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Qt (software)

Qt is a cross-platform application development framework for creating graphical user interfaces as well as cross-platform applications that run on various software and hardware platforms such as Linux, Windows, macOS, Android or embedded systems with little or no change in the underlying codebase while still being a native application with native capabilities and speed.

Qt is currently being developed by The Qt Company, a publicly listed company, and the Qt Project under open-source governance, involving individual developers and organizations working to advance Qt. Qt is available under both commercial licenses and open-source GPL 2.0, GPL 3.0, and LGPL 3.0 licenses.

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Purposes and abilities

Qt is used for developing graphical user interfaces (GUIs) and multi-platform applications that run on all major desktop platforms and mobile or embedded platforms. Most GUI programs created with Qt have a native-looking interface, in which case Qt is classified as a widget toolkit. Non-GUI programs can also be developed, such as command-line tools and consoles for servers. An example of such a non-GUI program using Qt is the Cutelyst web framework.10

Qt supports various C++ compilers, including the GCC and Clang C++ compilers and the Visual Studio suite. It supports other languages with bindings or extensions, such as Python via Python bindings11 and PHP via an extension for PHP5,12 and has extensive internationalization support. Qt also provides Qt Quick, that includes a declarative scripting language called QML that allows using JavaScript to provide the logic. With Qt Quick, rapid application development for mobile devices became possible, while logic can still be written with native code as well to achieve the best possible performance.

Other features include SQL database access, XML parsing, JSON parsing, thread management and network support.

Releases

The latest version of the Qt Framework is Qt 6.8, which was released on 8 October 2024.13

Also still supported are — for commercial users — 6.5 LTS, released on 3 April 2023, 6.2 LTS,14 released on 30 September 2021, and 5.15 LTS, released on 26 May 2020 – long-term support (LTS) versions are generally supported for three years with a commercial license, while 5.15 support was extended to five years for subscription license holders, and so it is supported until 26 May 2025. Additionally the KDE project provides unofficial support for, at least, Qt 5.15, i.e. not just for commercial users.

Qt in use

In 2017, the Qt Company estimated a community of about 1 million developers worldwide15 in over 70 industries.16

Desktop UIs

Graphical user-interfaces and desktop environments that utilize Qt/QML as widget toolkit:

Embedded and mobile UIs

  • Actively developed or maintained
    • AsteroidOS, an open source operating system designed for smartwatches
    • Avionics, Panasonic's in-flight entertainment system2728
    • Sailfish OS, a mobile operating system developed by Jolla
    • Plasma Mobile, a touch-based GUI developed by KDE
    • LuneOS, community-driven successor for Palm/HP webOS
    • Nemo Mobile, based on Mer
    • Lomiri, formerly known as Unity8, a phone UI developed by Ubports, originally by Canonical
    • Tesla Model S in-car UI29
    • webOS, a multitask operating system from LG for smart devices like TVs and smartwatches
    • Sky Q, the home entertainment system of Sky plc30
  • Available, but inactive
    • MeeGo handset and tablet UX
    • Qtopia, a system by Nokia for embedded and mobile devices

Applications using Qt

See also: Category:Software that uses Qt and Category:Proprietary software that uses Qt

Many notable open-source or proprietary cross-platform software are using Qt or QML:

Organizations using Qt

Qt is utilized by a wide range of companies and organizations such as

Qt software architecture

Qt concepts

Qt is built on these key concepts:

Complete abstraction of the GUI When first released, Qt used its own paint engine and controls, emulating the look of the different platforms it runs on when it drew its widgets. This made the porting work easier because very few classes in Qt really depended on the target platform; however, this occasionally led to slight discrepancies where that emulation was imperfect. Recent versions of Qt use the native style APIs of the different platforms, on platforms that have a native widget set, to query metrics and draw most controls, and do not suffer from such issues as often.87 On some platforms (such as MeeGo and KDE) Qt is the native API. Some other portable graphical toolkits have made different design decisions; for example, wxWidgets uses the toolkits of the target platform for its implementations. Signals and slots A language construct introduced in Qt for communication between objects88 which makes it easy to implement the observer pattern while avoiding boilerplate code. The concept is that GUI widgets can send signals containing event information which can be received by other controls using special functions known as slots. Metaobject compiler The metaobject compiler, termed moc, is a tool that is run on the sources of a Qt program. It interprets certain macros from the C++ code as annotations, and uses them to generate added C++ code with meta information about the classes used in the program. This meta information is used by Qt to provide programming features not available natively in C++: signals and slots, introspection and asynchronous function calls. Language bindings Qt can be used in several programming languages other than C++, such as Python, Javascript, C# and Rust89 via language bindings; many languages have bindings for Qt 5 and bindings for Qt 4.

Qt modules

Starting with Qt 4.0 the framework was split into individual modules.9091 With Qt 5.0 the architecture was modularized even further.9293 Qt is now split into essential and add-on modules.94

Qt essentials

ModuleDescription
Qt CoreThe only required Qt module, containing classes used by other modules, including the meta-object system, concurrency and threading, containers, event system, plugins and I/O facilities.
Qt GUIThe central GUI module. In Qt 5 this module now depends on OpenGL, but no longer contains any widget classes.
Qt WidgetsContains classes for classic widget based GUI applications and the QSceneGraph classes. Was split off from QtGui in Qt 5.
Qt QMLModule for QML and JavaScript languages.
Qt QuickThe module for GUI applications written using QML2.
Qt Quick ControlsWidget like controls for Qt Quick intended mainly for desktop applications.
Qt Quick LayoutsLayouts for arranging items in Qt Quick.
Qt NetworkNetwork abstraction layer. Complete with support for TCP, UDP, HTTP, TLS, SSL (in Qt 4) and SPDY (since Qt 5.3).
Qt MultimediaClasses for audio, video, radio and camera functionality.
Qt Multimedia WidgetsThe widgets from Qt Multimedia.
Qt SQLContains classes for database integration using SQL.
Qt WebEngineA new set of Qt Widget and QML webview APIs based on Chromium.
Qt TestClasses for unit testing Qt applications and libraries.

Qt add-ons

ModuleDescription
Active QtClasses for applications which use ActiveX.
Qt ChartsProvides functionality and widgets to plot charts of many kinds
Qt BluetoothClasses accessing Bluetooth hardware.
Qt D-BusClasses for IPC using the D-Bus protocol.
Qt NFCClasses accessing NFC hardware. Only officially supported on BlackBerry hardware so far (or N9 in the MeeGo port).
Qt OpenGLLegacy module containing the OpenGL classes from Qt 4. In Qt 5 the similar functionality in Qt GUI is recommended.
Qt LocationClasses for accessing GPS and other location services and for mapping and navigation. Split off from the Qt 4 Mobility module of Qt Location. Supported on Android, BlackBerry, iOS, Linux (using GeoClue), Windows and Sailfish OS.
Qt Quick 3DClasses for rendering 3D models, video games, simulations and 3D user interfaces, with a Qt QML API, into a mixed 2D and 3D scene graph.
Qt ScriptLegacy module for scripting Qt application using ECMAScript/JavaScript. In Qt 5, using similar classes in Qt QML is recommended.
Qt SensorsClasses for accessing various mobile hardware sensors. Used to be part of Qt Mobile in Qt 4. Supported on Android, BlackBerry, iOS, WinRT, Mer and Linux.
Qt Serial PortClasses for access to hardware and virtual serial ports. Supported on Windows, Linux and macOS.
Qt WebChannelProvides access to Qt objects to HTML/Js over WebSockets.
Qt WebKitQt's WebKit implementation and API.
Qt WebKit WidgetsThe widget API for Qt WebKit
Qt WebSocketsProvides a WebSocket implementation.
Qt XMLLegacy module containing classes for SAX and DOM style XML APIs. Replaced with QXmlStreamReader and QXmlStreamWriter classes in Qt Core.
Qt XML PatternsSupport for XPath, XQuery, XSLT and XML Schema validation.

Editions

There are four editions of Qt available: Community, Indie Mobile, Professional and Enterprise.95 The Community version is under the open source licenses, while the Indie Mobile, Professional and Enterprise versions, which contain additional functionality and libraries, e.g. Enterprise Controls96 are commercially sold by The Qt Company.

Supported platforms

Main article: List of platforms supported by Qt

Qt works on many different platforms; the following are officially supported:

PlatformDescription
Linux/Unix
X11 Qt for X Window System (Linux);97 FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, and DragonFly BSD have community support.
WaylandQt applications can switch between graphical backends like X and Wayland at load time with the -platform command line option.9899 This allows a seamless transition of Qt applications from X11 to Wayland. SailfishOS uses Wayland only as it does not have X11.100
AndroidQt for Android101 (formerly known as Necessitas).102
Embedded LinuxQt for embedded platforms: personal digital assistant, smartphone, etc.103 Exists as multiple platforms depending on display technology. DirectFB, LinuxFB and EGLFS (EGL Full Screen).
Microsoft platforms
WindowsQt for Microsoft Windows 7,104 8 and 10105
Windows RTSupport for WinRT-based Windows 10 Mobile apps and Windows 10 IoT106
Apple platforms
macOSQt for Apple macOS; supports applications on Cocoa107
iOSQt for iOS platforms (iPhone, iPad)108
Other embedded platforms
IntegrityQt for Integrity109
QNXQt for QNX110111
VxWorksQt for VxWorks.112113 Only available under a proprietary (commercial) license. Qt 5.5.
QT for MCUsQT for MCUs114

After Nokia opened the Qt source code to the community on Gitorious, various ports appeared. There are also some ports of Qt that may be available, but are not supported anymore. These platforms are listed in List of platforms supported by Qt. See also there for current community support for other lesser known platforms, such as SailfishOS.

Licensing

Qt is available under the following free software licenses:115 GPL 2.0, GPL 3.0, LGPL 3.0 and LGPL 2.1 (with Qt special exception).116117 Note that some modules are available only under a GPL license, which means that applications which link to these modules need to comply with that license.118

In addition, Qt has always been available under a commercial license, like the Qt Commercial License,119 that allows developing proprietary applications with no restrictions on licensing.

Qt tools

See also: Qt Creator

Qt comes with its own set of tools to ease cross-platform development, which can otherwise be cumbersome due to different set of development tools.

Qt Creator is a cross-platform IDE for C++ and QML. Qt Designer's GUI layout/design functionality is integrated into the IDE, although Qt Designer can still be started as a standalone tool.

In addition to Qt Creator, Qt provides qmake, a cross-platform build script generation tool that automates the generation of Makefiles for development projects across different platforms. There are other tools available in Qt, including the Qt Designer interface builder and the Qt Assistant help browser (which are both embedded in Qt Creator), the Qt Linguist translation tool, uic (user interface compiler), and moc (Meta-Object Compiler).

History of Qt

Early developments

In the summer of 1990, Haavard Nord and Eirik Chambe-Eng (the original developers of Qt and the CEO and President, respectively, of Trolltech) were working together on a database application for ultrasound images written in C++ and running on Mac OS, Unix, and Microsoft Windows.120121 They began development of "Qt" in 1991, three years before the company was incorporated as Quasar Technologies, then changed the name to Troll Tech and then to Trolltech.122

The toolkit was called Qt because the letter Q looked appealing in Haavard's Emacs typeface, and "t" was inspired by Xt, the X toolkit.123

The first two versions of Qt had only two flavors: Qt/X11 for Unix and Qt/Windows for Windows.

On 20 May 1995 Trolltech publicly released Qt 0.90 for X11/Linux with the source code under the Qt Free Edition License.124125126 This license was viewed as not compliant with the free software definition by Free Software Foundation because, while the source was available, it did not allow the redistribution of modified versions. Trolltech used this license until version 1.45. Controversy erupted around 1998 when it became clear that the K Desktop Environment was going to become one of the leading desktop environments for Linux. As it was based on Qt, many people in the free software movement worried that an essential piece of one of their major operating systems would be proprietary.

The Windows platform was available only under a proprietary license, which meant free/open source applications written in Qt for X11 could not be ported to Windows without purchasing the proprietary edition.

Becoming free software–friendly

With the release of version 2.0 of the toolkit in mid-1999, the license was changed to the Q Public License (QPL), a free software license, but one regarded by the Free Software Foundation as incompatible with the GPL. Compromises were sought between KDE and Trolltech whereby Qt would not be able to fall under a more restrictive license than the QPL, even if Trolltech was bought out or went bankrupt. This led to the creation of the KDE Free Qt foundation,127 which guarantees that Qt would fall under a BSD-style license should no free/open source version of Qt be released during 12 months.128129

In 2000, Qt/X11 2.2 was released under the GPL v2,130 ending all controversy regarding GPL compatibility.

At the end of 2001, Trolltech released Qt 3.0, which added support for Mac OS X (now known as macOS). The Mac OS X support was available only in the proprietary license until June 2003, when Trolltech released Qt 3.2 with Mac OS X support available under the GPL.

In 2002, members of the KDE on Cygwin project began porting the GPL licensed Qt/X11 code base to Windows.131 This was in response to Trolltech's refusal to license Qt/Windows under the GPL on the grounds that Windows was not a free/open source software platform.132133 The project achieved reasonable success although it never reached production quality.

This was resolved when Trolltech released Qt 4.0 also for Windows under the GPL in June 2005.134 Qt 4 supported the same set of platforms in the free software/open source editions as in the proprietary edition, so it is possible, with Qt 4.0 and later releases, to create GPL-licensed free/open source applications using Qt on all supported platforms. The GPL v3 with special exception135 was later added as an added licensing option. The GPL exception allows the final application to be licensed under various GPL-incompatible free software/open source licenses such as the Mozilla Public License 1.1.

Acquisition by Nokia

Nokia acquired Trolltech ASA on 17 June 2008 and changed the name first to Qt Software, then to Qt Development Frameworks.

Nokia focused on turning Qt into the main development platform for its devices, including a port to the Symbian S60 platform. Version 1.0 of the Nokia Qt SDK was released on 23 June 2010.136 The source code was made available over Gitorious, a community oriented git source code repository, with a goal of creating a broader community using and improving Qt.

On 14 January 2009, Qt version 4.5 added another option, the LGPL,137 to make Qt more attractive for both non-GPL open source projects and closed applications.138

In February 2011, Nokia announced its decision to drop Symbian technologies and base their future smartphones on the Windows Phone platform instead (and since then support for that platform has also been dropped).139 One month later, Nokia announced the sale of Qt's commercial licensing and professional services to Digia, with the immediate goal of taking Qt support to Android, iOS and Windows 8 platforms, and to continue focusing on desktop and embedded development, although Nokia was to remain the main development force behind the framework at that time.

Merging and demerging with Digia

In March 2011, Nokia sold the commercial licensing part of Qt to Digia, creating Qt Commercial.140 In August 2012, Digia announced that it would acquire Qt from Nokia.141 The Qt team at Digia started their work in September 2012.142 They released Qt 5.0 within a month and newer versions every six months with new features and additional supported platforms.

In September 2014, Digia transferred the Qt business and copyrights to their wholly owned subsidiary, The Qt Company, which owns 25 brands143 related to Qt. In May 2016, Digia and Qt demerged completely into two independent companies.144

The Qt Project and open governance

Main article: Qt Project

Qt 5 was officially released on 19 December 2012. This new version marked a major change in the platform, with hardware-accelerated graphics, QML and JavaScript playing a major role. The traditional C++-only QWidgets continued to be supported, but did not benefit from the performance improvements available through the new architecture.145 Qt 5 brings significant improvements to the speed and ease of developing user interfaces.146

Framework development of Qt 5 moved to open governance at qt-project.org, which made it possible for developers outside Digia to submit patches for review.147

Qt contributors

Aside from The Qt Company, many organizations and individuals using Qt as their development platform participate in the open development of Qt via the Qt Project.148

One such Qt contributor is Klarälvdalens Datakonsult AB, a Swedish Qt consulting company.149 KDAB is involved in many areas, including maintenance of several components.150151

Together with RIM/BlackBerry, KDAB is maintaining the QNX and BlackBerry 10 ports of Qt.152153

Another participator is Intel, contributing for example Wayland support.154 AudioCodes maintains IBM ClearCase support in Qt Creator.155

As a heavy user of Qt, the KDE project submits many patches and features from its developer library KDE Frameworks back to Qt.156

See also

Bibliography

Qt Wiki provides a comprehensive list of English books about Qt.157 This is a list of notable books:

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Qt. Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Qt

References

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