• Images
• Videos
• Documents
• Books
• Articles

Translation table 1

Standard RNA codon table

As shown in the above table, NCBI table 1 includes the less-canonical start codons GUG and UUG.²³

Inverse RNA codon table

Standard DNA codon table

Inverse DNA codon table

Alternative codons in other translation tables

Further information: List of genetic codes

The genetic code was once believed to be universal:³² a codon would code for the same amino acid regardless of the organism or source. However, it is now agreed that the genetic code evolves,³³ resulting in discrepancies in how a codon is translated depending on the genetic source.³⁴³⁵ For example, in 1981, it was discovered that the use of codons AUA, UGA, AGA and AGG by the coding system in mammalian mitochondria differed from the universal code.³⁶ Stop codons can also be affected: in ciliated protozoa, the universal stop codons UAA and UAG code for glutamine.³⁷³⁸ Four novel alternative genetic codes (numbered here 34–37) were discovered in bacterial genomes by Shulgina and Eddy, revealing the first sense codon changes in bacteria.³⁹ The following table displays these alternative codons.

See also

• Biology portal
• Evolutionary biology portal

• Bioinformatics
• List of genetic codes

Notes

Further reading

• Chevance FV, Hughes KT (2 May 2017). "Case for the genetic code as a triplet of triplets". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 114 (18): 4745–4750. Bibcode:2017PNAS..114.4745C. doi:10.1073/pnas.1614896114. JSTOR 26481868. PMC 5422812. PMID 28416671.
• Dever TE (29 June 2012). "A New Start for Protein Synthesis". Science. 336 (6089). American Association for the Advancement of Science: 1645–1646. Bibcode:2012Sci...336.1645D. doi:10.1126/science.1224439. JSTOR 41585146. PMID 22745408. S2CID 44326947. Archived from the original on 8 June 2022. Retrieved 17 October 2020.
• Gardner RS, Wahba AJ, Basilio C, Miller RS, Lengyel P, Speyer JF (December 1962). "Synthetic polynucleotides and the amino acid code. VII". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 48 (12): 2087–2094. Bibcode:1962PNAS...48.2087G. doi:10.1073/pnas.48.12.2087. PMC 221128. PMID 13946552.
• Nakamoto T (March 2009). "Evolution and the universality of the mechanism of initiation of protein synthesis". Gene. 432 (1–2): 1–6. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2008.11.001. PMID 19056476.
• Wahba AJ, Gardner RS, Basilio C, Miller RS, Speyer JF, Lengyel P (January 1963). "Synthetic polynucleotides and the amino acid code. VIII". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 49 (1): 116–122. Bibcode:1963PNAS...49..116W. doi:10.1073/pnas.49.1.116. PMC 300638. PMID 13998282.
• Yanofsky C (9 March 2007). "Establishing the Triplet Nature of the Genetic Code". Cell. 128 (5): 815–818. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.02.029. PMID 17350564. S2CID 14249277.
• Zaneveld J, Hamady M, Sueoka N, Knight R (28 February 2009). "CodonExplorer: An Interactive Online Database for the Analysis of Codon Usage and Sequence Composition". Bioinformatics for DNA Sequence Analysis. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 537. pp. 207–232. doi:10.1007/978-1-59745-251-9_10. ISBN 978-1-58829-910-9. PMC 2953947. PMID 19378146.

External links

• DNA codon chart organized in a wheel

References

1. "Amino Acid Translation Table". Oregon State University. Archived from the original on 29 May 2020. Retrieved 2 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200529000711/http://sites.science.oregonstate.edu/genbio/otherresources/aminoacidtranslation.htm ↩

2. Bartee, Lisa; Brook, Jack. MHCC Biology 112: Biology for Health Professions. Open Oregon. p. 42. Archived from the original on 6 December 2020. Retrieved 6 December 2020. https://mhccbiology112.pressbooks.com ↩

3. Bartee, Lisa; Brook, Jack. MHCC Biology 112: Biology for Health Professions. Open Oregon. p. 42. Archived from the original on 6 December 2020. Retrieved 6 December 2020. https://mhccbiology112.pressbooks.com ↩

4. Elzanowski A, Ostell J (7 January 2019). "The Genetic Codes". National Center for Biotechnology Information. Archived from the original on 5 October 2020. Retrieved 21 February 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20201005105339/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Utils/wprintgc.cgi ↩

5. "RNA Functions". Scitable. Nature Education. Archived from the original on 18 October 2008. Retrieved 5 January 2021. https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/rna-functions-352/ ↩

6. Elzanowski A, Ostell J (7 January 2019). "The Genetic Codes". National Center for Biotechnology Information. Archived from the original on 5 October 2020. Retrieved 21 February 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20201005105339/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Utils/wprintgc.cgi ↩

7. "The Genetic Codes". National Center for Biotechnology Information. Archived from the original on 13 May 2011. Retrieved 2 December 2020. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Utils/wprintgc.cgi ↩

8. "Codon". National Human Genome Research Institute. Archived from the original on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 10 October 2020. https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Codon ↩

9. Each stop codon has a specific name: UAG is amber, UGA is opal and UAA is ochre,[7] (sometimes for UGA, umber is used instead of opal).[8] In DNA, these stop codons are TAG, TGA, and TAA, respectively. ↩

10. Maloy S. (29 November 2003). "How nonsense mutations got their names". Microbial Genetics Course. San Diego State University. Archived from the original on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 10 October 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200923075442/http://www.sci.sdsu.edu/~smaloy/MicrobialGenetics/topics/rev-sup/amber-name.html ↩

11. Elzanowski A, Ostell J (7 January 2019). "The Genetic Codes". National Center for Biotechnology Information. Archived from the original on 5 October 2020. Retrieved 21 February 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20201005105339/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Utils/wprintgc.cgi ↩

12. Hinnebusch AG (2011). "Molecular Mechanism of Scanning and Start Codon Selection in Eukaryotes". Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 75 (3): 434–467. doi:10.1128/MMBR.00008-11. PMC 3165540. PMID 21885680. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3165540 ↩

13. Touriol C, Bornes S, Bonnal S, Audigier S, Prats H, Prats AC, Vagner S (2003). "Generation of protein isoform diversity by alternative initiation of translation at non-AUG codons". Biology of the Cell. 95 (3–4): 169–78. doi:10.1016/S0248-4900(03)00033-9. PMID 12867081. https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0248-4900%2803%2900033-9 ↩

14. Elzanowski A, Ostell J (7 January 2019). "The Genetic Codes". National Center for Biotechnology Information. Archived from the original on 5 October 2020. Retrieved 21 February 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20201005105339/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Utils/wprintgc.cgi ↩

15. Touriol C, Bornes S, Bonnal S, Audigier S, Prats H, Prats AC, Vagner S (2003). "Generation of protein isoform diversity by alternative initiation of translation at non-AUG codons". Biology of the Cell. 95 (3–4): 169–78. doi:10.1016/S0248-4900(03)00033-9. PMID 12867081. https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0248-4900%2803%2900033-9 ↩

16. Saier, Milton H. Jr. (10 July 2019). "Understanding the Genetic Code". J Bacteriol. 201 (15): e00091-19. doi:10.1128/JB.00091-19. PMC 6620406. PMID 31010904. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6620406 ↩

17. Muto, A.; Osawa, S. (January 1987). "The guanine and cytosine content of genomic DNA and bacterial evolution". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 84 (1): 166–9. Bibcode:1987PNAS...84..166M. doi:10.1073/pnas.84.1.166. PMC 304163. PMID 3467347. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC304163 ↩

18. "Amino Acid Translation Table". Oregon State University. Archived from the original on 29 May 2020. Retrieved 2 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200529000711/http://sites.science.oregonstate.edu/genbio/otherresources/aminoacidtranslation.htm ↩

19. "The Information in DNA Determines Cellular Function via Translation". Scitable. Nature Education. Archived from the original on 23 September 2017. Retrieved 5 December 2020. https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/the-information-in-dna-determines-cellular-function-6523228/ ↩

20. The historical basis for designating the stop codons as amber, ochre and opal is described in the autobiography of Sydney Brenner[15] and in a historical article by Bob Edgar.[16] /wiki/Stop_codon#Nomenclature ↩

21. The historical basis for designating the stop codons as amber, ochre and opal is described in the autobiography of Sydney Brenner[15] and in a historical article by Bob Edgar.[16] /wiki/Stop_codon#Nomenclature ↩

22. The historical basis for designating the stop codons as amber, ochre and opal is described in the autobiography of Sydney Brenner[15] and in a historical article by Bob Edgar.[16] /wiki/Stop_codon#Nomenclature ↩

23. Elzanowski A, Ostell J (7 January 2019). "The Genetic Codes". National Center for Biotechnology Information. Archived from the original on 5 October 2020. Retrieved 21 February 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20201005105339/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Utils/wprintgc.cgi ↩

24. IUPAC—IUB Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature. "Abbreviations and Symbols for Nucleic Acids, Polynucleotides and Their Constituents" (PDF). International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 5 December 2020. http://publications.iupac.org/pac/1974/pdf/4003x0277.pdf ↩

25. "What does DNA do?". Your Genome. Welcome Genome Campus. Archived from the original on 29 November 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20201129044637/https://www.yourgenome.org/facts/what-does-dna-do ↩

26. The major difference between DNA and RNA is that thymine (T) is only found in the former. In RNA, it is replaced with uracil (U).[19] This is the only difference between the standard RNA codon table and the standard DNA codon table. /wiki/Thymine ↩

27. The historical basis for designating the stop codons as amber, ochre and opal is described in the autobiography of Sydney Brenner[15] and in a historical article by Bob Edgar.[16] /wiki/Stop_codon#Nomenclature ↩

28. The historical basis for designating the stop codons as amber, ochre and opal is described in the autobiography of Sydney Brenner[15] and in a historical article by Bob Edgar.[16] /wiki/Stop_codon#Nomenclature ↩

29. The historical basis for designating the stop codons as amber, ochre and opal is described in the autobiography of Sydney Brenner[15] and in a historical article by Bob Edgar.[16] /wiki/Stop_codon#Nomenclature ↩

30. IUPAC—IUB Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature. "Abbreviations and Symbols for Nucleic Acids, Polynucleotides and Their Constituents" (PDF). International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 5 December 2020. http://publications.iupac.org/pac/1974/pdf/4003x0277.pdf ↩

31. "Choose a start codon". depts.washington.edu. Retrieved 2024-08-14. https://depts.washington.edu/agro/genomes/students/stanstart.htm ↩

32. Osawa, A (November 1993). "Evolutionary changes in the genetic code". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. 106 (2): 489–94. doi:10.1016/0305-0491(93)90122-l. PMID 8281749. Archived from the original on 2020-12-06. Retrieved 2020-12-05. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8281749/ ↩

33. Osawa S, Jukes TH, Watanabe K, Muto A (March 1992). "Recent evidence for evolution of the genetic code". Microbiological Reviews. 56 (1): 229–64. doi:10.1128/MR.56.1.229-264.1992. PMC 372862. PMID 1579111. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC372862 ↩

34. Osawa, A (November 1993). "Evolutionary changes in the genetic code". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. 106 (2): 489–94. doi:10.1016/0305-0491(93)90122-l. PMID 8281749. Archived from the original on 2020-12-06. Retrieved 2020-12-05. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8281749/ ↩

35. Osawa S, Jukes TH, Watanabe K, Muto A (March 1992). "Recent evidence for evolution of the genetic code". Microbiological Reviews. 56 (1): 229–64. doi:10.1128/MR.56.1.229-264.1992. PMC 372862. PMID 1579111. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC372862 ↩

36. Osawa, A (November 1993). "Evolutionary changes in the genetic code". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. 106 (2): 489–94. doi:10.1016/0305-0491(93)90122-l. PMID 8281749. Archived from the original on 2020-12-06. Retrieved 2020-12-05. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8281749/ ↩

37. Osawa S, Jukes TH, Watanabe K, Muto A (March 1992). "Recent evidence for evolution of the genetic code". Microbiological Reviews. 56 (1): 229–64. doi:10.1128/MR.56.1.229-264.1992. PMC 372862. PMID 1579111. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC372862 ↩

38. Euplotes octacarinatus is an exception.[22] /wiki/Euplotes_octacarinatus ↩

39. Shulgina, Yekaterina; Eddy, Sean R. (9 November 2021). "A computational screen for alternative genetic codes in over 250,000 genomes". eLife. 10. doi:10.7554/eLife.71402. PMC 8629427. PMID 34751130. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8629427 ↩

40. Elzanowski A, Ostell J (7 January 2019). "The Genetic Codes". National Center for Biotechnology Information. Archived from the original on 5 October 2020. Retrieved 21 February 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20201005105339/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Utils/wprintgc.cgi ↩

41. Shulgina, Yekaterina; Eddy, Sean R. (9 November 2021). "A computational screen for alternative genetic codes in over 250,000 genomes". eLife. 10. doi:10.7554/eLife.71402. PMC 8629427. PMID 34751130. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8629427 ↩