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Lipan language
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<h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>In 1981, it was reported that in New Mexico there were only 2 or 3 elderly speakers still alive.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a> </p><p>On March 22, 2023, a speech in Lipan was given in the tribune of the <a href="/facts/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Mexico)/aGUjF6jN">Chamber of Deputies</a> of Mexico.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> </p><p>On July 22, 2023, the <a href="/facts/Instituto_Nacional_de_Lenguas_Ind%25C3%25ADgenas/HKn3Ws4J">Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas</a> presented and validated an official alphabet for Lipan in the Assembly Hall of <a href="/facts/Casas_Grandes%2c_Chihuahua/e8sIXNsB">Casas Grandes, Chihuahua</a>. </p> <h2 id="distribution">Distribution</h2> <p>In Mexico, Lipan is traditionally spoken in some native communities in the states of <a href="/facts/Coahuila/8VsFdVGR">Coahuila</a> and <a href="/facts/Chihuahua_(state)/FCeDVWL0">Chihuahua</a>: In Coahuila it was mainly spoken in Los Lirios and San Antonio de Alanzas in <a href="/facts/Arteaga_Municipality%2c_Coahuila/zjJSm3jg">Arteaga Municipality</a>, El Remolino and Zaragoza in <a href="/facts/Zaragoza_Municipality%2c_Coahuila/nBcN1ck0">Zaragoza Municipality</a>, Sierra de Santa Rosa de Lima and Múzquiz in <a href="/facts/M%25C3%25BAzquiz_Municipality/2gkBzKIF">Múzquiz Municipality</a> and the cities of <a href="/facts/Sabinas%2c_Coahuila/nYHzVYJH">Sabinas</a> and <a href="/facts/Saltillo/lawEsn3o">Saltillo</a>. In Chihuahua it is mainly spoken in <a href="/facts/Ciudad_Ju%25C3%25A1rez/HofCcQYd">Ciudad Juarez</a>, the city of <a href="/facts/Chihuahua_City/WCa0HH42">Chihuahua</a> and other native towns.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> </p><p>Lipan was spoken in New Mexico in the <a href="/facts/Mescalero_Reservation/hIoSoa7s">Mescalero Reservation</a> and in Texas near the <a href="/facts/Mexico%25E2%2580%2593United_States_border/pIL77aCf">Mexico-U.S. border.</a> </p> <h2 id="phonology">Phonology</h2> <h3>Consonants</h3> <p>There are 30 consonants in Lipan Apache: </p> <table><tbody><tr><th rowspan="2" colspan="2"></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Bilabial_consonant/q2H5MUAe">Bilabial</a></th><th colspan="3"><a href="/facts/Alveolar_consonant/B6VkW2EX">Alveolar</a></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Palatal_consonant/KLcKyXE8">Palatal</a></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Velar_consonant/blWClp79">Velar</a></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Glottal_consonant/rMdEdLxH">Glottal</a></th></tr><tr><th>plain</th><th><a href="/facts/Sibilant/5ejwC21e">sibilant</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Lateral_consonant/Mcyc1or8">lateral</a></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Nasal_consonant/m6D3cVhe">Nasal</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_bilabial_nasal/1pd7NK2x">m</a> ⟨m⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_nasal/0CEs8314">n</a> ⟨n⟩</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th rowspan="4"><a href="/facts/Stop_consonant/okC9pztc">Stop</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Prenasalized_consonant/TR6JyXvU">prenasal</a></th><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Prenasalized_consonant/TR6JyXvU">ⁿd</a> ⟨nd⟩</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Voicelessness/575TtTUn">voiceless</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive/w4M9Igp6">p</a> ⟨b⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive/1GaDe2Vy">t</a> ⟨d⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate/YfPyNGjE">ts</a> ⟨dz⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_affricate/js2wGUT3">tɬ</a> ⟨dl⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate/14FYMJvN">tʃ</a> ⟨j⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_velar_plosive/dDppVb6e">k</a> ⟨g⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Glottal_stop/Xfqy2ArP">ʔ</a> ⟨'⟩</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Aspirated_consonant/Kat42tA6">aspirated</a></th><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Aspirated_consonant/Kat42tA6">tʰ</a> ⟨t⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Aspirated_consonant/Kat42tA6">tsʰ</a> ⟨ts⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Aspirated_consonant/Kat42tA6">tɬʰ</a> ⟨tł⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Aspirated_consonant/Kat42tA6">tʃʰ</a> ⟨ch⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Aspirated_consonant/Kat42tA6">kʰ</a> ⟨k⟩</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Ejective_consonant/TDKaffPV">ejective</a></th><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Alveolar_ejective_stop/ea7ahEWx">tʼ</a> ⟨t'⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Alveolar_ejective_affricate/cYxdrDPc">tsʼ</a> ⟨ts'⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Alveolar_lateral_ejective_affricate/f6DqronT">tɬʼ</a> ⟨tł'⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate/TABCQBJI">tʃʼ</a> ⟨ch'⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Velar_ejective_stop/lNW5fHwr">kʼ</a> ⟨k'⟩</td><td></td></tr><tr><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Fricative_consonant/1FQuuhfX">Fricative</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Voicelessness/575TtTUn">voiceless</a></th><td></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative/WLKtEYDe">s</a> ⟨s⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative/Vzem3juJ">ɬ</a> ⟨ł⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative/enUwqS2w">ʃ</a> ⟨sh⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_velar_fricative/mrKPhobk">x</a> ⟨x⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_glottal_fricative/lfRB7CPW">h</a> ⟨h⟩</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Voice_(phonetics)/VdqrEGQ3">voiced</a></th><td></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_fricative/TtHwyzp6">z</a> ⟨z⟩</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative/Tb8XpRoS">ʒ</a> ⟨zh⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_velar_fricative/ESy9fy1G">ɣ</a> ⟨gh⟩</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Approximant_consonant/SXrlw7zY">Approximant</a></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant/dgbHhqeK">l</a> ⟨l⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_palatal_approximant/v0NVCbUh">j</a> ⟨y⟩</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Vowels</h3> <p>There are 16 vowels in Lipan Apache: </p> <table><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </th><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Front_vowel/htKQs3AT">Front</a></th><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Central_vowel/IFSaKUe9">Central</a></th><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Back_vowel/gyHoGCH0">Back</a></th></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Short_vowel/BhBqJJu3">short</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Long_vowel/BhBqJJu3">long</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Short_vowel/BhBqJJu3">short</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Long_vowel/BhBqJJu3">long</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Short_vowel/BhBqJJu3">short</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Long_vowel/BhBqJJu3">long</a></th></tr><tr><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Close_vowel/Ne6tHQHR">Close</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Oral_vowel/E8MYuu0T">oral</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Close_front_unrounded_vowel/rSUdlCPU">i</a> ⟨i⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Close_front_unrounded_vowel/rSUdlCPU">iː</a> ⟨ii⟩</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Nasal_vowel/E8MYuu0T">nasal</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Nasal_vowel/E8MYuu0T">ĩ</a> ⟨į⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Nasal_vowel/E8MYuu0T">ĩː</a> ⟨įį⟩</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Mid_vowel/uzjGLRhf">Mid</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Oral_vowel/E8MYuu0T">oral</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel/e9YNLF97">e</a> ⟨e⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel/e9YNLF97">eː</a> ⟨ee⟩</td><td> </td><td> </td><td><a href="/facts/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel/VwS9cKWJ">o</a> ⟨o⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel/VwS9cKWJ">oː</a> ⟨oo⟩</td></tr><tr><th> <a href="/facts/Nasal_vowel/E8MYuu0T">nasal</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Nasal_vowel/E8MYuu0T">ẽ</a> ⟨ę⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Nasal_vowel/E8MYuu0T">ẽː</a> ⟨ęę⟩</td><td> </td><td> </td><td><a href="/facts/Nasal_vowel/E8MYuu0T">õ</a> ⟨ǫ⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Nasal_vowel/E8MYuu0T">õː</a> ⟨ǫǫ⟩</td></tr><tr><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Open_vowel/roS0Y7lA">Open</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Oral_vowel/E8MYuu0T">oral</a></th><td> </td><td> </td><td><a href="/facts/Open_front_unrounded_vowel/s80pvmYh">a</a> ⟨a⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Open_front_unrounded_vowel/s80pvmYh">aː</a> ⟨aa⟩</td><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><th> <a href="/facts/Nasal_vowel/E8MYuu0T">nasal</a></th><td> </td><td> </td><td><a href="/facts/Nasal_vowel/E8MYuu0T">ã</a> ⟨ą⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Nasal_vowel/E8MYuu0T">ãː</a> ⟨ąą⟩</td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Tone</h3> <p>Tones are represented as high [V́], low [V̀], falling [V́V̀], and rising [V̀V́]. Rising and falling tones only occur on long vowels. </p> <h2 id="toponymy">Toponymy</h2> <p>The Lipan people preserve their own toponymic names to name important places within their history and culture that are part of the <i>Ndé Bikéyaa</i> ("Ndé land" in Lipan):<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><td><a href="/facts/Mexico/IT5bwhdh">Mexico</a></td><td><i>Mehigu</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Chihuahua_City/WCa0HH42">Chihuahua City</a></td><td><i>Ją’éłąyá</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Ciudad_Ju%25C3%25A1rez/HofCcQYd">Ciudad Juárez</a></td><td><i>Tsé Tahu’aya / Yaa tu enéé</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Coahuila/8VsFdVGR">Coahuila</a></td><td><i>Nacika</i></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <ul><li>Breuninger, Evelyn; Hugar, Elbys; Lathan, Ellen Ann; & Rushforth, Scott. (1982). <i>Mescalero Apache dictionary</i>. Mescalero, NM: Mescalero Apache Tribe.</li> <li>Gatschet, Albert S. [1884]. Lipan words, phrases, and sentences. (Unpublished manuscript No. 81, Bureau of American Ethnology Archives, Smithsonian Institution).</li> <li>Gatschet, Albert S. [1885]. Lipan words, clans, and stories. (Unpublished manuscript No. 114, Bureau of American Ethnology Archives, Smithsonian Institution).</li> <li>Goddard, Pliny E. [1906]. Lipan texts. (Unpublished manuscript in Archives of Traditional Music, Indiana University, Bloomington.)</li> <li>Hoijer, Harry. (n.d.). Lipan texts. (Available from the American Philosophical Society, Chicago.) (Unpublished field notes, includes handwritten transcription and typed versions, 4 texts, one text published as Hoijer 1975).</li> <li>Hoijer, Harry. (1938). The southern Athapaskan languages. <i>American Anthropologist</i>, <i>40</i> (1), 75–87.</li> <li>Hoijer, Harry. (1942). Phonetic and phonemic change in the Athapaskan languages. <i>Language</i>, <i>18</i> (3), 218–220.</li> <li>Hoijer, Harry. (1945). The Apachean verb, part I: Verb structure and pronominal prefixes. <i>International Journal of American Linguistics</i>, <i>11</i> (4), 193–203.</li> <li>Hoijer, Harry. (1946). The Apachean verb, part II: The prefixes for mode and tense. <i>International Journal of American Linguistics</i>, <i>12</i> (1), 1–13.</li> <li>Hoijer, Harry. (1946). The Apachean verb, part III: The classifiers. <i>International Journal of American Linguistics</i>, <i>12</i> (2), 51–59.</li> <li>Hoijer, Harry. (1948). Linguistic and cultural change. <i>Language</i>, <i>24</i> (4), 335–345.</li> <li>Hoijer, Harry. (1956). Athapaskan kinship systems. <i>American Anthropologist</i>, <i>58</i> (2), 309–333.</li> <li>Hoijer, Harry. (1956). <a href="http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdfplus/10.1086/464374">The chronology of the Athapaskan languages</a>. <i>International Journal of American Linguistics</i>, <i>22</i> (4), 219–232.</li> <li>Hoijer, Harry. (1975). The history and customs of the Lipan, as told by Augustina Zuazua. <i>Linguistics: An international review</i>, <i>161</i>, 5-37.</li> <li>Jung, Dagmar. (2000). "Word Order in Apache Narratives." In <i>The Athabaskan Languages</i>. (Eds. Fernald, Theodore and Platero, Paul). Oxford: Oxford UP. 92–100.</li> <li>Opler, Morris E. (1936). <i>The kinship systems of the southern Athabaskan-speaking tribes</i>. <i>American Anthropologist</i>, <i>38</i>, 620–633.</li> <li>Opler, Morris E. (2001). <i>Lipan Apache</i>. In Raymond J. DeMallie (ed.), Plains, 941-952. Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution.</li> <li>Webster, Anthony. (1999). "Lisandro Mendez’s ‘Coyote and Deer’: On narrative structures, reciprocity, and interactions." <i>American Indian Quarterly</i>. 23(1): 1-24.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>1981 R. W. Young <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Hablante de lengua nde' mizaa, pronuncia discurso en la tribuna de la Cámara de Diputados". <a href="https://comunicacionsocial.diputados.gob.mx/index.php/lengua/ivan-alexander-de-leon-hablante-de-lengua-nde-mizaa-pronuncia-discurso-en-la-tribuna-de-la-camara-de-diputados" target="_blank">https://comunicacionsocial.diputados.gob.mx/index.php/lengua/ivan-alexander-de-leon-hablante-de-lengua-nde-mizaa-pronuncia-discurso-en-la-tribuna-de-la-camara-de-diputados</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Historia de la lengua y cultura n'dee/n'nee/ndé; Ndé miizaa". <a href="https://contigoenladistancia.cultura.gob.mx/detalle/conversatorio-historia-de-la-lengua-y-cultura-n-dee-n-nee-nde-hacia-el-registro-en-el-catalogo-de-las-lenguas-indigenas-nacionales-clin-" target="_blank">https://contigoenladistancia.cultura.gob.mx/detalle/conversatorio-historia-de-la-lengua-y-cultura-n-dee-n-nee-nde-hacia-el-registro-en-el-catalogo-de-las-lenguas-indigenas-nacionales-clin-</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"Toponimia en lengua Ndé". <a href="https://contigoenladistancia.cultura.gob.mx/detalle/capsula-toponimia-en-lengua-nde" target="_blank">https://contigoenladistancia.cultura.gob.mx/detalle/capsula-toponimia-en-lengua-nde</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>