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3G
Third generation of wireless mobile telecommunications technology

3G, the third generation of cellular network technology, was introduced in the early 2000s, significantly surpassing 2G by offering faster data transfer and enhanced mobile internet capabilities. Key standards include UMTS by 3GPP and CDMA2000 by Qualcomm, both complying with the IMT-2000 framework from the ITU. Unlike earlier GPRS and EDGE technologies, 3G supported multimedia, video calling, and mobile TV with minimum speeds of 144 kbit/s. Later enhancements like HSPA and HSPA+ enabled mobile broadband up to 42 Mbit/s, improving experiences on smartphones and mobile modems, before being succeeded by faster 4G networks.

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Overview

Context

A new generation of cellular standards has emerged roughly every decade since the introduction of 1G systems in 1979. Each generation is defined by the introduction of new frequency bands, higher data rates, and transmission technologies that are not backward-compatible due to the need for significant changes in network architecture and infrastructure.

Standards

Several telecommunications companies marketed wireless mobile Internet services as 3G, indicating that the advertised service was provided over a 3G wireless network. However, 3G services have largely been supplanted in marketing by 4G and 5G services in most areas of the world. Services advertised as 3G are required to meet IMT-2000 technical standards, including standards for reliability and speed (data transfer rates). To meet the IMT-2000 standards, Third-generation mobile networks, or 3G, must maintain minimum consistent Internet speeds of 144 Kbps.8 However, many services advertised as 3G provide higher speed than the minimum technical requirements for a 3G service.9 Subsequent 3G releases, denoted 3.5G and 3.75G, provided mobile broadband access of several Mbit/s for smartphones and mobile modems in laptop computers.10

3G branded standards:

  • The UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) system, standardized by 3GPP in 2001, was used in Europe, Japan, China (with a different radio interface) and other regions predominated by GSM (Global Systems for Mobile Communications) 2G system infrastructure. The cell phones are typically UMTS and GSM hybrids. Several radio interfaces are offered, sharing the same infrastructure:
    • The original and most widespread radio interface is called W-CDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access).
    • The TD-SCDMA radio interface was commercialized in 2009 and only offered in China.
    • The latest UMTS release, HSPA+, can provide peak data rates up to 56 Mbit/s in the downlink in theory (28 Mbit/s in existing services) and 22 Mbit/s in the uplink.
  • The CDMA2000 system, first offered in 2002, standardized by 3GPP2, used especially in North America and South Korea, sharing infrastructure with the IS-95 2G standard. The cell phones are typically CDMA2000 and IS-95 hybrids. The latest release EVDO Rev. B offers peak rates of 14.7 Mbit/s downstream.

The 3G systems and radio interfaces are based on spread spectrum radio transmission technology. While the GSM EDGE standard ("2.9G"), DECT cordless phones and Mobile WiMAX standards formally also fulfill the IMT-2000 requirements and are approved as 3G standards by ITU, these are typically not branded as 3G and are based on completely different technologies.

The common standards complying with the IMT2000/3G standard are:

  • EDGE, a revision by the 3GPP organization to the older 2G GSM based transmission methods, which utilizes the same switching nodes, base station sites, and frequencies as GPRS, but includes a new base station and cellphone RF circuits. It is based on the three times as efficient 8PSK modulation scheme as a supplement to the original GMSK modulation scheme. EDGE is still used extensively due to its ease of upgrade from existing 2G GSM infrastructure and cell phones.
    • EDGE combined with the GPRS 2.5G technology is called EGPRS, and allows peak data rates in the order of 200 kbit/s, just like the original UMTS WCDMA versions and thus formally fulfill the IMT2000 requirements on 3G systems. However, in practice, EDGE is seldom marketed as a 3G system, but a 2.9G system. EDGE shows slightly better system spectral efficiency than the original UMTS and CDMA2000 systems, but it is difficult to reach much higher peak data rates due to the limited GSM spectral bandwidth of 200 kHz, and it is thus a dead end.
    • EDGE was also a mode in the IS-136 TDMA system, no longer used.
    • Evolved EDGE, the latest revision, has peaks of 1 Mbit/s downstream and 400 kbit/s upstream but is not commercially used.
  • The Universal Mobile Telecommunications System, created and revised by the 3GPP. The family is a full revision from GSM in terms of encoding methods and hardware, although some GSM sites can be retrofitted to broadcast in the UMTS/W-CDMA format.
    • W-CDMA is the most common deployment, commonly operated on the 2,100 MHz band. A few others use the 850, 900, and 1,900 MHz bands.
      • HSPA is an amalgamation of several upgrades to the original W-CDMA standard and offers speeds of 14.4 Mbit/s down and 5.76 Mbit/s up. HSPA is backward-compatible and uses the same frequencies as W-CDMA.
      • HSPA+, a further revision and upgrade of HSPA, can provide theoretical peak data rates up to 168 Mbit/s in the downlink and 22 Mbit/s in the uplink, using a combination of air interface improvements as well as multi-carrier HSPA and MIMO. Technically though, MIMO and DC-HSPA can be used without the "+" enhancements of HSPA+.
  • The CDMA2000 system, or IS-2000, including CDMA2000 1x and CDMA2000 High Rate Packet Data (or EVDO), standardized by 3GPP2 (differing from the 3GPP), evolving from the original IS-95 CDMA system, is used especially in North America, China, India, Pakistan, Japan, South Korea, Southeast Asia, Europe, and Africa.
    • CDMA2000 1x Rev. E has an increased voice capacity (by three times the original amount) compared to Rev. 0 EVDO Rev. B offers downstream peak rates of 14.7 Mbit/s while Rev. C enhanced existing and new terminal user experience.

While DECT cordless phones and Mobile WiMAX standards formally also fulfill the IMT-2000 requirements, they are not usually considered due to their rarity and unsuitability for usage with mobile phones.11

Break-up of 3G systems

The 3G (UMTS and CDMA2000) research and development projects started in 1992. In 1999, ITU approved five radio interfaces for IMT-2000 as a part of the ITU-R M.1457 Recommendation; WiMAX was added in 2007.12

There are evolutionary standards (EDGE and CDMA) that are backward-compatible extensions to pre-existing 2G networks as well as revolutionary standards that require all-new network hardware and frequency allocations. The cell phones use UMTS in combination with 2G GSM standards and bandwidths, but do not support EDGE. The latter group is the UMTS family, which consists of standards developed for IMT-2000, as well as the independently developed standards DECT and WiMAX, which were included because they fit the IMT-2000 definition.

While EDGE fulfills the 3G specifications, most GSM/UMTS phones report EDGE ("2.75G") and UMTS ("3G") functionality.13

History

3G technology was the result of research and development work carried out by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) in the early 1980s. 3G specifications and standards were developed in fifteen years. The technical specifications were made available to the public under the name IMT-2000. The communication spectrum between 400 MHz to 3 GHz was allocated for 3G. Both the government and communication companies approved the 3G standard. The first pre-commercial 3G network was launched by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in 1998,14 branded as FOMA. It was first available in May 2001 as a pre-release (test) of W-CDMA technology. The first commercial launch of 3G was also by NTT DoCoMo in Japan on 1 October 2001, although it was initially somewhat limited in scope;1516 broader availability of the system was delayed by apparent concerns over its reliability.1718192021

The first European pre-commercial network was an UMTS network on the Isle of Man by Manx Telecom, the operator then owned by British Telecom, and the first commercial network (also UMTS based W-CDMA) in Europe was opened for business by Telenor in December 2001 with no commercial handsets and thus no paying customers.

The first network to go commercially live was by SK Telecom in South Korea on the CDMA-based 1xEV-DO technology in January 2002. By May 2002, the second South Korean 3G network was by KT on EV-DO and thus the South Koreans were the first to see competition among 3G operators.

The first commercial United States 3G network was by Monet Mobile Networks, on CDMA2000 1x EV-DO technology, but the network provider later shut down operations. The second 3G network operator in the US was Verizon Wireless in July 2002, also on CDMA2000 1x EV-DO. AT&T Mobility was also a true 3G UMTS network, having completed its upgrade of the 3G network to HSUPA.

The first commercial United Kingdom 3G network was started by Hutchison Telecom which was originally behind Orange S.A.22 In 2003, it announced first commercial third generation or 3G mobile phone network in the UK.

The first pre-commercial demonstration network in the southern hemisphere was built in Adelaide, South Australia, by m.Net Corporation in February 2002 using UMTS on 2100 MHz. This was a demonstration network for the 2002 IT World Congress. The first commercial 3G network was launched by Hutchison Telecommunications branded as Three or "3" in June 2003.23

In India, on 11 December 2008, the first 3G mobile and internet services were launched by a state-owned company, Mahanagar Telecom Nigam Limited (MTNL), within the metropolitan cities of Delhi and Mumbai. After MTNL, another state-owned company, Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), began deploying the 3G networks country-wide.

Emtel launched the first 3G network in Africa.24

Adoption

Japan was one of the first countries to adopt 3G, the reason being the process of 3G spectrum allocation, which in Japan was awarded without much upfront cost. The frequency spectrum was allocated in the US and Europe based on auctioning, thereby requiring a huge initial investment for any company wishing to provide 3G services. European companies collectively paid over 100 billion dollars in their spectrum auctions.25

Nepal Telecom adopted 3G Service for the first time in southern Asia. However, its 3G was relatively slow to be adopted in Nepal. In some instances, 3G networks do not use the same radio frequencies as 2G, so mobile operators must build entirely new networks and license entirely new frequencies, especially to achieve high data transmission rates. Other countries' delays were due to the expenses of upgrading transmission hardware, especially for UMTS, whose deployment required the replacement of most broadcast towers. Due to these issues and difficulties with deployment, many carriers could not or delayed the acquisition of these updated capabilities.

In December 2007, 190 3G networks were operating in 40 countries and 154 HSDPA networks were operating in 71 countries, according to the Global Mobile Suppliers Association (GSA). In Asia, Europe, Canada, and the US, telecommunication companies use W-CDMA technology with the support of around 100 terminal designs to operate 3G mobile networks.

The roll-out of 3G networks was delayed by the enormous costs of additional spectrum licensing fees in some countries. The license fees in some European countries were particularly high, bolstered by government auctions of a limited number of licenses and sealed bid auctions, and initial excitement over 3G's potential. This led to a telecoms crash that ran concurrently with similar crashes in the fibre-optic and dot.com fields.

The 3G standard is perhaps well known because of a massive expansion of the mobile communications market post-2G and advances of the consumer mobile phone. An especially notable development during this time is the smartphone (for example, the iPhone, and the Android family), combining the abilities of a PDA with a mobile phone, leading to widespread demand for mobile internet connectivity. 3G has also introduced the term "mobile broadband" because its speed and capability made it a viable alternative for internet browsing, and USB Modems connecting to 3G networks, and now 4G became increasingly common.

Market penetration

By June 2007, the 200 millionth 3G subscriber had been connected of which 10 million were in Nepal and 8.2 million in India. This 200 millionth is only 6.7% of the 3 billion mobile phone subscriptions worldwide. (When counting CDMA2000 1x RTT customers—max bitrate 72% of the 200 kbit/s which defines 3G—the total size of the nearly-3G subscriber base was 475 million as of June 2007, which was 15.8% of all subscribers worldwide.) In the countries where 3G was launched first – Japan and South Korea – 3G penetration is over 70%.26 In Europe the leading country[when?] for 3G penetration is Italy with a third of its subscribers migrated to 3G. Other leading countries[when?] for 3G use include Nepal, UK, Austria, Australia and Singapore at the 32% migration level.

According to ITU estimates,27 as of Q4 2012 there were 2096 million active mobile-broadband subscribers worldwide out of a total of 6835 million subscribers—this is just over 30%. About half the mobile-broadband subscriptions are for subscribers in developed nations, 934 million out of 1600 million total, well over 50%. Note however that there is a distinction between a phone with mobile-broadband connectivity and a smart phone with a large display and so on—although according28 to the ITU and informatandm.com the US has 321 million mobile subscriptions, including 256 million that are 3G or 4G, which is both 80% of the subscriber base and 80% of the US population, according29 to ComScore just a year earlier in Q4 2011 only about 42% of people surveyed in the US reported they owned a smart phone. In Japan, 3G penetration was similar at about 81%, but smart phone ownership was lower at about 17%.30 In China, there were 486.5 million 3G subscribers in June 2014,31 in a population of 1,385,566,537 (2013 UN estimate).

Decline and decommissions

Since the increasing adoption of 4G networks across the globe, 3G use has been in decline. Several operators around the world have already or are in the process of shutting down their 3G networks (see table below). In several places, 3G is being shut down while its older predecessor 2G is being kept in operation; Vodafone UK is doing this, citing 2G's usefulness as a low-power fallback.32 EE in the UK, plans to switch off their 3G networks in early 2024.33 In the US, Verizon shutdown their 3G services on 31 December 2022,34 T-Mobile shut down Sprint's networks on 31 March 2022 and shutdown their main networks on 1 July 2022,35 and AT&T has done so on 22 February 2022.36

Currently 3G around the world is declining in availability and support. Technology that depends on 3G for usage are becoming inoperable in many places. For example, the European Union plans to ensure that member countries maintain 2G networks as a fallback, so 3G devices that are backwards compatible with 2G frequencies can continue to be used. However, in countries that plan to decommission 2G networks or have already done so as well, such as the United States and Singapore, devices supporting only 3G and backwards compatible with 2G are becoming inoperable.37 As of February 2022, less than 1% of cell phone customers in the United States used 3G; AT&T offered free replacement devices to some customers in the run-up to its shutdown.38

Patents

It has been estimated that there are almost 8,000 patents declared essential (FRAND) related to the 483 technical specifications which form the 3GPP and 3GPP2 standards.3940 Twelve companies accounted in 2004 for 90% of the patents (Qualcomm, Ericsson, Nokia, Motorola, Philips, NTT DoCoMo, Siemens, Mitsubishi, Fujitsu, Hitachi, InterDigital, and Matsushita).

Even then, some patents essential to 3G might not have been declared by their patent holders. It is believed that Nortel and Lucent have undisclosed patents essential to these standards.41

Furthermore, the existing 3G Patent Platform Partnership Patent pool has little impact on FRAND protection because it excludes the four largest patent owners for 3G.4243

Features

Data rates

ITU has not provided a clear44 definition of the data rate that users can expect from 3G equipment or providers. Thus users sold 3G service may not be able to point to a standard and say that the rates it specifies are not being met. While stating in commentary that "it is expected that IMT-2000 will provide higher transmission rates: a minimum data rate of 2 Mbit/s for stationary or walking users, and 348 kbit/s in a moving vehicle,"45 the ITU does not actually clearly specify minimum required rates, nor required average rates, nor what modes of the interfaces qualify as 3G, so various data rates are sold as '3G' in the market.

In a market implementation, 3G downlink data speeds defined by telecom service providers vary depending on the underlying technology deployed; up to 384 kbit/s for UMTS (WCDMA), up to 7.2 Mbit/sec for HSPA, and a theoretical maximum of 21.1 Mbit/s for HSPA+ and 42.2 Mbit/s for DC-HSPA+ (technically 3.5G, but usually clubbed under the tradename of 3G).

Security

See also: Mobile security § Attacks based on the GSM networks

3G networks offer greater security than their 2G predecessors. By allowing the UE (User Equipment) to authenticate the network it is attaching to, the user can be sure the network is the intended one and not an impersonator.46

3G networks use the KASUMI block cipher instead of the older A5/1 stream cipher. However, a number of serious weaknesses in the KASUMI cipher have been identified.

In addition to the 3G network infrastructure security, end-to-end security is offered when application frameworks such as IMS are accessed, although this is not strictly a 3G property.

Applications of 3G

The bandwidth and location capabilities introduced by 3G networks enabled a wide range of applications that were previously impractical or unavailable on 2G networks. Among the most significant advancements was the ability to perform data-intensive tasks, such as browsing the internet seamlessly while on the move, as well as engaging in other activities that benefited from faster data speeds and enhanced reliability.

Beyond personal communication, 3G networks supported applications in various fields, including medical devices, fire alarms, and ankle monitors. This versatility marked a significant milestone in cellular communications, as 3G became the first network to enable such a broad range of use cases.47 By expanding its functionality beyond traditional mobile phone usage, 3G set the stage for the integration of cellular networks into a wide array of technologies and services, paving the way for further advancements with subsequent generations of mobile networks.

Evolution

Both 3GPP and 3GPP2 are working on the extensions to 3G standards that are based on an all-IP network infrastructure and using advanced wireless technologies such as MIMO. These specifications already display features characteristic for IMT-Advanced (4G), the successor of 3G. However, falling short of the bandwidth requirements for 4G (which is 1 Gbit/s for stationary and 100 Mbit/s for mobile operation), these standards are classified as 3.9G or Pre-4G. 3GPP plans to meet the 4G goals with LTE Advanced, whereas Qualcomm has halted UMB development in favour of the LTE family.48

On 14 December 2009, TeliaSonera announced in an official press release that "We are very proud to be the first operator in the world to offer our customers 4G services."49 With the launch of their LTE network, initially they are offering pre-4G (or beyond 3G) services in Stockholm, Sweden and Oslo, Norway.

Phase-out

CountryStatusNetworkShutdown dateStandardReferencesNotes
 ArgentinaPersonalTBDUMTS50Local shutdowns commenced in Q1 2023.
 AustraliaNo ServiceOptus2024-10-28UMTS5152
Telstra2024-10-28UMTS5354552100 MHz band shutdown on 25 Mar 2019.
TPG / Vodafone2023-12-15UMTS5657
 AustriaMagenta Telekom2024 (est.)UMTS58
 BelgiumOrange2025-12-31 (est.)UMTS5960Local shutdowns commenced in Jan 2024.
Telenet2024-09-30 (est.)UMTS61Local shutdowns commenced in Sep 2024.
Proximus2024-12-31 (est.)UMTS62
 CanadaBell2025-12-31 (est.)UMTS63
Rogers2025-07-31UMTS6465666768691900 MHz shutdown in Jun 2021.850 MHz remains active until 31 July 2025.
Telus2025-12-31 (est.)UMTS70
Videotron2025-07-31UMTS71
 ChinaChina Mobile2020TD-SCDMA72737475Local shutdowns commenced on 16 Mar 2016.
China Telecom2025 (est.)CDMA2000767778CDMA2000 1X, 1xEV-DO Rev. ALocal shutdowns commenced on 16 Jun 2020.
China UnicomTBDUMTS79Local shutdowns commenced in Q4 2022.
 CroatiaHT2025 (est.)UMTS80Local shutdown commenced in Dec 2023.
 Czech RepublicNo ServiceO22021-11-30UMTS81
T-Mobile2021-11-30UMTS82
Vodafone2021-03-31UMTS83
 Denmark32025-12-01 (est.)UMTS84Local shutdown commenced in 2019.
TDCTBDUMTS85Local shutdown commenced in 2022.
TT-Netværket(Telenor, Telia)2023-03-20UMTS8687Service on the 2100 MHz band ended in 2021.Shutdown on the 900 MHz band commenced in summer 2022.
 EstoniaElisa2024-11-26UMTS88
Tele22025-12-31 (est.)UMTS89
Telia Eesti2023-12-13UMTS90919293
 FinlandDNA2024-01-25UMTS94959697Local shutdowns commenced in May 2023.
Elisa2023-11-30UMTS98Local shutdowns commenced in Apr 2023.
Finnish Shared Network [fi]2024-12UMTS99Joint company by Telia and DNA to manage networks in Northern and Eastern Finland.
Telia2024-10-28UMTS100101102Local shutdowns commenced on 9 Sep 2023.
ÅlcomActive3G1032G shutdown 2025-02-03. No decision on 3G shutdown yet.
 FranceBouygues2029 (est.)UMTS104
Orange2028-12-31 (est.)UMTS105
SFR2028 (est.)UMTS106
 GermanyNo ServiceDeutsche Telekom2021-07-01UMTS107
O22021-12-31UMTS108109110
Vodafone2021-06-30UMTS111
 GreeceNo ServiceCosmote2021-12-31UMTS112
NOVA2023-03-27UMTS113114115116
Vodafone2023-05-31UMTS117
 GreenlandTusassTBDUMTS118
 Hong Kong3activeUMTS
CMHK2025-06-30 (est.)UMTS119
CSL2017-10-31CDMA2000120CDMA2000 1X, 1xEV-DO Rev. A.Service previously provided by PCCW. After acquisition of CSL by HKT,its mobile business PCCW Mobile was merged into CSL.No service for local customers, only served incoming roaming tourists.CSL terminated its CDMA family business upon its licence expiry,and cdmaOne service has also terminated along with CDMA2000.
CSLactiveUMTS
SmartoneactiveUMTS
 HungaryNo ServiceMagyar Telekom2022-06-30UMTS121122123
Yettel Hungary2023-11-13UMTS124125126
Vodafone Hungary2023-03-31UMTS127128
 IcelandNova2025-12-31 (est.)UMTS129130
Síminn2025-12-31 (est.)UMTS131
Sýn2025-12-31 (est.)UMTS132
 IndiaAirtel2020-03-31UMTS133134
Vodafone Idea2022-10-06UMTS135Complete network refarming to 4G/LTE.
 IndonesiaSmartfren2017-11-13CDMA2000136CDMA2000 1X, 1xEV-DO Rel. 0, 1xEV-DO Rev. A, EV-DO Rev. B
Telkomsel2023-06-23UMTS137
Indosat2022-12-31UMTS138
XL AxiataTBDUMTS139140Local shutdowns commenced in June 2021.
 IrelandVodafoneTBDUMTS141Local shutdowns commenced in Feb 2023.
 Israel2025-12-31 (est.)142Per government statement
 ItalyIliad2025 (est.)UMTS143
TIM2022-10-21UMTS144145146147
Vodafone2021-02-28UMTS148
Wind Tre2025 (est.)UMTS149
 JapanKDDI2022-03-31CDMA2000150151152CDMA2000 1X, 1xEV-DO Rel. 0, 1xEV-DO Rev. A, EV-DO Rev. B
NTT docomo2026-03-31 (est.)UMTS153
Softbank2024-04-15UMTS154155156
 KazakhstanTele2TBDUMTS157158Local shutdown commenced on 28 Mar 2024.
 LithuaniaTelia2022-12-15UMTS159160161
Tele22025-12 (est.)UMTS162
 LuxembourgOrange2025-12-31 (est.)UMTS163
Tango / Telindus2024-01-31UMTS164
 MacauNo ServiceChina Telecom2025-06-04CDMA2000165166167CDMA2000 1X, 1xEV-DO Rev. A
CTM2025-06-04UMTS168
32025-06-04UMTS169
Smartone2024-11-11UMTS170Smartone ceased operations in Macau and returned its license.
 MalaysiaNo ServiceCelcom2021-12-31UMTS171172
Maxis2021-12-31UMTS173
U Mobile2021-12-31UMTS174
Digi2021-12-31UMTS175176
 MoldovaInterdnestrcom2023-08-01CDMA2000177
 MontenegroCrnogorski Telekom2024-01-22UMTS178179
 NetherlandsKPN2023-05-10UMTS180181182Local shutdown commenced on 31 Mar 2022.
Vodafone2020-02-04UMTS183
 New Zealand2degrees2025 Q4 (est.)UMTS184
One2025-12-31 (est.)UMTS185186187Local shutdown will commence by 31 Mar 2025.
Spark2025-12-31 (est.)UMTS188189Local shutdown will commence "towards the end of 2025".
 NorwayNo ServiceTelia2021-11-11UMTS190
Telenor2021-01-31UMTS191
 OmanOmantel2024 Q3 (est.)UMTS192193
 PakistanNo ServiceJazz2024-11-18UMTS194195
 PhilippinesSmart (PLDT)TBDUMTS196
GlobeTBDUMTS197Shutdown commenced in Oct 2020.
 PolandT-Mobile2023-04 (est.)UMTS198199200Shutdown commenced in Apr 2023.
Orange2025-12-31 (est.)UMTS201202203Local shutdown commenced on 26 Sep 2023.
 PortugalMEO2024-01-31UMTS204Local shutdown commenced on 4 Sep 2023.
Vodafone2024-07 (est.)UMTS205
NOS2024-05 (est.)UMTS206Shutdown commenced in May 2024.
 RomaniaDigi2023-08-29UMTS207
Orange2025-12-31 (est.)UMTS208
Telekom2023-03-31UMTS209
Vodafone2025-07-01 (est.)UMTS210
 RussiaBeeline2025 (est.)UMTS211Shutdown commenced in Moscow in Feb 2023.
MTS2025 (est.)UMTS212Shutdowns commenced in Saint-Petersburg in Oct 2024.
 Saudi Arabiastc2022-12-31UMTS213
 SingaporeNo ServiceM12024-08-01UMTS214215
Singtel2024-11-01UMTS216217
StarHub2024-11-01UMTS218219
 SlovakiaO2TBDUMTS220Local shutdown commences in Jan 2024.
Orange2024-02-22UMTS221222223
Telekom2023-11-23UMTS224225Local shutdown commenced on 3 Oct 2023.
 SloveniaTelekom Slovenije2022-09-30UMTS226
A1 Slovenija2023-06-30UMTS227
 South Africa2025-03 (est.)228229Per government statement
 South KoreaKT2012-03-19CDMA2000[201]230231CDMA2000 was also referred to as "2G" in South Korea, besides cdmaOne (IS-95).232CDMA2000 1X, 1xEV-DO Rel. 0KT also operates an UMTS "3G" network.
LG U+2021-06-30CDMA2000[205][206][201][207]CDMA2000 1X, 1xEV-DO Rev. A, EV-DO Rev. B
SK Telecom2020-07-27CDMA2000233234[201]235CDMA2000 was also referred to as "2G" in South Korea, besides cdmaOne (IS-95).236CDMA2000 1X, 1xEV-DO Rel. 0SKT also operates an UMTS "3G" network.
 SpainMovistar2025 (est.)UMTS
Orange2025-12-31 (est.)UMTS237
Vodafone2024-10-29 (est.)UMTS238239
 Sri LankaAirtel2022-06-12UMTS240
Dialog AxiataTBDUMTS241
 SwedenTelenor2025-12 (est.)UMTS242
Telia2025 (est.)UMTS243
Three2025-12-01 (est.)UMTS244245Local shutdown for 2100 MHz commenced in late 2021.
  SwitzerlandSunrise2025-06 (est.)UMTS246
Swisscom2025-12-01 (est.)UMTS247
 TaiwanNo ServiceAsia Pacific Telecom2017-12-31CDMA2000248249CDMA2000 1X, 1xEV-DO Rev. A
Chunghwa Telecom2018-12-31 (Data)2024-06-30 (Voice)UMTS250251252
Far EasTone2018-12-31 (Data)2024-06-30 (Voice)UMTS253254255
Taiwan Mobile2018-12-31 (Data)2024-06-30 (Voice)UMTS256257258
Taiwan Star2018-12-31 (Data)2024-06-30 (Voice)UMTS259260261
 United KingdomEE2024-02-25UMTS262263264265Shutdown commenced on 17 Jul 2023 in Warrington (Cheshire).266267
Three2024-12-31UMTS268
O22025-12-31 (est.)UMTS269270Local shutdown commenced in Apr 2025.
Vodafone2024-02-28UMTS271272273274Local shutdown commenced in Jun 2023.
 United States Puerto Rico US Virgin IslandsNo ServiceAppalachian Wireless2023-01-03CDMA2000275276277CDMA2000 1X, 1xEV-DO Rev. A
AT&T2022-02-22UMTS278279
Cellcom2023-03-31CDMA2000280
Cellular One of North East Arizona2023-05-04UMTS281
Commnet Wireless (Choice)2022-12-31CDMA2000282
Liberty2022-02-22UMTS283
Silver Star2022-12-30CDMA2000284285CDMA2000 1X & 1xEV-DO Rev. A
Strata Networks2022-12-31CDMA2000286
T-Mobile2022-07-01UMTS287288289290
T-Mobile (Sprint)2022-05-31CDMA2000291292293294295296CDMA2000 1X, 1X Adv. (Rev.E), 1xEV-DO Rel. 0, 1xEV-DO Rev. AShutdown commenced on 31 Mar 2022.
UScellular2024-01-14CDMA2000297298299CDMA2000 1X1xEV-DO (Rel. 0 & Rev. A) shutdown commenced in 2021.
Verizon2022-12-31CDMA2000300301302CDMA2000 1X, 1xEV-DO Rel. 0, 1xEV-DO Rev. A
 Vietnam2028-09 (est.)303per government statement

See also

  • Media related to 3G at Wikimedia Commons

References

  1. "Mobility and Session Management: UMTS vs. CDMA2000" (PDF). IEEE Wireless Communications. August 2004. https://www.scss.tcd.ie/hitesh.tewari/bib_files/pcca04.pdf ↩

  2. Nunno, Richard (September 2003). "Migration to 3G Technology Standards: A Comparison of Selected Countries" (PDF). FCC. https://docs.fcc.gov/public/attachments/DOC-239506A1.pdf ↩

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