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Life & Culture Philosophy and religion Philosophy Philosophical branches, approaches and concepts

Philosophical branches, approaches and concepts

Philosophy of language

Philosophy of science

Religious philosophy

A priori and a posteriori

Two types of knowledge, justification, or argument

Absolute (philosophy)

Concept of an ultimate being in philosophy

Process of generalisation

Act utilitarianism

Flavour of utilitarianism

Philosophical study of art and beauty

Allegory of the cave

Allegory by Plato

Anthropocentrism

Position that human beings are the central species, or the assessment of reality through an exclusively human perspective

Practical application of moral considerations

Attempt to persuade or to determine the truth of a conclusion

Aristotelian ethics

Attempt to offer a rational response to the question of how humans should best live

Natural philosophy

Characteristic that provides pleasure or satisfaction

Subjective attitude that something is true

Biocentrism (ethics)

Ethical point of view that extends inherent value to all living things

Study of the ethical issues emerging from advances in biology and medicine

Buddhist philosophy

Elaboration and explanation of the delivered teachings of the Buddha

Cardinal virtues

Virtues of mind and character

How one process influences another

Christian philosophy

Development in philosophy that is characterised by coming from a Christian tradition

1776 pamphlet by Thomas Paine

Mental representation or an abstract object

Cognitive process that elicits emotion and rational associations based on an individual's moral philosophy or value system

Consequentialism

Ethical theory based on consequences

Contingency (philosophy)

Possible truths which are not necessary

Cosmological argument

Argument for the existence of God

Deductive reasoning

Method of reasoning by which premises understood to be true produce logically certain conclusions

Deductive-nomological model

Scientific methodology

Demarcation problem

Philosophical question of how to distinguish between science and non-science

Class of ethical theories

Philosophical view that all events are determined completely by previously existing causes

American space imagery company

Divine command theory

Theory which proposes that an action's status as morally good is equivalent to whether it is commanded by God

Commitment or obligation to someone or something or to perform an action on the behalf of

Theory that states that knowledge comes only or primarily from sensory experience

Environmental ethics

Part of environmental philosophy

Epimenides paradox

Paradox revealing a problem with self-reference in logic

Philosophical study of knowledge

Ethical position that moral agents should act in their own self-interest

Philosophical study of morality

The opposite or absence of good

Ability of an entity to interact with physical or mental reality

Broad concept encompassing objective and subjective features of reality and existence

Existence of God

Subject of debate in the philosophy of religion and popular culture

The effect or influence of exposure to an event or subject

Topics referred to by the same term

Philosophical principle that human beings could be wrong about their beliefs, expectations, or their understanding of the world

Property of a statement that is written in an empirical language and contradicts some observations, realistic or not, that can be described in that language.

Faulty deductive reasoning due to a logical flaw

Ability to make choices without constraints

Principle of treating others as oneself would wish to be treated, found in most religions and cultures

Concept in religion, ethics, and philosophy

Philosophical dichotomy

Philosophical position that systems should be analyzed as wholes, not just as collections of parts

Philosophical school of thought

Proposed explanation for an observation, phenomenon, or scientific problem

Philosophical view

Inductive reasoning

Method of logical reasoning

Something that cannot or should not be expressed in spoken words

Branch of logic related more to reasoning and argumentation

Islamic philosophy

Philosophy that is characterised by coming from an Islamic tradition

Is–ought problem

Philosophical problem articulated by David Hume in 1739

Jewish philosophy

All philosophy carried out by Jews, or in relation to the religion of Judaism

Just war theory

Doctrine about when a war is ethically just

Ethical theory of Immanuel Kant

Familiarity, awareness, or understanding of information or skills acquired through experience or education

Language game (philosophy)

Words and contextual actions which provide a complete meaning

Person's relation with what they accept as being of ultimate importance

Quality of ambiguity, disorientation, or state of transition

The study of inference and truth

Macroethics and microethics

Type of applied ethics

Form of philosophical monism which holds matter to be the fundamental substance in nature

Meaning (philosophy)

Nature of meaning in the philosophy of language

Meaning of life

Philosophical and spiritual question concerning the significance of living or existence in general

Mental representation

Hypothetical internal cognitive symbol that represents external reality

Branch of ethics seeking to understand ethical properties

Metaphysical naturalism

Philosophical worldview rejecting 'supernatural'

Study of fundamental reality

Communication by means of imitation

Mind–body dualism

Philosophical theory

View that attributes oneness or singleness to a concept

Moral relativism

Philosophical positions about the differences in moral judgments across peoples and cultures

System of law that purports to be determined by nature, and thus be universal

Natural philosophy

Philosophical study of nature

Denial of certain aspects of existence

Mature state of consciousness transcending dualism

Norm (philosophy)

In philosophy, concept of practical import, oriented to effecting an action

Normative ethics

Branch of philosophical ethics that examines standards for the rightness and wrongness of actions

Concept denoting the absence of anything (at all) and associated with "nothingness"

Philosophical problem-solving principle

Ontological argument

Philosophical argument to prove the existence of God

Branch of philosophy concerned with concepts such as existence, reality, being, becoming, as well as the basic categories of existence and their relations

Other (philosophy)

Concept in philosophy and psychology

Set of distinct concepts or thought patterns

Paradox (Nanase Aikawa album)

1997 studio album by Nanase Aikawa

Study of paranormal and psychic phenomena

State of completeness, flawlessness, or supreme excellence

Philosophical logic

Index of articles associated with the same name

Metaphysical thesis

Aesthetic ideal

Using another author's work as if it was one's own original work

Rule that has to be followed or is an inevitable consequence of something, such as the laws observed in nature

Problem of evil

Reconciling the existence of evil with a God

Problem of induction

Epistemological question of whether inductive reasoning leads to definitive knowledge understood in the classic philosophical sense

Problem of universals

Philosophical question of whether properties exist, and if so, what they are

Unscientific claims that are wrongly presented as scientific

Philosophical view that reason should be the chief source of knowledge

The quality of being agreeable to reason

Sum or aggregate of all that is real or existent

Capacity for consciously making sense of things

Philosophical view explaining systems in terms of smaller parts

Philosophical view rejecting universalism, e.g. about truth

Religious philosophy

Philosophical thinking inspired by a particular religion

Rule utilitarianism

Form of utilitarianism that says an action is right as it conforms to a rule that leads to the greatest good

Sanctity of life

Principle stating that human life is sacred and should be protected

Scientific skepticism

Modern social movement based on the idea of scientific skepticism

Branch of moral philosophy

Secular morality

Aspect of philosophy

Individual person as the object of its own reflective consciousness

Socratic method

Type of cooperative argumentative dialogue

Sublime (philosophy)

Quality of greatness

Belief or behavior that is considered irrational or supernatural

Teleological argument

Argument for the existence of God

The Void (philosophy)

Manifestation of nothingness

Theological attempt to resolve the problem of evil

Supposition or system of ideas intended to explain something

Ability to attribute mental states to oneself and others

Thought experiment

Hypothetical situation

Being in accord with fact or reality

Hypothesis that human replicas elicit revulsion

Situation which involves imperfect or unknown information, regarding the existing state, environment, a future outcome or more than one possible outcomes

Ethical theory based on maximizing well-being

Personal value, basis for ethical action

Emulator for Commodore's 8-bit computers

Positive trait or quality deemed to be morally good

Normative ethical theories

The ability to think and act using knowledge, experience, understanding, common sense and insight

Zeno's paradoxes

Set of philosophical problems