Cotoname is a Pakawan language spoken by Native Americans indigenous to the lower Rio Grande Valley of northeastern Mexico and extreme southern Texas (United States). Today it is extinct.
All known primary witnesses to the Cotoname language were published in 2024.
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Vocabulary
The following vocabulary list of Cotoname is from John Swanton (1940).3
| gloss | Cotoname |
|---|---|
| air | gurám |
| arm, right | katówan |
| arrow | ká-u |
| bad | kĕnáx, sá |
| bed | kắm |
| belly | kóx, kuwéle |
| below | éta |
| bird | komióm |
| bison | wiyá-u |
| black | baí (cf. night) |
| blade | ĕhiá-u |
| blanket, American | häwáss (cf. cold) |
| blood | sä'x |
| blow, to | pó-une |
| bow | kémma |
| boy | kuwósam |
| breast (female) | kĕnám |
| breechclout | xaguátema |
| buffalo | wiyá-u |
| cactus-fig | wámena |
| cane | ká-u |
| chair, a | náxe |
| chief | kapitán |
| cloth (a small piece of cloth) | huáxhe |
| cold | häwéss |
| come here! | sánxe |
| Comecrudo | Aranguá, xaíma |
| cow | wiyá-u |
| crane | karakór |
| cry, to | páma |
| dance, to | okáwe |
| day | ō' |
| daybreak | káma |
| deer | kĕmás |
| die, to | wátĕxo |
| dog | kowá-u |
| drink, to | xuáxe |
| dust | pó-una |
| earth | pén |
| east | otá-ume |
| eat, to | haháme |
| evening | ovx |
| eye | arókwan |
| face | makuát |
| far | huánpa |
| feathers | kuwai |
| female | nan |
| fire | mánĕx |
| flesh | kĕmás |
| fog | máyen |
| food | haháme |
| foot | ayésim |
| fox | kissá |
| girl | kuwósam |
| go over there! | awóyo! |
| goat | kápĕra |
| good | kĕnáx |
| goose | krák |
| grass | suá-u |
| great | katám |
| gun | komióp |
| guts | kuwéle |
| hair | makuát |
| handkerchief | huáxhe |
| hare | gamáro |
| hat | garópa |
| head | makuát |
| high | katám |
| hog | esmók |
| horn | yómo |
| horse | kokátere |
| Indian, an | xaíma |
| infant | huwáxe |
| iron | komióp |
| Karankawa | Aranguá |
| kill, to | wátxuka |
| knife | komiópo |
| knife (for cutting leather) | ĕhiá-u |
| land | pén |
| let us go! | awóyo |
| little | kuwósam |
| low (said of water) | xuắxe |
| maize | tawaló |
| maize-husk | wapxáp |
| male quadruped | yómo |
| man | xuaináxe |
| masticate, to | akwanámie |
| meat | kemás |
| mesquite-bush | dán |
| metate | komoí |
| milk | kĕnám |
| mouse | tsĕmáx |
| mud | pén |
| night | baí |
| no | sá |
| north | hayámta |
| nose | yá-ĕx |
| ox (young) | wiyá-u |
| painted (on body, face, etc.) | tháwĕ |
| peccary | kápio |
| Pintos (Indian tribe so called) | tháwĕ |
| pipe | pá-una |
| rabbit | kiáxhem |
| rat | tsĕmáx |
| red | msá-ĕ |
| reed | ká-u |
| rifle | komióp |
| Rio Grande river | áx̣, katám |
| river | áx̣, katám |
| run, to | mtára |
| salt | dá-än |
| scratch, to | átsiu |
| seat, a | náxe |
| sheep | séwuya |
| sing, to | koyáma |
| sit, to | páwe |
| sit down! | páwe |
| sleep, to | mátsĕkuka |
| small | kuwósam |
| smoke, to | pá-una, suá-u |
| snake | kiá-uxa |
| sombrero | garópa |
| south | séta |
| stand, to | páwia |
| star | kápra |
| stick | dópax |
| suck, to | huä'xle |
| sun | ō' |
| sweet | yáx |
| sweetmeats | yáx |
| tail (of animal) | ásuxuga |
| Tampacuás Indian | xaíma |
| tobacco | suá-u |
| tortilla | kamaplaí |
| tortoise | gapáx |
| tree | dópax |
| tuna | wámĕna |
| up the country | wéfta |
| velduque | ĕhiá-u |
| west | wéfta |
| what do you want? | titcháx mén? |
| water | áx̣ |
| weep, to | xákue |
| west | wéfta |
| white | mesó-i |
| wind | gurám |
| wings | miápa |
| within | kuwéle |
| wolf | kombóx |
| woman | katám |
See also
External links
Wiktionary has a word list at Appendix:Cotoname word listReferences
Or Cotonamu.[1] ↩
Haukur Þorgeirsson and Alaric Hall, 'The Cotoname Language – The Primary Sources', Zenodo (2024), doi:10.5281/zenodo.13368224. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩
Swanton, John. 1940. Linguistic material from the tribes of southern Texas and northern Mexico. ↩