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RF CMOS
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<h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>Pakistani engineer <a href="/facts/Asad_Ali_Abidi/TN07dDkQ">Asad Ali Abidi</a>, while working at <a href="/facts/Bell_Labs/fKP5Gk0H">Bell Labs</a> and then <a href="/facts/UCLA/KwPz7AK1">UCLA</a> during the 1980s–1990s, pioneered <a href="/facts/Radio/XFr909M2">radio</a> research in <a href="/facts/Metal%E2%80%93oxide%E2%80%93semiconductor/eTDJT2Km">metal–oxide–semiconductor</a> (MOS) technology and made seminal contributions to <a href="/facts/Radio/XFr909M2">radio</a> architecture based on <a href="/facts/Complementary_MOS/NJIWYgBl">complementary MOS</a> (CMOS) <a href="/facts/Switched-capacitor/kSxkQzyH">switched-capacitor</a> (SC) technology.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> In the early 1980s, while working at Bell, he worked on the development of <a href="/facts/List_of_semiconductor_scale_examples/IUbRnRrp">sub-micron</a> <a href="/facts/MOSFET/eTDJT2Km">MOSFET</a> (MOS field-effect transistor) <a href="/facts/VLSI/l1Wgqr27">VLSI</a> (very <a href="/facts/Large-scale_integration/fjn6vg7C">large-scale integration</a>) technology, and demonstrated the potential of sub-micron <a href="/facts/NMOS_logic/6hup3T21">NMOS</a> <a href="/facts/Integrated_circuit/fjn6vg7C">integrated circuit</a> (IC) technology in high-speed <a href="/facts/Communication_circuit/DYF1dSRU">communication circuits</a>. Abidi's work was initially met with skepticism from proponents of <a href="/facts/GaAs/BakLFjpp">GaAs</a> and <a href="/facts/Bipolar_junction_transistor/9BMcGv5Q">bipolar junction transistors</a>, the dominant technologies for high-speed communication circuits at the time. In 1985 he joined the <a href="/facts/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles/KwPz7AK1">University of California, Los Angeles</a> (UCLA), where he pioneered RF CMOS technology during the late 1980s to early 1990s. His work changed the way in which <a href="/facts/RF_circuit/fpFFb036">RF circuits</a> would be designed, away from discrete <a href="/facts/Bipolar_transistors/9BMcGv5Q">bipolar transistors</a> and towards <a href="/facts/CMOS/NJIWYgBl">CMOS</a> integrated circuits.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p><p>Abidi was researching analog CMOS circuits for <a href="/facts/Signal_processing/Npaja6zb">signal processing</a> and <a href="/facts/Telecommunication/vxoj1cxR">communications</a> at UCLA during the late 1980s to early 1990s.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> Abidi, along with UCLA colleagues J. Chang and Michael Gaitan, demonstrated the first RF CMOS <a href="/facts/Amplifier/pnRgxncC">amplifier</a> in 1993.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> In 1995, Abidi used CMOS switched-capacitor technology to demonstrate the first direct-conversion <a href="/facts/Transceivers/S6HSzRPf">transceivers</a> for <a href="/facts/Digital_communications/1yAhaANd">digital communications</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> In the late 1990s, RF CMOS technology was widely adopted in <a href="/facts/Wireless_networking/yr4SWTdl">wireless networking</a>, as <a href="/facts/Mobile_phones/H3EcqD9h">mobile phones</a> began entering widespread use.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> This changed the way in which RF circuits were designed, leading to the replacement of discrete <a href="/facts/Bipolar_transistors/9BMcGv5Q">bipolar transistors</a> with <a href="/facts/MOS_integrated_circuit/yRIasnVx">CMOS integrated circuits</a> in <a href="/facts/Radio/XFr909M2">radio</a> transceivers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p><p>There was a rapid growth of the <a href="/facts/Telecommunications_industry/2wvtnYR2">telecommunications industry</a> towards the end of the 20th century, primarily due to the introduction of <a href="/facts/Digital_signal_processing/PEG7azr8">digital signal processing</a> in <a href="/facts/Wireless_communications/GfDoFwfo">wireless communications</a>, driven by the development of low-cost, <a href="/facts/Very_large-scale_integration/l1Wgqr27">very large-scale integration</a> (VLSI) RF CMOS technology.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> It enabled sophisticated, low-cost and portable <a href="/facts/End-user/7IM9qu7N">end-user</a> terminals, and gave rise to small, low-cost, low-power and portable units for a wide range of wireless communication systems. This enabled "anytime, anywhere" communication and helped bring about the <a href="/facts/Wireless_revolution/GfDoFwfo">wireless revolution</a>, leading to the rapid growth of the wireless industry.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p><p>In the early 2000s, RF CMOS chips with <a href="/facts/Nanoelectronics/6wRdmMCB">deep sub-micron</a> MOSFETs capable of over 100 <a href="/facts/GHz/6Wshj5qm">GHz</a> frequency range were demonstrated.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> As of 2008<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RF_CMOS&action=edit">[update]</a>, the <a href="/facts/Radio_transceiver/S6HSzRPf">radio transceivers</a> in all wireless networking devices and modern mobile phones are mass-produced as RF CMOS devices.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="applications">Applications</h2> <p>The <a href="/facts/Baseband_processor/R0TgKqu7">baseband processors</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/Radio_transceiver/S6HSzRPf">radio transceivers</a> in all modern <a href="/facts/Wireless_networking/yr4SWTdl">wireless networking</a> devices and <a href="/facts/Mobile_phones/H3EcqD9h">mobile phones</a> are mass-produced using RF CMOS devices.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> RF CMOS circuits are widely used to transmit and receive wireless signals, in a variety of applications, such as <a href="/facts/Satellite/PTX8c68t">satellite</a> technology (including <a href="/facts/GPS/DKVLnzF3">GPS</a> and <a href="/facts/GPS_receivers/MmeJ3XWK">GPS receivers</a>), <a href="/facts/Bluetooth/sWAjpMrj">Bluetooth</a>, <a href="/facts/Wi-Fi/u94quCsx">Wi-Fi</a>, <a href="/facts/Near-field_communication/awqd3Ea8">near-field communication</a> (NFC), <a href="/facts/Mobile_network/8zA0jQJ9">mobile networks</a> (such as <a href="/facts/3G/K1noBd8n">3G</a> and <a href="/facts/4G/Lfq6mSxl">4G</a>), <a href="/facts/Terrestrial_television/3nTUr9cY">terrestrial</a> <a href="/facts/Broadcast/AV1f3dGy">broadcast</a>, and <a href="/facts/Automotive_electronics/CtTEQk9e">automotive</a> <a href="/facts/Radar/jk9BTbFA">radar</a> applications, among other uses.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> </p><p>Examples of commercial RF CMOS chips include Intel's <a href="/facts/Digital_Enhanced_Cordless_Telecommunications/CpPhUAWt">DECT</a> cordless phone, and <a href="/facts/802.11/ryEGu6Vq">802.11</a> (<a href="/facts/Wi-Fi/u94quCsx">Wi-Fi</a>) chips created by <a href="/facts/Atheros/VL1IwY6d">Atheros</a> and other companies.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> Commercial RF CMOS products are also used for <a href="/facts/Bluetooth/sWAjpMrj">Bluetooth</a> and <a href="/facts/Wireless_LAN/ooq0WA45">Wireless LAN</a> (WLAN) networks.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> RF CMOS is also used in the radio transceivers for wireless standards such as <a href="/facts/GSM/Sw8QYaLE">GSM</a>, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth, transceivers for mobile networks such as 3G, and remote units in <a href="/facts/Wireless_sensor_network/r5LIAVsU">wireless sensor networks</a> (WSN).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> </p><p>RF CMOS technology is crucial to modern wireless communications, including wireless networks and <a href="/facts/Mobile_communication/pFqFCDyl">mobile communication</a> devices. One of the companies that commercialized RF CMOS technology was <a href="/facts/Infineon/LAAXwhcC">Infineon</a>. Its bulk CMOS <a href="/facts/RF_switches/eptnLaIl">RF switches</a> sell over 1 billion units annually, reaching a cumulative 5 billion units, as of 2018<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RF_CMOS&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> </p><p>Practical <a href="/facts/Software-defined_radio/k7qLq1mu">software-defined radio</a> (SDR) for commercial use was enabled by RF CMOS, which is capable of implementing an entire software-defined radio system on a single MOS IC chip.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> RF CMOS began to be used for SDR implementations during the 2000s.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> </p> <h3>Common applications</h3> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/LDMOS/kofkoEMt">LDMOS § Applications</a>, <a href="/facts/List_of_MOSFET_applications/yRIasnVx">List of MOSFET applications</a>, and <a href="/facts/Power_MOSFET/rfT6MMTf">Power MOSFET</a></p> <p>RF CMOS is widely used in a number of common applications, which include the following. </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Analog-to-digital_converter/8YYNsMFg">Analog-to-digital converter</a> (ADC)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> — <a href="/facts/Sigma-delta/QrhBCoUe">sigma-delta</a> (ΣΔ) modulation<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Automotive_electronics/CtTEQk9e">Automotive electronics</a> — <a href="/facts/Advanced_driver-assistance_systems/8l0vVnKd">advanced driver-assistance systems</a> (ADAS),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Automotive_safety/8VPeJhSG">automotive safety</a> applications, <a href="/facts/Energy-efficient_driving/6knHBnbl">driving efficiency</a>, <a href="/facts/Lane_departure_warning_system/6loB9HJ3">lane departure warning system</a> (LDWS), vulnerable road user (VRU) detection,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Driver_assistance/8l0vVnKd">driver assistance</a>, <a href="/facts/Car_seat/MQbMHqSW">rear occupant</a> detection (ROD), rear occupant alert (ROA),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Waveform_generator/61VskyGA">waveform generator</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Car/I1IsH8IK">Car</a> front-side — lateral <a href="/facts/Collision_avoidance_system/1xLggR3S">collision avoidance system</a>, narrow path assist, side <a href="/facts/Pre-crash_system/1xLggR3S">pre-crash system</a>, <a href="/facts/Traffic_jam/CTl1sfGX">traffic jam</a> assist,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Adaptive_cruise_control/tnoAo9U1">adaptive cruise control</a> (ACC),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Autonomous_emergency_braking/1xLggR3S">autonomous emergency braking</a> (AEB)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a></li> <li>Car rear-side — <a href="/facts/Blind_spot_detection/dbrEqRkb">blind spot detection</a> (BSD), <a href="/facts/Rear_Pre-Crash/1xLggR3S">Rear Pre-Crash</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Lane_change_assistance/oBJ1lcpE">lane change assistance</a> (LCA)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Cross-Traffic_Assist/b1rTTBQx">Cross-Traffic Assist</a> (CTA) technology — <a href="/facts/Blind_spot_monitor/dbrEqRkb">rear cross-traffic alert</a> (RCTA),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> front cross-traffic alert (FTCA)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Parking/rw7QVHLv">Parking</a> — <a href="/facts/Automated_parking/tQ2ljXQm">automated parking</a>, <a href="/facts/Automated_parking_system/xHB4bBJn">automated parking system</a> (APS), <a href="/facts/Automatic_parking/AruIuC5m">automatic parking</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Parking_Assist/AruIuC5m">Parking Assist</a> (PA),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Parking_sensor/kSJo9MHe">parking sensor</a> (<a href="/facts/Ultrasonic_sensor/6Ala5r9z">ultrasonic sensor</a>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Traffic_collision/hW5yXKq3">Traffic collision</a> technology — <a href="/facts/Collision_avoidance_system/1xLggR3S">collision avoidance system</a> (CAS), <a href="/facts/Collision_detection/kXkE9WXv">collision detection</a>, <a href="/facts/Collision_Warning_and_Brake_Support/1xLggR3S">Collision Warning and Brake Support</a>, <a href="/facts/Collision_Mitigation_Avoidance_System/1xLggR3S">Collision Mitigation Avoidance System</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Vehicle_blind_spot/oBJ1lcpE">Vehicle blind spot</a> technology — <a href="/facts/Blind_spot_detection/dbrEqRkb">blind spot detection</a> (BSD), <a href="/facts/Blind_spot_monitoring/dbrEqRkb">blind spot monitoring</a> (BSM), <a href="/facts/Blind_spot_monitor/dbrEqRkb">rear cross-traffic alert</a> (RCTA)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Vehicular_communication_systems/VPp4Tywe">Vehicular communication systems</a> — <a href="/facts/Vehicle-to-vehicle/CJLSIhmA">vehicle-to-vehicle</a> (V2V) communication and <a href="/facts/Vehicle-to-everything/B3JKw4r4">vehicle-to-everything</a> (V2X) communication<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Broadcasting/AV1f3dGy">Broadcasting</a> technology — <a href="/facts/Terrestrial_television/3nTUr9cY">terrestrial broadcasting</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Radio_broadcasting/FLJVq8Ec">Radio broadcasting</a> — <a href="/facts/Digital_radio/X0Kp5l8E">digital radio</a>, <a href="/facts/HD_Radio/XtS2tNG5">HD Radio</a>, <a href="/facts/Digital_Audio_Broadcasting/9GNkj4kL">Digital Audio Broadcasting</a> (DAB), <a href="/facts/Digital_Radio_Mondiale/5ghjL3ec">Digital Radio Mondiale</a> (DRM)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Mobile_devices/cNS1Rhvg">Mobile devices</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Mobile_network/8zA0jQJ9">Mobile networks</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a> — <a href="/facts/Global_System_for_Mobile_Communications/Sw8QYaLE">Global System for Mobile Communications</a> (GSM),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a> <a href="/facts/3G/K1noBd8n">3G</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a> <a href="/facts/4G/Lfq6mSxl">4G</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a> <a href="/facts/5G/yVb460m4">5G</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Mobile_phones/H3EcqD9h">Mobile phones</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Smartphones/cSIrBMWG">Smartphones</a> — <a href="/facts/Cellular_modem/91kNTutm">cellular modems</a> (<a href="/facts/Baseband/yC0jJwbL">baseband</a>), <a href="/facts/RF_transceiver/Ldj7fodC">RF transceivers</a>, <a href="/facts/Wireless_communication/GfDoFwfo">wireless communication</a> chips (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, GPS)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Radio/XFr909M2">Radio</a> technology<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a> — <a href="/facts/Radio-frequency/aWku7h4R">radio-frequency</a> (RF) technology,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Radio_receivers/5olDTxkg">radio receivers</a>, <a href="/facts/Transmitters/nFYghtKv">transmitters</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Software-defined_radio/k7qLq1mu">software-defined radio</a> (SDR),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Wideband/wv1yPnkF">wideband</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Baseband_processor/R0TgKqu7">Baseband processors</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Millimeter-wave/l28Grdmp">Millimeter-wave</a> (mmW) applications<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Radar/jk9BTbFA">Radar</a> technology<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80"><sup>80</sup></a> — <a href="/facts/Automotive_electronics/CtTEQk9e">automotive</a> radar,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81"><sup>81</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82"><sup>82</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83"><sup>83</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Radar_transceiver/RKD70Mm5">radar transceivers</a>, <a href="/facts/Imaging_radar/RqnFqqY0">imaging radar</a>, <a href="/facts/Super-resolution/npt0E08g">super-resolution</a> (SR) imaging, radar cocooning with <a href="/facts/360%C2%B0/9fy5ggKn">360°</a> perception,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84"><sup>84</sup></a> cocoon radar, <a href="/facts/Frequency_Modulated_Continuous_Wave/CmP8HbzA">Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave</a> (FMCW) radar,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85"><sup>85</sup></a> corner radar functions, <a href="/facts/Radar_tracker/Jg3h9pWq">radar tracker</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86"><sup>86</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Transceivers/S6HSzRPf">Transceivers</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87"><sup>87</sup></a> — <a href="/facts/Radio_transceiver/S6HSzRPf">radio transceivers</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88"><sup>88</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89"><sup>89</sup></a> <a href="/facts/RF_transceiver/Ldj7fodC">RF transceivers</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90"><sup>90</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91"><sup>91</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Cellular_network/8zA0jQJ9">cellular</a> transceivers<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92"><sup>92</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Sensors/RN8SXbjs">Sensors</a> — <a href="/facts/Radar_sensor/sggGdjjW">radar sensors</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93"><sup>93</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Wireless_sensor_network/r5LIAVsU">wireless sensor network</a> (WSN)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94"><sup>94</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/System-on-a-chip/1RVvVe6N">System-on-a-chip</a> (SoC)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95"><sup>95</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96"><sup>96</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Telecommunications/vxoj1cxR">Telecommunications</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Digital_Enhanced_Cordless_Telecommunications/CpPhUAWt">Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications</a> (DECT)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97"><sup>97</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Internet_of_things/rwwGAxn3">Internet of things</a> (IoT) — <a href="/facts/Narrowband_IoT/hAdaqt6A">Narrowband IoT</a>, <a href="/facts/Cat-M1/hAdaqt6A">Cat-M1</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98"><sup>98</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Satellite_communication/y5RXPMDT">Satellite communication</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99"><sup>99</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100"><sup>100</sup></a> — <a href="/facts/Global_Positioning_System/DKVLnzF3">Global Positioning System</a> (GPS),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101"><sup>101</sup></a> <a href="/facts/GPS_receivers/MmeJ3XWK">GPS receivers</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102"><sup>102</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Short-range_devices/tkz7D161">Short-range devices</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103"><sup>103</sup></a> — <a href="/facts/Bluetooth/sWAjpMrj">Bluetooth</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104"><sup>104</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105"><sup>105</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106"><sup>106</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Bluetooth_Low_Energy/7Da68uCs">Bluetooth Low Energy</a> (BLE), <a href="/facts/IEEE_802.15.4/PH0j6uVX">IEEE 802.15.4</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107"><sup>107</sup></a> <a href="/facts/IEEE_802.11/ryEGu6Vq">IEEE 802.11</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108"><sup>108</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Wi-Fi/u94quCsx">Wi-Fi</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109"><sup>109</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110"><sup>110</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111"><sup>111</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Wireless_networks/yr4SWTdl">Wireless networks</a> — <a href="/facts/Wireless_networking/yr4SWTdl">wireless networking</a> devices,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112"><sup>112</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Wireless_local_area_network/ooq0WA45">wireless local area network</a> (WLAN),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113"><sup>113</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114"><sup>114</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Wide_area_network/mAkW4gr3">wide area network</a> (WAN),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115"><sup>115</sup></a> mobile networks<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116"><sup>116</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117"><sup>117</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Wireless/GfDoFwfo">Wireless</a> technology<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:118" href="#fn:118"><sup>118</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:119" href="#fn:119"><sup>119</sup></a> — wireless <a href="/facts/Telecommunications/vxoj1cxR">telecommunications</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:120" href="#fn:120"><sup>120</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Backhaul_(telecommunications)/m4XufaF2">backhaul</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:121" href="#fn:121"><sup>121</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Near-field_communication/awqd3Ea8">near-field communication</a> (NFC)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:122" href="#fn:122"><sup>122</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Voltage-controlled_oscillator/85sdYF0m">Voltage-controlled oscillator</a> (VCO) — low <a href="/facts/Phase_noise/3WxEUJ7K">phase noise</a> VCO<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:123" href="#fn:123"><sup>123</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Digital_telephony/2GwTTepw">Digital telephony</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/History_of_telecommunication/4fGd9dHP">History of telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/LDMOS/kofkoEMt">LDMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Mixed-signal_integrated_circuit/cDkjcck8">Mixed-signal integrated circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/MOS_integrated_circuit/yRIasnVx">MOS integrated circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Power_MOSFET/rfT6MMTf">Power MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Radio-frequency_engineering/fpFFb036">Radio-frequency engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/RF_module/Ldj7fodC">RF module</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/RF_power_amplifier/zGWS965K">RF power amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/RFIC/Rcu7gsJD">RFIC</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Semiconductor_device_fabrication/Jd23Mu1z">Semiconductor device fabrication</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Figure 1 Summary of SiGe BiCMOS and rf CMOS technology". 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