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Mathematics

Statistics and probability

Discrete mathematics

Calculus and analysis

Applied mathematics

Theoretical computer science

Four-dimensional analog of the dodecahedron

Four-dimensional analog of the octahedron

Regular object in four dimensional geometry

Integer number 4

Four-dimensional analogue of the tetrahedron

Four-dimensional analog of the icosahedron

Integer number 7

Integer number 8

Integer number 9

Experiment methodology

Commutative group (mathematics)

Absolute convergence

Mode of convergence of an infinite series

Distance from zero to a number

Abstract algebra

Branch of mathematics

Abstract data type

Mathematical model for data types

Abstract machine

Theoretical computer used for defining a model of computation

Arithmetic operation

Addition principle

Counting principle in combinatorics

Additive function

Function that can be written as a sum over prime factors

Adjacency matrix

Square matrix used to represent a graph or network

Adjoint functors

Relationship between two functors abstracting many common constructions

Geometric structure that generalizes the Euclidean space

AKS primality test

Algorithm checking for prime numbers

Infinite cardinal number

Branch of mathematics

Algebra over a field

Vector space equipped with a bilinear product

Algebraic combinatorics

Application of abstract algebra to combinatorics problems

Algebraic equation

Equation of the form of equality of two polynomials

Algebraic expression

Mathematical expression built up from integer constants, variables, and the algebraic operations

Algebraic function

Function that can be defined as the root of a polynomial equation

Algebraic geometry

Branch of mathematics

Algebraic number

Complex number that is a root of a non-zero polynomial in one variable with rational coefficients

Algebraic number field

A finite degree (and hence algebraic) field extension of the field of rational numbers

Algebraic number theory

Branch of number theory

Algebraic topology

Branch of mathematics

Algebraic variety

Mathematical object studied in the field of algebraic geometry

Sequence of operations for a task

Sum of all proper divisors of a natural number

Amalgamation property

Property of a class of models in universal algebra and model theory

Analysis of algorithms

Study of resources used by an algorithm

Analysis of variance

Collection of statistical models

Analytic function

Function locally given by a convergent power series

Analytic geometry

Study of geometry using a coordinate system

Analytic number theory

Exploring properties of the integers with complex analysis

Analytical hierarchy

Concept in mathematical logic and set theory

Figure formed by two rays meeting at a common point

Subset of incomparable elements

Indefinite integral

Antisymmetric relation

Binary relation such that if A is related to B and is different from it then B is not related to A

Applied mathematics

Application of mathematical methods to other fields

Something roughly the same as something else

Approximation theory

Theory of getting acceptably close inexact mathematical calculations

Arabic numerals

The ten symbols 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9

Size of a two-dimensional surface

Elementary branch of mathematics

Arithmetic function

Function whose domain is the positive integers

Arithmetic mean

Type of average of a collection of numbers

Arithmetic progression

Sequence of equally spaced numbers

Arithmetical hierarchy

Hierarchy of complexity classes for formulas defining sets

Array (data structure)

Type of data structure

Arrow's impossibility theorem

Proof all ranked voting rules have spoilers

Assignment problem

Combinatorial optimization problem

Associative array

Abstract data type that associates keys with values

Associative property

Property allowing removing parentheses in a sequence of operations

In geometry, limit of the tangent at a point that tends to infinity

Asymptotic analysis

Description of limiting behavior of a function

Mathematical logic concept

Concept in dynamical systems

Statement that is taken to be true

Axiom of choice

Axiom of set theory

Axiom of extensionality

Concept of axiomatic set theory.

Axiom of infinity

Axiom of the Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory

Axiom of pairing

Concept in axiomatic set theory

Axiom of power set

Concept in axiomatic set theory

Axiom of regularity

Axiom of set theory

Concept in axiomatic set theory

A formula in the metalanguage of an axiomatic system in which one or more schematic variables appear

Axiom schema of replacement

Concept in set theory

Axiom schema of specification

Concept in axiomatic set theory

Axiomatic system

Mathematical term; concerning axioms used to derive theorems

Normed vector space that is complete

Banach–Tarski paradox

Taking apart an object and constructing two identical copies of it from the pieces

Battle of the sexes (game theory)

Two-player coordination game in game theory

Probability based on prior knowledge

Bayesian inference

Method of statistical inference

Bayesian statistics

Theory in the field of statistics

Count the possible partitions of a set

Bellman–Ford algorithm

Algorithm for finding the shortest paths in graphs

Beryllium copper

Hard, high-strength copper alloy

Bessel function

Families of solutions to related differential equations

Formula used in graph theory

Bézout's identity

Relating two numbers and their greatest common divisor

Bifurcation theory

Study of sudden qualitative behavior changes caused by small parameter changes

Notation describing limiting behavior

Bijection, injection and surjection

Properties of mathematical functions

Bijection, injection and surjection

Properties of mathematical functions

Binary logarithm

Mathematical function

Number expressed as a sum of powers of 2

Binary relation

Relationship between two sets, defined by a set of ordered pairs

Search algorithm finding the position of a target value within a sorted array

Binary search tree

Data structure in tree form sorted for fast lookup

Binomial (polynomial)

In mathematics, a polynomial with two terms

Binomial coefficient

Positive integers that occur as coefficients in the binomial theorem

Binomial distribution

Probability distribution

Binomial series

Binomial theorem

Algebraic expansion of powers of a binomial

Bipartite graph

Graph in which every vertex is connected to at least one other

Division of something into two equal or congruent parts

Bisection method

Algorithm for finding a zero of a function

Blossom algorithm

Algorithm for constructing maximum matchings on a graph

Axioms in computational complexity theory

Blum's speedup theorem

Rules out assigning to arbitrary functions their computational complexity

Boolean algebra

Manipulation of variables taking only "true" and "false" as values

Boolean algebra (structure)

Algebraic structure modeling logical operations

Boolean satisfiability problem

Problem of determining if a Boolean formula could be made true

Boundary value problem

Differential equation together with a set of additional constraints (boundary conditions)

Bounded function

Mathematical function

Brachistochrone curve

Fastest descent curve

Point of interest for complex multi-valued functions

Breadth-first search

Algorithm to search the nodes of a graph

Bridge (graph theory)

Edge in node-link graph whose removal would disconnect the graph

Brute-force search

Problem-solving technique and algorithmic paradigm

A self-balancing, tree-based data structure, that allows read/write access in logarithmic time

Simple comparison sorting algorithm

Sorting algorithm

Butterfly effect

Idea that small causes can have large effects

Cache replacement policies

Algorithm for caching data

Cage (graph theory)

Regular graph that has as few vertices as possible for its girth

Branch of mathematics

Calculus of variations

Differential calculus on function spaces (e.g. spaces of curves, etc.)

Set of points on a line segment

Cantor's diagonal argument

Proof in set theory

Cantor's theorem

Theorem in set theory

Cardinal number

Size of a possibly infinite set

Size of a set in mathematics

Cardinality of the continuum

Cardinality of the set of real numbers

Cartesian closed category

Type of category in category theory

Cartesian coordinate system

Most common coordinate system (geometry)

Cartesian product

Mathematical set formed from two given sets

Recursive integer sequence

Plane curve formed by a hanging cable

Cauchy principal value

Method for assigning values to certain improper integrals which would otherwise be undefined

Cauchy–Riemann equations

Conditions required of holomorphic (complex differentiable) functions

Cauchy's integral formula

Provides integral formulas for all derivatives of a holomorphic function

Cauchy–Schwarz inequality

Mathematical inequality relating inner products and norms

Graph whose vertices and edges represent the elements of a group and their products with the generators of the group

Central limit theorem

Fundamental theorem in probability theory and statistics

Centre for Innovation, Research and Competence in the Learning Economy

Swedish interdisciplinary research center

For derivatives of composed functions

Chain rule for Kolmogorov complexity

Lower bound for size of software program

Change of variables (PDE)

Technique in partial differential evaluation

Field of mathematics

Chinese remainder theorem

Theorem for solving simultaneous congruences

Chi-squared distribution

Probability distribution and special case of gamma distribution

Chi-squared test

Statistical hypothesis test

Chomsky hierarchy

Hierarchy of classes of formal grammars

Chromatic polynomial

Polynomial defined from a node-link graph, that counts the number of graph colorings as a function of the number of colors

Church–Turing thesis

Thesis on the nature of computability

Circulation problem

Generalization of network flow problems

Perimeter of a circle or ellipse

Class (set theory)

Collection of sets in mathematics that can be defined based on a property of its members

Class field theory

Branch of algebraic number theory concerned with abelian extensions

Classification of finite simple groups

Theorem classifying finite simple groups

Clique (graph theory)

Subset of the vertices of a node-link graph that are all adjacent to each other

Computational problem of finding cliques in a graph

Study of the properties of codes and their fitness

Selection of items from a collection

Combinatorial principles

Combinatorial methods used in combinatorics, a branch of mathematics

Branch of discrete mathematics

Combinatory logic

Logical formalism using combinators instead of variables

Mathematics construct

Common knowledge (logic)

A statement that players know and also know that other players know (ad infinitum)

Common logarithm

Mathematical function

Commutative algebra

Branch of algebra that studies commutative rings

Commutative diagram

Collection of maps which give the same result

Commutative property

Property allowing changing the order of the operands of an operation

Commutative ring

Algebraic structure

Topological notions of all points being "close"

Compactness theorem

Mathematical relation with respect to a partial order

Complement (set theory)

Set theory concept

Graph in which every two vertices are adjacent

Complex analysis

Branch of mathematics studying functions of a complex variable

Complex logarithm

Logarithm of a complex number

Number with a real and an imaginary part

Geometric representation of the complex numbers

Component (graph theory)

Maximal subgraph of a given node-link graph within which every two vertices may be connected by a path

Composite number

Positive integer having at least one divisor other than 1 or itself

Computability theory

Branch of mathematical logic, computer science, and the theory of computation studying computable functions and Turing degrees

Computable function

Mathematical function that can be computed by a program

Computable number

Real number that can be computed within arbitrary precision

Set where an algorithm can take a number as an input and can decide whether the number belongs to the set

Computably enumerable set

Mathematical logic concept

Computably inseparable

Concept in computability theory

Computational complexity theory

Study of inherent difficulty of computational problems

Concrete category

Category equipped with a faithful functor to the category of sets

Condorcet paradox

Situation in social choice theory where collective preferences are cyclic

Confidence interval

Range of estimates for an unknown parameter

Mathematical function that preserves angles

Congruence (geometry)

Relationship between two figures of the same shape and size, or mirroring each other

Curve from a cone intersecting a plane

Proposition in mathematics that is unproven

Connected relation

Binary endorelation such that for every pair of elements either first is related with second or second is related with first

Connectivity (graph theory)

Basic concept of graph theory

Conservative vector field

Vector field that is the gradient of some function

Conserved quantity

Value remaining constant in a dynamical system

Constant (mathematics)

Function or value which does not change during a process

Constant function

Type of mathematical function

Constant of integration

Constant expressing ambiguity from indefinite integrals

Constructible function

Function whose values can be computed in a number of steps or a number of Turing-machine cells of order given by the function itself

Constructible number

Real number constructible via compass and straightedge

Context-free grammar

Type of formal grammar

Continued fraction

Representation of a number by a (generally infinite) sequence of additions and inversions

Continuous function

Mathematical function with no sudden changes in value

Continuous uniform distribution

Uniform distribution on an interval

Continuum hypothesis

Proposition in mathematical logic

Contour integration

A method of evaluating certain integrals along paths in the complex plane

Inference that says that a conditional statement is logically equivalent to its contrapositive

Branch of engineering and mathematics

Convergence tests

Mathematical criterion about whether a series converges

Convergent series

Infinite series that produces a finite sum

In geometry, set that intersects every line into a single line segment

Convolution theorem

Theorem that under suitable conditions the Fourier transform of a convolution of two signals is the pointwise product of their Fourier transforms

Coordinate system

System for determining the position of a point by a tuple of scalars

Geometric property of objects being on a single plane

Coprime integers

Two numbers without shared prime factors

Category-theoretic construction

Secondary statement which can be readily deduced from a previous, more notable statement

Statistical concept

Finding the number of elements of a finite set

Measure of the joint variability

Covering relation

Mathematical relation inside orderings

Graph with 28 vertices and 42 edges

Formula for systems of linear equations

Crank–Nicolson method

Finite difference method for numerically solving parabolic differential equations

Credible interval

Concept in Bayesian statistics

Critical point (mathematics)

In calculus, the points of an equation where the derivative is zero

Mathematical operation on two vectors in three-dimensional space

Crossing number (graph theory)

The smallest number of edge crossings possible in a drawing of a node-link graph

Crossing number inequality

Theorem providing a lower bound to the crossing number; for sufficiently large graphs, the crossing number is not less than a constant times the cube of the number of edges divided by the square of the number of vertices

Number whose cube is a given number

Polynomial function of degree 3

Cumulative distribution function

Probability that random variable X is less than or equal to x.

Curl (mathematics)

Vector operator describing circulation density at a point in a 3D vector field

Measure of the property of a curve or a surface to be "bended"

Mathematical idealization of the trace left by a moving point

Cycle (graph theory)

Trail in which the only repeated vertices are the first and last

Curve traced by a point on a rolling circle

Surface formed by the points at a fixed distance from a given straight line called the axis of the cylinder; one of the most basic curvilinear geometric shapes

Cylindrical coordinate system

3-dimensional coordinate system

Real estate investment trust

Data and information visualization

Creation and study of the visual representation of data

Data compression

Process of encoding information using fewer bits than the original representation

An abstract model that organizes elements of data and standardizes how they relate to one another and to real-world entities.

Particular way of storing and organizing data in a computer

Shape with ten sides

Numeral system with ten as its base

Decimal separator

Numerical symbol

Decision problem

Yes/no problem in computer science

Degree (graph theory)

Number of edges incident to a given vertex in a node-link graph

Type of matrix in algebraic graph theory

Vector differential operator

Depth-first search

Search algorithm

Operation in calculus

Design of experiments

Design of tasks set to uncover answers

In mathematics, invariant of square matrices and endomorphisms

Deterministic algorithm

Type of algorithm in computer science

Differentiable function

Mathematical function whose derivative exists

Differential (mathematics)

Infinitesimal quantity in calculus

Differential calculus

Area of mathematics; subarea of calculus

Differential equation

Mathematical equation involving derivatives of an unknown function

Differential form

Expression that may be integrated over a region

Differential geometry

Branch of mathematics dealing with functions and geometric structures on differentiable manifolds

Differential operator

Typically linear operator defined in terms of differentiation of functions

Differentiation of trigonometric functions

Mathematical process of finding the derivative of a trigonometric function

Differentiation rules

Wikimedia list article with rules for computing the derivative of a function in calculus

Angle between two planes in space

Dijkstra's algorithm

Algorithm for finding shortest paths

Property of a mathematical space

Diophantine equation

Polynomial equation whose integer solutions are sought

Dirac delta function

Generalized function whose value is zero everywhere except at zero

Graph with oriented edges

Directional derivative

Instantaneous rate of change of the function

Dirichlet character

Certain arithmetic functions

Dirichlet problem

Problem of finding a function which solves a specified partial differential equation

Dirichlet series

Mathematical series

Dirichlet's theorem on arithmetic progressions

Discrete logarithm

The problem of inverting exponentiation in groups

Discrete mathematics

Study of discrete mathematical structures

Discrete uniform distribution

Probability distribution on equally likely outcomes

Straight line that connects two points in a measurable space or in an observable physical space

Distributive property

Property involving two mathematical operations

Vector operator that measures how much a field vector is growing or fading

Divergence theorem

Theorem in calculus which relates the flux of closed surfaces to divergence over their volume

Divergent series

Infinite series that is not convergent

Divide-and-conquer algorithm

Algorithms which recursively solve subproblems

Divisibility rule

Shorthand way of determining whether a given number is divisible by a fixed divisor

Division (mathematics)

Arithmetic operation

Division by zero

Class of mathematical expression

Mathematical symbol for division: ÷

Integer that divides evenly another integer

Polyhedron with 12 faces

Domain of a function

Mathematical concept

Branch of mathematics relating to posets

Algebraic operation returning a single number from two equal-length sequences

Double counting (proof technique)

Type of proof technique

MS-DOS-like operating system

Duality (optimization)

Term in mathematical optimization theory

Duality (order theory)

Term in the mathematical area of order theory

Base twelve number system

Undirected graph

Dynamic programming

Problem optimization method.

Dynamical system

Mathematical model which describes the time dependence of a point in a geometrical space

Dynamical system simulation

Computer modeling of time-varying behavior of a dynamical system

Dynamical systems theory

Area of mathematics used to describe the behavior of complex dynamical systems, usually by employing differential equations or difference equations

e (mathematical constant)

2.71828..., base of natural logarithms

Edge contraction

Operation that removes an edge from a graph and combines its endpoints into a single vertex

A set of edges that touches every vertex of a graph

Transition space between order and disorder

Egyptian fraction

Finite sum of distinct unit fractions

Eigenvalues and eigenvectors

Vectors that map to their scalar multiples, and the associated scalars

Element (mathematics)

Any one of the distinct objects that make up a set in set theory

Elementary algebra

Basic concepts of algebra

Elementary equivalence

Concept in model theory

Elementary function

Mathematical function

Plane curve: conic section

Ellipsoid method

Iterative method for minimizing convex functions

Algebraic curve

Elliptic function

Class of periodic mathematical functions

Elliptic geometry

Non-Euclidean geometry

Elliptic operator

Type of differential operator

Elliptic partial differential equation

Class of partial differential equations

Mathematical set containing no elements

Entire function

Function that is holomorphic on the whole complex plane

Entropy (information theory)

Expected amount of information needed to specify the output of a stochastic data source

Entscheidungsproblem

Impossible task in computing

Enumerative combinatorics

Area of combinatorics that deals with the number of ways certain patterns can be formed

Equality (mathematics)

Relationship asserting that two quantities are the same

Equality of two mathematical expressions

Equation solving

Finding values for variables that make an equation true

Equilateral triangle

Type of triangle with three sides of equal length

Equivalence relation

Mathematical concept for comparing objects

Error detection and correction

Techniques that enable reliable delivery of digital data over unreliable communication channels

Sigmoid shape special function

Process of finding an approximation, which is a value that is usable for some purpose, though uncertain

Euclidean algorithm

Algorithm for computing greatest common divisors

Euclidean geometry

Mathematical model of the physical space

Euclidean plane

Geometric model of the planar projection of the physical universe

Euclidean plane

A flat two-dimensional surface

Euclidean space

Fundamental space of geometry

Euclidean vector

Geometric object that has length and direction

Euclid's theorem

Mathematical theorem

Euler characteristic

Topological invariant in mathematics

An explicit, first-order method for numerically solving ordinary differential equations

Trail in a finite graph which visits every edge exactly once

Euler's constant

Relates logarithm and harmonic series

Euler's formula

Complex exponential in terms of sine and cosine

Euler's identity

E^(iπ) + 1 equals 0

Euler's totient function

Gives the number of integers relatively prime to its input

Even and odd functions

Mathematical functions such that f(-x) = f(x) (even) or f(-x) = -f(x) (odd)

Event (probability theory)

In statistics and probability theory, set of outcomes to which a probability is assigned

Existential quantification

Logical quantification stating that a statement holds for at least one object

Expectation–maximization algorithm

Iterative method for finding maximum likelihood estimates in statistical models

Average value of a random variable

Exponential distribution

Probability distribution

Exponential function

Class of specific mathematical functions

Exponential growth

Growth of quantities at rate proportional to the current amount

Exponential integral

Special function defined by an integral

Mathematical operation

Extended Euclidean algorithm

Method for computing the relation of two integers with their greatest common divisor

Extended real number line

Real numbers with +∞ and −∞ added

Extensive-form game

A specification of a game in game theory

Exterior algebra

Algebraic construction used in multilinear algebra and geometry

Method for estimating new data outside known data points

Extreme value theorem

A continuous real function on a closed interval has a maximum and a minimum

Product of all integers from 1 to a given integer

Factorial experiment

Experiment whose design consists of two or more factors, each with discrete possible values, and whose experimental units take on all possible combinations of these levels across all such factors

Fast Fourier transform

Discrete Fourier transform algorithm

Feasible region

Set of all possible points of an optimization problem that satisfy the problem's constraints

Feigenbaum constants

Mathematical constants related to chaotic behavior

Positive integer of the form (2^(2^n))+1

Fermat's Last Theorem

Famous 17th century conjecture proved by Andrew Wiles in 1994

Fermat's little theorem

For every prime p, the difference between any integer and its p-th power is a multiple of p

Fibonacci sequence

Integer in the infinite Fibonacci sequence

Field (mathematics)

Algebraic structure with addition, multiplication, and division

Field extension

Construction of a larger algebraic field by "adding elements" to a smaller field

Visual aid to depiction of a vector field

Mathematics award

Filter (mathematics)

In mathematics, a special subset of a partially ordered set

Finite element method

Numerical method for solving physical or engineering problems

Algebraic structure

First-order logic

Type of logical system

Lemma in category theory about commutative diagrams

Fixed point (mathematics)

Point preserved by an endomorphism

Algorithm for counting perfect matchings in planar graphs

Floor and ceiling functions

Mathematical functions rounding a number to the two closest integers

Flow (mathematics)

Mathematical formalization of the motion of particles in a fluid

Directed graph where each edge has a capacity and each edge receives a flow

Floyd–Warshall algorithm

Algorithm for finding all-pairs shortest paths in graphs, allowing some edge weights to be negative

Forcing (mathematics)

Technique invented by Paul Cohen for proving consistency and independence results

Ford–Fulkerson algorithm

Algorithm to compute the maximum flow in a flow network (equivalently; the minimum cut)

Forgetful functor

Drops some or all of the input's structure or properties

Formal language

Words whose letters are taken from an alphabet and are well-formed according to a specific set of rules

Concise way of expressing information symbolically

Foundations of mathematics

Study of the basic mathematical concepts

Four color theorem

Statement in mathematics

Four-dimensional space

Geometric space with four dimensions

Fourier analysis

Branch of mathematics

Decomposition of periodic functions into sums of simpler sinusoidal forms

Fourier transform

Mathematical transform that expresses a function of time as a function of frequency

Infinitely detailed mathematical structure

Mathematical representation of a portion of a whole

Fractional factorial design

Statistical experimental design approach

Value of a left adjoint functor to a forgetful functor

Free variables and bound variables

Classification of variables in a logic formula based on whether or not they are inside the scope of a quantifier

Frequentist inference

Statistical inference based on frequency and proportion in sample data

Function (mathematics)

Association of one output to each input

Function composition

Operation on mathematical functions

Function of a real variable

Mathematical function

Function of several real variables

Mathematical function

Functional analysis

Branch of mathematical analysis

Mapping between categories in mathematical category theory

Fundamental group

Mathematical group of the homotopy classes of loops in a topological space

Fundamental theorem of algebra

Every polynomial has a real or complex root

Fundamental theorem of arithmetic

Integers have unique prime factorizations

Fundamental theorem of calculus

Links derivatives and integrals

Directed graph where edge-directions are labeled using group elements

Gale–Shapley algorithm

Algorithm for solving the stable matching problem

Mathematical group

Mathematical connection between field theory and group theory

The study of mathematical models of strategic interaction between rational decision-makers

Extension of the factorial function

There are arbitrarily large computable gaps in the hierarchy of complexity classes

Gaussian elimination

Algorithm for solving systems of linear equations

Gaussian function

Mathematical function

Gaussian integer

Complex number whose real and imaginary parts are both integers

Gauss–Seidel method

Iterative method used to solve a linear system of equations

General recursive function

One of several equivalent definitions of a computable function

General topology

Branch of topology

Generalized Petersen graph

Family of cubic graphs formed from regular and star polygons

Generalized Stokes theorem

Statement about the integration of differential forms on manifolds

Generating function

Formal power series; coefficients encode information about a sequence indexed by natural numbers

Geometric distribution

Probability distribution

The n-th root of the product of n numbers

Geometric series

Sum of an (infinite) geometric progression

Branch of mathematics

Girth (graph theory)

Length of a shortest cycle contained in the graph

Sorting algorithm

Gödel numbering

Function in mathematical logic

Gödel's completeness theorem

Fundamental theorem in mathematical logic

Gödel's incompleteness theorems

Limitative results in mathematical logic

Goldbach's conjecture

Even integers as sums of two primes

Number, approximately 1.618

Multi-variable generalization of the derivative of a function

Gradient theorem

Evaluates a line integral through a gradient field using the original scaler field

Graph (abstract data type)

Abstract data type in computer science

Graph (discrete mathematics)

Mathematical structure consisting of vertices and edges connecting some pairs of vertices

Graph automorphism

Symmetry of a graph onto itself preserving the edge–vertex connectivity

Assignment of colors to elements of a graph subject to certain constraints.

Graph homomorphism

A structure-preserving correspondence between node-link graphs

Graph isomorphism

Bijection between the vertex set of two graphs

Graph isomorphism problem

Unsolved problem in computational complexity theory

Graph formed from another graph by deleting edges and vertices and contracting edges

Graph of a function

Representation of a function as the set of pairs (x, f(x))

Area of discrete mathematics

Greatest common divisor

Largest positive integer that divides two or more integers

Greatest element and least element

An element of a preordered set that is ≥ (respectively, ≤) to all other elements (in contrast, it is maximal if it is the only element ≥ to itself)

Green's theorem

Theorem in calculus relating line and double integrals

Group (mathematics)

Set with associative invertible operation

Group representation

Group homomorphism into the general linear group over a vector space

Branch of mathematics that studies the properties of groups

Halting problem

Problem of determining whether a given program will finish running or continue forever

Hamiltonian path

Path in a graph that visits each vertex exactly once

Hamiltonian path problem

Problem of finding a cycle through all vertices of a graph

Family of linear error-correcting codes

Handshaking lemma

Lemma that every node-link graph has an even number of odd-degree vertices

Harmonic analysis

Study of superpositions in mathematics

Harmonic conjugate

Concept in mathematics

Harmonic function

Functions in mathematics

Inverse of the average of the inverses of a set of numbers

Harmonic series (mathematics)

Infinite series of the reciprocals of the positive integers

Associates data values with key values – a lookup table

Visual depiction of a partially ordered set

Heap (data structure)

Computer science data structure

A sorting algorithm which uses the heap data structure

Heaviside step function

Indicator function of positive numbers

Measure of vertical distance

Held–Karp algorithm

Solution of the traveling salesman problem

Helmholtz decomposition

Certain vector fields are the sum of an irrotational and a solenoidal vector field

Bipartite undirected graph

Base 16 numerical system

Shape with six sides

Higher-order logic

Form of predicate logic that is distinguished from first-order logic by additional quantifiers and, sometimes, stronger semantics

Highly composite number

Positive integer with more divisors than any smaller positive integer

Mathematical generalization of Euclidean space to infinite dimensions

Hilbert's axioms

Hilbert's problems

Twenty-three problems in mathematics published in 1900

Hölder's inequality

Inequality between integrals in Lp spaces

Holomorphic function

Complex functions differentiable everywhere on their domains

Functor mapping hom objects to an underlying category

Homeomorphism (graph theory)

Concept in graph theory

Homogeneous differential equation

Mathematical relation with derivatives

Homological algebra

Branch of mathematics

Homology (mathematics)

Way of associating mathematical objects

Continuous deformation between two continuous functions

Hopcroft–Karp algorithm

Algorithm for maximum cardinality matching in bipartite graphs

Number of matchings in a graph

Hungarian algorithm

Combinatorial optimization algorithm for the assignment problem

Plane curve: conic section

Hyperbolic angle

Argument of the hyperbolic functions

Hyperbolic functions

Mathematical functions for hyperbolas similar to trigonometric functions for circles

Hyperbolic geometry

Non-Euclidean geometry

Hyperbolic partial differential equation

Partial differential equation (PDE) of order n that has a well-posed initial value problem for the first n−1 derivatives

Hyperbolic triangle

Triangle in the hyperbolic plane, possibly having ideal vertices

Generalization of graph theory

Polyhedron with 20 faces

Ideal (order theory)

In order theory, a nonempty, upward‐directed, downward‐closed subset of a preordered set

Identity (mathematics)

Equation that is satisfied for all values of the variables

Identity function

In mathematics, a function that always returns the same value that was used as its argument

Logical connective

Imaginary number

Complex number defined by real number multiplied by imaginary unit "i"

Principal square root of −1

Implicit function

Mathematical function defined by an equation relating the variable(s) and the value

Improper integral

Limit of a definite integral with as one or both limits approach infinity or values at which the integrand is undefined

Inclusion–exclusion principle

Counting technique in combinatorics

Independence (probability theory)

Fundamental concept in probability theory

Indeterminate form

Term in mathematical analysis

Collection of objects, each associated with an element from some index set

Inequality (mathematics)

Mathematical relation expressed by symbols < or ≤

Infimum and supremum

Greatest lower bound and least upper bound

Extremely small quantity in calculus; thing so small that there is no way to measure it

Mathematical concept

Inflection point

Point where the curvature of a curve changes sign

Information set (game theory)

In game theory, set of all possible actions for a given player, built on their observations and a set for a particular player that, given what that player has observed, shows the decision vertices available which are undistinguishable to them

Information theory

Theory dealing with information

Initial and terminal objects

Special objects used in (mathematical) category theory

Initial condition

Parameter in differential equations and dynamical systems

Injective function

Function that preserves distinctness

Inner product space

Generalization of the dot product; used to defined Hilbert spaces

Sorting algorithm that, at each iteration, inserts the current input element into the suitable position between the already sorted elements

Number in {..., –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, ...}

Integer partition

Decomposition of an integer as a sum of positive integers

European gamma-ray space observatory for general astronomy; medium-class mission in the ESA Science Programme

Integrating factor

Function that is commonly used to solve ordinary differential equations

Integration by parts

Mathematical method in calculus

Integration by substitution

Technique in integral evaluation

Intermediate value theorem

A continuous function on an interval takes on every value between its values at the ends

Internal and external angles

Term in geometry

Method for estimating new data within known data points

Interpretation (model theory)

Concept in model theory

Intersection (set theory)

Concept in mathematics specific to the field of set theory

Intersection graph

Non-oriented graph in which two nodes are linked if and only if the two parts of a common space and represented by these nodes have a non-empty intersection in that space

Intuitionistic logic

Various systems of symbolic logic

Inverse function

Mathematical concept

Inverse hyperbolic functions

Mathematical functions

Inverse trigonometric functions

Inverse functions of sin, cos, tan, etc.

Irrational number

Real number that cannot be expressed as a ratio of integers

In mathematics, invertible homomorphism

Isosceles triangle

Triangle with at least two sides congruent

Iterated integral

Type of integral of functions of multiple variables

Iterative method used to solve a linear system of equations

Generalization of the Legendre symbol in number theory

Jacobian matrix and determinant

Matrix of all first-order partial derivatives of a vector-valued function

Jensen's inequality

Theorem of convex functions

Two related operations on a poset in order theory

Fractal sets in complex dynamics of mathematics

Category theory constructs

Graphical method to simplify Boolean expressions

Karush–Kuhn–Tucker conditions

First-order necessary conditions for a solution in nonlinear programming to be optimal

Study of mathematical knots

Knuth's up-arrow notation

Method of notation of very large integers

Kolmogorov complexity

Measure of algorithmic complexity

Kolmogorov structure function

Statistical function

Kőnig's theorem (graph theory)

Theorem showing that maximum matching and minimum vertex cover are equivalent for bipartite graphs

Kronecker delta

Mathematical function of two variables; outputs 1 if they are equal, 0 otherwise

Kruskal's algorithm

Minimum spanning forest algorithm that greedily adds edges

Kuratowski's theorem

Theorem characterizing planar graphs

Fourth standardized moment in statistics

Mathematical algorithm

Lagrange multiplier

A method to solve constrained optimization problems

Mathematical sequence

Lambda calculus

Formal mathematical logic system centered on function abstractions and applications

Lambert W function

Multivalued function in mathematics

Laplace operator

Differential operator

Laplace transform

Integral transform useful in probability theory, physics, and engineering

Laplace's equation

Second order partial differential equation

Laplacian matrix

Matrix representation of a graph

Square array with symbols that each occur once per row and column

Lattice (group)

Subgroup of a real vector space

Lattice (order)

Set whose pairs have minima and maxima

Power series generalized to allow negative powers

Property of all triangles on a Euclidean plane

Law of large numbers

Theorem in probability and statistics

Property of all triangles on a Euclidean plane

Least common multiple

Smallest positive number divisible by two integers

Lebesgue integral

Method of integration

Legendre symbol

Multiplicative function with values 1, −1, 0

Lemma (mathematics)

Theorem used to prove more complex theorems

Figure-eight-shaped curve

A measure of distance in physical space

L'Hôpital's rule

Mathematical rule for evaluating certain limits

Limit (category theory)

Terminology used in theoretical mathematics involving categories.

Limit (mathematics)

Value that a function or sequence "approaches" as the input or index approaches some value

Behavior in a nonlinear system

Limit of a function

Point to which functions converge in topology

Limit of a sequence

Value that the terms of a sequence "tend to"

Limits of integration

Upper and lower limits applied in definite integration

Line (geometry)

Straight figure with zero width and depth

Concept in graph theory

Definite integral of a scalar or vector field along a path

Branch of mathematics

Linear approximation

Approximation of a function by its tangent line at a point

Linear differential equation

Differential equations that are linear with respect to the unknown function and its derivatives

Linear dynamical system

Type of mathematical system

Linear equation

Equation that does not involve powers or products of variables

Linear function (calculus)

Polynomial function of degree at most one

Mapping that preserves the operations of addition and scalar multiplication

Linear programming

Method to solve some optimization problems

Linear regression

Statistical modeling method which shows linear correlation between variables

Finding linear approximation of function at given point

Line–line intersection

Intersection of a line and a line can be the empty set, a point, or a line

Data structure which is a linear collection of data elements, called nodes, each pointing to the next node by means of a pointer

Liouville's theorem (complex analysis)

Theorem in complex analysis

Locus (mathematics)

Set of points that satisfy some specified conditions

Mathematical function, inverse of an exponential function

Logical connective

Symbol connecting sentential formulas in logic

Logistic regression

Statistical model for a binary dependent variable

Standard division algorithm for multi-digit numbers

Lovász conjecture

Unproven conjecture, that every finite connected vertex-transitive graph contains a Hamiltonian path

Löwenheim–Skolem theorem

Mathematical theorem

Lowest common denominator

The lowest common multiple of the denominators of a set of fractions

LU decomposition

Matrix decomposition

Integer filtered out using a sieve similar to that of Eratosthenes

Lyapunov exponent

The rate of separation of infinitesimally close trajectories

Sums of each row, column, and main diagonals are equal

Magnitude (mathematics)

Mathematical concept related to comparison and ordering

Fractal named after mathematician Benoit Mandelbrot

Topological space that locally resembles Euclidean space

Many-one reduction

Type of Turing reduction

Margin of error

Statistic expressing the amount of random sampling error in a survey's results

Mathematical system

Matching (graph theory)

Set of edges without common vertices

Matching polynomial

Graph polynomial generating numbers of matchings

Material conditional

Logical connective

Mathematical analysis

Branch of mathematics

Mathematical constant

Fixed number that has received a name

Mathematical induction

Form of mathematical proof

Mathematical logic

Subfield of mathematics

Mathematical notation

System of symbolic representations of mathematical objects and ideas

Mathematical optimization

Study of mathematical algorithms for optimization problems

Mathematical problem

Problem that can be possibly solved via mathematics

Mathematical proof

Rigorous demonstration that a mathematical statement follows from its premises

Mathematical puzzle

Person with an extensive knowledge of mathematics

Matrix (mathematics)

Array of numbers

Matrix addition

Notions of sums for matrices in linear algebra

Matrix multiplication

Mathematical operation in linear algebra

Max-flow min-cut theorem

Concept in optimization theory

Maximum a posteriori estimation

Method of estimating the parameters of a statistical model

Maximum and minimum

Largest and smallest value taken by a function takes at a given point

Maximum cardinality matching

A graph theory problem

Maximum flow problem

Computational problem in graph theory

Maximum likelihood estimation

Method of estimating the parameters of a statistical model, given observations

General term for the several definitions of mean value, the sum divided by the count

Mean value theorem

On the existence of a tangent to an arc parallel to the line through its endpoints

Measure (mathematics)

Generalization of length, area, volume and integral

Middle quantile of a data set or probability distribution

A divide and combine sorting algorithm

Prime number of the form (2^n)-1

Statistical method that summarizes data from multiple sources

Method of distinguished element

Method in enumerative combinatorics

Method of lines

Numerical method for solving partial differential equations

Mathematical set defining distance

Minimum-cost flow problem

Mathematical optimization problem

Minkowski's theorem

Every symmetric convex set in Rn with volume > 2^n contains a non-zero integer point

Möbius function

Multiplicative function in number theory

Möbius inversion formula

Relation between pairs of arithmetic functions

Mode (statistics)

Value that appears most often in a set of data

Model complete theory

Concept in model theory

Model of computation

Mathematical model describing how an output of a function is computed given an input

Area of mathematical logic

Modular arithmetic

Computation modulo a fixed integer

Orientation-preserving mapping class group of the torus

Modularity theorem

Relates rational elliptic curves to modular forms

Module (mathematics)

Generalization of vector space, with scalars in a ring instead of a field

A geometric space whose points represent algebro-geometric objects of some fixed kind

Computational operation

Rule of logical inference

Rule of logical inference

Moment (mathematics)

In mathematics, a quantitative measure of the shape of a set of points

Moment-generating function

Concept in probability theory and statistics

Monad (category theory)

Operation in algebra and mathematics

Polynomial with only one term

Monte Carlo method

Probabilistic problem-solving algorithm

Monty Hall problem

Probability puzzle

Map (arrow) between two objects of a category

Multibody system

A tool to study dynamic behavior of interconnected rigid or flexible bodies;

Multi-commodity flow problem

Flow network problem with multiple commodities between different source and sink nodes

Undirected graph which is permitted to have multiple edges but no loops

Multiple (mathematics)

Product with an integer

Multiple integral

Generalization of definite integrals to functions of multiple variables

Arithmetical operation

Multiplication sign

Mathematical symbol: ×

Multiplication table

Mathematical table

Multiplicative function

Function equal to the product of its values on coprime factors

Multiplicative inverse

Number which when multiplied by x equals 1

Multipole expansion

Mathematical series approximating an angle-dependent function

Mathematical set with repetitions allowed

Multivalued function

Generalization of a function that may produce several outputs for each input

Multivariable calculus

Calculus of functions of several independent variables

Mutually orthogonal Latin squares

Mathematical problem

Naive set theory

Informal set theories

Nash equilibrium

Solution concept of a non-cooperative game

Natural logarithm

Logarithm to the base of the mathematical constant e

A kind of number, used for counting

Natural transformation

Central object of study in category theory

Operation that takes a proposition p to another proposition "not p", written ¬p, which is interpreted intuitively as being true when p is false, and false when p is true; unary (single-argument) logical connective

Negative number

Real number that is strictly less than zero

New Foundations

Axiomatic set theory devised by W.V.O. Quine

Newton's method

Algorithm for finding a zero of a function

Category theory lemma about commutative diagrams

Nondeterministic Turing machine

Theoretical model of computation

Non-Euclidean geometry

Two geometries based on axioms closely related to those specifying Euclidean geometry

Nonlinear programming

Solution process for some optimization problems

Nonlinear system

System where changes of output are not proportional to changes of input

Normal distribution

Probability distribution

Number with all digits equally frequent

Normal subgroup

Subgroup invariant under conjugation

Normal-form game

Strategic game described by matrix

Nowhere-zero flow

Concept in graph theory

NP (complexity)

Complexity class used to classify decision problems

Complexity class

Arithmetic operation

Used to count, measure, and label

Line that represents the real numbers

Branch of mathematics

Notation for expressing numbers

Numerical analysis

Field of mathematics

Numerical digit

Symbols used in combinations to write numbers

Numerical integration

Family of algorithms for finding the definite integral of a function

Numerical methods for ordinary differential equations

Methods used to find numerical solutions of ordinary differential equations

Numerical Methods for Partial Differential Equations

Academic journal

Observational study

Draws inferences from a sample to a population where the independent variable is not under the control of the researcher because of ethical concerns or logistical constraints

Polygon shape with eight sides

Polyhedron with eight triangular faces

Base-8 positional notation, using digits 0–7

One-dimensional space

Space with one dimension

One-factor-at-a-time method

Method of designing experiments

Basic subset of a topological space

Operation (mathematics)

Procedure which produces a result from zero or more inputs

Operations research

Discipline concerning the application of advanced analytical methods

Opposite category

Category constructed from another category C, whose objects are the same as those of C, whose morphisms from X to Y are the same as the morphisms in C from Y to X

Abstract machine used to study decision problems

Order of operations

In mathematics and computer science, order in which operations are performed

Branch of mathematics

Pair of mathematical objects

Order type of a well-ordered set

Ordinary differential equation

Differential equation containing derivatives with respect to only one variable

Ordinary least squares

Method for estimating the unknown parameters in a linear regression model

Outcome (probability)

Possible result of an experiment or trial

Class of problems solvable in polynomial time

P versus NP problem

Unsolved problem in computer science

Plane curve: conic section

Parabolic partial differential equation

Class of second-order linear partial differential equations

Parallel (geometry)

Relation used in geometry

Quadrilateral with two pairs of parallel sides

Parametric equation

Representation of a curve by a function of a parameter

Parity (mathematics)

Property of being an even or odd number

Partial derivative

Derivative of a function of several variables with respect to one variable, with the others held constant

Partial differential equation

Multivariable functions and their partial derivatives

Partial function

Function whose actual domain of definition may be smaller than its apparent domain

Partial permutation

Selection of some objects in a particular order

Partially ordered set

Mathematical set with an ordering

Partition of a set

Mathematical ways to group elements of a set

Pascal's triangle

Triangular array of the binomial coefficients in mathematics

Path (graph theory)

Sequence of edges connecting a sequence of vertices in a graph, with no repeating vertices

Axioms for the natural numbers

Shape with five sides

Math symbol (%) (Parts per hundred.)

Number or ratio expressed as a fraction of 100

Perfect information

Condition in economics and game theory

Perfect matching

Graph theory term

Integer equal to the sum of its proper divisors

Path that surrounds an area

Periodic function

Function that repeats its values at regular intervals or periods

Change of ordering in a (mathematical) set

Relationship between two lines that meet at a right angle (90 degrees)

Cubic graph with 10 vertices and 15 edges

Phase space (disambiguation)

Topics referred to by the same term

Topics referred to by the same term

Piecewise function

Function which is defined by multiple sub-functions each over its own interval

Pigeonhole principle

If there are more items than boxes holding them, one box must contain at least two items

Graph that can be embedded in the plane

Technique for drawing non-planar graphs

Any of the five regular polyhedra

Plus and minus signs

Mathematical symbols (+ and −)

Poincaré conjecture

Every simply connected, closed 3-manifold is homeomorphic to the 3-sphere

Point (geometry)

Fundamental object of geometry

A set equipped with a choice of a specific element

Poisson distribution

Discrete probability distribution

Poisson point process

Random mathematical object that consists of points randomly located on a mathematical space

Poisson's equation

elliptic partial differential equation

Polar coordinate system

Two-dimensional coordinate system where each point is determined by a distance from reference point and an angle from a reference direction

Electronic Warfare Tactics Range located on the border between Germany and France

3D shape with flat faces, straight edges and sharp corners

In mathematics, sum of products of variables, power of variables, and coefficients

Polynomial ring

Algebraic structure

Positional notation

Method for representing or encoding numbers

Posterior probability

Conditional probability distribution used in Bayesian statistics

Theorem in computability theory

Potential theory

Branch of mathematic studying harmonic functions

Method of differentiating single term polynomials

Infinite sum of monomials

Power series solution of differential equations

Method for solving differential equations

Mathematical set containing all subsets of a given set

Prenex normal form

First-order formula consisting of a string of quantifiers and bound variables followed by a quantifier-free part

Reflexive and transitive binary relation

Algorithm for determining whether a number is prime

Number whose only smaller divisor is 1

Prime number theorem

Theorem in number theory

Prime-counting function

Function representing the number of primes less than or equal to a given number

Primitive recursive function

Function that can be computed with loops of bounded length

Prim's algorithm

Principal component analysis

Conversion of a set of observations of possibly correlated variables into a set of values of linearly uncorrelated variables called principal components

Principle of explosion

Theorem which states that any statement can be proven from a contradiction

Prior probability

Probability distribution that would express one's uncertainty before some evidence is taken into account

Prism (geometry)

Solid with 2 parallel n-gonal bases connected by n parallelograms

Prisoner's dilemma

Canonical example of a game analyzed in game theory

Branch of mathematics concerning chance and uncertainty

Probability density function

Function whose integral over a region describes the probability of an event occurring in that region

Probability distribution

Mathematical function for the probability a given outcome occurs in an experiment

Probability mass function

Discrete-variable probability distribution

Probability space

Mathematical concept

Probability theory

Branch of mathematics concerning probability

Product (category theory)

Generalized object in category theory

Product (mathematics)

Mathematical form

Formula for the derivative of a product

Proof by contradiction

Form of indirect proof that establishes the truth or validity of a proposition

Propositional calculus

Logical study of propositions (whether they are true or false) that are formed by other propositions with the use of logical connectives

Probable prime that is composite

Pullback (category theory)

Most general completion of a commutative square given two morphisms with same codomain

Pure mathematics

Mathematics studies that are independent of any application outside mathematics

Pushout (category theory)

Category-theoretic colimit of a diagram of the form 𝑋←𝑍→𝑌

Push–relabel maximum flow algorithm

Function of the observed sample results

Pyramid (geometry)

Conic solid with a polygonal base

Pythagorean theorem

Equation relating the side lengths of a right triangle

Quadratic equation

Polynomial equation of degree two

Quadratic formula

Formula that provides the solutions to a quadratic equation

Quadratic function

Polynomial function of degree two

Quadratic reciprocity

Gives conditions for the solvability of quadratic equations modulo prime numbers

Quadratic residue

Integer that is a perfect square modulo some integer

Four-sided polygon

Quantifier (logic)

Mathematical use of "for all" and "there exists"

Quantifier elimination

Technique to simplify formulas

Quantum cohomology

Cohomology associated to a symplectic manifold, whose cup product is given by Gromov–Witten invariants

Quaternary numeral system

Numeral system with four as its base

Queue (abstract data type)

Abstract data type

A divide and conquer sorting algorithm

Positional number system with base 5

Segment in a circle or sphere from its center to its perimeter or surface and its length

Radius of convergence

Mathematical concept

Non-comparative integer sorting algorithm

Rainbow matching

Edge-colored graph matching where all edges have distinct colors

Branch of mathematics that studies the conditions under which order must appear

Random variable

Variable representing a random phenomenon

Randomized controlled trial

Experimental method designed to reduce bias, typically accomplished by randomly allocating subjects to two or more groups, with one being a control group

Range of a function

Subset of a function's codomain

Rank (linear algebra)

The dimension of vector space generated by the columns of a matrix

Relationship between two numbers of the same kind

Rational function

Ratio of polynomial functions

Rational number

Quotient of two integers

Mathematics of real numbers and real functions

Number representing a continuous quantity

Real-valued function

Mathematical function that takes real values

Recreational mathematics

Form of entertainment in mathematics

Quadrilateral with four right angles

Rectangular function

Function whose graph is 0, then 1, then 0 again, in an almost-everywhere continuous way

Recurrence relation

Definition of each term of a sequence as a function of preceding terms

Red–black tree

Self-balancing binary search tree data structure

Omission of operations and relations of a structure

Reed–Solomon error correction

Error-correcting codes

Reflection (mathematics)

Mapping from a Euclidean space to itself

Reflexive relation

A binary relation over a set in which every element is related to itself

Regression analysis

Set of statistical processes for estimating the relationships among variables

Numerical method used to approximate solutions of univariate equations

Regular dodecahedron

Convex polyhedron with 12 regular pentagonal faces

Where each vertex has the same number of neighbors

Regular icosahedron

Regular polygon

Equiangular and equilateral polygon

Regular polyhedron

Polyhedron with regular congruent polygons as faces

Problems that make use of the relations to rates of change

Game that repeats a base game

Representation theory

Branch of mathematics that studies abstract algebraic structures

Residue (complex analysis)

Coefficient of the term of order −1 in the Laurent expansion of a function holomorphic outside a point, whose value can be extracted by a contour integral

Residue theorem

Concept of complex analysis

Mathematical concept in polynomial theory

Reuleaux triangle

Reuleaux polygon with three sides

Quadrilateral in which all sides have the same length

Extension of vector calculus to tensors

Theorem in computability theory

Riemann hypothesis

Conjecture in mathematics linked to the distribution of prime numbers

Riemann integral

Basic Integral in Elementary Calculus

Model of the extended complex plane plus a point at infinity

Approximation technique in integral calculus

Riemann surface

One-dimensional complex manifold

Riemann zeta function

Analytic function in mathematics

Riemannian geometry

Branch of differential geometry

90° angle (π/2 radians)

When one angle is a 90-degree angle

Ring (mathematics)

Algebraic structure with addition and multiplication

Branch of algebra

Numbers in the Roman numeral system

Number that has an integer power equal to 1

Root-finding algorithm

Algorithms for finding roots of continuous functions

Rotation (mathematics)

Concept originating in geometry; motion of a certain space that preserves at least one point

Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space

Special orthogonal group

Rule of division (combinatorics)

Counting principle

Rule of inference

Method of deriving conclusions

Rule of product

Combinatorial principle to determine possible ways to match disjoint sets.

Runge–Kutta methods

Family of implicit and explicit iterative methods

Russell's paradox

Paradox in the foundations of mathematics

Rocky point on the north coast of Heard Island in the Antarctic

Sample mean and covariance

Statistics computed from a sample of data

Set of all possible outcomes or results of a statistical trial or experiment

Sampling (statistics)

Selection of data points in statistics.

In statistics, error that occurs solely as a result of using a sample from a population, rather than the whole population

Saturated model

Model for mathematical theories

Scaling (geometry)

Geometric transformation

Scientific notation

Method of writing numbers, especially very large or small ones

Search algorithm

Any algorithm which solves the search problem

Root-finding method

Second derivative

Mathematical operation

Sorting algorithm

The product of two prime numbers

Separation of variables

Technique for solving differential equations

Finite or infinite ordered list of elements

Series (mathematics)

Series expansion

Concept in mathematics

Set (mathematics)

Collection of mathematical objects

Branch of mathematics that studies sets

Seven Bridges of Königsberg

Classic problem in graph theory

Base sixty numeral system

Form of an object or its external boundary

Sheaf (mathematics)

Tool to track locally defined data attached to the open sets of a topological space

Logical operation

Sorting algorithm which uses multiple comparison intervals

Shooting method

Method for solving boundary value problems

Shortest path problem

Computational problem of graph theory

Sierpiński triangle

Fractal composed of triangles

Sieve of Eratosthenes

Ancient algorithm for generating prime numbers

Sign (mathematics)

Number property of being positive or negative

Mathematical function that extracts the sign of a real number or complex number

Signature (logic)

Description of non-logical symbols

Similarity (geometry)

Same shape, up to a scaling

Simplex algorithm

Sine and cosine

Trigonometric functions of an angle

Singularity (mathematics)

Point where a function, a curve or another mathematical object does not behave regularly

Magnitude or dimension of a thing

Lines in 3D that do not intersect and neither do they point the same direction

Measure of the asymmetry of random variables

Skolem normal form

Formalism of first-order logic

Skolem's paradox

Mathematical logic concept

Glyph variant of numeral 0 (zero) with slash

Tool used in mathematics

Snark (graph theory)

Bridgeless cubic graph with chromatic index equal to 4

Social choice theory

Academic discipline

Solenoidal vector field

Vector field with zero divergence

Measure of how large an object appears to an observer at a given point in three-dimensional space

Field of mathematics dealing with three-dimensional Euclidean spaces

Sorting algorithm

Algorithm that arranges lists in order

Space complexity

Amount of memory space that an algorithm uses as a function of the input's size

Space hierarchy theorem

Both deterministic and nondeterministic machines can solve more problems given more space

Spectral graph theory

Linear algebra aspects of graph theory

Geometrical object that is the surface of a ball

Spherical coordinate system

3-dimensional coordinate system

Spherical geometry

Geometry of a sphere

Regular quadrilateral

Square (algebra)

Result of multiplying a number, or other expression, by itself

Number whose square is a given number

Square root of 2

Unique positive real number which when multiplied by itself gives 2

Squaring the circle

Problem of constructing equal-area shapes

Squeeze theorem

On calculating limits by bounding a function between two other functions

Stability theory

Part of mathematics that addresses the stability of solutions

Stable matching problem

Pairing where no unchosen pair prefers each other over their choice

Stable roommates problem

Mathematical problem of finding a stable matching for an even-sized set

Concerned with the notion of stability in model theory

Stack (abstract data type)

Abstract data type

Standard deviation

Measure of the amount of variation or dispersion of a set of values

Statistical property

Stationary point

Point on a graph where all derivatives or partial derivatives are zero

Statistical hypothesis test

Method of statistical inference

Statistical population

Complete set of items that share at least one property in common that is the subject of a statistical analysis

Statistical significance

Concept in inferential statistics

Study of collection and analysis of data

Linear combination of indicator functions of real intervals

Stirling number

Important sequences in combinatorics

Stirling numbers of the first kind

Numbers important in combinatorics

Stirling numbers of the second kind

Numbers parameterizing ways to partition a set

Stirling's approximation

Approximation for factorials

Stochastic process

A collection of random variables

Strategic dominance

Quality of a strategic game player's strategy being better than another, for all opponents' strategies

Strategy (game theory)

Complete plan on how a game player will behave in every possible game situation

String-searching algorithm

Searches for patterns within strings

Structure (mathematical logic)

Mapping of mathematical formulas to a particular meaning, in universal algebra and in model theory

Student's t-distribution

Probability distribution

Student's t-test

Statistical hypothesis test

Category whose objects and morphisms are inside a bigger category

Mathematical set contained in another set

One of the four basic arithmetic operations

Successive over-relaxation

Method of solving a linear system of equations

Addition of a finite sequence of numbers

Surface (mathematics)

Mathematical idealization of the surface of a body

Measure of the two-dimensional extent of a surface

Surface integral

Integration over a non-flat region in 3D space

Surjective function

Mathematical function such that every output has at least one input

Survey Methodology

Academic journal

Symmetric relation

Type of binary relation

Mathematical invariance under transformations

Symmetry (geometry)

Geometrical property and transformation

Symmetry in mathematics

Symmetry in mathematics

System of differential equations

Group of differential equations

System of linear equations

Collection of linear equations involving the same set of variables

Systolic geometry

Minimum length of a noncontractible closed curve in a metric space

Tait's conjecture

Disproven graph theory

Numeral form used for counting

Tarski's axioms

First-order axiomatization of a fragment of Euclidean geometry

Expression of a function as an infinite sum

Taylor's theorem

Approximation of a function by a truncated power series

Telephone number (mathematics)

Mathamatical sequence of integers

Algebraic object with geometric applications

Ternary numeral system

Base-3 numeral system

Tiling of a plane in mathematics

Tesseract (band)

English progressive metal band

Polyhedron with 4 faces

In mathematics, a statement that has been proved

Theoretical computer science

Subfield of computer science and mathematics

Theory (mathematical logic)

Set of sentences in a formal language

Theory of computation

Academic subfield of computer science

Three utilities problem

Mathematical puzzle of avoiding crossings

Three-body problem

Physics problem related to laws of motion and gravity

Three-dimensional space

Geometric model of the physical space

Time complexity

Estimate of time taken for running an algorithm

Time hierarchy theorem

Given more time, a Turing machine can solve more problems

Topological space

Mathematical space with a notion of closeness

Branch of mathematics

Total derivative

Derivative of a function of several variables with respect to one variable, without the others held constant

Mathematical ordering where all elements can be compared

Transcendental number

Number that cannot be found as a result of an algebraic equation with integer coefficients

Transfer principle

That all statements of some language that are true for some structure are true for another structure

Transfinite induction

Mathematical concept

Transitive relation

Type of binary relation

Transportation theory (mathematics)

The mathematical study of optimal transportation and allocation of resources

Matrix operation which flips a matrix over its diagonal

Convex quadrilateral with at least one pair of parallel sides

Travelling salesman problem

NP-hard problem in combinatorial optimization

Tree (abstract data type)

Abstract data type simulating a hierarchical tree structure and represented as a set of linked nodes

Tree (graph theory)

Undirected, connected and acyclic graph

Shape with three sides

Triangular array

Concept in mathematics and computing

Trigonometric functions

Functions of an angle

In geometry, study of the relationship between angles and lengths

Polynomial consisting of three terms or monomials

Mathematical table used in logic

Finite ordered list of elements

Turán's brick factory problem

Problem of minimizing crossings in complete bipartite graphs

Measurement for the level of algorithmic unsolvability of a set

Computation model defining an abstract machine

Turing reduction

Concept in computability theory

Proof by Alan Turing

Tutte–Berge formula

A characterization of the size of a maximum matching in a graph

Systematic classification of 12 related enumerative problems concerning two finite sets

Prime 2 more or 2 less than another prime

Type (model theory)

Term in model theory and related areas of mathematics

Type I and type II errors

Concepts from statistical hypothesis testing

Concept in mathematical logic

Maximal proper filter

Mathematical construction

Union (set theory)

Mathematical operation where sets combine or relate

Circle with radius of one

Universal property

Central object of study in category theory

Universal quantification

Mathematical use of "for all"

Universal Turing machine

Type of Turing machine

Universe (mathematics)

Collection that contains all the entities one wishes to consider in a given situation in mathematics

Upper and lower bounds

Majorant and minorant in mathematics

Affirms the existence of a computable universal function

Variable (mathematics)

Symbol that represents an indeterminate value

Statistical measure of how far values spread from their average

Vector calculus

Calculus of vector-valued functions

Assignment of a vector to each point in a subset of Euclidean space

Algebraic structure in linear algebra

Vector-valued function

Function valued in a vector space; typically a real or complex one

Diagram that shows all possible logical relations between a collection of sets

Subset of a graph's vertices, including at least one endpoint of every edge

Numeral system based on twenty

Viterbi algorithm

Algorithm for finding the most likely sequence of hidden states

Vizing's theorem

A theorem in graph coloring

Quantity of three-dimensional space

Volume integral

Integral over a 3-D domain

Von Neumann universe

Set theory concept

Weierstrass function

Function that is continuous everywhere but differentiable nowhere

Well-formed formula

Finite sequence of symbols from a given alphabet that is part of a formal language

Well-founded relation

Type of binary relation

Class of mathematical orderings

Well-ordering theorem

Theoretic principle in mathematics stating every set can be well-ordered.

Stochastic process generalizing Brownian motion

Wilson's theorem

Theorem on prime numbers

Number of times a curve wraps around a point in the plane

Theorem in category theory

Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory

Standard system of axiomatic set theory

Zero of a function

Element of the domain where function's value is zero

Zero-dimensional space

Topological space of dimension zero

Zeros and poles

Concept in complex analysis

Situation where total gains match total losses

Mathematical proposition equivalent to the axiom of choice

Concept in computability theory