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Universal Camouflage Pattern
Military camouflage pattern

The Universal Camouflage Pattern (UCP) is a digital camouflage pattern formerly used by the United States Army in their Army Combat Uniform.

Laboratory and field tests from 2002 to 2004 showed a pattern named "All-Over Brush" to provide the best concealment of the patterns tested. At the end of the trials, Desert Brush was selected as the winner over 12 other experimental patterns. The winning Desert Brush pattern was not used as the final Universal pattern. Instead, U.S. Army leadership utilized pixelated patterns of Canadian CADPAT and U.S. Marine Corps MARPAT, then recolored them based on three universal colors developed in the Army's 2002 to 2004 tests, to be called UCP with significantly less disruptive capability than either of its prior familial patterns. The final UCP was then adopted without field testing against other patterns.

Soldiers serving in Iraq and Afghanistan questioned the UCP's effectiveness as a concealment method. Some felt that it was endangering their missions and their lives. In response, the U.S. Army conducted several studies to find a modification or replacement for the standard issue pattern. In July 2014, the Army announced that Operational Camouflage Pattern would replace all UCP-patterned ACU uniforms by the end of September 2019. However, UCP remains in service in limited capacities, such as on some cold weather overgear and older body armor.

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Selection

Main article: U.S. Army universal camouflage trials

In May 2001 to June 2004,22 the United States Army's Universal Camouflage For The Future Warrior trials were a uniform camouflage enhancement program, to at first make environment-specific patterns, to then later make a pattern that would mask the wearer in all environments.232425 The disadvantage of an all-in-one pattern is that it has to account for too many factors at once, such as amount of visual clutter26 (disruptiveness–Woodland dark and high contrast, dense foliage branches,2728 Desert sparse, bright and low contrast terrain and Urban close-range geometric straight-edge terrain of buildings and houses29), and at nighttime specifically, high reflectance variation when viewed through night vision devices (Woodland environment's leaves extremely high reflectance versus Desert's grains of sand and rocks' lower reflectance).303132

Development

In 2002, three patterns were developed, called All-Over Brush, Track, and Shadowline. For each pattern, there were four color combinations, which corresponded to a specific type of terrain, however, all four patterns used tan as their base color.3334

There were 15 evaluations total, which took place at locations across the contiguous United States.3536

Phase I

In late 2002, the camouflage patterns were rated on their blending, brightness, contrast, and detection by U.S. Army soldiers, during the daytime, and also at night using Near-Infrared (NIR) night vision devices. During Phase I of testing, only daytime evaluations were conducted. Due to the more time efficient and cost-effective method of printing via inkjet sprayers, colors of the patterns were adjusted to how they would be viewed when under NIR conditions.37 38 Inkjet reactive and acid dyes39 are not NIR compliant. For the remainder of the phases, production printing with regular dyes and mechanical rollers were used.404142 Scorpion (Unmodified) was included in Phase I of the trials.434445

Following testing, the Shadowline pattern was eliminated, along with the urban and desert-urban colorways of All-Over Brush. All four of the Track patterns were accepted along with All-Over Brush's woodland and desert colorways.4647

Phases II and III

In 2003, the patterns were then modified and tested alongside a "Contractor-Developed Mod" pattern, Scorpion, developed in conjunction with Crye Precision. Phase II's near-infrared nighttime testing determined that black, medium gray, and medium tan were the only colors that gave acceptable performance.484950

Phase IV (System level)

In 2004, all four remaining patterns, Desert Brush, Woodland Track Mod, Scorpion Mod, and Urban Track were then tested alongside each other in two sets of evaluations in woodland, desert, and urban environments. Full Future Force Warrior ensembles were fabricated for testing.5152

Results

The Desert Brush design received the best overall mean daytime visual rating. The Contractor-Developed Mod pattern received highest rating in woodland environments, but low ratings in desert and urban environments. Urban Track was generally the 3rd or 4th worst performer at each site, but was the best performer in nighttime environments. Infrared testing showed negligible differences in the performance of the four patterns. Natick rated the patterns from best to worst as: Desert Brush, Woodland Track Mod, Contractor-Developed Mod (Scorpion), and Urban Track.535455

Color selection

The color scheme of the UCP is composed of tan, gray, and sage green (officially named Desert Sand 500, Urban Gray 501, and Foliage Green 502).56 The pattern is notable for its elimination of the color black.57 Justification given for the omission of black was that black is a color not commonly found in nature.58 Pure black viewed through night vision goggles can appear extremely dark and create an undesirable high-contrast image.

Controversy

The U.S. Army incorrectly reported to the media that the basis for the UCP was the Urban Track pattern, which had been modified through the removal of black from the pattern and pixelated and then reverted in the interest of effectiveness.59 Pattern comparisons subsequently established that the information provided by the U.S. Army was incorrect, and that the pattern was simply a three-colored version of MARPAT, a derivative of the Canadian CADPAT scheme. No evidence has been presented by the U.S. Army that the new UCP pattern had undergone proper field testing.60 In later tests conducted by the Natick Soldier Center, results indicated that UCP did not fare well against other multi-environment patterns.616263

Following building criticism of the poor effectiveness of the pattern in most terrains in the Afghan and Middle Eastern theaters of operations, the use of the pattern was discussed within the U.S. Congress. A bill passed by Congress in 2009 ordered the Department of Defense to "take immediate action to provide combat uniforms to personnel deployed to Afghanistan with a camouflage pattern that is suited to the environment of Afghanistan."646566

In the interim, the Army conducted a brief in-country test of replacements for use in Afghanistan that included "UCP Delta", a variant of UCP that added coyote brown, and the commercial pattern MultiCam,67 which had been created by Crye Associates and was based on their original Scorpion pattern from 2002. MultiCam was quickly selected and issued to all troops deployed to Afghanistan.

Replacement

Main article: Operational Camouflage Pattern

In 2014, the United States Army announced the replacement of UCP.68 On 31 July 2014, the Army formally announced that a modified version of the original Scorpion pattern, Scorpion W2, had been chosen as the new Operational Camouflage Pattern (OCP), which would begin being issued on uniforms in summer 2015. Authorization of UCP uniforms ended on 1 October 2019,697071 though still sees some limited usage on other gear such as some body armor and cold weather overgear.

As the Army began phasing out UCP, many state defense forces began adopting it as their uniform.7273

Users

Current

Former

See also

Other CADPAT-derived digital camouflage:

Notes

Bibliography

  • Larson, Eric H. (2021). Camouflage: International Ground Force Patterns, 1946–2017. Barnsley: Pen & Sword. ISBN 9781526739537.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Universal Camouflage Pattern.

References

  1. "We should permanently post more U.S. troops abroad. For their own sake". Newsweek. 28 August 2017. Archived from the original on 29 August 2017. Retrieved 28 August 2017. http://www.newsweek.com/we-should-permanently-post-more-us-troops-abroad-655952 ↩

  2. "ACU Presentation". ArmyStudyGuide.com. Archived from the original on 7 March 2009. Retrieved 27 June 2009. http://www.armystudyguide.com/content/powerpoint/Uniforms_Presentations/acu-presentation-2.shtml ↩

  3. Cramer, Guy (21 May 2013). "U.S. Army Camouflage Improvement Explained". www.hyperstealth.com. Archived from the original on 8 June 2013. Retrieved 25 December 2024. https://www.hyperstealth.com/camo-improvement/ ↩

  4. Desert Brush won over (12) other experimental pattern schemes' terrain categories. List of competing camouflage patterns by scheme (Brush, Track, etc) in terrain categories (Woodland, Desert, Urban, & Desert-Urban), not including Phase III's universal shift. Desert terrain iterations of Brush are more effective universally than the following terrain categories: Shadowline (1)Woodland (2)Desert (3)Urban (4)Desert-Urban Brush (5)Woodland I-II (X)not Desert I-III, it won (including Desert Brush Mod) (6)Urban I (7)Desert-Urban I Track (8)Woodland I-III (including Woodland Track Mod) (9)Desert I-II (10)Urban I, II, & IIIA/B (including Light/Dark Urban Track Mod) (11)Desert-Urban I-II Scorpion (12)Transitional/Multi-Environment I-II (aka Scorpion 'Unmod' and Scorpion Mod, also Scorpion W1) – (dugas.ppt slides 7, 14,15, 19) ↩

  5. Desert Brush II won over (15) other colorways of camouflage patterns. List of competing camouflage patterns by each colorway Desert Brush beat the following camouflage pattern colorways: Shadowline (1)Woodland (2)Desert (3)Urban (4)Desert-Urban Brush (5)Woodland I-II (X)not Desert I-II, it won (6)Desert III – Desert Brush Mod (7)Urban I (8)Desert-Urban I Track (9)Woodland I-II (10)Woodland III – Woodland Track Mod (11)Desert I-II (12)Urban I-II (13)Urban IIIA/B – Light & Dark Mod Urban Track (both look very similar) (14)Desert-Urban I-II Scorpion (15)Transitional/Multi-Environment I-II(mod vs unmod also look very similar) – (dugas.ppt slides 7, 14,15, 19) ↩

  6. Desert Brush II won over (19) other standard and experimental camouflage patterns (in colorways). (Or, 20 w/ experimental Urban MARPAT, 19 without it.) List of standard and competing camouflage patterns by each colorway Desert Brush beat the following camouflage pattern colorways: Shadowline (1)Woodland (2)Desert (3)Urban (4)Desert-Urban Brush (5)Woodland I-II (X)not Desert I-II, it won (6)Desert III – Desert Brush Mod (7)Urban I (8)Desert-Urban I Track (9)Woodland I-II (10)Woodland III – Woodland Track Mod (11)Desert I-II (12)Urban I-II (13)Urban IIIA/B – Light & Dark Mod Urban Track (both look very similar) (14)Desert-Urban I-II Scorpion (15)Transitional/Multi-Environment I-II(mod vs unmod also look very similar) Standard (16)US Woodlands (17)Tricolor Desert (18)MARPAT Woodland (19)MARPAT Desert (? 20)MARPAT Urban – (dugas.ppt slides 7, 14,15, 19) ↩

  7. Dugas, A.; Zupkofska, K. J.; DiChiara, A.; Kramer, F. M. (December 2004) [See also ADM001736, Proceedings for the Army Science Conference (24th) Held on 29 November - 2 December 2005 in Orlando, Florida.]. "Universal Camouflage for the Future Warrior" (PDF). US Army Natick Soldier Center (NSC) (Technical Report - NISO Form 298). Natick, MA: US Army Research, Development & Engineering Command (RDECOM). ADA433081. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 May 2009. Retrieved 27 June 2009 – via Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC). https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/ADA433081.pdf ↩

  8. Dugas, Anabela; Kramer, F. M. (15 December 2004). "dugas.ppt as .PDF" (PDF). Mil-spec Monkey (Presented at biannual International Soldier Systems Center Conference (ISSC) from 13-16 December 2004). Individual Protection Directorate (IPD), Supporting Science & Technology Directorate. US Army Natick Soldier Center (NSC); US Army Research, Development & Engineering Command (RDECOM). Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 December 2019. Retrieved 14 June 2024 – via Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC). https://milspecmonkey.com/articles/acu/dugas.pdf ↩

  9. Dugas, Anabela; Kramer, F. M. (15 December 2004). "dugas.ppt". Individual Protection Directorate (IPD), Supporting Science & Technology Directorate. US Army Natick Soldier Center (NSC). US Army Research, Development & Engineering Command (RDECOM). Archived from the original on 11 August 2013. Retrieved 29 June 2009 – via Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC). https://web.archive.org/web/20130811125947/http://www.dtic.mil/ndia/2004issc/wednesday/dugas.ppt ↩

  10. Carroll, Ward (9 April 2007). "Defense Tech: Singing the ACU Blues". Defense Tech (archived, original link dead between 16 August 2017 - 5 November 2018 (at 12:07:41 AM and 1:18:13 AM EDT)). Military Advantage, A Monster Company. Archived from the original on 22 July 2012. Retrieved 9 October 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120722010844/http://defensetech.org/2007/04/09/singing-the-acu-blues/ ↩

  11. Cramer, Guy (21 May 2013). "U.S. Army Camouflage Improvement Explained". www.hyperstealth.com. Archived from the original on 8 June 2013. Retrieved 25 December 2024. https://www.hyperstealth.com/camo-improvement/ ↩

  12. "Facts: Army Combat Uniform". U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command Office of the Chief of Public affairs (archived, original link dead sometime between 20 August 2012 - 22 September 2012 (at 7:25:01 AM EDT and 11:27:07 AM EDT)). U.S. Army. 14 June 2004. Archived from the original on 20 August 2012. Retrieved 31 December 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20120820112501/http://www.tradoc.army.mil/pao/fact_sheets/ACU/ACUstandinginfo.htm ↩

  13. Cramer, Guy (13 July 2004). "Dual Texture - U.S. Army Digital Camouflage" (exact date (at start of end links, highlighted by black rectangle outline spanning entire width of page): https:// web.archive.org/web/20201112035440/http://www.hyperstealth.com/CADPAT-MARPAT.htm). United Dynamics Corp. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 10 July 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20201111194042/http://www.uniteddynamics.com/dualtex/ ↩

  14. Cramer, Guy (21 May 2013). "U.S. Army Camouflage Improvement Explained". www.hyperstealth.com. Archived from the original on 8 June 2013. Retrieved 25 December 2024. https://www.hyperstealth.com/camo-improvement/ ↩

  15. Cramer, Guy (21 May 2013). "U.S. Army Camouflage Improvement Explained". www.hyperstealth.com. Archived from the original on 8 June 2013. Retrieved 25 December 2024. https://www.hyperstealth.com/camo-improvement/ ↩

  16. Engber, Daniel (6 July 2012). "Lost in the Wilderness, the Military's Misadventures in Pixelated Camouflage". State. Archived from the original on 27 September 2012. Retrieved 27 September 2012. http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/science/2012/07/camouflage_problems_in_the_army_the_ucp_and_the_future_of_digital_camo_.single.html ↩

  17. Gould, Joe (31 July 2014). "Army Announces Rollout Date for New Camo". Army Times. Gannett. Archived from the original on 1 August 2014. https://archive.today/20140801011930/http://www.armytimes.com/article/20140731/NEWS07/307310083/Army-announces-rollout-date-new-camo ↩

  18. "Army Selects New Camouflage Pattern". Military.com. 23 May 2014. Archived from the original on 24 May 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2014. http://www.military.com/daily-news/2014/05/23/army-selects-new-camouflage-pattern.html?ESRC=todayinmil.sm ↩

  19. "Army Combat Uniform Summary of Changes" (PDF). United States Army. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 December 2016. https://api.army.mil/e2/c/downloads/396739.pdf ↩

  20. "New OCP Uniform Fielding Update". Archived from the original on 1 July 2016. Retrieved 23 September 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160701120403/http://www.armyuniformchanges.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/New-OCP-Uniform-Fielding-Update.jpg ↩

  21. "Say Goodbye to the Hated Army UCP Uniform". October 2019. Archived from the original on 8 October 2019. Retrieved 8 October 2019. https://www.military.com/daily-news/2019/10/01/say-goodbye-hated-army-ucp-uniform.html ↩

  22. Dugas, A.; Zupkofska, K. J.; DiChiara, A.; Kramer, F. M. (December 2004) [See also ADM001736, Proceedings for the Army Science Conference (24th) Held on 29 November - 2 December 2005 in Orlando, Florida.]. "Universal Camouflage for the Future Warrior" (PDF). US Army Natick Soldier Center (NSC) (Technical Report - NISO Form 298). Natick, MA: US Army Research, Development & Engineering Command (RDECOM). ADA433081. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 May 2009. Retrieved 27 June 2009 – via Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC). https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/ADA433081.pdf ↩

  23. Dugas, A.; Zupkofska, K. J.; DiChiara, A.; Kramer, F. M. (December 2004) [See also ADM001736, Proceedings for the Army Science Conference (24th) Held on 29 November - 2 December 2005 in Orlando, Florida.]. "Universal Camouflage for the Future Warrior" (PDF). US Army Natick Soldier Center (NSC) (Technical Report - NISO Form 298). Natick, MA: US Army Research, Development & Engineering Command (RDECOM). ADA433081. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 May 2009. Retrieved 27 June 2009 – via Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC). https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/ADA433081.pdf ↩

  24. Dugas, Anabela; Kramer, F. M. (15 December 2004). "dugas.ppt as .PDF" (PDF). Mil-spec Monkey (Presented at biannual International Soldier Systems Center Conference (ISSC) from 13-16 December 2004). Individual Protection Directorate (IPD), Supporting Science & Technology Directorate. US Army Natick Soldier Center (NSC); US Army Research, Development & Engineering Command (RDECOM). Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 December 2019. Retrieved 14 June 2024 – via Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC). https://milspecmonkey.com/articles/acu/dugas.pdf ↩

  25. Dugas, Anabela; Kramer, F. M. (15 December 2004). "dugas.ppt". Individual Protection Directorate (IPD), Supporting Science & Technology Directorate. US Army Natick Soldier Center (NSC). US Army Research, Development & Engineering Command (RDECOM). Archived from the original on 11 August 2013. Retrieved 29 June 2009 – via Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC). https://web.archive.org/web/20130811125947/http://www.dtic.mil/ndia/2004issc/wednesday/dugas.ppt ↩

  26. Ramsley, Alvin O. (July 1979). "Camouflage Patterns - Effects of Size and Color" (PDF). p. 15. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 November 2015. Retrieved 25 December 2024 – via Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC). Alt URL https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/ADC020935.pdf ↩

  27. Biberdorf, Curt (November 2002). "Better Blend - Camouflage patterns for future uniforms undergo evaluation". SBCCOM Website Blue (The Warrior Magazine). Archived from the original on 22 April 2003. Retrieved 31 July 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20030422205311/http://www.natick.army.mil/about/pao/pubs/warrior/02/novdec/conceal.htm ↩

  28. Biberdorf, Curt (November 2002). "Better Blend - Camouflage patterns for future uniforms undergo evaluation" (PDF). SBCCOM Website Blue (The Warrior Magazine). Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 January 2004. Retrieved 2 August 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20040119133331/http://www.ssc.army.mil/about/pao/pubs/warrior/02/novdec/novdec.pdf ↩

  29. "Urban Camouflage". The Warrior Magazine (-!-) (Webarchive = Less Ads) (-!-). NSC Public Affairs Office. May 1996. Archived from the original on 11 February 2011. Retrieved 29 August 2024 – via Global Security Website. https://web.archive.org/web/20110211012751/https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/news/1996/warrior_96_may_camo.htm ↩

  30. Biberdorf, Curt (November 2002). "Better Blend - Camouflage patterns for future uniforms undergo evaluation". SBCCOM Website Blue (The Warrior Magazine). Archived from the original on 22 April 2003. Retrieved 31 July 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20030422205311/http://www.natick.army.mil/about/pao/pubs/warrior/02/novdec/conceal.htm ↩

  31. Biberdorf, Curt (November 2002). "Better Blend - Camouflage patterns for future uniforms undergo evaluation" (PDF). SBCCOM Website Blue (The Warrior Magazine). Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 January 2004. Retrieved 2 August 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20040119133331/http://www.ssc.army.mil/about/pao/pubs/warrior/02/novdec/novdec.pdf ↩

  32. Cramer, Guy (11 June 2013). "Why US4CES?". www.hyperstealth.com. (See Spectral Varieties Over Land data chart nearly half way through the article). Archived from the original on 22 June 2013. Retrieved 27 December 2024. https://www.hyperstealth.com/US4CES-ALPHA/index.html ↩

  33. Dugas, Anabela; Kramer, F. M. (15 December 2004). "dugas.ppt as .PDF" (PDF). Mil-spec Monkey (Presented at biannual International Soldier Systems Center Conference (ISSC) from 13-16 December 2004). Individual Protection Directorate (IPD), Supporting Science & Technology Directorate. US Army Natick Soldier Center (NSC); US Army Research, Development & Engineering Command (RDECOM). Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 December 2019. Retrieved 14 June 2024 – via Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC). https://milspecmonkey.com/articles/acu/dugas.pdf ↩

  34. Dugas, Anabela; Kramer, F. M. (15 December 2004). "dugas.ppt". Individual Protection Directorate (IPD), Supporting Science & Technology Directorate. US Army Natick Soldier Center (NSC). US Army Research, Development & Engineering Command (RDECOM). Archived from the original on 11 August 2013. Retrieved 29 June 2009 – via Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC). https://web.archive.org/web/20130811125947/http://www.dtic.mil/ndia/2004issc/wednesday/dugas.ppt ↩

  35. Dugas, Anabela; Kramer, F. M. (15 December 2004). "dugas.ppt as .PDF" (PDF). Mil-spec Monkey (Presented at biannual International Soldier Systems Center Conference (ISSC) from 13-16 December 2004). Individual Protection Directorate (IPD), Supporting Science & Technology Directorate. US Army Natick Soldier Center (NSC); US Army Research, Development & Engineering Command (RDECOM). Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 December 2019. Retrieved 14 June 2024 – via Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC). https://milspecmonkey.com/articles/acu/dugas.pdf ↩

  36. Dugas, Anabela; Kramer, F. M. (15 December 2004). "dugas.ppt". Individual Protection Directorate (IPD), Supporting Science & Technology Directorate. US Army Natick Soldier Center (NSC). US Army Research, Development & Engineering Command (RDECOM). Archived from the original on 11 August 2013. Retrieved 29 June 2009 – via Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC). https://web.archive.org/web/20130811125947/http://www.dtic.mil/ndia/2004issc/wednesday/dugas.ppt ↩

  37. "From Phase I to II, inkjets were printed to incorporate NIR attributes." - (dugas.ppt slide 16 in speaker notes) ↩

  38. Dugas, Anabela; Kramer, F. M. (15 December 2004). "dugas.ppt". Individual Protection Directorate (IPD), Supporting Science & Technology Directorate. US Army Natick Soldier Center (NSC). US Army Research, Development & Engineering Command (RDECOM). Archived from the original on 11 August 2013. Retrieved 29 June 2009 – via Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC). https://web.archive.org/web/20130811125947/http://www.dtic.mil/ndia/2004issc/wednesday/dugas.ppt ↩

  39. "Facility sifts out camouflage design duds". Soldier Systems Center (SSC) Website Yellow (Press Release - CEF Tour). NATICK, Mass. 30 July 2004. Archived from the original on 16 October 2004. Retrieved 2 August 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20041016041543/http://www.ssc.army.mil/about/pao/2004/04-32.htm ↩

  40. Dugas, Anabela; Kramer, F. M. (15 December 2004). "dugas.ppt as .PDF" (PDF). Mil-spec Monkey (Presented at biannual International Soldier Systems Center Conference (ISSC) from 13-16 December 2004). Individual Protection Directorate (IPD), Supporting Science & Technology Directorate. US Army Natick Soldier Center (NSC); US Army Research, Development & Engineering Command (RDECOM). Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 December 2019. Retrieved 14 June 2024 – via Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC). https://milspecmonkey.com/articles/acu/dugas.pdf ↩

  41. Dugas, Anabela; Kramer, F. M. (15 December 2004). "dugas.ppt". Individual Protection Directorate (IPD), Supporting Science & Technology Directorate. US Army Natick Soldier Center (NSC). US Army Research, Development & Engineering Command (RDECOM). Archived from the original on 11 August 2013. Retrieved 29 June 2009 – via Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC). https://web.archive.org/web/20130811125947/http://www.dtic.mil/ndia/2004issc/wednesday/dugas.ppt ↩

  42. "Facility sifts out camouflage design duds". Soldier Systems Center (SSC) Website Yellow (Press Release - CEF Tour). NATICK, Mass. 30 July 2004. Archived from the original on 16 October 2004. Retrieved 2 August 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20041016041543/http://www.ssc.army.mil/about/pao/2004/04-32.htm ↩

  43. "“Crye” (Scorpion) is the camouflage intended for all environments that... was included in evaluations." - ln 54-56 of Better blend (The Warrior article) website archive, not PDF, Nov 2002 (before start of early 2003 tests) full: "“Crye” is the camouflage intended for all environments that’s now being modeled by Objective Force Warrior and was included in evaluations." ↩

  44. Biberdorf, Curt (November 2002). "Better Blend - Camouflage patterns for future uniforms undergo evaluation". SBCCOM Website Blue (The Warrior Magazine). Archived from the original on 22 April 2003. Retrieved 31 July 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20030422205311/http://www.natick.army.mil/about/pao/pubs/warrior/02/novdec/conceal.htm ↩

  45. Biberdorf, Curt (November 2002). "Better Blend - Camouflage patterns for future uniforms undergo evaluation" (PDF). SBCCOM Website Blue (The Warrior Magazine). Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 January 2004. Retrieved 2 August 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20040119133331/http://www.ssc.army.mil/about/pao/pubs/warrior/02/novdec/novdec.pdf ↩

  46. Dugas, Anabela; Kramer, F. M. (15 December 2004). "dugas.ppt as .PDF" (PDF). Mil-spec Monkey (Presented at biannual International Soldier Systems Center Conference (ISSC) from 13-16 December 2004). Individual Protection Directorate (IPD), Supporting Science & Technology Directorate. US Army Natick Soldier Center (NSC); US Army Research, Development & Engineering Command (RDECOM). Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 December 2019. Retrieved 14 June 2024 – via Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC). https://milspecmonkey.com/articles/acu/dugas.pdf ↩

  47. Dugas, Anabela; Kramer, F. M. (15 December 2004). "dugas.ppt". Individual Protection Directorate (IPD), Supporting Science & Technology Directorate. US Army Natick Soldier Center (NSC). US Army Research, Development & Engineering Command (RDECOM). Archived from the original on 11 August 2013. Retrieved 29 June 2009 – via Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC). https://web.archive.org/web/20130811125947/http://www.dtic.mil/ndia/2004issc/wednesday/dugas.ppt ↩

  48. (dugas.ppt slide 16) ↩

  49. Dugas, Anabela; Kramer, F. M. (15 December 2004). "dugas.ppt as .PDF" (PDF). Mil-spec Monkey (Presented at biannual International Soldier Systems Center Conference (ISSC) from 13-16 December 2004). Individual Protection Directorate (IPD), Supporting Science & Technology Directorate. US Army Natick Soldier Center (NSC); US Army Research, Development & Engineering Command (RDECOM). Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 December 2019. Retrieved 14 June 2024 – via Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC). https://milspecmonkey.com/articles/acu/dugas.pdf ↩

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  99. Some limited usage from 2004 to 2005 for prototype testing. ↩

  100. Discontinued on uniforms in 2019, now only remains in service in limited capacities such as on some cold weather equipment, overgear, and older body armor.[1][62] ↩