Isotopes of selenium - Reference.org

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Isotopes of selenium

Selenium (34Se) has six natural isotopes that occur in significant quantities, along with the trace isotope 79Se, which occurs in minute quantities in uranium ores. Five of these isotopes are stable: 74Se, 76Se, 77Se, 78Se, and 80Se. The last three also occur as fission products, along with 79Se, which has a half-life of 327,000 years, and 82Se, which has a very long half-life (~1020 years, decaying via double beta decay to 82Kr) and for practical purposes can be considered to be stable. There are 23 other unstable isotopes that have been characterized, the longest-lived being 79Se with a half-life 327,000 years, 75Se with a half-life of 120 days, and 72Se with a half-life of 8.40 days. Of the other isotopes, 73Se has the longest half-life, 7.15 hours; most others have half-lives not exceeding 38 seconds.

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List of isotopes

Nuclide³	Z	N	Isotopic mass (Da)⁴ ⁵ ⁶	Half-life ⁷ ⁸ ⁹	Decaymode ¹⁰ ¹¹	Daughterisotope ¹²	Spin andparity ¹³ ¹⁴ ¹⁵	Natural abundance (mole fraction)
Nuclide³	Excitation energy			Half-life ⁷ ⁸ ⁹	Decaymode ¹⁰ ¹¹	Daughterisotope ¹²	Spin andparity ¹³ ¹⁴ ¹⁵	Normal proportion¹⁶	Range of variation
63Se	34	29	62.98191(54)#	13.2(39) ms	β+, p (89%)	62Ge	3/2−#
					β+ (11%)	63As
					2p? (<0.5%)	61Ge
64Se	34	30	63.97117(54)#	22.6(2) ms	β+?	64As	0+
64Se	34	30	63.97117(54)#	22.6(2) ms	β+, p?	63Ge	0+
65Se	34	31	64.96455(32)#	34.2(7) ms	β+, p (87%)	64Ge	3/2−#
65Se	34	31	64.96455(32)#	34.2(7) ms	β+ (13%)	65As	3/2−#
66Se	34	32	65.95528(22)#	54(4) ms	β+	66As	0+
66Se	34	32	65.95528(22)#	54(4) ms	β+, p?	65Ge	0+
67Se	34	33	66.949994(72)	133(4) ms	β+ (99.5%)	67As	5/2−#
67Se	34	33	66.949994(72)	133(4) ms	β+, p (0.5%)	66Ge	5/2−#
68Se	34	34	67.94182524(53)	35.5(7) s	β+	68As	0+
69Se	34	35	68.9394148(16)	27.4(2) s	β+ (99.95%)	69As	1/2−
69Se	34	35	68.9394148(16)	27.4(2) s	β+, p (.052%)	68Ge	1/2−
69m1Se	38.85(22) keV			2.0(2) μs	IT	69Se	5/2−
69m2Se	574.0(4) keV			955(16) ns	IT	69Se	9/2+
70Se	34	36	69.9335155(17)	41.1(3) min	β+	70As	0+
71Se	34	37	70.9322094(30)	4.74(5) min	β+	71As	(5/2−)
71m1Se	48.79(5) keV			5.6(7) μs	IT	71Se	(1/2−)
71m2Se	260.48(10) keV			19.0(5) μs	IT	71Se	(9/2+)
72Se	34	38	71.9271405(21)	8.40(8) d	EC	72As	0+
73Se	34	39	72.9267549(80)	7.15(9) h	β+	73As	9/2+
73mSe	25.71(4) keV			39.8(17) min	IT (72.6%)	73Se	3/2−
73mSe	25.71(4) keV			39.8(17) min	β+ (27.4%)	73As	3/2−
74Se	34	40	73.922475933(15)	Observationally Stable ¹⁷			0+	0.0086(3)
75Se	34	41	74.922522870(78)	119.78(3) d	EC	75As	5/2+
76Se	34	42	75.919213702(17)	Stable			0+	0.0923(7)
77Se	34	43	76.919914150(67)	Stable			1/2−	0.0760(7)
77mSe	161.9223(10) keV			17.36(5) s	IT	77Se	7/2+
78Se	34	44	77.91730924(19)	Stable			0+	0.2369 (22)
79Se ¹⁸	34	45	78.91849925(24)	3.27(28)×105 y	β−	79Br	7/2+
79mSe	95.77(3) keV			3.900(18) min	IT (99.94%)	79Se	1/2−
79mSe	95.77(3) keV			3.900(18) min	β− (0.056%)	79Br	1/2−
80Se	34	46	79.9165218(10)	Observationally Stable¹⁹			0+	0.4980(36)
81Se	34	47	80.9179930(10)	18.45(12) min	β−	81Br	1/2−
81mSe	103.00(6) keV			57.28(2) min	IT (99.95%)	81Se	7/2+
81mSe	103.00(6) keV			57.28(2) min	β− (.051%)	81Br	7/2+
82Se²⁰	34	48	81.91669953(50)	8.76(15)×1019 y	β−β−	82Kr	0+	0.0882(15)
83Se	34	49	82.9191186(33)	22.25(4) min	β−	83Br	9/2+
83mSe	228.92(7) keV			70.1(4) s	β−	83Br	1/2−
84Se	34	50	83.9184668(21)	3.26(10) min	β−	84Br	0+
85Se	34	51	84.9222608(28)	32.9(3) s	β−	85Br	(5/2)+
86Se	34	52	85.9243117(27)	14.3(3) s	β−	86Br	0+
86Se	34	52	85.9243117(27)	14.3(3) s	β−, n?	85Br	0+
87Se	34	53	86.9286886(24)	5.50(6) s	β− (99.50%)	87Br	(3/2+)
87Se	34	53	86.9286886(24)	5.50(6) s	β−, n (0.60%)	86Br	(3/2+)
88Se	34	54	87.9314175(36)	1.53(6) s	β− (99.01%)	88Br	0+
88Se	34	54	87.9314175(36)	1.53(6) s	β−, n (0.99%)	87Br	0+
89Se	34	55	88.9366691(40)	430(50) ms	β− (92.2%)	89Br	5/2+#
89Se	34	55	88.9366691(40)	430(50) ms	β−, n (7.8%)	88Br	5/2+#
90Se	34	56	89.94010(35)	210(80) ms	β−	90Br	0+
90Se	34	56	89.94010(35)	210(80) ms	β−, n?	89Br	0+
91Se	34	57	90.94570(47)	270(50) ms	β− (79%)	91Br	1/2+#
					β−, n (21%)	90Br
					β−, 2n?	89Br
92Se	34	58	91.94984(43)#	90# ms [>300 ns]	β−?	92Br	0+
					β−, n?	91Br
					β−, 2n?	90Br
92mSe	3072(2) keV			15.7(7) μs	IT	92Se	(9−)
93Se	34	59	92.95614(43)#	130# ms [>300 ns]	β−?	93Br	1/2+#
					β−, n?	92Br
					β−, 2n?	91Br
93mSe	678.2(7) keV			420(100) ns	IT	93Se
94Se	34	60	93.96049(54)#	50# ms [>300 ns]	β−?	94Br	0+
					β−, n?	93Br
					β−, 2n?	92Br
94mSe	2430.0(6) keV			680(50) ns	IT	94Se	(7−)
95Se	34	61	94.96730(54)#	70# ms [>400 ns]	β−?	95Br	3/2+#
					β−, n?	94Br
					β−, 2n?	93Br
96Se²¹	34	62
97Se²²	34	63
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Use of radioisotopes

The isotope selenium-75 has radiopharmaceutical uses. For example, it is used in high-dose-rate endorectal brachytherapy, as an alternative to iridium-192.²³

In paleobiogeochemistry, the ratio in amount of selenium-82 to selenium-76 (i.e, the value of δ82/76Se) can be used to track down the redox conditions on Earth during the Neoproterozoic era in order to gain a deeper understanding of the rapid oxygenation that trigger the emergence of complex organisms.²⁴ ²⁵

Isotope masses from:
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
- de Laeter, John Robert; Böhlke, John Karl; De Bièvre, Paul; Hidaka, Hiroshi; Peiser, H. Steffen; Rosman, Kevin J. R.; Taylor, Philip D. P. (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 75 (6): 683–800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683.
- Wieser, Michael E. (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051.
"News & Notices: Standard Atomic Weights Revised". International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 19 October 2005.
Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
- National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.x database". Brookhaven National Laboratory.
- Holden, Norman E. (2004). "11. Table of the Isotopes". In Lide, David R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.

References

The half-life of 79Se Archived September 27, 2011, at the Wayback Machine http://www.ptb.de/en/org/6/nachrichten6/2010/60710_en.htm ↩
Jorg, Gerhard; Buhnemann, Rolf; Hollas, Simon; Kivel, Niko; Kossert, Karsten; Van Winckel, Stefaan; Gostomski, Christoph Lierse v. (2010). "Preparation of radiochemically pure 79Se and highly precise determination of its half-life". Applied Radiation and Isotopes. 68 (12): 2339–51. doi:10.1016/j.apradiso.2010.05.006. PMID 20627600. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩
mSe – Excited nuclear isomer. /wiki/Nuclear_isomer ↩
Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*". Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030003. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩
( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. ↩
# – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS). ↩
Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae. https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf ↩
Bold half-life – nearly stable, half-life longer than age of universe. /wiki/Age_of_universe ↩
# – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN). ↩
Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae. https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf ↩
Modes of decay: EC:Electron captureIT:Isomeric transitionn:Neutron emissionp:Proton emission /wiki/Electron_capture ↩
Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable. ↩
Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae. https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf ↩
( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments. ↩
# – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN). ↩
Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae. https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf ↩
Believed to decay by β+β+ to 74Ge with a half-life over 2.3×1018 y. ↩
Long-lived fission product /wiki/Long-lived_fission_product ↩
Believed to decay by β−β− to 80Kr ↩
Primordial radionuclide /wiki/Primordial_nuclide ↩
Shimizu, Y.; Kubo, T.; Sumikama, T.; Fukuda, N.; Takeda, H.; Suzuki, H.; Ahn, D. S.; Inabe, N.; Kusaka, K.; Ohtake, M.; Yanagisawa, Y.; Yoshida, K.; Ichikawa, Y.; Isobe, T.; Otsu, H.; Sato, H.; Sonoda, T.; Murai, D.; Iwasa, N.; Imai, N.; Hirayama, Y.; Jeong, S. C.; Kimura, S.; Miyatake, H.; Mukai, M.; Kim, D. G.; Kim, E.; Yagi, A. (8 April 2024). "Production of new neutron-rich isotopes near the N = 60 isotones Ge 92 and As 93 by in-flight fission of a 345 MeV/nucleon U 238 beam". Physical Review C. 109 (4). doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.109.044313. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩
Shimizu, Y.; Kubo, T.; Sumikama, T.; Fukuda, N.; Takeda, H.; Suzuki, H.; Ahn, D. S.; Inabe, N.; Kusaka, K.; Ohtake, M.; Yanagisawa, Y.; Yoshida, K.; Ichikawa, Y.; Isobe, T.; Otsu, H.; Sato, H.; Sonoda, T.; Murai, D.; Iwasa, N.; Imai, N.; Hirayama, Y.; Jeong, S. C.; Kimura, S.; Miyatake, H.; Mukai, M.; Kim, D. G.; Kim, E.; Yagi, A. (8 April 2024). "Production of new neutron-rich isotopes near the N = 60 isotones Ge 92 and As 93 by in-flight fission of a 345 MeV/nucleon U 238 beam". Physical Review C. 109 (4). doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.109.044313. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩
Shoemaker T; Vuong T; Glickman H; Kaifi S; Famulari G; Enger SA (2019). "Dosimetric Considerations for Ytterbium-169, Selenium-75, and Iridium-192 Radioisotopes in High-Dose-Rate Endorectal Brachytherapy". Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 105 (4): 875–883. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2019.07.003. PMID 31330175. S2CID 198170324. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩
Pogge von Strandmann, Philip A. E.; Stüeken, Eva E.; Elliott, Tim; Poulton, Simon W.; Dehler, Carol M.; Canfield, Don E.; Catling, David C. (2015-12-18). "Selenium isotope evidence for progressive oxidation of the Neoproterozoic biosphere". Nature Communications. 6 (1): 10157. doi:10.1038/ncomms10157. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 4703861. PMID 26679529. https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms10157 ↩
Stüeken, Eva E. "Selenium isotopes as a biogeochemical proxy in deep time" (PDF). core.ac.uk. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/161931618.pdf ↩