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Computing

IPS can be calculated using this equation:¹

IPS = sockets × cores socket × clock × Is cycle {\displaystyle {\text{IPS}}={\text{sockets}}\times {\frac {\text{cores}}{\text{socket}}}\times {\text{clock}}\times {\frac {\text{Is}}{\text{cycle}}}}

However, the instructions/cycle measurement depends on the instruction sequence, the data and external factors.

Thousand instructions per second (TIPS/kIPS)

Before standard benchmarks were available, average speed rating of computers was based on calculations for a mix of instructions with the results given in kilo instructions per second (kIPS). The most famous was the Gibson Mix,² produced by Jack Clark Gibson of IBM for scientific applications in 1959. Other ratings, such as the ADP mix which does not include floating point operations, were produced for commercial applications. The thousand instructions per second (kIPS) unit is rarely used today, as most current microprocessors can execute at least a million instructions per second.

The Gibson Mix

Gibson divided computer instructions into 12 classes, based on the IBM 704 architecture, adding a 13th class to account for indexing time. Weights were primarily based on analysis of seven scientific programs run on the 704, with a small contribution from some IBM 650 programs. The overall score was then the weighted sum of the average execution speed for instructions in each class.³

The Gibson Mix	%
1. Loads and Store	31.2
2. Fixed Point Add and Subtract	6.1
3. Compares	3.8
4. Branches	16.6
5. Floating Add and Subtract	6.9
6. Floating Multiply	3.8
7. Floating Divide	1.5
8. Fixed Point Multiply	0.6
9. Fixed Point Divide	0.2
10. Shifting	4.4
11. Logical, And, Or, etc.	1.6
12. Instructions Not Using Registers	5.3
13. Indexing	18
Total	100

Millions of instructions per second (MIPS)

Not to be confused with MIPS architecture.

The speed of a given CPU depends on many factors, such as the type of instructions being executed, the execution order and the presence of branch instructions (problematic in CPU pipelines). CPU instruction rates are different from clock frequencies, usually reported in Hz, as each instruction may require several clock cycles to complete or the processor may be capable of executing multiple independent instructions simultaneously. MIPS can be useful when comparing performance between processors made with similar architecture (e.g. Microchip branded microcontrollers), but they are difficult to compare between differing CPU architectures.⁴ This led to the term "Meaningless Indicator of Processor Speed,"⁵ or less commonly, "Meaningless Indices of Performance," ⁶ being popular amongst technical people by the mid-1980s.

For this reason, MIPS has become not a measure of instruction execution speed, but task performance speed compared to a reference. In the late 1970s, minicomputer performance was compared using VAX MIPS, where computers were measured on a task and their performance rated against the VAX-11/780 that was marketed as a 1 MIPS machine. (The measure was also known as the VAX Unit of Performance or VUP.) This was chosen because the 11/780 was roughly equivalent in performance to an IBM System/370 model 158–3, which was commonly accepted in the computing industry as running at 1 MIPS.

Many minicomputer performance claims were based on the Fortran version of the Whetstone benchmark, giving Millions of Whetstone Instructions Per Second (MWIPS). The VAX 11/780 with FPA (1977) runs at 1.02 MWIPS.

Effective MIPS speeds are highly dependent on the programming language used. The Whetstone Report has a table showing MWIPS speeds of PCs via early interpreters and compilers up to modern languages. The first PC compiler was for BASIC (1982) when a 4.8 MHz 8088/87 CPU obtained 0.01 MWIPS. Results on a 2.4 GHz Intel Core 2 Duo (1 CPU 2007) vary from 9.7 MWIPS using BASIC Interpreter, 59 MWIPS via BASIC Compiler, 347 MWIPS using 1987 Fortran, 1,534 MWIPS through HTML/Java to 2,403 MWIPS using a modern C/C++ compiler.

For the most early 8-bit and 16-bit microprocessors, performance was measured in thousand instructions per second (1000 kIPS = 1 MIPS).

zMIPS refers to the MIPS measure used internally by IBM to rate its mainframe servers (zSeries, IBM System z9, and IBM System z10).

Weighted million operations per second (WMOPS) is a similar measurement, used for audio codecs.

Timeline of instructions per second

CPU results

Processor / System	Dhrystone MIPS or MIPS, and frequency	D instructions per clock cycle	D instructions per clock cycle per core	Year	Source
UNIVAC I	0.002 MIPS at 2.25 MHz	0.0008	0.0008	1951	7
IBM 7030 ("Stretch")	1.200 MIPS at 3.30 MHz	0.364	0.364	1961	89
CDC 6600	10.00 MIPS at 10.00 MHz	1	1	1965	1011
Intel 4004	0.092 MIPS at 0.740 MHz(Not Dhrystone)	0.124	0.124	1971	12
IBM System/370 Model 158	0.640 MIPS at 8.696 MHz	0.0736	0.0736	1972	13
Intel 8080	0.290 MIPS at 2.000 MHz(Not Dhrystone)	0.145	0.145	1974	14
Cray 1	160.0 MIPS at 80.00 MHz	2	2	1975	15
MOS Technology 6502	0.430 MIPS at 1.000 MHz	0.43	0.43	1975	16
Intel 8080A	0.435 MIPS at 3.000 MHz(Not Dhrystone)	0.145	0.145	1976	17
Zilog Z80	0.580 MIPS at 4.000 MHz(Not Dhrystone)	0.145	0.145	1976	18
Motorola 6802	0.500 MIPS at 1.000 MHz	0.5	0.5	1977	19
IBM System/370 Model 158-3	0.730 MIPS at 8.696 MHz	0.0839	0.0839	1977	20
VAX-11/780	1.000 MIPS at 5.000 MHz	0.2	0.2	1977	21
Motorola 6809	0.420 MIPS at 1.000 MHz	0.42	0.42	1978	22
Intel 8086	0.330 MIPS at 5.000 MHz	0.066	0.066	1978	23
Fujitsu MB8843	2.000 MIPS at 2.000 MHz(Not Dhrystone)	1	1	1978	24
Intel 8088	0.750 MIPS at 10.00 MHz	0.075	0.075	1979	25
Motorola 68000	1.400 MIPS at 8.000 MHz	0.175	0.175	1979	26
Zilog Z8001/Z8002	1.5 MIPS at 6 MHz	0.25	0.25	1979	27
Intel 8035/8039/8048	6 MIPS at 6 MHz(Not Dhrystone)	1	1	1980	28
Fujitsu MB8843/MB8844	6 MIPS at 6 MHz(Not Dhrystone)	1	1	1980	29
Zilog Z80/Z80H	1.16 MIPS at 8 MHz(Not Dhrystone)	0.145	0.145	1981	3031
Motorola 6802	1.79 MIPS at 3.58 MHz	0.5	0.5	1981	3233
Zilog Z8001/Z8002B	2.5 MIPS at 10 MHz	0.25	0.25	1981	34
MOS Technology 6502	2.522 MIPS at 5.865 MHz	0.43	0.43	1981	3536
Intel 80286	1.28 MIPS at 12 MHz	0.107	0.107	1982	37
Motorola 68010	2.407 MIPS at 12.5 MHz	0.193	0.193	1982	38
NEC V20	4 MIPS at 8 MHz(Not Dhrystone)	0.5	0.5	1982	39
Texas Instruments TMS32010	5 MIPS at 20 MHz	0.25	0.25	1983	40
NEC V30	5 MIPS at 10 MHz(Not Dhrystone)	0.5	0.5	1983	41
Motorola 68020	4.848 MIPS at 16 MHz	0.303	0.303	1984	42
Hitachi HD63705	2 MIPS at 2 MHz	1	1	1985	4344
Intel i386DX	2.15 MIPS at 16 MHz	0.134	0.134	1985	45
Hitachi-Motorola 68HC000	3.5 MIPS at 20 MHz	0.175	0.175	1985	46
Intel 8751	1 MIPS at 12 MHz	0.083	0.083	1985	47
WDC 65C816 / Ricoh 5A22	0.22 MIPS at 2.8 MHz	0.08	0.08	1985
ARM2	4 MIPS at 8 MHz	0.5	0.5	1986	48
Stanford MIPS R2000 / R2000A	8 / 9.8 MIPS at 12.5 MHz	0.64 - 0.78	0.64 - 0.78	1986 / 1988	4950
Sun SPARC / Fujitsu MB86900	10 MIPS at 16.6 MHz	0.6	0.6	1986	51
Texas Instruments TMS34010	6 MIPS at 50 MHz	0.12	0.12	1986	52
NEC V70	6.6 MIPS at 20 MHz	0.33	0.33	1987	53
Motorola 68030	9 MIPS at 25 MHz	0.36	0.36	1987	5455
Gmicro/200	10 MIPS at 20 MHz	0.5	0.5	1987	56
Texas Instruments TMS320C20	12.5 MIPS at 25 MHz	0.5	0.5	1987	57
Analog Devices ADSP-2100	12.5 MIPS at 12.5 MHz	1	1	1987	58
Texas Instruments TMS320C25	25 MIPS at 50 MHz	0.5	0.5	1987	59
Intel i486DX	8.7 MIPS at 25 MHz	0.348	0.348	1989	60
NEC V80	16.5 MIPS at 33 MHz	0.5	0.5	1989	61
Intel i860	25 MIPS at 25 MHz	1	1	1989	62
ARM3	12 MIPS at 25 MHz	0.5	0.5	1989	63
Motorola 68040	44 MIPS at 40 MHz	1.1	1.1	1990	64
AMD Am386	9 MIPS at 40 MHz	0.225	0.225	1991	65
Intel i486DX	11.1 MIPS at 33 MHz	0.336	0.336	1991	66
Intel i860	50 MIPS at 50 MHz	1	1	1991	67
Intel i486DX2	25.6 MIPS at 66 MHz	0.388	0.388	1992	68
Alpha 21064 (EV4)	86 MIPS at 150 MHz	0.573	0.573	1992	69
Alpha 21064 (EV4S/EV45)	135 MIPS at 200 MHz	0.675	0.675	1993	7071
MIPS R4400	85 MIPS at 150 MHz	0.567	0.567	1993	72
Gmicro/500	132 MIPS at 66 MHz	2	2	1993	73
IBM-Motorola PowerPC 601	157.7 MIPS at 80 MHz	1.971	1.971	1993	74
ARM7	40 MIPS at 45 MHz	0.889	0.889	1994	75
Intel DX4	70 MIPS at 100 MHz	0.7	0.7	1994	76
Motorola 68060	110 MIPS at 75 MHz	1.33	1.33	1994
Intel Pentium	188 MIPS at 100 MHz	1.88	1.88	1994	77
Microchip PIC16F	5 MIPS at 20 MHz	0.25	0.25	1995	78
IBM-Motorola PowerPC 603e	188 MIPS at 133 MHz	1.414	1.414	1995	79
ARM 7500FE	35.9 MIPS at 40 MHz	0.9	0.9	1996
IBM-Motorola PowerPC 603ev	423 MIPS at 300 MHz	1.41	1.41	1996	80
Intel Pentium Pro	541 MIPS at 200 MHz	2.7	2.7	1996	81
Hitachi SH-4	360 MIPS at 200 MHz	1.8	1.8	1997	8283
IBM-Motorola PowerPC 750	525 MIPS at 233 MHz	2.3	2.3	1997
Zilog eZ80	80 MIPS at 50 MHz	1.6	1.6	1999	84
Intel Pentium III	2,054 MIPS at 600 MHz	3.4	3.4	1999	85
Freescale MPC8272	760 MIPS at 400 MHz	1.9	1.9	2000	86
AMD Athlon	3,561 MIPS at 1.2 GHz	3.0	3.0	2000
Silicon Recognition ZISC 78	8,600 MIPS at 33 MHz	260.6	260.6	2000	87
ARM11	515 MIPS at 412 MHz	1.25	1.25	2002	88
AMD Athlon XP 2500+	7,527 MIPS at 1.83 GHz	4.1	4.1	2003	89
Pentium 4 Extreme Edition	9,726 MIPS at 3.2 GHz	3.0	3.0	2003
Microchip PIC10F	1 MIPS at 4 MHz	0.25	0.25	2004	9091
ARM Cortex-M3	125 MIPS at 100 MHz	1.25	1.25	2004	92
Nios II	190 MIPS at 165 MHz	1.13	1.13	2004	93
MIPS32 4KEc	356 MIPS at 233 MHz	1.5	1.5	2004	94
VIA C7	1,799 MIPS at 1.3 GHz	1.4	1.4	2005	95
ARM Cortex-A8	2,000 MIPS at 1.0 GHz	2.0	2.0	2005	96
AMD Athlon FX-57	12,000 MIPS at 2.8 GHz	4.3	4.3	2005
AMD Athlon 64 3800+ X2 (2-core)	14,564 MIPS at 2.0 GHz	7.3	3.6	2005	97
PowerPC G4 MPC7448	3,910 MIPS at 1.7 GHz	2.3	2.3	2005	98
ARM Cortex-R4	450 MIPS at 270 MHz	1.66	1.66	2006	99
MIPS32 24K	604 MIPS at 400 MHz	1.51	1.51	2006	100
PS3 Cell BE (PPE only)	10,240 MIPS at 3.2 GHz	3.2	3.2	2006
IBM Xenon CPU (3-core)	19,200 MIPS at 3.2 GHz	6.0	2.0	2005
AMD Athlon FX-60 (2-core)	18,938 MIPS at 2.6 GHz	7.3	3.6	2006	101
Intel Core 2 Extreme X6800 (2-core)	27,079 MIPS at 2.93 GHz	9.2	4.6	2006	102
Intel Core 2 Extreme QX6700 (4-core)	49,161 MIPS at 2.66 GHz	18.4	4.6	2006	103
MIPS64 20Kc	1,370 MIPS at 600 MHz	2.3	2.3	2007	104
P.A. Semi PA6T-1682M	8,800 MIPS at 1.8 GHz	4.4	4.4	2007	105
Qualcomm Scorpion (Cortex A8-like)	2,100 MIPS at 1 GHz	2.1	2.1	2008	106
Intel Atom N270	3,846 MIPS at 1.6 GHz	2.4	2.4	2008	107
Intel Core 2 Extreme QX9770 (4-core)	59,455 MIPS at 3.2 GHz	18.6	4.6	2008	108
Intel Core i7 920 (4-core)	82,300 MIPS at 2.93 GHz	28.089	7.022	2008	109
ARM Cortex-M0	45 MIPS at 50 MHz	0.9	0.9	2009	110
ARM Cortex-A9 (2-core)	7,500 MIPS at 1.5 GHz	5.0	2.5	2009	111
AMD Phenom II X4 940 Black Edition	42,820 MIPS at 3.0 GHz	14.3	3.5	2009	112
AMD Phenom II X6 1100T	78,440 MIPS at 3.3 GHz	23.7	3.9	2010	113
Intel Core i7 Extreme Edition 980X (6-core)	147,600 MIPS at 3.33 GHz	44.7	7.46	2010	114
ARM Cortex A5	1,256 MIPS at 800 MHz	1.57	1.57	2011	115
ARM Cortex A7	2,850 MIPS at 1.5 GHz	1.9	1.9	2011	116
Qualcomm Krait (Cortex A15-like, 2-core)	9,900 MIPS at 1.5 GHz	6.6	3.3	2011	117
AMD E-350 (2-core)	10,000 MIPS at 1.6 GHz	6.25	3.125	2011	118
Nvidia Tegra 3 (Quad core Cortex-A9)	13,800 MIPS at 1.5 GHz	9.2	2.5	2011
Samsung Exynos 5250 (Cortex-A15-like 2-core)	14,000 MIPS at 2.0 GHz	7.0	3.5	2011	119
Intel Core i5-2500K (4-core)	83,000 MIPS at 3.3 GHz	25.152	6.288	2011	120
Intel Core i7 875K	92,100 MIPS at 2.93 GHz	31.4	7.85	2011	121
AMD FX-8150 (8-core)	90,749 MIPS at 3.6 GHz	25.2	3.15	2011	122
Intel Core i7 2600K (4-core)	117,160 MIPS at 3.4 GHz	34.45	8.61	2011	123
Intel Core i7-3960X (6-core)	176,170 MIPS at 3.3 GHz	53.38	8.89	2011	124
AMD FX-8350 (8-core)	97,125 MIPS at 4.2 GHz	23.1	2.9	2012	125126
AMD FX-9590 (8-core)	115,625 MIPS at 5.0 GHz	23.1	2.9	2012	127
Intel Core i7 3770K (4-core)	106,924 MIPS at 3.9 GHz	27.4	6.9	2012	128
Intel Core i7 4770K (4-core)	133,740 MIPS at 3.9 GHz	34.29	8.57	2013	129130131
Intel Core i7 5960X (8-core)	298,190 MIPS at 3.5 GHz	85.2	10.65	2014	132
Intel Core i7 6950X (10-core)	320,440 MIPS at 3.5 GHz	91.55	9.16	2016	133
ARM Cortex A73 (4-core)	71,120 MIPS at 2.8 GHz	25.4	6.35	2016
ARM Cortex A75	?	?	8.2-9.5	2017	134
ARM Cortex A76	?	?	10.7-12.4	2018	135
ARM Cortex A53	2,300 MIPS at 1 GHz	2.3	2.3	2012	136
ARM Cortex A35	2,100 MIPS at 1 GHz	2.1	2.1	2015	137
ARM Cortex A72	15,750 to 18,375 at 2.5 GHz	6.3 to 7.35	6.3 to 7.35	2015	138
ARM Cortex A57	10,250 to 11,750 at 2.5 GHz	4.1 to 4.7	4.1 to 4.7	2012	139
Sitara AM64x ARM Cortex A53 (2-core)	5,992 MIPS at 1 GHz	6	3	2021	140
AMD Ryzen 7 1800X (8-core)	304,510 MIPS at 3.7 GHz	82.3	10.29	2017	141
Intel Core i7-8086K (6-core)	221,720 MIPS at 5.0 GHz	44.34	7.39	2018	142
Intel Core i9-9900K (8-core)	412,090 MIPS at 4.7 GHz	87.68	10.96	2018	143
AMD Ryzen 9 3950X (16-core)	749,070 MIPS at 4.6 GHz	162.84	10.18	2019	144
AMD Ryzen Threadripper 3990X (64 core)	2,356,230 MIPS at 4.35 GHz	541.66	8.46	2020	145
Intel Core i5-11600K (6-core)	346,350 MIPS at 4.92 GHz	57.72	11.73	2021	146
Processor / System	Dhrystone MIPS / MIPS	D instructions per clock cycle	D instructions per clock cycle per core	Year	Source

Multi-CPU cluster results

Processor / System	Dhrystone MIPS or MIPS, and frequency	D instructions per clock cycle	D instructions per clock cycle per core	Year	Source
LINKS-1 Computer Graphics System (257-processor)	642.5 MIPS at 10 MHz	2.5	0.25	1982	147
Sega System 16 (4-processor)	16.33 MIPS at 10 MHz	4.083	1.020	1985	148
Namco System 21 (10-processor)	73.927 MIPS at 25 MHz	2.957	0.296	1988	149
Atari Hard Drivin' (7-processor)	33.573 MIPS at 50 MHz	0.671	0.0959	1989	150
NEC SX-3 (4-processor)	680 MIPS at 400 MHz	1.7	0.425	1989	151
Namco System 21 (Galaxian³) (96-processor)	1,660.386 MIPS at 40 MHz	41.51	0.432	1990	152
SGI Onyx RealityEngine2 (36-processor)	2,640 MIPS at 150 MHz	17.6	0.489	1993	153
Namco Magic Edge Hornet Simulator (36-processor)	2,880 MIPS at 150 MHz	19.2	0.533	1993	154
Sega Naomi Multiboard (32-processor)	6,400 MIPS at 200 MHz	32	1	1999	155
Raspberry Pi 2 (quad-core ARM Cortex A7)	4,744 MIPS at 1.0 GHz	4.744	1.186	2014	156
Processor / System	Dhrystone MIPS / MIPS	D instructions per clock cycle	D instructions per clock cycle per core	Year	Source

See also

• TOP500
• Floating point operations per second (FLOPS)
• SUPS
• Benchmark (computing)
• BogoMips (measurement of CPU speed made by the Linux kernel)
• Instructions per cycle
• Cycles per instruction
• Dhrystone (benchmark) - DMIPS integer benchmark
• Whetstone (benchmark) - floating-point benchmark
• Million service units (MSU)
• Computer performance by orders of magnitude
• Performance per watt
• Data-rate units

References

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147. LINKS-1 Computer Graphics System: 257× Zilog Z8001 [7] Archived 7 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine at 10 MHz [8] Archived 6 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine (2.5 MIPS [9] Archived 2015-06-09 at the Wayback Machine) each http://museum.ipsj.or.jp/en/computer/other/0013.html ↩

148. Sega System 16: Hitachi-Motorola 68000 @ 10 MHz (1.75 MIPS), NEC-Zilog Z80 @ 4 MHz (0.58 MIPS) [10] Archived 21 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine [11] Archived 9 March 2020 at the Wayback Machine, Intel 8751 @ 8 MHz [12] (8 MIPS [13] Archived 26 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine), Intel 8048 @ 6 MHz "Sega Pre-System 16 hardware notes". Archived from the original on 25 January 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2016. (6 MIPS [14]) http://www.system16.com/hardware.php?id=695 ↩

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150. Atari Hard Drivin' hardware: [24] Archived 29 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine Motorola 68000 @ 7 MHz (1.225 MIPS [25] Archived 9 March 2020 at the Wayback Machine), Motorola 68010 @ 7 MHz (1.348 MIPS [26] Archived 6 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine), 3× Texas Instruments TMS34010 @ 50 MHz (18 MIPS [27]), Analog Devices ADSP-2100 @ 8 MHz (8 MIPS [28]), Texas Instruments TMS32010 @ 20 MHz (5 MIPS "TMS320C1x Digital Signal Processors" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 17 September 2014.) http://www.system16.com/hardware.php?id=770 ↩

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152. Namco System 21 (Galaxian³) hardware: [29] 80× Texas Instruments TMS320C25 @ 40 MHz (1600 MIPS [30] Archived 1 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine), 5× Motorola 68020 @ 24.576 MHz (37.236 MIPS [31] Archived 1 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine) Motorola 68000 @ 12.288 MHz (2.15 MIPS [32] Archived 9 March 2020 at the Wayback Machine), 10× Motorola 68000 @ 12 MHz (21 MIPS [33] ) https://archive.today/20141121115053/https://github.com/mamedev/mame/tree/master/src/mame/drivers/gal3.c ↩

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