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History

Pakistani engineer Asad Ali Abidi, while working at Bell Labs and then UCLA during the 1980s–1990s, pioneered radio research in metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) technology and made seminal contributions to radio architecture based on complementary MOS (CMOS) switched-capacitor (SC) technology.⁷ In the early 1980s, while working at Bell, he worked on the development of sub-micron MOSFET (MOS field-effect transistor) VLSI (very large-scale integration) technology, and demonstrated the potential of sub-micron NMOS integrated circuit (IC) technology in high-speed communication circuits. Abidi's work was initially met with skepticism from proponents of GaAs and bipolar junction transistors, the dominant technologies for high-speed communication circuits at the time. In 1985 he joined the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), where he pioneered RF CMOS technology during the late 1980s to early 1990s. His work changed the way in which RF circuits would be designed, away from discrete bipolar transistors and towards CMOS integrated circuits.⁸

Abidi was researching analog CMOS circuits for signal processing and communications at UCLA during the late 1980s to early 1990s.⁹ Abidi, along with UCLA colleagues J. Chang and Michael Gaitan, demonstrated the first RF CMOS amplifier in 1993.¹⁰¹¹ In 1995, Abidi used CMOS switched-capacitor technology to demonstrate the first direct-conversion transceivers for digital communications.¹² In the late 1990s, RF CMOS technology was widely adopted in wireless networking, as mobile phones began entering widespread use.¹³ This changed the way in which RF circuits were designed, leading to the replacement of discrete bipolar transistors with CMOS integrated circuits in radio transceivers.¹⁴

There was a rapid growth of the telecommunications industry towards the end of the 20th century, primarily due to the introduction of digital signal processing in wireless communications, driven by the development of low-cost, very large-scale integration (VLSI) RF CMOS technology.¹⁵ It enabled sophisticated, low-cost and portable end-user terminals, and gave rise to small, low-cost, low-power and portable units for a wide range of wireless communication systems. This enabled "anytime, anywhere" communication and helped bring about the wireless revolution, leading to the rapid growth of the wireless industry.¹⁶

In the early 2000s, RF CMOS chips with deep sub-micron MOSFETs capable of over 100 GHz frequency range were demonstrated.¹⁷ As of 2008[update], the radio transceivers in all wireless networking devices and modern mobile phones are mass-produced as RF CMOS devices.¹⁸

Applications

The baseband processors¹⁹²⁰ and radio transceivers in all modern wireless networking devices and mobile phones are mass-produced using RF CMOS devices.²¹ RF CMOS circuits are widely used to transmit and receive wireless signals, in a variety of applications, such as satellite technology (including GPS and GPS receivers), Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, near-field communication (NFC), mobile networks (such as 3G and 4G), terrestrial broadcast, and automotive radar applications, among other uses.²²

Examples of commercial RF CMOS chips include Intel's DECT cordless phone, and 802.11 (Wi-Fi) chips created by Atheros and other companies.²³ Commercial RF CMOS products are also used for Bluetooth and Wireless LAN (WLAN) networks.²⁴ RF CMOS is also used in the radio transceivers for wireless standards such as GSM, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth, transceivers for mobile networks such as 3G, and remote units in wireless sensor networks (WSN).²⁵

RF CMOS technology is crucial to modern wireless communications, including wireless networks and mobile communication devices. One of the companies that commercialized RF CMOS technology was Infineon. Its bulk CMOS RF switches sell over 1 billion units annually, reaching a cumulative 5 billion units, as of 2018[update].²⁶

Practical software-defined radio (SDR) for commercial use was enabled by RF CMOS, which is capable of implementing an entire software-defined radio system on a single MOS IC chip.²⁷²⁸²⁹ RF CMOS began to be used for SDR implementations during the 2000s.³⁰

Common applications

See also: LDMOS § Applications, List of MOSFET applications, and Power MOSFET

RF CMOS is widely used in a number of common applications, which include the following.

• Analog-to-digital converter (ADC)³¹³² — sigma-delta (ΣΔ) modulation³³
• Automotive electronics — advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS),³⁴³⁵ automotive safety applications, driving efficiency, lane departure warning system (LDWS), vulnerable road user (VRU) detection,³⁶ driver assistance, rear occupant detection (ROD), rear occupant alert (ROA),³⁷ waveform generator³⁸
  • Car front-side — lateral collision avoidance system, narrow path assist, side pre-crash system, traffic jam assist,³⁹ adaptive cruise control (ACC),⁴⁰⁴¹⁴² autonomous emergency braking (AEB)⁴³⁴⁴
  • Car rear-side — blind spot detection (BSD), Rear Pre-Crash,⁴⁵ lane change assistance (LCA)⁴⁶⁴⁷
  • Cross-Traffic Assist (CTA) technology — rear cross-traffic alert (RCTA),⁴⁸⁴⁹ front cross-traffic alert (FTCA)⁵⁰
  • Parking — automated parking, automated parking system (APS), automatic parking,⁵¹ Parking Assist (PA),⁵² parking sensor (ultrasonic sensor)⁵³
  • Traffic collision technology — collision avoidance system (CAS), collision detection, Collision Warning and Brake Support, Collision Mitigation Avoidance System⁵⁴
  • Vehicle blind spot technology — blind spot detection (BSD), blind spot monitoring (BSM), rear cross-traffic alert (RCTA)⁵⁵⁵⁶
  • Vehicular communication systems — vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication and vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication⁵⁷
• Broadcasting technology — terrestrial broadcasting⁵⁸
  • Radio broadcasting — digital radio, HD Radio, Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB), Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM)⁵⁹
• Mobile devices
  • Mobile networks⁶⁰⁶¹ — Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM),⁶²⁶³ 3G,⁶⁴⁶⁵ 4G,⁶⁶ 5G⁶⁷
  • Mobile phones⁶⁸
  • Smartphones — cellular modems (baseband), RF transceivers, wireless communication chips (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, GPS)⁶⁹
• Radio technology⁷⁰ — radio-frequency (RF) technology,⁷¹ radio receivers, transmitters,⁷² software-defined radio (SDR),⁷³⁷⁴⁷⁵ wideband⁷⁶
  • Baseband processors⁷⁷⁷⁸
  • Millimeter-wave (mmW) applications⁷⁹
  • Radar technology⁸⁰ — automotive radar,⁸¹⁸²⁸³ radar transceivers, imaging radar, super-resolution (SR) imaging, radar cocooning with 360° perception,⁸⁴ cocoon radar, Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) radar,⁸⁵ corner radar functions, radar tracker⁸⁶
  • Transceivers⁸⁷ — radio transceivers,⁸⁸⁸⁹ RF transceivers,⁹⁰⁹¹ cellular transceivers⁹²
• Sensors — radar sensors,⁹³ wireless sensor network (WSN)⁹⁴
• System-on-a-chip (SoC)⁹⁵⁹⁶
• Telecommunications
  • Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT)⁹⁷
  • Internet of things (IoT) — Narrowband IoT, Cat-M1⁹⁸
  • Satellite communication⁹⁹¹⁰⁰ — Global Positioning System (GPS),¹⁰¹ GPS receivers¹⁰²
  • Short-range devices¹⁰³ — Bluetooth,^104105106 Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), IEEE 802.15.4,¹⁰⁷ IEEE 802.11,¹⁰⁸ Wi-Fi^109110111
  • Wireless networks — wireless networking devices,¹¹² wireless local area network (WLAN),¹¹³¹¹⁴ wide area network (WAN),¹¹⁵ mobile networks¹¹⁶¹¹⁷
  • Wireless technology¹¹⁸¹¹⁹ — wireless telecommunications,¹²⁰ backhaul,¹²¹ near-field communication (NFC)¹²²
• Voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) — low phase noise VCO¹²³

See also

• Digital telephony
• History of telecommunication
• LDMOS
• Mixed-signal integrated circuit
• MOS integrated circuit
• Power MOSFET
• Radio-frequency engineering
• RF module
• RF power amplifier
• RFIC
• Semiconductor device fabrication

References

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102. Abidi, Asad Ali (April 2004). "RF CMOS comes of age". IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits. 39 (4): 549–561. Bibcode:2004IJSSC..39..549A. doi:10.1109/JSSC.2004.825247. ISSN 1558-173X. S2CID 23186298. /wiki/Asad_Ali_Abidi ↩

103. Priyanka (20 October 2016). "RF CMOS". GlobalFoundries. Retrieved 7 December 2019. https://www.globalfoundries.com/technology-solutions/cmos/mainstream/rf-cmos ↩

104. Veendrick, Harry J. M. (2017). Nanometer CMOS ICs: From Basics to ASICs. Springer. p. 243. ISBN 9783319475974. 9783319475974 ↩

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109. Veendrick, Harry J. M. (2017). Nanometer CMOS ICs: From Basics to ASICs. Springer. p. 243. ISBN 9783319475974. 9783319475974 ↩

110. Oliveira, Joao; Goes, João (2012). Parametric Analog Signal Amplification Applied to Nanoscale CMOS Technologies. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 7. ISBN 9781461416708. 9781461416708 ↩

111. Priyanka (20 October 2016). "RF CMOS". GlobalFoundries. Retrieved 7 December 2019. https://www.globalfoundries.com/technology-solutions/cmos/mainstream/rf-cmos ↩

112. O'Neill, A. (2008). "Asad Abidi Recognized for Work in RF-CMOS". IEEE Solid-State Circuits Society Newsletter. 13 (1): 57–58. doi:10.1109/N-SSC.2008.4785694. ISSN 1098-4232. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

113. Olstein, Katherine (Spring 2008). "Abidi Receives IEEE Pederson Award at ISSCC 2008" (PDF). SSCC: IEEE Solid-State Circuits Society News. 13 (2): 12. doi:10.1109/HICSS.1997.665459. S2CID 30558989. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-11-07. https://web.archive.org/web/20191107054057/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/5d0a/e04007ed1d4ee61af3494aa0126f0ae5dcaa.pdf ↩

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115. Priyanka (20 October 2016). "RF CMOS". GlobalFoundries. Retrieved 7 December 2019. https://www.globalfoundries.com/technology-solutions/cmos/mainstream/rf-cmos ↩

116. Veendrick, Harry J. M. (2017). Nanometer CMOS ICs: From Basics to ASICs. Springer. p. 243. ISBN 9783319475974. 9783319475974 ↩

117. O'Neill, A. (2008). "Asad Abidi Recognized for Work in RF-CMOS". IEEE Solid-State Circuits Society Newsletter. 13 (1): 57–58. doi:10.1109/N-SSC.2008.4785694. ISSN 1098-4232. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

118. O'Neill, A. (2008). "Asad Abidi Recognized for Work in RF-CMOS". IEEE Solid-State Circuits Society Newsletter. 13 (1): 57–58. doi:10.1109/N-SSC.2008.4785694. ISSN 1098-4232. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

119. Abidi, Asad Ali (April 2004). "RF CMOS comes of age". IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits. 39 (4): 549–561. Bibcode:2004IJSSC..39..549A. doi:10.1109/JSSC.2004.825247. ISSN 1558-173X. S2CID 23186298. /wiki/Asad_Ali_Abidi ↩

120. O'Neill, A. (2008). "Asad Abidi Recognized for Work in RF-CMOS". IEEE Solid-State Circuits Society Newsletter. 13 (1): 57–58. doi:10.1109/N-SSC.2008.4785694. ISSN 1098-4232. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

121. Priyanka (20 October 2016). "RF CMOS". GlobalFoundries. Retrieved 7 December 2019. https://www.globalfoundries.com/technology-solutions/cmos/mainstream/rf-cmos ↩

122. Veendrick, Harry J. M. (2017). Nanometer CMOS ICs: From Basics to ASICs. Springer. p. 243. ISBN 9783319475974. 9783319475974 ↩

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