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History

Precolonial period

Further information: Pakuan Pajajaran

The first mention of a settlement at present Bogor dates to the 5th century when the area was part of Tarumanagara, one of the earliest states in Indonesian history.⁸⁹¹⁰ After a series of defeats by the neighboring Srivijaya, Tarumanagara was transformed into the Sunda Kingdom, and in 669, the capital of Sunda was built between two parallel rivers, the Ciliwung and Cisadane. It was named Pakuan Pajajaran, in old Sundanese meaning "a place between the parallel [rivers]", and became the predecessor of the modern Bogor.¹¹¹²

Over the next several centuries, Pakuan Pajajaran became one of the largest cities in medieval Indonesia with a population reaching 48,000.¹³ The name Pajajaran was then used from the 16th century for the entire kingdom, and the capital was simply called Pakuan.^1415161718 The chronicles of that time were written in Sanskrit, which was the language used for official and religious purposes, using the Pallava script, on rock steles called prasasti.¹⁹²⁰ The prasasti found in and around Bogor differ in shape and text style from other Indonesian prasasti and are among the main attractions of the city.²¹

From the 9th-15th centuries, the capital moved between Pakuan and other cities of the kingdom, and finally returned to Pakuan by King Siliwangi (Sri Baduga Maharaja) on 3 June 1482 – the day of his coronation. Since 1973, this date is celebrated in Bogor as an official city holiday.²²²³

In 1579, Pakuan was captured and almost completely destroyed by the army of the Sultanate of Banten,²⁴²⁵ causing the existence of the State of Sunda to cease. The city was abandoned and remained uninhabited for decades.²⁶²⁷

Colonial period

Dutch East India Company

In the second half of the 17th century, the abandoned Pakuan as with most of West Java, while formally remaining under the Sultanate of Banten, gradually passed under the control of the Dutch East India Company (VOC). The formal transition occurred on 17 April 1684 with a signed agreement between the Crown Prince of Banten and the VOC.²⁸

The first, and temporal, colonial settlement at Pakuan was a camp of lieutenant Tanoejiwa, a Sundanese employed by the VOC who was sent in 1687 to develop the area.²⁹³⁰³¹ It was seriously damaged by the eruption on 4–5 January 1699 of the Mount Salak volcano (Indonesian: Gunung Salak). However, the concomitant forest fires removed much forest, leaving much area for the planned rice and coffee plantations.³² In a short time, several agricultural settlements appeared around Pakuan, the largest being Kampung Baru (lit. "new village").³³ In 1701, they were combined into an administrative district; Tanoejiwa was chosen as the head of the district and is regarded as the founder of the modern Bogor Regency.³⁴³⁵

The district was further developed during the 1703 Dutch mission headed by the Inspector General of the VOC Abraham van Riebeeck (the son of the founder of Cape Town Jan van Riebeeck and later Governor of Dutch East Indies).³⁶³⁷ The expedition of van Riebeeck performed a detailed study of the Pakuan ruins, discovered and described many archaeological artifacts, including prasasti, and erected buildings for the VOC employees.³⁸ The area attracted the Dutch by a favorable geographical position and mild climate, preferred over the hot Batavia which was then the administrative center of the Dutch East Indies.³⁹ In 1744–1745, the residence of the Governor-General was built in Pakuan which was hosting the government during the summer.⁴⁰

In 1746, by the order of the Governor-General Gustaaf Willem van Imhoff, the Palace, a nearby Dutch settlement and nine native settlements were merged into an administrative division named Buitenzorg (Dutch for "beyond (or outside) concerns", meaning "without worries" or "carefree", cf. Frederick the Great of Prussia's summer palace outside Potsdam, Sanssouci, with the same meaning in French).⁴¹⁴² Around the same time, the first reference to Bogor as the local name of the city was documented; it was mentioned in the administration report from 7 April 1752 with respect to the part of Buitenzorg adjacent to the Palace.⁴³ Later this name became used for the whole city as the local alternative to Buitenzorg.⁴⁴ This name is believed to originate from the Javanese word bogor meaning sugar palm (Arenga pinnata) or bokor (a large bowl made from metal), which is still used in the Indonesian language.⁴⁵⁴⁶ Alternative origins are the old-Javanese word bhagar (meaning cow), or simply the misspelling of "Buitenzorg" by the local residents.⁴⁷

The city grew rapidly in the late 18th – early 19th centuries.⁴⁸ This growth was partly stimulated by the temporary occupation of the Dutch East Indies by the United Kingdom in 1811–1815 – the British landed on Java and other Sunda Islands to prevent their capture by Napoleonic France which then conquered the Netherlands. The head of the British administration Stamford Raffles moved the administrative center from Batavia to Buitenzorg and implemented new and more efficient management techniques.⁴⁹⁵⁰

Rule of the Kingdom of the Netherlands

After Buitenzorg was returned to the Dutch, it fell under the rule of the Kingdom of the Netherlands rather than VOC. The Buitenzorg Palace was reinstated as the summer residence of the Governor-General. The surrounding territory was also organized into a new Residency, the Buitenzorg Residency. A botanical garden was set up nearby in 1817, which was one of the world's largest gardens in the 19th century.^51525354

On 10 October 1834, Buitenzorg was seriously damaged by another eruption of the Salak volcanoes caused by an earthquake.⁵⁵⁵⁶ Taking into account the seismic activity of the region, the governor's palace and office buildings constructed in 1840–1850 were built shorter but sturdier than those built prior to the eruption.⁵⁷ The Governor's decree of 1845 prescribed separate settlements of European, Chinese and Arab migrants within the city.⁵⁸

In 1860–1880, the largest agricultural school in the colony was established in Buitenzorg. Other scientific institutions including a city library, natural science museum, biology, chemistry, and veterinary medicine laboratories were also constructed during this period. During this time, in 1867, the Buitenzorg Residency was downgraded from a full Residency to an Assistant Residency. By the end of the 19th century, Buitenzorg became one of the most developed and westernized cities in Indonesia.⁵⁹⁶⁰

In 1904, Buitenzorg formally became the administrative center of the Dutch East Indies. However, real management remained in Batavia, which hosted most of the administrative offices and the main office of the governor.⁶¹⁶² This status was revoked in the administrative reform of 1924, which divided the colony into provinces and made Buitenzorg seat of the new Buitenzorg Residency and center of West Java Province.⁶³

1942–1950

During World War II, Buitenzorg and the entire territory of the Dutch East Indies were occupied by Japanese forces; the occupation lasted from 6 March 1942 until the summer of 1945.⁶⁴ As part of the efforts by the Japanese to promote nationalist (and thus anti-Dutch) sentiments among the local population the city was given the Indonesian name Bogor.⁶⁵ The city had one of the major training centres of the Indonesian militia PETA (Pembela Tanah Air – "Defenders of the Motherland").⁶⁶

On 17 August 1945, Sukarno and Hatta proclaimed independence, but the Dutch regained control of the town and adjoining areas. In February 1948, Buitenzorg was included in the quasi-independent state of West Java,(Indonesian: Negara Jawa Barat) which was renamed Pasundan in April 1948 (Indonesian: Negara Pasundan). This state was established by the Netherlands as a step to transform their former colonial possessions in the East Indies into a dependent federation.⁶⁷⁶⁸ In December 1949, Pasundan joined the Republic of the United States of Indonesia (Indonesian: Republik Indonesia Serikat, RIS) established at the Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference of 23 August – 2 November 1949.⁶⁹⁷⁰ In February 1950, as a result of defeat of Pasundan in a quick military conflict with the Republic of Indonesia, the city became part of Indonesia, as formalized in August 1950,⁷¹⁷² and its name was officially declared as Bogor.⁷³⁷⁴

Independence period

As part of independent modern Indonesia, Bogor has a significant role in the cultural, scientific, and economic development of the country and West Java in particular – in part due to the legacy of infrastructure built during the colonial period. Its special position was further reinforced by the transformation of the former summer residence of the governor-general into the summer palace of the President of Indonesia.⁷⁵⁷⁶

Geography

The city is situated in the western part of Java island, about 53 km south of the metropolis of Jakarta and 85 km northwest of the city of Bandung, the administrative center of West Java Province.⁷⁷ Bogor spreads over a basin near the volcanoes of Salak (which peaks at about 12 km south) and Mount Gede (whose top is 22–25 km south-east of the city).⁷⁸ The average elevation is 265 meters, maximum 330 m, and minimum 190 meters above sea level.⁷⁹ The terrain is rather uneven: 17.64 km2 of its area has slopes of 0–2°, 80.9 km2 from 2° to 15°, 11 km2 between 15° and 25°, 7.65 km2 from 25° to 40° and 1.20 km2 over 40°;⁸⁰ the northern part is relatively flat and the southern part is more hilly.⁸¹

The soils are dominated by volcanic sedimentary rocks.⁸² Given the proximity of large active volcanoes, the area is considered highly seismic.⁸³ The total area of green space is 205,000 m2, of which 87,000 m2 are Bogor Botanical Gardens, 19,400 m2 are taken by 35 parks, 17,200 m2 by 24 groves and 81,400 m2 are covered with grass.⁸⁴

Several rivers flow through the city toward the Java Sea. The largest ones, Ciliwung and Cisadane, flank the historic city center. Smaller rivers, Cipakancilan, Cidepit, Ciparigi and Cibalok, are guided by cement tubes in many places.⁸⁵ It is worth noting that "ci" in the river names merely means "river" in Sundanese, and the actual name begins after it, but the "ci" is nevertheless included in national and international maps. There are several small lakes within the city, including Situ Burung (lit. Bird Lake; "Situ" meaning "Lake") and Situ Gede (lit. Great Lake), each with an area of several hectares. Rivers and lakes occupy 2.89% of the city area.⁸⁶

Climate

Bogor has a tropical rainforest climate (Af) according to the Köppen climate classification,⁸⁷ and more humid and rainy than in many other areas of West Java – the average relative humidity is 70%,⁸⁸ the average annual precipitation is about 1700 mm, but more than 3500 mm in some areas.⁸⁹ Most rain falls between December and February. Because of this weather, Bogor has the nickname "Rain City" (Indonesian: Kota hujan).⁹⁰⁹¹ The temperatures are lower than in coastal Java: the average maximum is 25.9 °C (cf. 32.2 °C in Jakarta). Daily fluctuations (9–10 °C) are rather high for Indonesia. The absolute maximum temperature was recorded at 38 °C and the minimum at 3 °C.⁹²

Demographics

The New American Cyclopaedia of 1867 reported Buitenzorg's population as being 320,756, including 9,530 Chinese, 650 Europeans, and 23 Arabs.⁹⁴

Population

According to the national census held in May–August 2010, 949,066 people were registered in Bogor.⁹⁵ The average population density was about 8,000 people per km2; it reached 12,571 persons per km2 in the centre and drops to 5,866 people per km2 in the southern part.⁹⁶ Based on official figures from Dukcapil Kemendagri, the city's population at the end of 2023 was 1,127,408 people, giving a population density of 10,121 people per km2.⁹⁷

The rapid population growth in Bogor after 1960 is related to urbanization as well as the influx of workforce from other parts of the country.¹⁰² The birth rate in 2009 was 563 children per 10,000 people, with the mortality value of 272. During the same year, 12,709 permanent resident moved in and 3,391 people left the city.¹⁰³ Men constituted 51.06% and women 48.94% of the population;¹⁰⁴ 28.39% of the inhabitants were under 15 years old, 67.42% were aged 15–65 years and 3.51% – over 65 years.¹⁰⁵ The 2005 estimate of the life expectancy was 71.8 years, which is the highest figure for West Java and one of the highest in Indonesia.¹⁰⁶

The majority of population (93%) are Muslims with about 6% Christians. However, there are many Christian churches in the city, as well as Buddhist (mostly in the Chinese community) and Hindu communities.

Since 2008, a Christian church congregation in Bogor has been embroiled in conflict with Islamic fundamentalists over the building permit for their new church.¹⁰⁷

Ethnic groups

According to 2000 Census, most of the population are Sundanese (76%) as native, with the largest immigrant minorities being Betawi, Javanese, Chinese, and other, often mixed ethnicities.

Table based on Ethnicities in the 2000 Indonesian Population Census below;¹⁰⁹

Administrative districts

Bogor City is surrounded by the Bogor Regency (kabupaten) but in itself is a separate municipality (kota),¹¹⁰¹¹¹ making Bogor City an enclave within Bogor Regency. The city is divided into six districts (kecamatan), which contain 68 urban villages (kelurahan). The districts are tabulated below with their populations at the 2010¹¹² and 2020¹¹³ Censuses, together with the official estimates at the end of 2023.¹¹⁴ The table also includes the number of administrative villages (all classed as urban kelurahan) in each district, and their post codes.

Administration

The city is headed by a mayor, who is elected by the citizens every five years, together with a vice-mayor; in the past, the mayor was appointed by the provincial administration.¹¹⁵ Diani Budiarto became the first directly elected mayor of Bogor on 25 October 2008 and assumed his position on 7 April 2009.¹¹⁶ Legislative power is provided by the Bogor City Regional House of Representatives which consists of 50 directly elected members serving 5-year terms.¹¹⁷ The Coat of arms of Bogor is a rectangular heraldic shield with a pointed base and the side lengths ratio of 5:4, divided by a cross into four parts. The upper left quarter contains the National emblem of Indonesia – the mythical bird Garuda, in the upper right is the presidential palace, in the bottom left is the Salak volcano, and in the lower right is the national Sundanese dagger kujang. The inscription on top reads "KOTA BOGOR", which translates to "THE CITY OF BOGOR".¹¹⁸

Culinary

The typical cuisine of Bogor is soto mie bogor, a kind of soup made from noodles and vermicelli, cabbage, tomatoes, (cartilage and beef tendons) and tripe, spring roll risoles, served in broth, added with sweet soy sauce, sprinkled with fried onions and chili sauce,¹¹⁹ Asinan is a kind of preserved vegetable or fruit salad from the many types and variations of pickles in Indonesia, the most popular are pickled vegetables and pickled fruit. and many more types,¹²⁰ for example Toge goreng and rujak.

There are two culinary centers in the city of Bogor, the first near the Bogor City Square [id] or better known as Alun-alun kota bogor which is a city park which is a gathering place for city residents to carry out social, cultural, and recreational activities. The Bogor City Square was inaugurated by the Bogor City Government on Friday, December 17, 2021¹²¹ and the second is on Suryakencana Street, this street is a Chinatown area, visitors will find houses of native Chinese residents and buildings from ancient times because this area has indeed functioned as a commercial area since the Dutch colonial era.¹²²

Tourism

At a national tourism exhibition of 2010 in Jakarta, Bogor was recognized as the most attractive tourist city in Indonesia.¹²³ The city and its surrounding area are visited by about 1.8 million people per year, of whom more than 60,000 are foreigners.¹²⁴

The main tourist attraction is the Bogor Botanical Garden. Founded in 1817, it contains more than 6,000 species of tropical plants. Besides, about 42 bird species breed within the garden, although this number is declining and was 62 before 1952.¹²⁵ The garden's 87-hectare area within the city was supplemented in 1866 by a 120-hectare park in suburban town of Cibodas.¹²⁶¹²⁷ Much of the original rainforest was preserved within the garden providing specimens for scientific studies. The garden was also enriched by collections of palms, bamboos, cacti, orchids and ornamental trees. It became famous in the late 19th century and was visited by naturalists from abroad to conduct scientific research. For example, the Russian St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences had a Buitenzorg scholarship for young scientists to work at Bogor.¹²⁸

On the grounds of the botanic garden, there is a cemetery established in 1784.¹²⁹ It contains 42 historical graves of the Dutch colonial officials, military officers, and scientists, who served in Bogor, Jakarta, and other cities in West Java from the late 18th to early 20th centuries.¹³⁰ Nearby, there are three graves from the early Sunda Kingdom (15th century): the wife of the founder of Bogor Siliwangi, Galuh Mangku Alam, vizier Ba'ul, and commander Japra. The locals regard these individuals as the city's patrons.¹³¹ The staff of Bogor garden also administer three other major gardens of Indonesia: the Cibodas Botanical Garden founded 1862 in West Java, the Purwodadi Botanical Garden in East Java and the Bali Botanic Garden founded in 1959 on Bali island.¹³²

Another tourist attraction is the presidential palace with the total area of 28 hectares, including 1.8492 hectares of the palace buildings. The palace is surrounded by a park with a small pond.¹³³¹³⁴ The park is home to a herd of tame deer and is open to the public most of the year. The palace is accessible during holidays, such as the City Day and Independence Day; it has a collection of 450 paintings and 360 sculptures.¹³⁵

Bogor was the capital of the Sundanese kingdom in the Middle Ages. Sundanese culture dominates as in other areas of West Java. The city and its suburbs contain dozens of medieval stone stelae (prasasti). Fifteen inscriptions of the greatest historical and cultural value are collected in a special museum, one of which is the Batutulis inscription.¹³⁶ In the southern part of Bogor city there is the tomb of Raden Saleh, a famous 19th-century Dutch East Indies painter and in the western part of Bogor city there is a large lake Gede (area 6 hectares) surrounded by protected forest areas and forest parks. In the protected area there are several research facilities, and recreational areas host sports, boating, and fishing activities.¹³⁷¹³⁸

Bogor is one of the leading cities of Indonesia by the number of museums, some of which are among the oldest and largest in the country.¹³⁹ The Zoological Museum (Indonesian: Museum Zoologi) which was opened in 1894 by the Dutch colonial administration as an adjunct to the Botanic Gardens and contains thousands of exhibits.¹⁴⁰ Other prominent museums are more recent. The museum of ethnobotany (Indonesian: Museum Etnobotani) was opened in 1982 and has more than 2000 exhibits;¹⁴¹ the museum of the earth (Indonesian: Museum Tanah, 1988) displays hundreds of soil and rock samples from different parts of Indonesia;¹⁴² the museum of the struggle (Indonesian: Museum Perjuangan, 1957) is devoted to the history of the Indonesian national liberation movement;¹⁴³ and Pembela Tanah Air Museum (1996) reflects the history of the Indonesian military militia PETA (Pembela Tanah Air – "Defenders of the Motherland") created during World War II by the Japanese occupation administration.¹⁴⁴

Other historical places are Bogor Cathedral – built in 1750, it is one of the oldest operational Catholic churches in Indonesia,¹⁴⁵ and the Buddhist temple Hok Tek Bio, built in 1672 in the classical southern Chinese style. It is the first Buddhist temple in Bogor and one of the oldest in Indonesia. The Jaksa Waterfall is located near the city. It is located within a picturesque lowland rainforest setting.

The city has a drama theater,¹⁴⁶ dozens of movie theaters, nine of which (as of mid-2010) are built to international standards.¹⁴⁷ The presidential palace, administrative buildings, and universities regularly host art exhibitions, and there are regular festivals of folk art, conferences, and culture-related seminars, such as the Congress of Indonesian culture (Indonesian: Kongres Kebudayaan Indonesia) of 2008.¹⁴⁸ Besides all the tourist attractions above, Bogor also offers a variety of shopping malls or stores including Botani Square, Bogor Trade Mall, Lippo Plaza, Plaza Indah Bogor, etc.¹⁴⁹

Bogor launched a bus service that can go around the city of Bogor called Transpakuan [id] which starts their tour at Bogor Botanical Gardens. The bus route will start from Alun-alun Botani and end at the same place. This service was inaugurated by Bogor Mayor Bima Arya on January 1, 2017. This bus is called UNCAL, which means "Unforgettable City Tour in a Fun City".¹⁵⁰

Economy

Bogor has developed automotive, chemical, and food industries;¹⁵¹ its outlying areas are used for agriculture.¹⁵² During the colonization, Bogor was mostly producing coffee, rubber and high-quality timber. Chemical industry was introduced to the city at the end of the 19th century,¹⁵³¹⁵⁴ and car and metal production in the 1950s, during the industrialization of independent Indonesia. The fast economic development of the 1980s was slowed down by the crisis of the 1990s and recovered in the early 2000s; so the growth rate of the economy in Bogor was 5.78% in 2002, 6.07% in 2003 and 6.02% in 2009.¹⁵⁵ At the end of 2009, the Gross Regional Product (GRP) was 12.249 trillion IDR¹⁵⁶ (approximately US$1.287 billion¹⁵⁷) and the investments amounted to 932.295 billion IDR.¹⁵⁸

Despite the economic growth, the number of citizens living below the poverty level (defined by not only income, but also access to basic social services¹⁵⁹) is increasing, primarily due to the inflow of poor residents from the surrounding rural areas. In 2009, 17.45% of the population lived below the poverty level, almost twice as high than in 2006 (9.5%)¹⁶⁰ Minimum wage is established by the West Java Governor at 2,658,155 IDR/month.¹⁶¹

In 2008 there were 3,208 officially registered industrial enterprises in Bogor employing 54,268 people, more than half (32,237) of whom worked at the 114 largest companies.¹⁶³ The outskirts of the city contain about 3,466 hectares of agricultural area, including 111 hectares of water bodies used for fishery and fish farming.¹⁶⁴ The main crops are rice (1165 hectares as of 2007, the annual harvest in 2003 was 9,953 tonnes), various vegetables (772 acres, 8,296 tonnes), corn (382 acres, 6,720 tonnes) and sweet potato (480 acres, 3,480 tonnes).¹⁶⁵ The livestock sector has 25 registered companies (as of 2007) mostly breeding cows (more than 1000 animals yielding more than 2.61 million liters of milk), sheep (about 12,000), chickens (more than 642,000) and ducks (ca. 8,000).¹⁶⁶¹⁶⁷

About 25–30 tonnes of various species of fish are produced per year by 4 registered companies. The fishes are mostly bred artificially, in ponds and paddy fields.¹⁶⁸ Breeding aquarium fish and also catching them in their natural habitat is an important industry sector, which yielded US$367,000 from 2008 export sales only, mostly to Japan and Middle East.¹⁶⁹ A substantial part of other Bogor production, 144 billion IDR in 2008, is exported. Examples are clothes and footwear (to US, EU, ASEAN, Canada, Australia, Russia), textiles (US, New Zealand), furniture (South Korea), car tires (ASEAN countries and South America), toys and souvenirs (Japan, Germany, Brazil), soft drinks (ASEAN countries and Middle East).¹⁷⁰¹⁷¹ Most of the local sells are carried out via the eight major shopping centers, nine supermarkets and seven major markets.¹⁷²

Transport

Bogor is a major transport center of Java. It contains 599.2 kilometers of roads (as of 2008) which cover 5.31% of the city area; 30.2 kilometers of the roads are of national and 26.8 km of prefectural importance.¹⁷³ The 22 transport lines are operated by 3,506 buses and minibuses. In addition, 10 bus routes connect the city with the nearest metropolitan area (4,612 buses) and 40 with other cities of West Java (330 buses).¹⁷⁴

There are two major bus terminals, Baranangsiang and Bubulak. The former has an area of 22,100 m2 and is dedicated to long-distance and freight traffic while the latter (area 11,850 m2) serves urban passenger routes.¹⁷⁵ A separate station is dedicated to tourist coaches and buses to the nearest Soekarno–Hatta International Airport in Jakarta, located about 55 kilometers from Bogor.¹⁷⁶ Recent years have seen a significant increase in the number of traditional Indonesian rickshaw (becak) at more than 2,000 units as of 2009.¹⁷⁷ The Bogor railway station was built in 1881, and currently serves about 50,000 passengers and has about 70 departures and 70 arrivals per day.¹⁷⁸ The Bogor Paledang railway station opened in 2013 to serve trains to Sukabumi.¹⁷⁹

Housing and facilities

Residential buildings occupy 26.46% of the city, or 71.11% of its built-up area; 5–14-storey buildings dominate the central part and the outlying areas are mostly built up with single-storeyed houses.¹⁸⁰¹⁸¹ The population rise in the 1990s–2000s due to the inflow of external workforce sharply increased the number of substandard housing, mainly on the outskirts of the city. More than half of the slums (1,242,490 m2) are located in northern Bogor, whereas their area is only 89,780 m2 in the southern part of the city.¹⁸²¹⁸³ To improve this situation, the city administration launched a program of construction of cheap housing types (light prefabricated houses) in western Bogor. These houses combine reasonable rent ($22 per year¹⁸⁴) at acceptable living conditions.¹⁸⁵

Electricity to Bogor is supplied by the Indonesian state company Perusahaan Listrik Negara, which serves the provinces of West Java and Banten. Electricity is provided by more than ten regional thermal and hydroelectric power plants via two local transformer stations located in the Bogor districts of Cimahpar and Cibilong.¹⁸⁶ Whereas most of the houses (excluding some slum areas) are provided with electricity, street lighting covers only 35.38% of the city (4,193 light sources, as of 2007), however, the number of street lights is increasing at an annual rate of 10–15%.¹⁸⁷

As of 2009, only 47% of Bogor is provided with clean tap water through a centralized water supply systems managed by state-owned Tirta Pakuan.¹⁸⁸ The municipal system takes water from rivers Cisadane (1240 liters per second), and three natural sources: Kota Batu, Bentar-Kambing and Tangka (410 liters per second). Although the water network has a total length of 741 kilometers and covers about 70% of the city, connection to it is often problematic for financial and technical reasons. More than half of residents use water wells or natural reservoirs.¹⁸⁹

Garbage collection service covers 67% of the urban area. From about 800,000 m3 of waste per year, about 90% is buried at an external landfill at Galuga, about 7% is recycled for compost and about 3% is burned in five incinerators within the city.¹⁹⁰

The seven cemeteries of Bogor are named by the city districts as Cilendek, Kayumanis, Situgede, Mulyaharja, Blender, Dreded and Gunung Gadung. The first six have the status of "public cemeteries" (Indonesian: Tempat pemakaman umum), and have no restrictions by religion or ethnicity. However, given the religious composition of Bogor, the cemeteries are predominantly Muslim, and Christian graves are located either in separate areas of cemeteries or in a small cemetery adjacent to churches.¹⁹¹ Some mosques also have small burial plots.¹⁹² Graves for the poor and nameless are mostly located at Kayumanis,¹⁹³ and Gunung Gadung cemetery is restricted to Chinese residents.¹⁹⁴

Education

Bogor is one of the major scientific and educational centers in Indonesia. A significant part of academic and research base was laid in the period of Dutch colonization. In particular, since the beginning of the 19th century, there were established laboratories and professional schools focused primarily on improving the efficiency of colonial agriculture.^195196197 In the late 19th – early 20th centuries major scientific institutions were established – the Research Institute and Rubber Research Institute of Forest.¹⁹⁸¹⁹⁹

The prevailing profile of research and academic activity was retained in Bogor Indonesia after gaining independence. As in the second half of the 20th century, in the 2000s the strongest areas were agricultural, biology, and veterinary sciences. The main educational and scientific center with the utmost national importance is IPB University, which in addition to educational facilities, includes dozens of research centers and laboratories.²⁰⁰²⁰¹

Bogor hosts the global headquarters of the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), an international organization conducting research on forestry and human development.²⁰²²⁰³ The headquarters of the Organisation for the Preservation of Birds and their Habitat are also in Bogor.

The literacy rate in Bogor (98.7%) is relatively high for Indonesia.²⁰⁶ IPB University (Indonesian: Institut Pertanian Bogor) is the main agricultural university of the country. It was founded in 1963 based on the agricultural college, which was established back in the 19th century by the Dutch colonial administration.²⁰⁷²⁰⁸ The largest private universities are Pakuan, Juanda, Nusa Bangsa and Ibn Khaldun.²⁰⁹ In addition to regular schools, there are over 700 Muslim schools (madrasah) and several Christian schools and colleges.²¹⁰

Most scientific research in Bogor is carried out in agriculture, soil science, dendrology, veterinary and ichthyology.²¹¹²¹² More specific areas include natural pesticides and repellents, intercropping, industrial applications of essential oils and natural alkaloids, increasing yields of various kinds of pepper, improving preservation processes, etc.²¹³

Health

The first hospitals were established in Bogor in the first half of the 19th century by the Dutch authorities. By the early 20th century, there were several civilian hospitals, a military hospital,²¹⁴ and a large psychiatric hospital with doctors from Europe and North America.²¹⁵ In the 1930s, the Dutch Red Cross Society hospital became the largest in the city. Most of the existing hospitals and clinics were built in the 1980s–1990s.²¹⁶ They include 10 hospitals, 373 private clinics, 51 single-doctor clinics, and 134 pharmacies and drug stores, and employ 274 general practitioners, 122 dentists, 74 sanitation doctors, 37 radiologists (X-ray), 141 gynaecologists, 32 nutritionists, 55 assistants, 710 nurses, 63 pharmacists, and 99 doctors of other specialties.²¹⁷²¹⁸ 2 new hospitals are founded in 2014. Bogor has been a thriving city and it reflects on the increasing number of hospitals available. As of 2024, there are 25 hospitals available in Bogor alone.

The 25 hospitals of Bogor are:

1. Hospital of the Indonesian Red Cross Society (Indonesian: Rumah Sakit Palang Merah Indonesia) – general, the oldest in the city
2. General Hospital of Bogor City (Indonesian: Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Kota Bogor) – general, owned by the city government, formerly Karya Bhakti²¹⁹
3. Salak (Indonesian: Rumah Sakit Salak) – general, owned by the Indonesian Army
4. Atang Sanjaya (Indonesian: Rumah Sakit TNI AU Atang Sanjaya) – general, owned by the Indonesian Air Force, located in airbase area
5. Bogor Medical Centre – general practitioners, private
6. Islamic Hospital (Indonesian: Rumah Sakit Islam) – general
7. Azra (Indonesian: Rumah Sakit Azra) – general
8. Melania (Indonesian: Rumah Sakit Melania) – women and children
9. Hermina (Indonesian: Rumah Sakit Hermina) – women and children
10. Marzuki Mahdi (Indonesian: Rumah Sakit Marzuki Mahdi) – infectious diseases and psychiatric hospital
11. Mulia (Indonesian: Rumah Sakit Mulia)- general
12. Vania (Indonesian: Rumah Sakit Vania)- general, founded on 1 Nov 2014²²⁰
13. BMC (Indonesian: Rumah Sakit Bogor Medical Center)- general
14. EMC Sentul City(Indonesian: Rumah Sakit EMC)- general
15. UMMI (Indonesian: Rumah Sakit UMMI) - general
16. Nuraida (Indonesian: Rumah Sakit Ibu dan Anak Nuraida) - women and children
17. Bina Husada (Indonesian: Rumah Sakit Bina Husada Cibinong) - general
18. Bogor Senior Hospital - general
19. Graha Merdika (Indonesian: Rumah Sakit Graha Merdika Bogor) - general
20. Bunda Suryatni (Indonesian: Rumah Sakit Bunda Suryatni) - women and children
21. Ibu dan Anak (Indonesian: Rumah Sakit Ibu dan Anak) - women and children
22. Juliana (Indonesian: Rumah Sakit Juliana) - general
23. RSKIA Sawojajar - women and children
24. Medika (Indonesian: Rumah Sakit Umum Medika Dramaga) - general

Media

Bogor has three daily Indonesian-language newspapers²²¹ – Radar Bogor, founded in 1998, Pakuan Raya founded in 2005 and Jurnal Bogor, founded in 2008. they print in about 25,000 copies and have electronic versions. Bogor offices also partly print part some Sundanese and national newspapers. There are a few magazines and scientific publications of the local universities.

The two municipal TV channels, Bogor TV and Megaswara TV, broadcast at UHF channel 25 over the city and nearby areas of West Java.²²² There are also at least 30 local radio stations, of which 20 are in the FM and 10 in the AM range.²²³

Sport

As of March 2010, the Bogor teams were registered in 28 sports to participate in national and regional competitions conducted by the National Sports Committee of Indonesia (Indonesian: Komite Nasional Olahraga Indonesia). At the Java competitions, Bogor athletes took 5 gold medals instead of the planned 42.²²⁴²²⁵ The largest among 15 sports organizations²²⁶ is the Bogor Football Union (Indonesian: Persatuan Sepakbola Bogor), headed by the current Mayor Diani Budiarto. The local football team "PSB Bogor" has never won in the national championships.²²⁷ The local Stadium Pajajaran can accommodate 25,000 spectators.²²⁸

Sister cities

• Lumapas, Brunei-Muara, Brunei Darussalam
• St. Louis, Missouri, United States
• Lloró, Colombia
• Gödöllõ, Hungary
• Salak Tinggi, Malaysia
• Kisarazu, Japan

Notable people

Main category: People from Bogor

See also

• Bogor Regency
• Buitenzorg Residency
• Pakuan Pajajaran
• Sunda Kingdom
• Tarumanagara Kingdom
• List of twin towns and sister cities in Indonesia

Further reading

• "Klenteng Hok Tek Bio". Official Site of Bogor City (in Indonesian). Pemerintah Kota Bogor. 28 April 2008. Archived from the original on 12 March 2012. Retrieved 6 July 2010.

External links

• Media related to Bogor (city) at Wikimedia Commons
• Bogor travel guide from Wikivoyage
• Official website (in Indonesian)

References

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