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Voiced labiodental approximant
Consonantal sound

The voiced labiodental approximant is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. It is something between an English /w/ and /v/, pronounced with the teeth and lips held in the position used to articulate the letter V. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʋ⟩, a letter v with a leftward hook protruding from the upper right of the letter, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is P or v\. With an advanced diacritic, ⟨ʋ̟⟩, this letter also indicates a bilabial approximant, though the diacritic is frequently omitted because no contrast is likely.

The labiodental approximant is the typical realization of /v/ in the Indian South African variety of English. As the voiceless /f/ is also realized as an approximant , it is also an example of a language contrasting voiceless and voiced labiodental approximants.

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Features

Features of the voiced labiodental approximant:

Occurrence

LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Äiwoonyiveli[ɲiʋeli]'garden land'4
ArmenianEastern5ոսկի[ʋɔski]'gold'
Assyrianܗܘܐ / hawa[hɑːʋɑ]'wind'Predominant in the Urmia dialects. For some speakers, [v] is used. Corresponds to [w] in the other varieties.
CatalanBalearicfava[ˈfɑʋɐ]'bean'Allophone of /v/.6 See Catalan phonology
Valencian7
ChineseMandarin為

为 / wèi

[we̞i]

[ʋêi]

'for'Prevalent in northern dialects. Corresponds to /w/ in other varieties.
Chuvashаван[aʋ'an]'good, well'Corresponds to /w/ in other varieties.
Dhivehiވަޅު / valhu[ʋaɭu]'well' (noun)
DanishStandard8véd[ʋe̝ːˀð̠˕ˠ]'know(s)'Also described as a short plosive [b̪̆]; rarely realized as a fricative [v] instead.9 See Danish phonology
DutchStandardwang[ʋɑŋ]'cheek'In southern dialects of the Netherlands realised as bilabial [β̞]. See Dutch phonology
EnglishIndian10vine[ʋaɪ̯n]'vine'Corresponds to a fricative [v] in other accents.
Some speakersrine'rine'Mostly idiosyncratic but somewhat dialectal11 (especially in London and South East England). See English phonology and R-labialization
Faroese12røða[ˈɹøːʋa]'speech'Word-initial and intervocalic allophone of /v/. In the first case, it is in a free variation with a fricative [v].13 See Faroese phonology
Finnishvauva[ˈʋɑu̯ʋɑ]'baby'See Finnish phonology
GermanSwisswas[ʋas]'what'Corresponds to /v/ in Standard German14
Guaraníavañe'ẽ[ʔãʋ̃ãɲẽˈʔẽ]'Guaraní language'Contrasts with /w/ and /ɰ/
Hawaiianwikiwiki[ʋikiʋiki]'fast'May also be realized as [w] or [v]. See Hawaiian phonology
HindustaniHindiवाला[ʋɑːlɑː](the) 'one'Also an allophone of /v/ and /w/. See Hindustani phonology.
Urduوالا
ItalianSome speakers15raro[ˈʋäːʋo]'rare'Rendition alternative to the standard Italian alveolar trill [r], due to individual orthoepic defects and/or regional variations that make the alternative sound more prevalent, notably in South Tyrol (among the Italian-speaking minority), Val d'Aosta (bordering with France) and in parts of the Parma province, more markedly around Fidenza. Other alternative sounds may be a uvular trill [ʀ] or a voiced uvular fricative [ʁ].16 See Italian phonology.
Laoວີ / wi[ʋíː]'hand fan'May also be realized as [w]. See Lao phonology.
Khmerអាវុធ / avŭth[ʔɑːʋut]'weapon'See Khmer phonology
Marathiवजन[ʋə(d)zən]'weight'See Marathi phonology
Miyako17[ʋ̩tɑ]'thick'May be syllabic.
NorwegianUrban East1819venn[ʋe̞nː]'friend'Sometimes realized as a fricative [v].2021 See Norwegian phonology
Nsengaŵanthu[ʋaⁿtʰu]'people'
PunjabiGurmukhiਵਾਲ[ʋäːl]'hair'Also an allophone of /v/ and /w/.
Shahmukhiوال
Russian22волосы[ˈʋʷo̞ɫ̪əsˠɘ]'hair'Common realization of /v/; contrasts with palatalized form.23 See Russian phonology
Serbo-Croatianцврчак / cvrčak[t͡sʋř̩ːt͡ʃak]'cricket'/v/ is a phonetic fricative, although it has less frication than /f/. However, it does not interact with unvoiced consonants in clusters as a fricative would, and so is considered to be phonologically a sonorant (approximant).2425
Shonavanhu[ʋan̤u]'people'Contrasts with /v/ and /w/.
Sinhalaවතුර[ʋat̪urə]'water'
Slovak26voda[ˈʋo̞dä]ⓘ'water'Usual realization of /v/.27 See Slovak phonology
Slovene28veter[ˈʋéːt̪ə̀ɾ]'wind'Also described as fricative [v].2930 See Slovene phonology
Spanish31Chileanhablar[äʋˈläɾ]'to speak'Allophone of /b/. See Spanish phonology
SwedishSome speakersvän[ʋɛːn]'friend'See Swedish phonology
Tamilவாய்[ʋɑj]'mouth'See Tamil phonology
Teluguవల[ʋala]'net'
Ukrainian32він[ʋin]'he'Possible prevocalic realization of /w/, most commonly before /i/.33 See Ukrainian phonology
West Frisianwêr[ʋɛːr]'where'See West Frisian phonology

See also

Bibliography

References

  1. Ladefoged, Peter (1968). A Phonetic Study of West African Languages: An Auditory-instrumental Survey (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 26. ISBN 9780521069632. 9780521069632 ↩

  2. Mathangwane, Joyce Thambole Mogatse (1996). Phonetics and Phonology of Ikalanga: A Diachronic and Synchronic Study (Thesis). Berkeley: University of California. p. 79. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8m17f977 ↩

  3. Mesthrie (2004:960) - Mesthrie, Rajend (2004). "Indian South African English: phonology". In Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.). A handbook of varieties of English. Vol. 1: Phonology. Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 953–963. ISBN 3-11-017532-0. ↩

  4. Næss, Åshild (2017). A short dictionary of Äiwoo. Asia-Pacific Linguistics. Vol. A-PL 35. Canberra. hdl:1885/112469. ISBN 978-1-922185-37-2. OCLC 970690673.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) 978-1-922185-37-2 ↩

  5. Dum-Tragut (2009:20) - Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company ↩

  6. Saborit Vilar (2009:52) - Saborit Vilar, Josep (2009), Millorem la pronúncia, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua ↩

  7. Saborit Vilar (2009:52) - Saborit Vilar, Josep (2009), Millorem la pronúncia, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua ↩

  8. Basbøll (2005:62) - Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 0-203-97876-5 ↩

  9. Basbøll (2005:27 and 66) - Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 0-203-97876-5 ↩

  10. Mesthrie (2004:960) - Mesthrie, Rajend (2004). "Indian South African English: phonology". In Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.). A handbook of varieties of English. Vol. 1: Phonology. Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 953–963. ISBN 3-11-017532-0. ↩

  11. Foulkes & Docherty (1999:?) - Foulkes, Paul; Docherty, Gerard J., eds. (1999), Urban Voices, Arnold ↩

  12. Árnason (2011:115) - Árnason, Kristján (2011). The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199229314. ↩

  13. Árnason (2011:115) - Árnason, Kristján (2011). The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199229314. ↩

  14. Schmid, Stephan (2010). "Segmental features of Swiss German ethnolects". In Calamai, Silvia; Celata, Chiara; Ciucci, Luca (eds.). Proceedings of the Workshop "Sociophonetics, at the crossroads of speech variation, processing and communication". Edizioni della Normale. pp. 69–72. ISBN 978-88-7642-434-2. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2015. 978-88-7642-434-2 ↩

  15. Canepari (1999), pp. 98–101. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFCanepari1999 (help) ↩

  16. Canepari (1999), pp. 98–101. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFCanepari1999 (help) ↩

  17. Pellard, Thomas (19 January 2009). Why it is important to study the Ryukyuan languages: The example of Õgami Ryukyuan (PDF) (Speech). Oxford. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 October 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151018113945/http://www.orinst.ox.ac.uk/sites/jap-ling/files/files/pellard.eals_.pdf ↩

  18. Kristoffersen (2000:22 and 25) - Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000). The Phonology of Norwegian. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5. ↩

  19. Vanvik (1979:41) - Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6 ↩

  20. Vanvik (1979:41) - Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6 ↩

  21. Kristoffersen (2000:74) - Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000). The Phonology of Norwegian. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5. ↩

  22. Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015:223) - Yanushevskaya, Irena; Bunčić, Daniel (2015). "Russian" (PDF). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 45 (2): 221–228. doi:10.1017/S0025100314000395. https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/55589EC639ADEF1764B5ECD0B76970FA/S0025100314000395a.pdf/russian.pdf ↩

  23. Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015:223) - Yanushevskaya, Irena; Bunčić, Daniel (2015). "Russian" (PDF). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 45 (2): 221–228. doi:10.1017/S0025100314000395. https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/55589EC639ADEF1764B5ECD0B76970FA/S0025100314000395a.pdf/russian.pdf ↩

  24. Morén (2005:5–6) - Morén, Bruce (2005), Consonant-Vowel Interactions in Serbian: Features, Representations and Constraint Interactions (PDF), Center for Advanced Study of Theoretical Linguistics, Tromsø, archived from the original (PDF) on 4 May 2015 https://web.archive.org/web/20150504022243/http://www.hum.uit.no/a/moren/SerbianMorenRevised.pdf ↩

  25. Brown, Wayles; Alt, Theresa (2004). "A Handbook of Bosnian, Serbian and Croatian". SEELRC. Duke University. http://seelrc.org:8080/grammar/mainframe.jsp?nLanguageID=1 ↩

  26. Hanulíková & Hamann (2010:374) - Hanulíková, Adriana; Hamann, Silke (2010). "Slovak" (PDF). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 40 (3): 373–378. doi:10.1017/S0025100310000162. http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/silke/articles/Hanulikova&Hamann_2010.pdf ↩

  27. Hanulíková & Hamann (2010:374) - Hanulíková, Adriana; Hamann, Silke (2010). "Slovak" (PDF). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 40 (3): 373–378. doi:10.1017/S0025100310000162. http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/silke/articles/Hanulikova&Hamann_2010.pdf ↩

  28. Šuštaršič, Komar & Petek (1999:136) - Šuštaršič, Rastislav; Komar, Smiljana; Petek, Bojan (1999). "Slovene". Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 135–139. doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874. ISBN 0-521-65236-7. S2CID 249404451. https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100300004874 ↩

  29. Priestley (2002:394) - Priestley, T.M.S. (2002). "Slovene". In Comrie, Bernard; Corbett, Greville. G. (eds.). The Slavonic Languages. London: Routledge. pp. 388–451. ISBN 0-415-28078-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=uRF9Yiso1OIC ↩

  30. Greenberg (2006:18) - Greenberg, Mark L. (2006), A Short Reference Grammar of Standard Slovene, Kansas: University of Kansas http://www.seelrc.org:8080/grammar/mainframe.jsp?nLanguageID=8 ↩

  31. Sadowsky, Scott (2010). "El alófono labiodental sonoro [v] del fonema /b/ en el castellano de Concepción (Chile): Una investigación exploratoria" (PDF). Estudios de Fonética Experimental. XIX: 231–261. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 April 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180410055958/http://stel.ub.edu/labfon/sites/default/files/XIX-12-S%20Sadowsky.pdf ↩

  32. Žovtobrjux & Kulyk (1965:121–122) - Žovtobrjux, M.A.; Kulyk, B.M. (1965), Kurs sučasnoji ukrajins'koji literaturnoji movy. Častyna I., Kiev: Radjans’ka škola ↩

  33. Žovtobrjux & Kulyk (1965:121–122) - Žovtobrjux, M.A.; Kulyk, B.M. (1965), Kurs sučasnoji ukrajins'koji literaturnoji movy. Častyna I., Kiev: Radjans’ka škola ↩