgw">colonoscopy</a> co-developer (b. <a href="/facts/1916_in_science/bafd4Cjp">1916</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:241" href="#fn:241"><sup>241</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>26 August – <a href="/facts/Patrick_C._Fischer/KgCqegC9">Patrick C. Fischer</a>, American computer scientist and <a href="/facts/Unabomber/6MmjSqv8">Unabomber</a> target (b. <a href="/facts/1935_in_science/Bv2tQnCb">1935</a>).</li> <li>27 August – <a href="/facts/Keith_Tantlinger/2alM8v8t">Keith Tantlinger</a>, American mechanical engineer (b. <a href="/facts/1919_in_science/1IXTj2Qm">1919</a>).</li> <li>28 August – <a href="/facts/Tony_Sale/xsQ3nk2k">Tony Sale</a>, British computer museum curator (b. <a href="/facts/1931_in_science/oL52v7VX">1931</a>).</li> <li>29 August – <a href="/facts/Pauline_Morrow_Austin/x6qSXfPY">Pauline Morrow Austin</a>, American meteorologist (b. <a href="/facts/1916_in_science/bafd4Cjp">1916</a>).</li></ul> <h3>September</h3> <ul><li>5 September – <a href="/facts/Angioletta_Coradini/Sp3QPFt7">Angioletta Coradini</a>, Italian astrophysicist (b. <a href="/facts/1946_in_science/zGLDDTAv">1946</a>).</li> <li>6 September – Bruce B. Dan, American physician (b. <a href="/facts/1946_in_science/zGLDDTAv">1946</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:242" href="#fn:242"><sup>242</sup></a></li> <li>9 September – <a href="/facts/Valentino_Braitenberg/r24uHrol">Valentino Braitenberg</a>, Italian neuroscientist and cyberneticist (b. <a href="/facts/1926_in_science/IYIaVGQD">1926</a>).</li> <li>14 September – <a href="/facts/Rudolf_M%C3%B6ssbauer/HScNwKWb">Rudolf Mössbauer</a>, German Nobel physicist (b. <a href="/facts/1929_in_science/7e1fvv7I">1929</a>).</li> <li>16 September – <a href="/facts/William_Hawthorne/SBqHapQg">William Hawthorne</a>, British aeronautical engineer (b. <a href="/facts/1913_in_science/6nl9Anqy">1913</a>).</li> <li>17 September – <a href="/facts/Julius_Blank/fW362W8x">Julius Blank</a>, American mechanical engineer (b. <a href="/facts/1925_in_science/l6SsxtXD">1925</a>).</li> <li>20 September – <a href="/facts/Oscar_Handlin/yIANRGFA">Oscar Handlin</a>, American historian (b. <a href="/facts/1915_in_science/NMYGub5y">1915</a>).</li> <li>21 September – <a href="/facts/Michael_Julian_Drake/gCnWM7qG">Michael Julian Drake</a>, American astronomer (b. <a href="/facts/1946_in_science/zGLDDTAv">1946</a>).</li> <li>22 September – <a href="/facts/Margaret_Ogola/gANpPzRq">Margaret Ogola</a>, Kenyan physician (b. <a href="/facts/1958_in_science/k61WDI3E">1958</a>).</li> <li>23 September – <a href="/facts/Carl_Wood/mK0600kE">Carl Wood</a>, Australian physician (b. <a href="/facts/1929_in_science/7e1fvv7I">1929</a>).</li> <li>24 September – Richard Koch, American physician, advocate for <a href="/facts/Phenylketonuria/0EzHHs3v">phenylketonuria</a> neonate screening (b. <a href="/facts/1921_in_science/jqlgdekP">1921</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:243" href="#fn:243"><sup>243</sup></a></li> <li>25 September – <a href="/facts/Wangari_Maathai/6joUk5HR">Wangari Maathai</a>, Kenyan veterinary anatomist and <a href="/facts/Nobel_Peace_Prize/2wVhmLrX">Nobel Peace Prize</a> winner (b. <a href="/facts/1940_in_science/e2fd7zbd">1940</a>).</li> <li>26 September – <a href="/facts/Robert_Blinc/aTWRp785">Robert Blinc</a>, Slovene physicist (b. <a href="/facts/1933_in_science/3R88mjlY">1933</a>).</li> <li>27 September – <a href="/facts/Wilson_Greatbatch/K3qVaq6h">Wilson Greatbatch</a>, American electrical engineer and the inventor of the implantable cardiac pacemaker (b. <a href="/facts/1919_in_science/1IXTj2Qm">1919</a>).</li> <li>28 September – <a href="/facts/Pierre_Dansereau/8kX2cHL8">Pierre Dansereau</a>, Canadian biologist (b. <a href="/facts/1911_in_science/gnx7WAwC">1911</a>).</li> <li>30 September <ul><li><a href="/facts/Lee_Davenport/x0nV355X">Lee Davenport</a>, American physicist (b. <a href="/facts/1915_in_science/NMYGub5y">1915</a>).</li> <li><a href="/facts/Ralph_M._Steinman/Pth8Hlls">Ralph M. Steinman</a>, Canadian Nobel immunologist (b. <a href="/facts/1943_in_science/qE5oCwsr">1943</a>).</li></ul></li></ul> <h3>October</h3> <ul><li>1 October – <a href="/facts/J._Willis_Hurst/BLX2npz0">J. Willis Hurst</a>, American physician (b. <a href="/facts/1920_in_science/FcwHBQPg">1920</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:244" href="#fn:244"><sup>244</sup></a></li> <li>3 October – <a href="/facts/Aden_Meinel/raHqfQeH">Aden Meinel</a>, American <a href="/facts/Astronomer/ronF8j4a">astronomer</a> (b. <a href="/facts/1922_in_science/VFLMRogY">1922</a>).</li> <li>5 October – <a href="/facts/Steve_Jobs/fQpja1hx">Steve Jobs</a>, American computer engineer and technology entrepreneur, co-founder of <a href="/facts/Apple_Inc./oTJYta3k">Apple Inc.</a> (b. <a href="/facts/1955_in_science/TVLegxIA">1955</a>).</li></ul> <ul><li>8 October – <a href="/facts/Milan_Puskar/BNn9mW4r">Milan Puskar</a>, American pharmaceutical executive (b. <a href="/facts/1934_in_science/QVectKTG">1934</a>).</li> <li>11 October – <a href="/facts/Bob_Galvin/hPW2VRuL">Bob Galvin</a>, American electronics executive (b. <a href="/facts/1922_in_science/VFLMRogY">1922</a>).</li> <li>12 October – <a href="/facts/Dennis_Ritchie/I1yu1UWU">Dennis Ritchie</a>, American <a href="/facts/Computer_scientist/DavggjGL">computer scientist</a> (b. <a href="/facts/1941_in_science/JC6AnWC8">1941</a>).</li> <li>14 October – Morris Chafetz, American psychiatrist (b. <a href="/facts/1924_in_science/CFmNQjJJ">1924</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:245" href="#fn:245"><sup>245</sup></a></li> <li>21 October – <a href="/facts/George_Daniels_(watchmaker)/VdhNelxv">George Daniels</a>, English horologist (b. <a href="/facts/1926_in_science/IYIaVGQD">1926</a>).</li> <li>23 October – <a href="/facts/Herbert_A._Hauptman/jsgIhcvg">Herbert A. Hauptman</a>, American mathematical <a href="/facts/Biophysicist/l9u5gqCy">biophysicist</a>, winner of the <a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry/8Nb8Ajjy">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> (b. <a href="/facts/1917_in_science/2F9GvY8e">1917</a>).</li> <li>24 October – <a href="/facts/John_McCarthy_(computer_scientist)/ajKU4SdD">John McCarthy</a>, American <a href="/facts/Computer_scientist/DavggjGL">computer scientist</a> and <a href="/facts/Cognitive_scientist/8qoggl7r">cognitive scientist</a> (b. <a href="/facts/1927_in_science/zk9YrBCk">1927</a>).</li> <li>30 October – <a href="/facts/David_Utz/9SFjKmKf">David Utz</a>, American surgeon (b. <a href="/facts/1923_in_science/P8DhUfan">1923</a>).</li></ul> <h3>November</h3> <ul><li>2 November – John F. Burke, American physician (b. <a href="/facts/1922_in_science/VFLMRogY">1922</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:246" href="#fn:246"><sup>246</sup></a></li> <li>4 November – <a href="/facts/Norman_Foster_Ramsey,_Jr./pVomkYtV">Norman Foster Ramsey, Jr.</a>, American Nobel physicist, key contributor to the <a href="/facts/Atomic_clock/MF8nsXDR">atomic clock</a> (b. <a href="/facts/1915_in_science/NMYGub5y">1915</a>).</li> <li>22 November – <a href="/facts/Lynn_Margulis/Yd0no8Sx">Lynn Margulis</a>, American <a href="/facts/Evolutionary_biologist/8tBoG55U">evolutionary biologist</a> (b. <a href="/facts/1938_in_science/tUHHnx0z">1938</a>).</li> <li>25 November – T. Franklin Williams, American physician and specialist in <a href="/facts/Geriatrics/Hs1xPFgH">geriatrics</a> (b. <a href="/facts/1921_in_science/jqlgdekP">1921</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:247" href="#fn:247"><sup>247</sup></a></li> <li>28 November – <a href="/facts/Lloyd_J._Old/Uvqg4koX">Lloyd J. Old</a>, American physician (b. <a href="/facts/1933_in_science/3R88mjlY">1933</a>).</li></ul> <h3>December</h3> <ul><li>5 December – <a href="/facts/Paul_M._Doty/uKQ3RmX1">Paul M. Doty</a>, American biochemist (b. <a href="/facts/1920_in_science/FcwHBQPg">1920</a>).</li> <li>14 December – <a href="/facts/Boris_Chertok/KkxvLCCm">Boris Chertok</a>, Russian rocket scientist (b. <a href="/facts/1912_in_science/ro3op4mA">1912</a>).</li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_emerging_technologies/00drktJ6">List of emerging technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_years_in_science/2HIsmEp0">List of years in science</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/2011_in_spaceflight/g5lUt7FQ">2011 in spaceflight</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://www.nature.com/news/365-days-nature-s-10-1.9678">"365 days: Nature's 10 – Ten people who mattered this year"</a>. <i><a href="/facts/Nature_(journal)/XmlJXkFx">Nature</a></i>. 21 December 2011.</li> <li><a href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=top-10-science-stories-2011">"The Top 10 Science Stories of 2011"</a>. <i><a href="/facts/Scientific_American/jkl8bhUN">Scientific American</a></i>. 22 December 2011.</li> <li><a href="https://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2011/12/top-discoveries-2011/">"Top Scientific Discoveries of 2011"</a>. <i><a href="/facts/Wired_(magazine)/RQb6gcyf">Wired</a></i>. 27 December 2011.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>International Year of Forests 2011 – Celebrating Forests for People. Retrieved 1 November 2011. <a href="https://www.un.org/en/events/iyof2011/" target="_blank">https://www.un.org/en/events/iyof2011/</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>International Year of Chemistry 2011 – About IYC Archived 2011-10-08 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 1 November 2011. <a href="http://www.chemistry2011.org/about-iyc/introduction" target="_blank">http://www.chemistry2011.org/about-iyc/introduction</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Move to market cancer breakthrough". Belfast Telegraph. 2011-01-04. Archived from the original on 2012-10-19. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121019235557/http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/health/move-to-market-cancer-breakthrough-15045186.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20121019235557/http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/health/move-to-market-cancer-breakthrough-15045186.html</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Roberts, Genevieve (2011-01-04). "New blood test can target one cancer cell in a billion". The Independent. Retrieved 2023-07-09. <a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/new-blood-test-can-target-one-cancer-cell-in-a-billion-2175327.html" target="_blank">https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/new-blood-test-can-target-one-cancer-cell-in-a-billion-2175327.html</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Baldness Cure Rooted in Stem Cells, Study Suggests". Fox News. 2011-01-05. 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Retrieved on 2011-10-10. <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/rudiger-roger-haugwitz-chemist-who-used-science-to-create-art-dies-at-79/2011/07/27/gIQA8EOVdI_story.html" target="_blank">https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/rudiger-roger-haugwitz-chemist-who-used-science-to-create-art-dies-at-79/2011/07/27/gIQA8EOVdI_story.html</a> <a href="#fnref:234" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:235"><p>Harold Kosasky, 83, pioneer in treatment of infertility. Boston Globe, 26 September 2011. Retrieved 2011-11-19. <a href="http://archive.boston.com/bostonglobe/obituaries/articles/2011/09/26/harold_kosasky_83_pioneer_in_treatment_of_infertility/" target="_blank">http://archive.boston.com/bostonglobe/obituaries/articles/2011/09/26/harold_kosasky_83_pioneer_in_treatment_of_infertility/</a> <a href="#fnref:235" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:236"><p>Dr. Max Harry Weil dies at 84: pioneer in critical care. Articles.latimes.com (2011-08-06). Retrieved on 2011-10-10. <a href="https://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-xpm-2011-aug-06-la-me-max-weil-20110806-story.html" target="_blank">https://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-xpm-2011-aug-06-la-me-max-weil-20110806-story.html</a> <a href="#fnref:236" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:237"><p>Dr. Charles C. Edwards, Influential F.D.A. Commissioner, Dies at 87 <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/29/health/29edwards.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/29/health/29edwards.html</a> <a href="#fnref:237" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:238"><p>Fritz Bach, Who Aided Transplant Survival, Dies at 77 <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/18/us/18bach.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/18/us/18bach.html</a> <a href="#fnref:238" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:239"><p>William Kannel, 87; force behind pioneering Framingham Heart Study. Boston.com (2011-09-18). Retrieved on 2011-10-10. <a href="https://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/obituaries/articles/2011/09/18/william_kannel_framingham_heart_study_director_dies_at_87/" target="_blank">https://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/obituaries/articles/2011/09/18/william_kannel_framingham_heart_study_director_dies_at_87/</a> <a href="#fnref:239" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:240"><p>W. B. Kannel, Who Led Historic Heart Study, Dies at 87. Nytimes.com (2011-08-23). Retrieved on 2011-10-10. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/23/health/23kannel.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/23/health/23kannel.html</a> <a href="#fnref:240" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:241"><p>Dr. William Wolff, Colonoscopy Co-Developer, Dies at 94 <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/02/nyregion/dr-william-wolff-94-colonoscopy-co-developer-dies.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/02/nyregion/dr-william-wolff-94-colonoscopy-co-developer-dies.html</a> <a href="#fnref:241" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:242"><p>Bruce Dan, Who Helped Link Toxic Shock and Tampons, Is Dead at 64. The New York Times, 10 September 2011. Retrieved 2011-11-03. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/11/health/research/11dan.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/11/health/research/11dan.html</a> <a href="#fnref:242" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:243"><p>Dr. Richard Koch dies at 89; medical pioneer. Los Angeles Times, 8 October 2011. Retrieved 2011-11-03. <a href="https://www.latimes.com/news/obituaries/la-me-richard-koch-20111008,0,5500503.story" target="_blank">https://www.latimes.com/news/obituaries/la-me-richard-koch-20111008,0,5500503.story</a> <a href="#fnref:243" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:244"><p>Dr. J. Willis Hurst, Cardiologist to Lyndon B. Johnson, Dies at 90 <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/09/health/09hurst.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/09/health/09hurst.html</a> <a href="#fnref:244" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:245"><p>Morris Chafetz, 87, Dies; Altered View of Alcoholism <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/21/us/morris-chafetz-87-dies-altered-view-of-alcoholism.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/21/us/morris-chafetz-87-dies-altered-view-of-alcoholism.html</a> <a href="#fnref:245" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:246"><p>Dr. John F. Burke, Dies at 89; Created Synthetic Skin <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/06/us/dr-john-f-burke-dies-at-89-created-synthetic-skin.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/06/us/dr-john-f-burke-dies-at-89-created-synthetic-skin.html</a> <a href="#fnref:246" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:247"><p>"T. Franklin Williams, Early Geriatric Specialist, Dies at 90". The New York Times, 3 December 2011. Retrieved 2011-12-08. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/03/us/t-franklin-williams-early-geriatric-specialist-dies-at-90.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/03/us/t-franklin-williams-early-geriatric-specialist-dies-at-90.html</a> <a href="#fnref:247" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>