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Ralph Horween
American football player and coach (1896-1997)

Ralph Horween (born Ralph Horwitz; also known as Ralph McMahon or B. McMahon; August 3, 1896 – May 26, 1997) was an American football player and coach. He played fullback and halfback and was a punter and drop-kicker for the unbeaten Harvard Crimson football teams of 1919 and 1920, which won the 1920 Rose Bowl. He was voted an All-American.

Horween played three seasons in the National Football League (NFL), for the Racine Cardinals/Chicago Cardinals. In addition, he was an assistant coach for the Cardinals during his playing years.

His brother, Arnold Horween, was also an All-American football player for Harvard, and also played in the NFL for the Cardinals. They were the last Jewish brothers to play in the NFL until Geoff Schwartz and Mitchell Schwartz, in the 2000s.

After retiring from football, Horween attended Harvard Law School, and became a patent attorney, and later a federal government official. He was also a successful businessman, as he raised cattle and helped run the family leather tannery business, Horween Leather Company. He was the first NFL player to live to the age of 100.

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Early and personal life

Horween's Jewish parents, Isidore and Rose (Rabinoff), immigrated to Chicago from Ukraine in the Russian Empire in 1892.234 His family changed its name during his youth to Horween from its original name, which was either Horwitz or Horowitz.5678

Horween was born in Chicago.910 He was the brother of Arnold Horween, who was two years younger.11 The Horween brothers were the last Jewish brothers to play in the NFL until offensive tackles Geoff Schwartz and Mitchell Schwartz in the 2000s.1213

Horween played high school football at Francis W. Parker School.1415

He was 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m), and weighed 200 pounds (91 kg).16 He eloped and married Genevieve Brown (born March 4, 1901) in October 1924; they were married for 64 years until her death on November 25, 1987.1718 They moved to Cismont, Virginia, in 1952, and later to Charlottesville, Virginia.19 He had two sons, Ralph Stow and Frederick Stow.20

College and Navy career

Horween played fullback and halfback in the backfield, the two running back positions, and was known as a good punter and drop-kicker, at Harvard University for the Harvard Crimson. He was an All-American.212223242526 He was described as a "line plunger" of "tremendous power."27

On November 11, 1916, he kicked a 35-yard (32 m) field goal to lead Harvard over previously unbeaten Princeton, 3–0.28 That year, he was named Walter Camp All-America honorable mention at fullback, and New York Times All-East honorable mention.29

During World War I, he enlisted and was a Junior Lieutenant in the United States Navy, on active duty from April 1917 to July 1919.3031 He attended cadet school at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and served on the patrol vessel USS Talofa, the battleship USS Connecticut, the destroyer USS Maury, and the destroyer USS Gregory.3233

In both 1919 and 1920 Harvard was undefeated (9–0–1, as they outscored their competition 229–19, and 8–0–1, respectively).343536 In 1919, Donald Grant Herring ranked Horween the Third-Team center on the Princeton-Yale-Harvard composite team, and opined that if he had played regularly at center for the entire season he might have been the number one choice, and the New York Times named him All-East honorable mention.3738

Horween was part of the unbeaten Harvard football team that won the 1920 Rose Bowl against Oregon, 7–6.394041 Horween sustained a chipped collarbone and dislocated shoulder in the victory.4243 It remain's the only bowl game appearance in Harvard football history.44 He graduated with an A.B. in May 1920.45

Professional football career

He played 22 career games in the National Football League.46 Playing under the alias of the Irish name Ralph McMahon or B. McMahon or R. McMahon,4748495051 Horween started playing professional football a year after the NFL was founded, and played for the Cardinals for three years (first as they were called the Racine Cardinals, in the American Professional Football Association, the predecessor to the NFL).52 He played for the renamed Chicago Cardinals from 1921 to 1923.53 He was paid $40 ($700 in current dollar terms) a week.54 His brother Arnold teamed up with him, playing for the Cardinals as well.55 On November 30, 1922, he kicked a 34-yard (31 m) field goal as the Cardinals beat the Chicago Staleys 6–0.56

On October 7, 1923, he and his brother both scored in the same game, as he ran for a touchdown and his brother kicked two extra points as the Cardinals beat the Rochester Jeffersons 60–0 at Normal Park in Chicago.57 On December 2, 1923, they did it again, as ran for a touchdown and his brother kicked a 35-yard (32 m) field goal as the Cardinals beat the Oorang Indians 22–19.58 In 1923, his brother became head coach of the Cardinals and Ralph joined him as an assistant coach, as both continued to play as well.5960 He played in 11 games that season as the team went 8–4–0.61 He was paid $275 ($5,100 in current dollar terms) for a late season game, and used it to buy an engagement ring and elope.62 He retired following the 1923 season.63

Life after football

Harvard Law School, and law career

After retiring from football, Horween returned to Harvard Law School, where he wrote "The Effect of Certain Types of State Statutes Upon the Criteria, in the Federal Courts, of the Adequacy of the Remedy at Law as a Basis for Federal Equity Jurisdiction", which was published by the law school in 1929.64 He earned an LL.B. law degree in 1929, and that year became a member of the Illinois State Bar and a patent attorney.65666768 He later had a successful law practice in Chicago, known as Topliff, Horween & Merrick from 1940 to 1942, and Topliff & Horween after 1942.69707172 He was also a successful businessman, as he raised cattle and helped run a family business that supplied the leather for the footballs used in the NFL.7374

He served as chief of the Chicago office of the federal Petroleum Administrative Board that administered crude oil permits, and was a special assistant federal attorney who handled prosecutions of oil code violations.75767778 Horween served as Assistant for Oil to Harold L. Ickes, the Oil Administrator and United States Secretary of the Interior, resigning in 1934.798081 He authored What are the Essentials of Sound Oil Conservation Legislation for Illinois?, which was published in 1939, and presented on "Illinois Oil and Gas Legislation" to the Illinois State Bar Association and the Indiana State Bar Association the same year.8283

Horween Leather Company

He and his brother inherited the family leather tannery business, Horween Leather Company in Chicago which had been founded in 1905. Among other things, the company provided the leather used in NFL footballs for many years. He was the company's chief manufacturing executive, and was working at the company in 1950.8485868788

Horween Professorship

He endowed the Horween Professorship at the University of Virginia, a research chair in the field of small manufacturing enterprises, in honor of his father and in memory of his wife, Genevieve Brown Horween.8990

Centenarian

In 1994, the NFL honored 95-year-old Arda Bowser as the league's oldest living ex-NFL player.91 It was only later that NFL officials discovered that they had made a mistake – because Horween, who was 99 years old at the time, was still alive.92

In 1996, Horween turned 100, becoming the first NFL player to turn 100.9394

He died in Charlottesville, Virginia, on May 26, 1997.95

See also

References

  1. Goldstein, Richard (May 29, 1997). "Ralph Horween, 100, the Oldest Ex-N.F.L. Player". The New York Times. Retrieved February 10, 2008. https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9901E5D6153AF93AA15756C0A961958260 ↩

  2. Raphael, Sven (March 21, 2012). "Horween Leather Company Chicago". Gentleman's Gazette. Retrieved March 13, 2014. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) http://www.gentlemansgazette.com/horween-leather-company-chicago/ ↩

  3. Julius Schwartz; Solomon Aaron Kaye; John Simons (1933). Who's who in American Jewry. Vol. 3. Jewish Biographical Bureau. Retrieved March 23, 2013. https://books.google.com/books?id=j2_XAAAAMAAJ&q=isidore+horween ↩

  4. The Sentinel's history of Chicago Jewry, 1911–1961. Sentinel Publishing Co. Chicago. 1961. Retrieved March 22, 2013. https://books.google.com/books?id=4E15AAAAMAAJ&q=Ralph+Horween ↩

  5. Charles H. Joseph (1926). "18M". The Jewish Criterion. Archived from the original on December 13, 2013. Retrieved March 25, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131213071629/http://pjn.library.cmu.edu/books/CALL1/CRI_1926_067_021_04021926/vol0/part0/copy0/ocr/txt/0008.txt ↩

  6. "Ralph Horween" (PDF). profootballresearchers.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 18, 2010. Retrieved March 25, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20101218205508/http://profootballresearchers.org/Coffin_Corner/18-06-680.pdf ↩

  7. Stanley Bernard Frank (1936). The Jew in sports. The Miles Publishing Company. Retrieved March 22, 2013. https://books.google.com/books?id=culCAAAAIAAJ&q=Ralph+Horween ↩

  8. Gerald R. Gems (2000). For Pride, Profit, and Patriarchy: Football and the Incorporation of American Cultural Values. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810836853. Retrieved March 22, 2013. 9780810836853 ↩

  9. Gerald R. Gems (2000). For Pride, Profit, and Patriarchy: Football and the Incorporation of American Cultural Values. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810836853. Retrieved March 22, 2013. 9780810836853 ↩

  10. Gregg Rosenthal (June 19, 2012). "Schwartzes first Jewish brothers in NFL since 1923". Nfl.com. Retrieved March 21, 2013. https://www.nfl.com/news/schwartzes-first-jewish-brothers-in-nfl-since-1923-09000d5d829f2c7c ↩

  11. Bernard Postal; Jesse Silver; Roy Silver (1965). Encyclopedia of Jews in Sports. Bloch Pub. Co. Retrieved March 22, 2013. Ralph Horween. https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofje00post ↩

  12. Gregg Rosenthal (June 19, 2012). "Schwartzes first Jewish brothers in NFL since 1923". NFL.com. Retrieved March 15, 2013. https://www.nfl.com/news/schwartzes-first-jewish-brothers-in-nfl-since-1923-09000d5d829f2c7c ↩

  13. Barnathan, Lee (May 2, 2012). "Browns pick Schwartz in NFL draft". Jewish Journal. Retrieved March 15, 2013. http://www.jewishjournal.com/sports/article/browns_pick_schwartz_in_nfl_draft_20120502 ↩

  14. The Sentinel's history of Chicago Jewry, 1911–1961. Sentinel Publishing Co. Chicago. 1961. Retrieved March 22, 2013. https://books.google.com/books?id=4E15AAAAMAAJ&q=Ralph+Horween ↩

  15. Arnold Horween Elected. Harvard Alumni Bulletin. September 25, 1919. Retrieved March 23, 2013. https://books.google.com/books?id=vZEBAAAAYAAJ&q=Ralph+Horween&pg=PA419 ↩

  16. "Horween, Ralph". Archived from the original on March 17, 2013. Retrieved March 24, 2013. https://archive.today/20130317030523/http://www.jewsinsports.org/football.asp?ID=73 ↩

  17. Julius Schwartz; Solomon Aaron Kaye; John Simons (1933). Who's who in American Jewry. Vol. 3. Jewish Biographical Bureau. Retrieved March 23, 2013. https://books.google.com/books?id=j2_XAAAAMAAJ&q=isidore+horween ↩

  18. "Ralph Horween" (PDF). profootballresearchers.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 18, 2010. Retrieved March 25, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20101218205508/http://profootballresearchers.org/Coffin_Corner/18-06-680.pdf ↩

  19. "Ralph Horween". Chicago Tribune. May 28, 1997. Retrieved March 24, 2013. https://www.chicagotribune.com/1997/05/28/ralph-horween/ ↩

  20. "Ralph Horween". Chicago Tribune. May 28, 1997. Retrieved March 24, 2013. https://www.chicagotribune.com/1997/05/28/ralph-horween/ ↩

  21. Arnold Horween Elected. Harvard Alumni Bulletin. September 25, 1919. Retrieved March 23, 2013. https://books.google.com/books?id=vZEBAAAAYAAJ&q=Ralph+Horween&pg=PA419 ↩

  22. Melveille E. Webb, Jr. (October 28, 1920). "Ralph Horween Ace in Harvard Kicking". Boston Daily Globe. Archived from the original on April 11, 2013. Retrieved March 23, 2013. https://archive.today/20130411165420/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/719359722.html?dids=719359722:719359722&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&date=Oct+28,+1920&author=MELVILLE+E+WEBB+JR&pub=Boston+Daily+Globe&desc=RALPH+HORWEEN+ACE+IN+HARVARD+KICKING&pqatl=google ↩

  23. Co-operation. 1950. Retrieved March 22, 2013. https://books.google.com/books?id=5Bk9AAAAIAAJ&q=Ralph+Horween ↩

  24. Dale Richard Perelman (2012). Centenarians. AuthorHouse. ISBN 9781477217306. Retrieved March 21, 2013. 9781477217306 ↩

  25. Ephraim Historical Foundation (2008). Ephraim. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 9780738551968. Retrieved March 22, 2013. 9780738551968 ↩

  26. Murray Greenberg (2008). Passing Game: Benny Friedman and the Transformation of Football. PublicAffairs. p. 353. Retrieved March 22, 2013. Ralph Horween. https://archive.org/details/passinggamebenny0000gree ↩

  27. Donald Grant Herring (1919). "Football; Princeton 10, Harvard 10". Princeton Alumni Weekly. Retrieved March 21, 2013. https://books.google.com/books?id=2xBbAAAAYAAJ&q=Ralph+Horween&pg=PA158 ↩

  28. Bob Wechsler (2008). Day By Day in Jewish Sports History. KTAV Publishing House. ISBN 9780881259698. Retrieved March 22, 2013. 9780881259698 ↩

  29. "Horween, Ralph". Archived from the original on March 17, 2013. Retrieved March 24, 2013. https://archive.today/20130317030523/http://www.jewsinsports.org/football.asp?ID=73 ↩

  30. Frederick Sumner Mead (1921). Harvard's Military Record in the World War. Harvard Alumni Association. p. 478. Retrieved March 23, 2013. Ralph Horween. https://archive.org/details/harvardsmilitar00meadgoog ↩

  31. Harvard Wins from Oregon 7 to 6. Our Paper – Massachusetts Reformatory (Concord, Mass.). January 3, 1920. Retrieved March 23, 2013. https://books.google.com/books?id=cINRAAAAYAAJ&q=Ralph+Horween&pg=PA8 ↩

  32. Frederick Sumner Mead (1921). Harvard's Military Record in the World War. Harvard Alumni Association. p. 478. Retrieved March 23, 2013. Ralph Horween. https://archive.org/details/harvardsmilitar00meadgoog ↩

  33. United States. Navy Dept. Bureau of Navigation (1918). Navy directory: officers of the United States Navy and Marine Corps, also including officers of the United States Naval Reserve, active, Marine Corps Reserve, active, and foreign officers serving with the Navy. Govt. Printing Office. Retrieved March 23, 2013. https://books.google.com/books?id=JjlHAQAAIAAJ&q=Ralph+Horween&pg=PA80 ↩

  34. "Horween, Ralph". Archived from the original on March 17, 2013. Retrieved March 24, 2013. https://archive.today/20130317030523/http://www.jewsinsports.org/football.asp?ID=73 ↩

  35. "Horween, Arnold". March 3, 2013. Archived from the original on December 4, 2020. Retrieved March 24, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20201204132127/https://www.jewsinsports.org/football.asp?ID=72 ↩

  36. Jack Cavanaugh (2010). The Gipper: George Gipp, Knute Rockne, and the Dramatic Rise of Notre Dame Football. Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 9781616081102. Retrieved March 23, 2013. 9781616081102 ↩

  37. "Horween, Ralph". Archived from the original on March 17, 2013. Retrieved March 24, 2013. https://archive.today/20130317030523/http://www.jewsinsports.org/football.asp?ID=73 ↩

  38. Donald Grant Herring (1919). "Football; Princeton 10, Harvard 10". Princeton Alumni Weekly. Retrieved March 21, 2013. https://books.google.com/books?id=2xBbAAAAYAAJ&q=Ralph+Horween&pg=PA158 ↩

  39. Dale Richard Perelman (2012). Centenarians. AuthorHouse. ISBN 9781477217306. Retrieved March 21, 2013. 9781477217306 ↩

  40. The New York Times Biographical Service. New York Times & Arno Press. 1997. Retrieved March 22, 2013. https://books.google.com/books?id=Yt0zAQAAIAAJ&q=Ralph+Horween ↩

  41. Ralph Goldstein (May 29, 1997). "Ralph Horween, 100, the Oldest Ex-N.F.L. Player". New York Times. Retrieved March 19, 2013. https://www.nytimes.com/1997/05/29/sports/ralph-horween-100-the-oldest-ex-nfl-player.html ↩

  42. Richard Goldstein (May 29, 1997). "Ralph Horween, 100, the Oldest Ex-N.F.L. Player". New York Times. Retrieved March 24, 2013. https://www.nytimes.com/1997/05/29/sports/ralph-horween-100-the-oldest-ex-nfl-player.html ↩

  43. Mark F. Bernstein (2001). Football: The Ivy League Origins of an American Obsession. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0812236270. Retrieved March 21, 2013. 0812236270 ↩

  44. "A League First: Former Player Turns 100". New York Times. August 4, 1996. Retrieved March 23, 2013. https://www.nytimes.com/1996/08/04/sports/a-league-first-former-player-turns-100.html ↩

  45. Horween Leather Company. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved March 25, 2013. http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3479900049.html ↩

  46. "Horween, Ralph". Archived from the original on March 17, 2013. Retrieved March 24, 2013. https://archive.today/20130317030523/http://www.jewsinsports.org/football.asp?ID=73 ↩

  47. "Ralph Horween" (PDF). profootballresearchers.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 18, 2010. Retrieved March 25, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20101218205508/http://profootballresearchers.org/Coffin_Corner/18-06-680.pdf ↩

  48. Gerald R. Gems (2000). For Pride, Profit, and Patriarchy: Football and the Incorporation of American Cultural Values. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810836853. Retrieved March 22, 2013. 9780810836853 ↩

  49. Dale Richard Perelman (2012). Centenarians. AuthorHouse. ISBN 9781477217306. Retrieved March 21, 2013. 9781477217306 ↩

  50. "Franchise history". Arizona Cardinals official site. Archived from the original on February 1, 2008. Retrieved February 10, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080201050804/http://www.azcardinals.com/history/index.php ↩

  51. Kevin Carroll (2007). Dr. Eddie Anderson, Hall of Fame College Football Coach: A Biography. McFarland. ISBN 9780786430079. Retrieved March 22, 2013. 9780786430079 ↩

  52. John Maxymuk (2012). NFL Head Coaches: A Biographical Dictionary, 1920–2011. McFarland. ISBN 9780786465576. Retrieved March 22, 2013. 9780786465576 ↩

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  63. "Horween, Ralph". Archived from the original on March 17, 2013. Retrieved March 24, 2013. https://archive.today/20130317030523/http://www.jewsinsports.org/football.asp?ID=73 ↩

  64. Ralph Horween (1929). The Effect of Certain Types of State Statutes Upon the Criteria, in the Federal Courts, of the Adequacy of the Remedy at Law as a Basis for Federal Equity Jurisdiction. Law School of Harvard University. Retrieved March 23, 2013. https://books.google.com/books?id=FS4rtwAACAAJ&q=Ralph+Horween ↩

  65. Dale Richard Perelman (2012). Centenarians. AuthorHouse. ISBN 9781477217306. Retrieved March 21, 2013. 9781477217306 ↩

  66. James Clark Fifield (1937). The American Bar. J.C. Fifield Company. Retrieved March 23, 2013. https://books.google.com/books?id=qsEjAQAAMAAJ&q=Ralph+Horween ↩

  67. Illinois Bar Journal. Vol. 28. Illinois State Bar Association. 1950. Retrieved March 22, 2013. https://books.google.com/books?id=z5wtAAAAIAAJ&q=Ralph+Horween ↩

  68. "Harvard Magazine". 100. Circulation Department. 1997. Retrieved March 22, 2013. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) https://books.google.com/books?id=eroqAAAAMAAJ&q=Ralph+Horween ↩

  69. Julius Schwartz; Solomon Aaron Kaye; John Simons (1933). Who's who in American Jewry. Vol. 3. Jewish Biographical Bureau. Retrieved March 23, 2013. https://books.google.com/books?id=j2_XAAAAMAAJ&q=isidore+horween ↩

  70. Dale Richard Perelman (2012). Centenarians. AuthorHouse. ISBN 9781477217306. Retrieved March 21, 2013. 9781477217306 ↩

  71. Ephraim Historical Foundation (2008). Ephraim. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 9780738551968. Retrieved March 22, 2013. 9780738551968 ↩

  72. Who's who in Michigan: A Biographical Dictionary of Leading Men and Women of the Commonwealth. 1947. Retrieved March 23, 2013. https://books.google.com/books?id=EmVmAAAAMAAJ&q=topliff+horween ↩

  73. Dale Richard Perelman (2012). Centenarians. AuthorHouse. ISBN 9781477217306. Retrieved March 21, 2013. 9781477217306 ↩

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  77. "Deaths; Ralph Horween". Toledo Blade. May 27, 1997. Retrieved March 24, 2013. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=iOo0AAAAIBAJ&pg=6849,9714561&dq=ralph+horween&hl=en ↩

  78. "Horween Appointed Oil Official". Wall Street Journal. October 13, 1934. Archived from the original on April 11, 2013. Retrieved March 23, 2013. https://archive.today/20130411155912/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/djreprints/access/110201089.html?dids=110201089:110201089&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Oct+13,+1934&author=&pub=Wall+Street+Journal&desc=Horween+Appointed+Oil+Official&pqatl=google ↩

  79. "Horween Appointed Oil Official". Wall Street Journal. October 13, 1934. Archived from the original on April 11, 2013. Retrieved March 23, 2013. https://archive.today/20130411155912/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/djreprints/access/110201089.html?dids=110201089:110201089&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Oct+13,+1934&author=&pub=Wall+Street+Journal&desc=Horween+Appointed+Oil+Official&pqatl=google ↩

  80. World Oil. Gulf Publishing Company. 1934. Retrieved March 22, 2013. https://books.google.com/books?id=QFpAAQAAIAAJ&q=Ralph+Horween ↩

  81. Pacific Oil World. Petroleum Publishers. 1934. Retrieved March 23, 2013. https://books.google.com/books?id=AuczAQAAIAAJ&q=Ralph+Horween ↩

  82. Ralph Horween (1939). What are the Essentials of Sound Oil Conservation Legislation for Illinois?. Retrieved March 21, 2013. https://books.google.com/books?id=lelyHAAACAAJ&q=Ralph+Horween ↩

  83. Illinois State Bar Association (1939). "Annual Report of the Illinois State Bar Association – Illinois State Bar Association". Interstate Print. Company. Retrieved March 22, 2013. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) https://books.google.com/books?id=9M4DAQAAIAAJ&q=Ralph+Horween ↩

  84. "Ralph Horween". Chicago Tribune. May 28, 1997. Retrieved March 24, 2013. https://www.chicagotribune.com/1997/05/28/ralph-horween/ ↩

  85. "A League First: Former Player Turns 100". New York Times. August 4, 1996. Retrieved March 23, 2013. https://www.nytimes.com/1996/08/04/sports/a-league-first-former-player-turns-100.html ↩

  86. Illinois Bar Journal. Vol. 28. Illinois State Bar Association. 1950. Retrieved March 22, 2013. https://books.google.com/books?id=z5wtAAAAIAAJ&q=Ralph+Horween ↩

  87. "Deaths; Ralph Horween". Toledo Blade. May 27, 1997. Retrieved March 24, 2013. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=iOo0AAAAIBAJ&pg=6849,9714561&dq=ralph+horween&hl=en ↩

  88. "About « Horween Leather Company". Horween.com. Retrieved March 24, 2013. http://horween.com/about/ ↩

  89. Inside UVA. Office of Publications, University of Virginia. 1990. Retrieved March 23, 2013. https://books.google.com/books?id=alRXAAAAYAAJ&q=Ralph+Horween ↩

  90. University of Virginia (2000). "The University of Virginia Record". Retrieved March 23, 2013. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) https://books.google.com/books?id=M1ZXAAAAYAAJ&q=Ralph+Horween ↩

  91. Chris Willis (2005). Old Leather: An Oral History of Early Pro Football in Ohio, 1920–1935. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810856608. Retrieved February 27, 2016. 9780810856608 ↩

  92. Chris Willis (2005). Old Leather: An Oral History of Early Pro Football in Ohio, 1920–1935. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810856608. Retrieved February 27, 2016. 9780810856608 ↩

  93. Dale Richard Perelman (2012). Centenarians. AuthorHouse. ISBN 9781477217306. Retrieved March 21, 2013. 9781477217306 ↩

  94. Ephraim Historical Foundation (2008). Ephraim. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 9780738551968. Retrieved March 22, 2013. 9780738551968 ↩

  95. Dale Richard Perelman (2012). Centenarians. AuthorHouse. ISBN 9781477217306. Retrieved March 21, 2013. 9781477217306 ↩