The English suffixes -phobia, -phobic, and -phobe derive from the Greek phobos (fear) and are used in fields like psychiatry to describe irrational or disabling fears (e.g., agoraphobia), in chemistry for chemical aversions (e.g., hydrophobic), and in biology for organisms avoiding conditions (e.g., acidophobia). Common usage also includes dislike or hatred terms like homophobia. The suffix is antonymic to -phil-, as seen in Germanophile versus Germanophobe. For psychiatric classifications and examples, see phobia. While many phobia lists exist online, caution is advised due to content spamming practices distorting accurate information. An 1897 American Journal of Psychology article criticized overly complex Greek-derived phobia names, like triakaidekaphobia (fear of 13).
Psychological conditions
Specialists may prefer to avoid the suffix -phobia and use more descriptive terms such as personality disorders, anxiety disorders, and avoidant personality disorder. Terms should strictly have a Greek prefix, although many are irregularly formed with Latin or even English prefixes. Many use inaccurate or imprecise prefixes, such as aerophobia (fear of air) for fear of flying.
A
Phobia | Condition |
---|---|
Achluophobia | fear of darkness |
Acousticophobia | fear of noise – a branch of phonophobia |
Acrophobia | fear of heights |
Aerophobia | fear of aircraft or flying |
Agoraphobia | fear of certain inescapable/unsafe situations |
Agyrophobia | fear of crossing streets |
Aichmophobia | fear of sharp or pointed objects such as needles, pins or knives |
Ailurophobia | fear/dislike of cats, a zoophobia |
Alektorophobia | fear/dislike of chickens, a zoophobia |
Anatidaephobia | fear/dislike of ducks, a zoophobia |
Algophobia | fear of pain |
Alliumphobia | fear/dislike of Allium plants, including garlic, onions, chives, and shallots4567 |
Ancraophobia | fear of wind or drafts |
Androphobia | fear of adult men8 |
Anthropophobia | fear of human beings9 |
Apeirophobia | excessive fear of infinity, eternity, and the uncountable |
Aphenphosmphobia | fear of being touched |
Apiphobia | fear of bees, a zoophobia |
Apotemnophobia | fear of amputees, and/or of becoming an amputee1011 |
Aquaphobia | fear of water. Distinct from hydrophobia, a scientific property that makes chemicals averse to interaction with water, as well as an archaic name for rabies. |
Arachnophobia | fear of spiders and other arachnids such as scorpions, a zoophobia |
Astraphobia | fear of thunder and lightning |
Atelophobia | fear of imperfection; a synonym of perfectionism |
Athazagoraphobia | fear of forgetting, forgetfulness and/or being forgotten1213 |
Atychiphobia | fear of failure14 or negative evaluations of others |
Autophobia | fear of isolation15 |
B
Phobia | Condition |
---|---|
Bacteriophobia | fear of bacteria |
Basophobia, basiphobia | fear associated with astasia-abasia (fear of walking/standing erect) and a fear of falling |
Batrachophobia | fear/dislike of frogs and other amphibians, a zoophobia |
Belonephobia | fear of needles or pins1617 |
Bibliophobia | fear of books |
Blood-injection-injury type phobia | a DSM-IV subtype of specific phobias |
C
Phobia | Condition |
---|---|
Cacophobia, aschimophobia | fear of ugliness |
Carcinophobia | fear of cancer |
Catoptrophobia | fear of mirrors |
Cephalalgiaphobia | fear of headaches |
Chemophobia | fear of chemicals |
Cherophobia | fear of happiness |
Chionophobia | fear of snow18 |
Chiroptophobia | fear/dislike of bats, a zoophobia |
Chromophobia, chromatophobia | fear of colors |
Chronophobia | fear of time and time moving forward |
Chronomentrophobia | fear of clocks19 |
Cibophobia, sitophobia | aversion to food, synonymous with anorexia nervosa |
Claustrophobia | fear of having no escape and being closed in |
Coimetrophobia | fear of cemeteries |
Coprophobia | fear of feces or defecation20 |
Coulrophobia | fear of clowns21 |
Cyberphobia | fear of computers |
Cynophobia | fear/dislike of dogs, a zoophobia |
D
Phobia | Condition |
---|---|
Dendrophobia | fear of trees2223 |
Dental fear, odontophobia | fear of dentists and dental procedures |
Dentophobia | fear of dentists |
Diagraphephobia | fear of deleting files or an extreme fear of losing your computer data.24 |
Domatophobia | fear of houses |
Driving phobia, driving anxiety | fear of driving |
Dysmorphophobia, body dysmorphic disorder | a phobic obsession with a real or imaginary body defect |
Dystichiphobia | fear of being involved in an accident25 |
E
Phobia | Condition |
---|---|
Ecophobia | fear of cataclysmic environmental change |
Eisoptrophobia | fear of mirrors or seeing one's reflection in a mirror2627 |
Emetophobia | fear of vomiting |
Enochlophobia | fear of crowds |
Entomophobia | fear/dislike of insects, a zoophobia |
Ephebiphobia | fear of youth; inaccurate, exaggerated and sensational characterization of young people |
Equinophobia | fear of horses |
Ergophobia, ergasiophobia | fear of work or functioning, or a surgeon's fear of operating |
Erotophobia | fear of sexual love or sexual abuse |
Erythrophobia, erytophobia, ereuthophobia | fear of the color red, or fear of blushing |
Eurotophobia | aversion to female genitals |
F
Phobia | Condition |
---|---|
Frigophobia | fear of becoming too cold |
G
Phobia | Condition |
---|---|
Galeophobia | fear of sharks |
Gamophobia | fear of marriage |
Gelotophobia | fear of being laughed at |
Gephyrophobia | fear of bridges |
Genophobia, coitophobia | fear of sexual intercourse |
Genuphobia | fear of knees or the act of kneeling |
Gerascophobia | fear of growing old or aging |
Gerontophobia | fear of growing old, or a hatred or fear of the elderly |
Globophobia | fear of balloons |
Glossophobia | fear of speaking in public or of trying to speak |
Gymnophobia | fear of nudity28 |
Gynophobia | fear of adult women |
H
Phobia | Condition |
---|---|
Halitophobia | fear of bad breath |
Haphephobia | fear of being touched |
Heptadekaphobia, heptadecaphobia | fear of the number 17 |
Hedonophobia | fear of obtaining pleasure |
Heliophobia | fear of the sun or sunlight |
Helminthophobia, scoleciphobia, vermiphobia | fear of worms,29 a zoophobia |
Hemophobia, haemophobia | fear of blood |
Herpetophobia | fear/dislike of reptiles or amphibians, a zoophobia |
Hexakosioihexekontahexaphobia | fear of the number 666 |
Hippophobia | fear/dislike of horses,30 a zoophobia |
Hodophobia | fear of travel |
Hypnophobia, somniphobia | fear of sleep or nightmares31 |
Hypochondria | fear of illness |
I
Phobia | Condition |
---|---|
Ichthyophobia | fear of fish, including fear of eating fish, or fear of dead fish, a zoophobia |
Insectophobia | fear of insects, a zoophobia |
K
Phobia | Condition |
---|---|
Katsaridaphobia | fear of cockroaches32 |
Koumpounophobia | fear of buttons on clothing33 |
L
Phobia | Condition |
---|---|
Lilapsophobia | fear of tornadoes or hurricanes |
Lepidopterophobia | fear of butterflies and moths, a zoophobia |
M
Phobia | Condition |
---|---|
Mageiricophobia | fear of cooking |
Masklophobia | fear of people in masks, costumes and mascots |
Melissophobia, apiphobia | fear/dislike of bees, a zoophobia |
Monophobia | fear of being alone or isolated or of one's self |
Musophobia, murophobia, suriphobia | fear/dislike of mice or rats, a zoophobia |
Mycophobia | fear of mushrooms34 |
Myrmecophobia | fear of ants, a zoophobia |
Mysophobia, germophobia | fear of germs, contamination or dirt |
N
Phobia | Condition |
---|---|
Necrophobia | fear of corpses or things associated with death (not to be confused with death anxiety) |
Neophobia, cainophobia, cainotophobia, centophobia, kainolophobia, kainophobia, metathesiophobia, prosophobia | fear of newness, novelty, change or progress |
Noctiphobia | fear of the night |
Nomophobia | fear of being out of mobile phone contact |
Nosocomephobia | fear of hospitals |
Nosophobia | fear of contracting a disease |
Nostophobia, ecophobia | fear of returning home |
Numerophobia | fear of numbers |
Nyctophobia, achluophobia, lygophobia, scotophobia | fear of darkness |
O
Phobia | Condition |
---|---|
Odontophobia | dental fear |
Ommetaphobia | fear of eyes |
Oneirophobia | fear of dreams |
Ophidiophobia | fear/dislike of snakes, a zoophobia |
Ophthalmophobia | fear of being stared at |
Ornithophobia | fear/dislike of birds, a zoophobia |
Osmophobia, olfactophobia | fear of odors |
Ostraconophobia | fear/dislike of shellfish, a zoophobia |
P
Phobia | Condition |
---|---|
Panphobia | fear of everything or constant generalised fear of an unknown cause |
Pedophobia, paedophobia, pediaphobia | fear of babies and children |
Phagophobia | fear of swallowing |
Phallophobia | fear of erections or penises |
Pharmacophobia | fear of medications |
Phasmophobia | fear of ghosts or phantoms |
Philophobia | fear of love |
Phyllophobia | fear of leaves35363738 |
Phobophobia | fear of fear itself or of having a phobia |
Phonophobia | fear of loud sounds or voices |
Pogonophobia | fear of beards |
Pornophobia | dislike or fear of pornography; may be used in reference to the opposition to visual nudity |
Porphyrophobia | fear of the color purple |
Pteromerhanophobia | fear of flying |
Pyrophobia | fear of fire |
R
Phobia | Condition |
---|---|
Radiophobia | fear of radioactivity or X-rays |
Ranidaphobia | fear/dislike of frogs, a zoophobia |
S
Phobia | Condition |
---|---|
Scopophobia | fear of being looked at or stared at |
Sexophobia | fear of sexual organs or sexual activities |
Siderodromophobia | fear of trains or railroads |
Social phobia | fear of people or social situations |
Somniphobia | fear of sleep |
Spectrophobia | fear of mirrors |
Spheksophobia | fear of wasps, a zoophobia |
Stasiphobia | fear of standing or walking |
Submechanophobia | fear of partially or fully submerged man-made objects3940 |
T
Phobia | Condition |
---|---|
Taphophobia, taphephobia | fear of graves, or fear of being placed in a grave while still alive |
Technophobia | fear of advanced technology (see also Luddite) |
Telephone phobia | fear or reluctance of making or taking telephone calls |
Televisiophobia | fear of television static and/or television itself |
Teratophobia | fear of giving birth to a monster41 or a disfigured foetus42 |
Tetraphobia | fear of the number 4 |
Thalassophobia | fear of the sea, or fear of being in the ocean |
Thanatophobia | fear of dying, a synonym of death anxiety; not to be confused with necrophobia |
Thermophobia | fear of intolerance to high temperatures |
Tokophobia | fear of childbirth or pregnancy |
Tomophobia | fear of invasive medical procedure43 |
Tonitrophobia | fear of thunder |
Toxiphobia / Iophobia | fear of being poisoned |
Traumatophobia | a synonym for injury phobia: fear of having an injury |
Trichophobia | delusional fear of something in the roots of the hair that stops it from growing,44 or fear of hair loss |
Triskaidekaphobia, terdekaphobia | fear of the number 13 |
Trypanophobia, belonephobia, enetophobia | fear of needles or injections |
Trypophobia | fear of holes or textures with a pattern of holes45 |
V
Phobia | Condition |
---|---|
Vehophobia | fear of driving |
Veloxrotaphobia | fear of roller coasters |
Verminophobia | fear of germs |
X
Phobia | Condition |
---|---|
Xanthophobia | fear of the color yellow |
Z
Phobia | Condition |
---|---|
Zoophobia | fear of animals |
Cultural prejudices and discrimination
Phobia | Condition |
---|---|
Acephobia | fear/dislike of asexual people |
Aporophobia | fear/dislike of people without resources |
Arophobia | fear/dislike of aromantic people |
Biphobia | fear/dislike of bisexuality or bisexuals |
Ephebiphobia | fear/dislike of youth |
Gayphobia | fear/dislike of gay men (specifically) |
Gerontophobia, gerascophobia | fear/dislike of aging or the elderly |
Heterophobia | fear/dislike of heterosexuals |
Homophobia | fear/dislike of homosexuality, homosexuals, or gays (as opposed to lesbians) |
Lesbophobia | fear/dislike of lesbians |
Pedophobia | fear/dislike of babies or children |
Psychophobia | fear/dislike of mental illness or the mentally ill |
Transphobia | fear/dislike of transgender people |
Ethnic/national/religious prejudices and discrimination
The suffix -phobia is used to coin terms that denote a particular anti-ethnic or anti-demographic sentiment, such as Americanophobia, Europhobia, Francophobia, Hispanophobia, and Indophobia. Often a synonym with the prefix "anti-" already exists (e.g. Polonophobia vs. anti-Polonism). Anti-religious sentiments are expressed in terms such as Christianophobia and Islamophobia.
Medical conditions
Phobia | Condition |
---|---|
Osmophobia | hypersensitivity to smells causing aversion to odors |
Phonophobia | hypersensitivity to sound causing aversion to sounds |
Photophobia | hypersensitivity to light causing aversion to light |
Cultural phenomena
Phobia | Condition |
---|---|
Bibliophobia | fear or hatred of books, as a cultural phenomenon46 |
Lipophobia | avoidance of fats in food474849 (see also Lipophobicity) |
Coronaphobia | fear of COVID-1950 |
-phobia in the natural sciences
In the natural sciences, words with the suffix -phobia/-phobic generally describe a predisposition for avoidance and/or exclusion. For antonyms, see here
Phobia | Condition |
---|---|
Acidophobia | preference for non-acidic conditions |
Heliophobia | aversion to sunlight |
Hydrophobia | the property of being repelled by water |
Lipophobicity | the property of fat rejection (sometimes also called lipophobia) |
Oleophobicity | the property of oil rejection |
Photophobia (biology) | a negative phototaxis or phototropism response, or a tendency to stay out of the light |
Ultrahydrophobicity | the property given to materials that are extremely difficult to get wet |
Thermophobia | aversion to heat |
Jocular and fictional phobias
- Aibohphobia – a humorous term for the fear of palindromes, which is a palindrome itself. The term is a piece of computer humor entered into the 1981 The Devil's DP Dictionary.51
- Anatidaephobia – the fictional fear that one is being watched by a duck. The word comes from the name of the family Anatidae, and was used in Gary Larson's The Far Side.52
- Anoraknophobia – a portmanteau of "anorak" and "arachnophobia". It was used in the Wallace and Gromit comic book Anoraknophobia. Also the title of an album by Marillion.
- Arachibutyrophobia – fear of peanut butter sticking to the roof of the mouth, from Latin arachis "peanut" and butyrum "butter".53 The word is used by Charles M. Schulz in a 1982 installment of his Peanuts comic strip,54 and by Peter O'Donnell in his 1985 Modesty Blaise adventure novel Dead Man's Handle.
- Charlophobia – the fictional fear of any person named Charlotte or Charlie, mentioned in the comedic book A Duck is Watching Me: Strange and Unusual Phobias (2014), by Bernie Hobbs. The phobia was created to mock name bias, a form of discrimination studied by researchers at the University of California, Berkeley and the University of Chicago.55
- Hippopotomonstrosesquipedaliophobia – fear of long words,56 from the root word sesquipedalophobia combined with monstrum and hippopotamus. This was mentioned on the first episode of Brainiac Series Five as a Tickle's Teaser.
- Keanuphobia – fear of Keanu Reeves, portrayed in the Dean Koontz book, False Memory, where a woman has an irrational fear of Reeves and has to see her psychiatrist, Mark Ahriman, each week, unaware that she only has the fear in the first place because Ahriman implanted it via hypnotic suggestion to amuse himself. He calls her "Keanuphobe" in his head.
- Luposlipaphobia – fear of being pursued by timber wolves around a kitchen table while wearing socks on a newly waxed floor. Coined humorously by cartoonist Gary Larson for his comic The Far Side.
- Nihilophobia – fear of nothingness, from Latin nihil and "nothing, none", as described by the Doctor in the Star Trek: Voyager episode "Night". Voyager's morale officer and chef Neelix has this condition, having panic attacks while the ship was traversing a dark expanse of space known as the Void. It is also the title of a 2008 album by Neuronium.
- Robophobia – irrational fear of robots and/or androids, also known as "Grimwade's Syndrome". It was first used in "The Robots of Death",57 the fifth serial of the 14th season of the British science fiction television series Doctor Who.
- Semaphobia – fear of average web developers to use Semantic Web technologies.58
- Venustraphobia – fear of beautiful women, according to a 1998 humorous article published by BBC News.59
See also
Further reading
- Aldrich C (2 December 2002). The Aldrich Dictionary of Phobias and Other Word Families. Trafford Publishing. pp. 224–236. ISBN 1-55369-886-X.
- Summerscale K (6 October 2022). The Book of Phobias and Manias. Profile Books. ISBN 9781788162814.
External links
For a list of words relating to various phobias not found in wikipedia, see the English terms suffixed with -phobiacategory of words in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Phobias.- The Phobia List
- Nursing Degree Guide Archived 2 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine
References
The A–Z of Fear, a 30 October 1998 BBC News unsigned article in the "Entertainment" section http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/low/entertainment/173250.stm ↩
"Content Spammers Help You Overcome Prostitute Phobia". Webpronews.com. 25 August 2005. Archived from the original on 13 February 2017. Retrieved 26 August 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20170213164100/http://archive.webpronews.com/insidesearch/insidesearch/wpn-56-20050825ContentSpammersHelpYouOvercomeProstitutePhobia.html ↩
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Grant A (31 October 2021). "Common Plant Phobias – Fear of Flowers, Plants, and More". Gardening Know-How. Retrieved 17 March 2023. Dracula no doubt would have alliumphobia, the fear of garlic. https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/garden-how-to/info/common-plant-phobias.htm ↩
Possible cultural factor:• Humes M (24 December 2009). "The Way We Ate: Fear of Garlic". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 March 2023. From the 1880s to the 1930s, a period of accelerated immigration and great social change, garlic was the stench of the flophouse, the dominant note in the 'rich olfactory uneasiness' that blew in from Ellis Island, and the go-to metaphor for immigrant neighborhoods. Its sulfurous tang was almost beside the point; the bulb smelled of foreign incursion. https://archive.nytimes.com/dinersjournal.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/12/24/the-way-we-ate-fear-of-garlic/ ↩
Possible observation factor: Allium#Toxicity – "Dogs and cats are very susceptible to poisoning after the consumption of certain species. Even cattle have suffered onion toxicosis." Cites include:• Cope R (August 2005). "Toxicology Brief: Allium species poisoning in dogs and cats" (PDF). Veterinary Medicine. 100 (8): 562–566. [Peer-reviewed.]• Rae HA (January 1999). "Onion toxicosis in a herd of beef cows". Canadian Veterinary Journal. 40 (1): 55–57. PMC 1539652. PMID 9919370. While humans appear to be relatively resistant to onion toxicity, there is some concern about the susceptibility of certain ethnic groups that have a genetic deficiency of G6PD. / Onion toxicity depends on factors other than variation in species susceptibility. Onions contain varying amounts of disulfide and SMCO toxins, depending on the species of onion, time of year, and growing conditions. Storing onions in large piles also provides a suitable environment for contamination of the crop with other toxins, such as mycotoxins, which could contribute to the disease process. /wiki/Allium#Toxicity ↩
Possible experience factor:• Singh Z (12 October 2022). "Potential Side Effects of Chives". Chives: Nutritional Value, Health Benefits and Potential Side Effects of Chives. Singapore: HealthifyMe. Retrieved 17 March 2023. Chives can be potential gastrointestinal irritants in some people. The reactive oxidants released by chives can stimulate bowel problems such as diarrhoea and acid reflux. / Alliums can cause digestive disorders. Chives belong to the Allium genus and have an acidic pH of 5.75. It is a pH range that would make gastritis worse. Moreover, the high fructans content in chives triggers acid reflux. It would aggravate gastritis. https://www.healthifyme.com/blog/chives-benefits/#Potential_Side_Effects_of_Chives ↩
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Anonymous (10 November 2018). "What it's like to live with apotemnophobia – an intense fear of amputation". Metro.co.uk. London, England. Associated Press Newspapers Limited. Retrieved 10 February 2022. https://metro.co.uk/2018/11/10/what-its-like-to-live-with-apotemnophobia-an-intense-fear-of-amputation-8118164/ ↩
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Akinola D (17 October 2020). "Belonephobia: The Fear of Pins and Needles". a Soothing Health. Retrieved 6 February 2023. https://asoothinghealth.com/belonephobia/ ↩
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Campbell RJ (2009). Campbell's Psychiatric Dictionary. Oxford University Press. pp. 375–. ISBN 978-0-19-534159-1. 978-0-19-534159-1 ↩
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Frost R (1923). "New Hampshire [poem]". New Hampshire. Standard Ebooks. p. 14."But his heart failing him, he dropped the axe And ran for shelter quoting Matthew Arnold: '... Remember Birnam Wood! The wood's in flux!' He had a special terror of the flux That showed itself in dendrophobia." /wiki/Robert_Frost ↩
Schwab G (Winter 2021). "Trees, Fungi, and Humans: A Transspecies Story". CR: The New Centennial Review. 21 (3). Michigan State University Press: 245–267. Years ago, I had a terrifying nightmare. I was back in Konstanz, my German hometown, walking in a beautiful forest adjacent to the lake. Suddenly, the giant trees surrounding me ripped their roots out of the earth and began to run after me, chasing me all the way out of the forest. I ran and ran, fearing for my life. Later I learned that my dream had its roots in an ancient phobia of trees called dendrophobia, a primordial terror linked to a sense that trees are more alive than we think. For those suffering from dendrophobia, trees have a paradoxical mobility that enables them to use their roots to grab humans or even kill them by willfully dropping their branches on them. Dendrophobia, an officially recognized mental illness that may in extreme cases lead to institutionalization, is linked to trees being recognized not simply as living beings but rather as hostile ones, intent on inflicting harm on humans or even killing them. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/856154 ↩
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"phobo-, phob-, -phobia, -phobias, -phobe, -phobiac, -phobist, -phobic, -phobism, -phobous". Phobo-, phob-, -phobia, -phobias, -phobe, -phobiac, -phobist, -phobic, -phobism, -phobous – Word Information. English-Word Information (wordinfo.info). Retrieved 25 February 2023. phyllophobia… An excessive fear of leaves: Each time Virginia saw the excessive amount of leafage on the ground in the fall, she had phyllophobia because it was the time of year to do the raking which took many days to complete! https://wordinfo.info/unit/2723/page:33 ↩
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