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LDMOS

Double-diffused MOSFET

LDMOS (laterally-diffused metal-oxide semiconductor) is a planar double-diffused MOSFET (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor) used in amplifiers, including microwave power amplifiers, RF power amplifiers and audio power amplifiers. These transistors are often fabricated on p/p+ silicon epitaxial layers. The fabrication of LDMOS devices mostly involves various ion-implantation and subsequent annealing cycles. As an example, the drift region of this power MOSFET is fabricated using up to three ion implantation sequences in order to achieve the appropriate doping profile needed to withstand high electric fields.

The silicon-based RF LDMOS (radio-frequency LDMOS) is the most widely used RF power amplifier in mobile networks, enabling the majority of the world's cellular voice and data traffic. LDMOS devices are widely used in RF power amplifiers for base-stations as the requirement is for high output power with a corresponding drain to source breakdown voltage usually above 60 volts. Compared to other devices such as GaAs FETs they show a lower maximum power gain frequency.

Manufacturers of LDMOS devices and foundries offering LDMOS technologies include, Tower Semiconductor, TSMC, LFoundry, SAMSUNG, GLOBALFOUNDRIES, Vanguard International Semiconductor Corporation, STMicroelectronics, Infineon Technologies, RFMD, NXP Semiconductors (including former Freescale Semiconductor), SMIC, MK Semiconductors, Polyfet and Ampleon.

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Photo gallery

Various RF LDMOS transistors

Applications

See also: List of MOSFET applications and Power MOSFET

Common applications of LDMOS technology include the following.

Amplifiers — RF power amplifiers,⁸ ⁹ audio power amplifiers,¹⁰ class AB ¹¹
Audio technology — loudspeakers, high-fidelity (hi-fi) equipment, public announcement (PA) systems¹²
Mobile devices — mobile phones¹³
- Mobile networks — base stations and RF amplifiers ¹⁴
Pulse applications¹⁵
Radio-frequency (RF) technology — RF engineering (RF engineering), RF power amplifiers ¹⁶ ¹⁷ ¹⁸
Wireless technology — wireless networks and digital networks ¹⁹ ²⁰

RF LDMOS

See also: RF CMOS § Applications

Common applications of RF LDMOS technology include the following.

Aerospace and defense technology²¹ — military applications²²
- Automatic Dependent Surveillance–Broadcast (ADS–B)²³
- Electronic warfare ²⁴ ²⁵ — communications information warfare, multi-band communication systems ²⁶
- Military technology — military communications ²⁷
Alarm and security — security alarm ²⁸
Avionics ²⁹ ³⁰ — ADS-B transponders, identification friend or foe (IFF) transponders, secondary surveillance radar (SSR), distance measuring equipment (DME), Mode S edge-localized mode (ELM), tactical data link (TDL),³¹ airband ³²
Consumer electronics ³³
Data logging ³⁴
Equipment condition monitoring (CM)³⁵
Fire detection ³⁶
Gas detection — carbon monoxide detector (CO detector), methane detection³⁷
Industrial, Scientific and Medical band (ISM band) applications³⁸³⁹ — particle accelerators,⁴⁰⁴¹ welding,⁴² continuous wave (CW) applications, linear applications,⁴³ pulse applications⁴⁴⁴⁵⁴⁶
- Industrial technology ⁴⁷
- Medical technology ⁴⁸ — magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)⁴⁹ ⁵⁰
Laser technology — laser drivers,⁵¹ carbon dioxide laser (CO2 laser)⁵²
Radio technology — commercial radio, public safety radio, marine radio,⁵³ amateur radio,⁵⁴ portable radio,⁵⁵ wideband,⁵⁶ narrowband⁵⁷
- Millimeter-wave (mmW) technology⁵⁸
- Mobile radio ⁵⁹ ⁶⁰ — professional mobile radio, handheld transistor radio, analog radio, digital radio,⁶¹ digital mobile radio (DMR),⁶² land mobile radio system (LMRS),⁶³ private mobile radio (PMR),⁶⁴ Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA)⁶⁵ ⁶⁶
- Radar technology⁶⁷ ⁶⁸ — L band,⁶⁹ ⁷⁰ S band ⁷¹ ⁷²
- Radio-frequency (RF) technology — radio-frequency identification (RFID)⁷³ RF plasma generator⁷⁴
RF energy technology⁷⁵⁷⁶⁷⁷ — lighting, medical technology, drying, automotive electronics⁷⁸
- Heating — electric heating,⁷⁹ RF heating,⁸⁰ ⁸¹ microwave heating ⁸²
- Kitchen appliances — smart appliances,⁸³ countertop appliances, cooking appliances,⁸⁴ RF cooking,⁸⁵ ⁸⁶ ⁸⁷ microwave cooking,⁸⁸ RF defrosting,⁸⁹ ⁹⁰ ⁹¹ frozen food defrosting, freezers, refrigerators, ovens ⁹²
- Smart lighting — RF lighting and wireless light switch ⁹³
Telecommunications⁹⁴
- Broadband ⁹⁵ — mobile broadband ⁹⁶
- Broadcasting — ultra high frequency (UHF) broadcasting,⁹⁷ FM broadcasting ⁹⁸ ⁹⁹ ¹⁰⁰
- Cellular networks ¹⁰¹ ¹⁰² — 2G, 3G,¹⁰³ International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT),¹⁰⁴ Long-Term Evolution (LTE),¹⁰⁵ 4G,¹⁰⁶ ¹⁰⁷ 5G,¹⁰⁸ ¹⁰⁹ ¹¹⁰ 5G New Radio (5G NR)¹¹¹ ¹¹²
- High frequency (HF) communication — very high frequency (VHF),¹¹³ ¹¹⁴ ultra high frequency (UHF)¹¹⁵ ¹¹⁶
- Cellular voice and data traffic ¹¹⁷
- Television (TV)¹¹⁸ — VHF TV,¹¹⁹ UHF TV, digital TV (DTV), TV transmitter equipment¹²⁰
- Wideband and mobile communications ¹²¹ — base stations,¹²² ¹²³ ¹²⁴ emergency position-indicating radiobeacon station (EPIRB), sonar buoys, automatic meter reading (AMR)¹²⁵
- Wireless technology — mobile communication, satellite communication,¹²⁶ wireless data modems,¹²⁷ WiMAX ¹²⁸
Voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) applications¹²⁹ ¹³⁰ — plasma etching and synchrotrons ¹³¹

See also

External links

References

A. Elhami Khorasani, IEEE Electron Dev. Lett., vol. 35, pp. 1079-1081, 2014 https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/LED.2014.2353301 ↩
A. Elhami Khorasani, IEEE Electron Dev. Lett., vol. 35, pp. 1079-1081, 2014 https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/LED.2014.2353301 ↩
Baliga, Bantval Jayant (2005). Silicon RF Power MOSFETS. World Scientific. pp. 1–2. ISBN 9789812561213. 9789812561213 ↩
Asif, Saad (2018). 5G Mobile Communications: Concepts and Technologies. CRC Press. p. 134. ISBN 9780429881343. 9780429881343 ↩
Theeuwen, S. J. C. H.; Qureshi, J. H. (June 2012). "LDMOS Technology for RF Power Amplifiers" (PDF). IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques. 60 (6): 1755–1763. Bibcode:2012ITMTT..60.1755T. doi:10.1109/TMTT.2012.2193141. ISSN 1557-9670. S2CID 7695809. https://www.ampleon.com/documents/published-paper/AMP-PP-2017-0503.pdf ↩
"LDMOS Products and Solutions". NXP Semiconductors. Retrieved 4 December 2019. https://www.nxp.com/products/rf/rf-power/ldmos-products-and-solutions:RF-LDMOS-Products-Sol ↩
van Rijs, F. (2008). "Status and trends of silicon LDMOS base station PA technologies to go beyond 2.5 GHz applications". Radio and Wireless Symposium, 2008 IEEE. Orlando, FL. pp. 69–72. doi:10.1109/RWS.2008.4463430. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩
Baliga, Bantval Jayant (2005). Silicon RF Power MOSFETS. World Scientific. pp. 1–2. ISBN 9789812561213. 9789812561213 ↩
Asif, Saad (2018). 5G Mobile Communications: Concepts and Technologies. CRC Press. p. 134. ISBN 9780429881343. 9780429881343 ↩
Duncan, Ben (1996). High Performance Audio Power Amplifiers. Elsevier. pp. 177-8, 406. ISBN 9780080508047. 9780080508047 ↩
Theeuwen, S. J. C. H.; Qureshi, J. H. (June 2012). "LDMOS Technology for RF Power Amplifiers" (PDF). IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques. 60 (6): 1755–1763. Bibcode:2012ITMTT..60.1755T. doi:10.1109/TMTT.2012.2193141. ISSN 1557-9670. S2CID 7695809. https://www.ampleon.com/documents/published-paper/AMP-PP-2017-0503.pdf ↩
Duncan, Ben (1996). High Performance Audio Power Amplifiers. Elsevier. pp. 177-8, 406. ISBN 9780080508047. 9780080508047 ↩
Asif, Saad (2018). 5G Mobile Communications: Concepts and Technologies. CRC Press. p. 134. ISBN 9780429881343. 9780429881343 ↩
Asif, Saad (2018). 5G Mobile Communications: Concepts and Technologies. CRC Press. p. 134. ISBN 9780429881343. 9780429881343 ↩
Theeuwen, S. J. C. H.; Qureshi, J. H. (June 2012). "LDMOS Technology for RF Power Amplifiers" (PDF). IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques. 60 (6): 1755–1763. Bibcode:2012ITMTT..60.1755T. doi:10.1109/TMTT.2012.2193141. ISSN 1557-9670. S2CID 7695809. https://www.ampleon.com/documents/published-paper/AMP-PP-2017-0503.pdf ↩
Baliga, Bantval Jayant (2005). Silicon RF Power MOSFETS. World Scientific. pp. 1–2. ISBN 9789812561213. 9789812561213 ↩
Asif, Saad (2018). 5G Mobile Communications: Concepts and Technologies. CRC Press. p. 134. ISBN 9780429881343. 9780429881343 ↩
"A 600W broadband HF amplifier using affordable LDMOS devices". QRPblog. 2019-10-27. Retrieved 2022-09-28. https://qrpblog.com/2019/10/a-600w-broadband-hf-amplifier-using-affordable-ldmos-devices/ ↩
Baliga, Bantval Jayant (2005). Silicon RF Power MOSFETS. World Scientific. pp. 1–2. ISBN 9789812561213. 9789812561213 ↩
Asif, Saad (2018). 5G Mobile Communications: Concepts and Technologies. CRC Press. p. 134. ISBN 9780429881343. 9780429881343 ↩
"LDMOS Products and Solutions". NXP Semiconductors. Retrieved 4 December 2019. https://www.nxp.com/products/rf/rf-power/ldmos-products-and-solutions:RF-LDMOS-Products-Sol ↩
"L-Band Radar". NXP Semiconductors. Retrieved 9 December 2019. https://www.nxp.com/products/rf/rf-power/rf-aerospace-and-defense/l-band-radar:RF-AEROSPACE-DEFENSE-3 ↩
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"RF Aerospace and Defense". NXP Semiconductors. Retrieved 7 December 2019. https://www.nxp.com/products/rf/rf-power/rf-aerospace-and-defense:RF-AEROSPACE-DEFENSE-HOME ↩
"Communications and Electronic Warfare". NXP Semiconductors. Retrieved 9 December 2019. https://www.nxp.com/products/rf/rf-power/rf-aerospace-and-defense/comm-and-electronic-warfare:RF-AEROSPACE-DEFENSE-5 ↩
"Communications and Electronic Warfare". NXP Semiconductors. Retrieved 9 December 2019. https://www.nxp.com/products/rf/rf-power/rf-aerospace-and-defense/comm-and-electronic-warfare:RF-AEROSPACE-DEFENSE-5 ↩
"Mobile & Wideband Comms". ST Microelectronics. Retrieved 4 December 2019. https://www.st.com/en/radio-frequency-transistors/mobile-wideband-comms.html ↩
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"RF LDMOS Transistors". ST Microelectronics. Retrieved 2 December 2019. https://www.st.com/en/radio-frequency-transistors/rf-ldmos-transistors.html ↩
"Avionics". NXP Semiconductors. Retrieved 9 December 2019. https://www.nxp.com/products/rf/rf-power/rf-aerospace-and-defense/avionics:RF-AEROSPACE-DEFENSE-2 ↩
"Avionics". NXP Semiconductors. Retrieved 9 December 2019. https://www.nxp.com/products/rf/rf-power/rf-aerospace-and-defense/avionics:RF-AEROSPACE-DEFENSE-2 ↩
"28/32V LDMOS: IDDE technology boost efficiency & robustness" (PDF). ST Microelectronics. Retrieved 23 December 2019. https://www.st.com/content/ccc/resource/sales_and_marketing/promotional_material/flyer/group0/37/ed/5c/aa/d6/c6/4a/71/flldmos11219_flyer/files/flldmos11219.pdf/jcr:content/translations/en.flldmos11219.pdf ↩
"470–860 MHz – UHF Broadcast". NXP Semiconductors. Retrieved 12 December 2019. https://www.nxp.com/products/rf/rf-power/rf-ism-and-broadcast/470-860-mhz-uhf-broadcast:RF-INDUST-2 ↩
"AN2048: Application note – PD54008L-E: 8 W – 7 V LDMOS in PowerFLAT packages for wireless meter reading applications" (PDF). ST Microelectronics. Retrieved 23 December 2019. https://www.st.com/content/ccc/resource/technical/document/application_note/dc/43/d5/6e/39/5b/45/90/CD00044466.pdf/files/CD00044466.pdf/jcr:content/translations/en.CD00044466.pdf ↩
"AN2048: Application note – PD54008L-E: 8 W – 7 V LDMOS in PowerFLAT packages for wireless meter reading applications" (PDF). ST Microelectronics. Retrieved 23 December 2019. https://www.st.com/content/ccc/resource/technical/document/application_note/dc/43/d5/6e/39/5b/45/90/CD00044466.pdf/files/CD00044466.pdf/jcr:content/translations/en.CD00044466.pdf ↩
"AN2048: Application note – PD54008L-E: 8 W – 7 V LDMOS in PowerFLAT packages for wireless meter reading applications" (PDF). ST Microelectronics. Retrieved 23 December 2019. https://www.st.com/content/ccc/resource/technical/document/application_note/dc/43/d5/6e/39/5b/45/90/CD00044466.pdf/files/CD00044466.pdf/jcr:content/translations/en.CD00044466.pdf ↩
"AN2048: Application note – PD54008L-E: 8 W – 7 V LDMOS in PowerFLAT packages for wireless meter reading applications" (PDF). ST Microelectronics. Retrieved 23 December 2019. https://www.st.com/content/ccc/resource/technical/document/application_note/dc/43/d5/6e/39/5b/45/90/CD00044466.pdf/files/CD00044466.pdf/jcr:content/translations/en.CD00044466.pdf ↩
"RF LDMOS Transistors". ST Microelectronics. Retrieved 2 December 2019. https://www.st.com/en/radio-frequency-transistors/rf-ldmos-transistors.html ↩
Theeuwen, S. J. C. H.; Qureshi, J. H. (June 2012). "LDMOS Technology for RF Power Amplifiers" (PDF). IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques. 60 (6): 1755–1763. Bibcode:2012ITMTT..60.1755T. doi:10.1109/TMTT.2012.2193141. ISSN 1557-9670. S2CID 7695809. https://www.ampleon.com/documents/published-paper/AMP-PP-2017-0503.pdf ↩
"ISM & Broadcast". ST Microelectronics. Retrieved 3 December 2019. https://www.st.com/en/radio-frequency-transistors/ism-broadcast.html ↩
"700–1300 MHz – ISM". NXP Semiconductors. Retrieved 12 December 2019. https://www.nxp.com/products/rf/rf-power/rf-ism-and-broadcast/700-1300-mhz-ism:RF-INDUST-3 ↩
"700–1300 MHz – ISM". NXP Semiconductors. Retrieved 12 December 2019. https://www.nxp.com/products/rf/rf-power/rf-ism-and-broadcast/700-1300-mhz-ism:RF-INDUST-3 ↩
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"Avionics". NXP Semiconductors. Retrieved 9 December 2019. https://www.nxp.com/products/rf/rf-power/rf-aerospace-and-defense/avionics:RF-AEROSPACE-DEFENSE-2 ↩
"L-Band Radar". NXP Semiconductors. Retrieved 9 December 2019. https://www.nxp.com/products/rf/rf-power/rf-aerospace-and-defense/l-band-radar:RF-AEROSPACE-DEFENSE-3 ↩
"2450 MHz – ISM". NXP Semiconductors. Retrieved 12 December 2019. https://www.nxp.com/products/rf/rf-power/rf-ism-and-broadcast/2450-mhz-ism:RF-INDUST-4 ↩
"470–860 MHz – UHF Broadcast". NXP Semiconductors. Retrieved 12 December 2019. https://www.nxp.com/products/rf/rf-power/rf-ism-and-broadcast/470-860-mhz-uhf-broadcast:RF-INDUST-2 ↩
"ISM & Broadcast". ST Microelectronics. Retrieved 3 December 2019. https://www.st.com/en/radio-frequency-transistors/ism-broadcast.html ↩
"ISM & Broadcast". ST Microelectronics. Retrieved 3 December 2019. https://www.st.com/en/radio-frequency-transistors/ism-broadcast.html ↩
"1–600 MHz – Broadcast and ISM". NXP Semiconductors. Retrieved 12 December 2019. https://www.nxp.com/products/rf/rf-power/rf-ism-and-broadcast/1-600-mhz-broadcast-and-ism:RF-INDUST-1 ↩
"ISM & Broadcast". ST Microelectronics. Retrieved 3 December 2019. https://www.st.com/en/radio-frequency-transistors/ism-broadcast.html ↩
"1–600 MHz – Broadcast and ISM". NXP Semiconductors. Retrieved 12 December 2019. https://www.nxp.com/products/rf/rf-power/rf-ism-and-broadcast/1-600-mhz-broadcast-and-ism:RF-INDUST-1 ↩
"Mobile & Wideband Comms". ST Microelectronics. Retrieved 4 December 2019. https://www.st.com/en/radio-frequency-transistors/mobile-wideband-comms.html ↩
"1–600 MHz – Broadcast and ISM". NXP Semiconductors. Retrieved 12 December 2019. https://www.nxp.com/products/rf/rf-power/rf-ism-and-broadcast/1-600-mhz-broadcast-and-ism:RF-INDUST-1 ↩
"AN2048: Application note – PD54008L-E: 8 W – 7 V LDMOS in PowerFLAT packages for wireless meter reading applications" (PDF). ST Microelectronics. Retrieved 23 December 2019. https://www.st.com/content/ccc/resource/technical/document/application_note/dc/43/d5/6e/39/5b/45/90/CD00044466.pdf/files/CD00044466.pdf/jcr:content/translations/en.CD00044466.pdf ↩
"28/32 V LDMOS: New IDCH technology boosts RF power performance up to 4 GHz" (PDF). ST Microelectronics. Retrieved 23 December 2019. https://www.st.com/content/ccc/resource/sales_and_marketing/promotional_material/flyer/group0/f8/56/37/01/de/48/4d/60/flldmos1219_flyer/files/flldmos1219.pdf/jcr:content/translations/en.flldmos1219.pdf ↩
"S-Band Radar". NXP Semiconductors. Retrieved 9 December 2019. https://www.nxp.com/products/rf/rf-power/rf-aerospace-and-defense/s-band-radar:RF-AEROSPACE-DEFENSE-4 ↩
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"RF LDMOS Transistors". ST Microelectronics. Retrieved 2 December 2019. https://www.st.com/en/radio-frequency-transistors/rf-ldmos-transistors.html ↩
"RF Mobile Radio". NXP Semiconductors. Retrieved 9 December 2019. https://www.nxp.com/products/rf/rf-power/rf-mobile-radio:RF-MOBILE-RADIO ↩
"RF Mobile Radio". NXP Semiconductors. Retrieved 9 December 2019. https://www.nxp.com/products/rf/rf-power/rf-mobile-radio:RF-MOBILE-RADIO ↩
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"28/32V LDMOS: IDDE technology boost efficiency & robustness" (PDF). ST Microelectronics. Retrieved 23 December 2019. https://www.st.com/content/ccc/resource/sales_and_marketing/promotional_material/flyer/group0/37/ed/5c/aa/d6/c6/4a/71/flldmos11219_flyer/files/flldmos11219.pdf/jcr:content/translations/en.flldmos11219.pdf ↩
"AN2048: Application note – PD54008L-E: 8 W – 7 V LDMOS in PowerFLAT packages for wireless meter reading applications" (PDF). ST Microelectronics. Retrieved 23 December 2019. https://www.st.com/content/ccc/resource/technical/document/application_note/dc/43/d5/6e/39/5b/45/90/CD00044466.pdf/files/CD00044466.pdf/jcr:content/translations/en.CD00044466.pdf ↩
"RF Mobile Radio". NXP Semiconductors. Retrieved 9 December 2019. https://www.nxp.com/products/rf/rf-power/rf-mobile-radio:RF-MOBILE-RADIO ↩
"700–1300 MHz – ISM". NXP Semiconductors. Retrieved 12 December 2019. https://www.nxp.com/products/rf/rf-power/rf-ism-and-broadcast/700-1300-mhz-ism:RF-INDUST-3 ↩
"RF LDMOS Transistors". ST Microelectronics. Retrieved 2 December 2019. https://www.st.com/en/radio-frequency-transistors/rf-ldmos-transistors.html ↩
Theeuwen, S. J. C. H.; Qureshi, J. H. (June 2012). "LDMOS Technology for RF Power Amplifiers" (PDF). IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques. 60 (6): 1755–1763. Bibcode:2012ITMTT..60.1755T. doi:10.1109/TMTT.2012.2193141. ISSN 1557-9670. S2CID 7695809. https://www.ampleon.com/documents/published-paper/AMP-PP-2017-0503.pdf ↩
"RF Aerospace and Defense". NXP Semiconductors. Retrieved 7 December 2019. https://www.nxp.com/products/rf/rf-power/rf-aerospace-and-defense:RF-AEROSPACE-DEFENSE-HOME ↩
"L-Band Radar". NXP Semiconductors. Retrieved 9 December 2019. https://www.nxp.com/products/rf/rf-power/rf-aerospace-and-defense/l-band-radar:RF-AEROSPACE-DEFENSE-3 ↩
"RF Aerospace and Defense". NXP Semiconductors. Retrieved 7 December 2019. https://www.nxp.com/products/rf/rf-power/rf-aerospace-and-defense:RF-AEROSPACE-DEFENSE-HOME ↩
"S-Band Radar". NXP Semiconductors. Retrieved 9 December 2019. https://www.nxp.com/products/rf/rf-power/rf-aerospace-and-defense/s-band-radar:RF-AEROSPACE-DEFENSE-4 ↩
"Mobile & Wideband Comms". ST Microelectronics. Retrieved 4 December 2019. https://www.st.com/en/radio-frequency-transistors/mobile-wideband-comms.html ↩
"ISM & Broadcast". ST Microelectronics. Retrieved 3 December 2019. https://www.st.com/en/radio-frequency-transistors/ism-broadcast.html ↩
"915 MHz RF Cooking". NXP Semiconductors. Retrieved 7 December 2019. https://www.nxp.com/products/rf/rf-power/rf-cooking/915-mhz-rf-cooking:RF-COOKING-1 ↩
"LDMOS Products and Solutions". NXP Semiconductors. Retrieved 4 December 2019. https://www.nxp.com/products/rf/rf-power/ldmos-products-and-solutions:RF-LDMOS-Products-Sol ↩
Torres, Victor (21 June 2018). "Why LDMOS is the best technology for RF energy". Microwave Engineering Europe. Ampleon. Retrieved 10 December 2019. https://www.mwee.com/design-center/why-ldmos-best-technology-rf-energy ↩
Torres, Victor (21 June 2018). "Why LDMOS is the best technology for RF energy". Microwave Engineering Europe. Ampleon. Retrieved 10 December 2019. https://www.mwee.com/design-center/why-ldmos-best-technology-rf-energy ↩
"1–600 MHz – Broadcast and ISM". NXP Semiconductors. Retrieved 12 December 2019. https://www.nxp.com/products/rf/rf-power/rf-ism-and-broadcast/1-600-mhz-broadcast-and-ism:RF-INDUST-1 ↩
"ISM & Broadcast". ST Microelectronics. Retrieved 3 December 2019. https://www.st.com/en/radio-frequency-transistors/ism-broadcast.html ↩
"LDMOS Products and Solutions". NXP Semiconductors. Retrieved 4 December 2019. https://www.nxp.com/products/rf/rf-power/ldmos-products-and-solutions:RF-LDMOS-Products-Sol ↩
Torres, Victor (21 June 2018). "Why LDMOS is the best technology for RF energy". Microwave Engineering Europe. Ampleon. Retrieved 10 December 2019. https://www.mwee.com/design-center/why-ldmos-best-technology-rf-energy ↩
"LDMOS Products and Solutions". NXP Semiconductors. Retrieved 4 December 2019. https://www.nxp.com/products/rf/rf-power/ldmos-products-and-solutions:RF-LDMOS-Products-Sol ↩
"RF Defrosting". NXP Semiconductors. Retrieved 12 December 2019. https://www.nxp.com/products/rf/rf-power/rf-defrosting:RF-DEFROSTING-HOME-PG ↩
"915 MHz RF Cooking". NXP Semiconductors. Retrieved 7 December 2019. https://www.nxp.com/products/rf/rf-power/rf-cooking/915-mhz-rf-cooking:RF-COOKING-1 ↩
"ISM & Broadcast". ST Microelectronics. Retrieved 3 December 2019. https://www.st.com/en/radio-frequency-transistors/ism-broadcast.html ↩
"LDMOS Products and Solutions". NXP Semiconductors. Retrieved 4 December 2019. https://www.nxp.com/products/rf/rf-power/ldmos-products-and-solutions:RF-LDMOS-Products-Sol ↩
Theeuwen, S. J. C. H.; Qureshi, J. H. (June 2012). "LDMOS Technology for RF Power Amplifiers" (PDF). IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques. 60 (6): 1755–1763. Bibcode:2012ITMTT..60.1755T. doi:10.1109/TMTT.2012.2193141. ISSN 1557-9670. S2CID 7695809. https://www.ampleon.com/documents/published-paper/AMP-PP-2017-0503.pdf ↩
"ISM & Broadcast". ST Microelectronics. Retrieved 3 December 2019. https://www.st.com/en/radio-frequency-transistors/ism-broadcast.html ↩
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