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The X-Files
American television series

The X-Files is an American science fiction drama series created by Chris Carter that originally aired on Fox from 1993 to 2002, spanning nine seasons and 202 episodes, with later revival seasons in 2016 and 2018. The show follows FBI Special Agents Fox Mulder and Dana Scully, who investigate paranormal "X-Files" cases, balancing Mulder's belief in the supernatural with Scully's scientific skepticism. Inspired by series like The Twilight Zone and Kolchak: The Night Stalker, the series combined standalone "monster of the week" episodes with an overarching alien invasion mythology. The X-Files became a cultural phenomenon, spawning two films, spin-offs such as Millennium, and a broad franchise noted for its awards and lasting influence on science fiction television.

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Premise

General

The X-Files follows Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Special Agents Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) and Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson). Special Agent Mulder is a talented profiler, conspiracy theorist, and an ardent supernaturalist. He is also adamant about the existence of intelligent extraterrestrial life and its presence on Earth. These beliefs earn him the nickname "Spooky Mulder" and an assignment to a little-known department that deals with unsolved cases, the X-Files. His belief in the paranormal springs from the claimed alien abduction of his sister Samantha Mulder when Mulder was 12. Her abduction drives Mulder throughout most of the series. Because of this, as well as more nebulous desires for vindication and the revelation of truths kept hidden by human authorities, Mulder struggles to maintain objectivity in his investigations.1

Special Agent Scully is a foil for Mulder in this regard. As a medical doctor and natural skeptic, Scully approaches cases with detachment, even when Mulder, despite his considerable training, loses his objectivity.2 She is partnered with Mulder initially so that she can debunk Mulder's nonconforming theories, often supplying logical, scientific explanations for the cases' apparently unexplainable phenomena. Although she is frequently able to offer scientific alternatives to Mulder's deductions, she is rarely able to refute them completely. Over the course of the series, she becomes increasingly dissatisfied with her own ability to approach the cases scientifically.3 After Mulder's abduction at the hands of aliens in the seventh season finale "Requiem", Scully becomes a "reluctant believer" who explains the paranormal with science.4

Various episodes also deal with the relationship between Mulder and Scully, originally platonic, but that later develops romantically.5 Mulder and Scully are joined by John Doggett (Robert Patrick) and Monica Reyes (Annabeth Gish) late in the series, after Mulder is abducted. Doggett replaces him as Scully's partner and helps her search for him, later involving Reyes, of whom Doggett had professional knowledge.67 The initial run of The X-Files ends when Mulder is secretly subjected to a military tribunal for breaking into the top-secret Mount Weather Emergency Operations Center and viewing plans for alien invasion and colonization of Earth. He is found guilty and sentenced to death but escapes punishment with the help of the other agents, and he and Scully become fugitives.8

Mythology

Main articles: Mythology of The X-Files, X-files unit, Syndicate (The X-Files), and Colonist (The X-Files)

Key episodes, known as the "mytharc", were recognized as the "mythology" of the series canon; these episodes carried the extraterrestrial/conspiracy storyline that evolved throughout the series. "Monster of the week"—often abbreviated as "MotW" or "MoW"—came to denote the remainder of The X-Files episodes. These episodes, forming the majority of the series, dealt with paranormal (and in certain cases, merely criminal) phenomena, including: serial killers (with or without supernatural powers), cryptids, ghosts, mutants, science fiction technology, horror monsters and religious phenomena. Some of the "monster of the week" episodes featured satiric elements and comedic story lines.9 The main story arc involves the agents' efforts to uncover a government conspiracy that covers up the existence of extraterrestrials and their sinister collaboration with said government. Mysterious men constituting a shadow element within the U.S. government, known as the Syndicate, are the major villains in the series; late in the series it is revealed that The Syndicate acts as the only liaison between mankind and a group of extraterrestrials that intends to destroy humanity. They are usually represented by the Cigarette Smoking Man (William B. Davis), a ruthless killer, masterful politician, negotiator, failed novelist, and the series' principal antagonist.10

As the series goes along, Mulder and Scully learn about evidence of the alien invasion piece by piece. It is revealed that the extraterrestrials plan on using a sentient virus, known as the black oil (also known as "Purity"), to infect mankind and turn the population of the world into a slave race. The Syndicate—having made a deal to be spared by the aliens—have been working to develop an alien-human hybrid that will be able to withstand the effects of the black oil. The group has also been secretly working on a vaccine to overcome the black oil; this vaccine is revealed in the latter parts of season five, as well as the 1998 film. Counter to the alien colonization effort, another faction of aliens, the faceless rebels, are working to stop alien colonization. Eventually, in the season six episodes "Two Fathers" and "One Son", the rebels manage to destroy the Syndicate. The colonists, now without human liaisons, dispatch the "Super Soldiers": beings that resemble humans, but are biologically alien. In the latter parts of season eight, and the whole of season nine, the Super Soldiers manage to replace key individuals in the government, forcing Mulder and Scully to go into hiding.11

Cast and characters

Main article: List of The X-Files characters

Starring

  • Fox Mulder is portrayed by David Duchovny:Mulder is an Oxford-educated FBI Special Agent, a conspiracy theorist, a talented criminal profiler, and an ardent supernaturalist who believes in the existence of extraterrestrials and a government conspiracy to hide the truth regarding them. He works in the X-Files division, which is concerned with cases marked as unsolvable; most involve supernatural/mysterious circumstances. Mulder considers the X-Files so important that he has made their study his life's main purpose.12 After his abduction by aliens at the end of season seven, his role in the show diminishes and much of his work is taken on by Special Agent John Doggett.13 He appears in an episode of The Lone Gunmen and in both the 1998 film The X-Files and the 2008 film The X-Files: I Want to Believe.141516
  • Dana Scully is portrayed by Gillian Anderson:Scully is an FBI Special Agent, a medical doctor, and scientist who is Mulder's partner. In contrast to his credulity, Scully is a skeptic, basing her beliefs on scientific explanations.17 However, despite her otherwise rigid skepticism, she is a Catholic, and her faith plays an important role in several episodes.18 As the series progresses, she becomes more open to the possibility of paranormal happenings.19 In the latter part of the eighth season, her position in the X-Files office is taken by Special Agent Monica Reyes, and Scully moves to Quantico to teach new FBI Special Agents.20 She appears in both The X-Files feature films.2122
  • John Doggett is portrayed by Robert Patrick (seasons 8–9):Doggett is an FBI Special Agent who makes his first appearance in the season eight episode "Within". Doggett served in the United States Marine Corps from the 1970s to the 1980s. Later, he started to work with the New York City Police Department, reaching the rank of Detective.23 After his son's death, he joined the FBI's Criminal Investigations Division.24 In 2000, Alvin Kersh assigned him to the X-Files unit as Scully's partner after an unsuccessful task force attempt to find Mulder.25 He does not appear in The X-Files feature films.
  • Monica Reyes is portrayed by Annabeth Gish (season 9; also starring season 8; guest seasons 10–11):Reyes is an FBI Special Agent who was born and raised in Mexico City.26 She majored in folklore and mythology at Brown University and earned a master's degree in religious studies. Her first FBI assignment was serving on a special task force investigating rituals.27 She is a longtime friend of Doggett's and becomes his partner after Scully's departure.2829 She did not appear in The X-Files feature films.
  • Walter Skinner is portrayed by Mitch Pileggi (season 9–11; also starring seasons 3–8; recurring season 2; guest season 1):Skinner is an FBI Assistant Director who served in the United States Marine Corps in the Vietnam War. During this time, he shot and killed a young boy carrying explosives, an incident which scarred him for life.30 Skinner is originally Mulder and Scully's direct supervisor.31 He later serves the same position for Doggett and Reyes.32 Although he is originally portrayed as somewhat antagonistic, he eventually becomes a close friend of Mulder and Scully.3334 He appeared in an episode of The Lone Gunmen and in both The X-Files feature films.3536

Also starring

  • Cigarette Smoking Man is portrayed by William B. Davis (seasons 4–7, 9; recurring seasons 1–3, 10–11):The Cigarette Smoking Man is the series' primary villain. In the ninth-season episodes "William" and "The Truth", it is suggested that he is Mulder's biological father.3738 In the seventh-season episode "Requiem", he is believed to have been killed after being pushed down a flight of stairs by Alex Krycek until the ninth-season finale "The Truth", in which Mulder and Scully travel through remote New Mexico and reach a pueblo where a "wise man" reputedly lives, who is revealed to be Cigarette Smoking Man.3940 He also appears in the 1998 feature film.41
  • Alex Krycek is portrayed by Nicholas Lea (seasons 5–9; recurring seasons 2–3; guest season 4):Krycek is a Russian-American, the son of Cold War immigrants, and first introduced as an FBI Special Agent assigned as a temporary investigation partner to Fox Mulder.4243 Krycek proceeds to work with Mulder and attempts to gain his trust. However, it later becomes evident that Krycek is actually an undercover agent working for Cigarette Smoking Man. Krycek plays an important part in several events that are harmful to Mulder and Scully.4445464748
  • Jeffrey Spender is portrayed by Chris Owens (season 6; recurring season 5; guest seasons 9, 11):Spender is a skeptic who is assigned to The X-Files after Fox Mulder's forced leave.49 He is the son of Cigarette Smoking Man and his ex-wife, multiple abductee Cassandra Spender,50 as well as possibly being the half-brother of Mulder.5152 Initially thought to have been murdered by Cigarette Smoking Man, Spender returns, horribly disfigured in the ninth season and helps Scully's son William.53
  • Alvin Kersh is portrayed by James Pickens Jr. (season 9; recurring seasons 6, 8; guest season 11):As an assistant director (and later deputy director), he temporarily becomes supervisor to Special Agents Fox Mulder and Dana Scully when they are assigned away from the X-Files division.54 During this time, Cigarette Smoking Man often visits him in his office.55 Kersh assigns Mulder and Scully mostly to menial tasks, such as terrorist details and Federal background checks.56 Kersh is largely antagonistic to Mulder and Scully but in "The Truth" somewhat redeems himself by helping Mulder escape a death sentence.57

Production

Conception

See also: The X-Files season 1 and Pilot (The X-Files)

California native Chris Carter was given the opportunity to produce new shows for the Fox network in the early 1990s. Carter was tired of the comedies he had been working on for Walt Disney Pictures.58 A report that said 3.7 million Americans believed they may have been abducted by aliens, the Watergate scandal, and the 1970s horror series Kolchak: The Night Stalker all contributed to trigger the idea for The X-Files. He wrote the pilot episode in 1992.59

Carter's initial pitch for The X-Files was rejected by Fox executives. He fleshed out the concept and returned a few weeks later, whereupon they commissioned the pilot. Carter worked with NYPD Blue producer Daniel Sackheim to further develop the pilot, drawing stylistic inspiration from the 1988 documentary The Thin Blue Line and the British television series Prime Suspect.60 Inspiration also came from Carter's memories of The Twilight Zone as well as from The Silence of the Lambs, which provided the impetus for framing the series around agents from the FBI, to provide the characters with a more plausible reason for being involved in each case than Carter believed was present in Kolchak.61 Carter was determined to keep the relationship between the two leads strictly platonic, basing their interactions on the characters of Emma Peel and John Steed in The Avengers series.6263

The early 1990s series Twin Peaks was a major influence on the show's dark atmosphere and its often surreal blend of drama and irony. Duchovny had appeared as a transgender DEA agent in Twin Peaks and the Mulder character was seen as a parallel to that show's FBI Agent Dale Cooper.64 The producers and writers cited All the President's Men, Three Days of the Condor, Close Encounters of the Third Kind, Raiders of the Lost Ark, Rashomon, The Thing, The Boys from Brazil, The Silence of the Lambs and JFK as other influences.65 Episodes written by Darin Morgan often referred to or referenced other films.66

Casting

Duchovny had worked in Los Angeles for three years prior to The X-Files, focusing on feature films. In 1993 his manager Melanie Green gave him the script for the pilot episode of The X-Files. Green and Duchovny were both convinced it was a good script so he auditioned for the lead.67 Duchovny's audition was "terrific", though he talked rather slowly. While the casting director of the show was very positive toward him, Carter thought that he was not particularly intelligent. He asked Duchovny if he could "please" imagine himself as an FBI agent in "future" episodes. Duchovny, however, turned out to be one of the best-read people that Carter knew.68

Anderson auditioned for the part of Scully in 1993. "I couldn't put the script down", she recalled.69 For the role, the network wanted either a more established actress or one that was "taller, leggier, blonder and breastier" than the 24-year-old Anderson, a theater veteran with minor film experience. After auditions, Carter felt she was the only choice.707172 Carter insisted that Anderson had the kind of "no-nonsense integrity that the role required." For portraying Scully, Anderson won numerous major awards: the Screen Actors Guild Award in 1996 and 1997, an Emmy Award in 1997, and a Golden Globe Award 1997.73

The character Walter Skinner was played by actor Mitch Pileggi, who had unsuccessfully auditioned for the roles of two or three other characters on The X-Files before getting the part. At first, being asked back to audition for the recurring role puzzled him, until he discovered the reason he had not previously been cast in those roles—Carter had been unable to envision Pileggi as any of those characters, because the actor had been shaving his head. When Pileggi auditioned for Walter Skinner, he had been in a grumpy mood and had allowed his hair to grow. His attitude fit well with Skinner's character, causing Carter to assume that the actor was only pretending to be grumpy. Pileggi later realized he had been lucky that he had not been cast in one of the earlier roles, as he believed he would have appeared in only a single episode and would have missed the opportunity to play the recurring role.74

Before the seventh season aired, Duchovny filed a lawsuit against 20th Century Fox, claiming that Fox had undersold the rights to its own affiliates, thereby costing him huge sums of money. Eventually, the lawsuit was settled, and Duchovny was awarded a settlement of about $20 million, but the lawsuit put strain on Duchovny's professional relationships. Neither Carter nor Duchovny was contracted to work on the series beyond the seventh season; however, Fox entered into negotiations near the end of that season to bring the two on board for an eighth season.75 After settling his contract dispute, Duchovny quit full-time participation in the show after the seventh season.76 This contributed to uncertainties over the likelihood of an eighth season.77 Carter and most fans felt the show was at its natural endpoint with Duchovny's departure, but it was decided that Mulder would be abducted at the end of the seventh season and would return in 12 episodes the following year.78 The producers then announced that a new character, John Doggett, would fill Mulder's role.79

More than 100 actors auditioned for the role of Doggett, but only about ten were seriously considered. Lou Diamond Phillips, Hart Bochner, and Bruce Campbell were among the ten. The producers chose Robert Patrick.80 Carter believed that the series could continue for another ten years with new leads, and the opening credits were accordingly redesigned in both seasons eight and nine to emphasize the new actors (along with Pileggi, who was finally listed as a main character).81 Doggett's presence did not give the series the ratings boost the network executives were hoping for.82 The eighth-season episode "This is Not Happening" marked the first appearance of Monica Reyes, played by Gish, who became a main character in season nine. Her character was developed and introduced due to Anderson's possible departure at the end of the eighth season. Although Anderson ultimately stayed through the ninth season, Gish became a series regular.83

Minor recurring characters

Glen Morgan and James Wong's early influence on The X-Files mythology led to their introduction of popular secondary characters who continued for years in episodes written by others: Scully's father, William (Don S. Davis); her mother, Margaret (Sheila Larken); and her sister, Melissa (Melinda McGraw). The conspiracy-inspired trio The Lone Gunmen were also secondary characters.84 The trio was introduced in the first-season episode "E.B.E." as a way to make Mulder appear more credible. They were originally meant to appear in only that episode, but due to their popularity, they returned in the second-season episode "Blood" and became recurring characters.85 Cigarette Smoking Man, portrayed by William B. Davis, was initially cast as an extra in the pilot episode. His character, however, grew into the main antagonist.86

Filming

During the early stages of production, Carter founded Ten Thirteen Productions and began to plan for filming the pilot in Los Angeles. However, unable to find suitable locations for many scenes, he decided to "go where the good forests are" and moved production to Vancouver.87 It was soon realized by the production crew that since so much of the first season would require filming on location, rather than on sound stages, a second location manager would be needed.88 The show remained in Vancouver for the first five seasons; production then shifted to Los Angeles beginning with the sixth season.89 Duchovny was unhappy over his geographical separation from his wife, Téa Leoni, although his discontent was popularly attributed to frustration with Vancouver's persistent rain.90 Anderson also wanted to return to the United States, and Carter relented following the fifth season. The season ended in May 1998 with "The End", the final episode shot in Vancouver and the final episode with the involvement of many of the original crew members, including director and producer R.W. Goodwin and his wife Sheila Larken, who played Margaret Scully and would later return briefly.9192

With the move to Los Angeles, many changes behind the scenes occurred, as much of the original The X-Files crew was gone. New production designer Corey Kaplan, editor Lynne Willingham, writer David Amann and director and producer Michael Watkins joined and stayed for several years. Bill Roe became the show's new director of photography and episodes generally had a drier, brighter look due to California's sunshine and climate, as compared with Vancouver's rain, fog and temperate forests. Early in the sixth season, the producers took advantage of the new location, setting the show in new parts of the country.93 For example, Vince Gilligan's "Drive", about a man subject to an unexplained illness, was a frenetic action episode, unusual for The X-Files largely because it was set in Nevada's stark desert roads.94 The "Dreamland" two-part episode was also set in Nevada, this time in Area 51. The episode was largely filmed at "Club Ed", a movie ranch located on the outskirts of Lancaster, California.959697

Although the sixth through ninth seasons were filmed in Los Angeles, the series' second movie, The X-Files: I Want to Believe (2008), was filmed in Vancouver,98 According to Spotnitz, the film's script was written for the city and surrounding areas.99 The 2016 revival was also shot there.100101

Music

Main article: Music of The X-Files

The music was composed by Mark Snow, who got involved with The X-Files through his friendship with executive producer Goodwin. Initially Carter had no candidates. A little over a dozen people were considered, but Goodwin continued to press for Snow, who auditioned around three times with no sign from the production staff as to whether they wanted him. One day, however, Snow's agent called him, talking about the "pilot episode" and hinting that he had got the job.102

The theme, "The X-Files", used more instrumental sections than most dramas.103 The theme song's famous whistle effect was inspired by the track "How Soon Is Now?" from the US edition of The Smiths' 1985 album Meat Is Murder. After attempting to craft the theme with different sound effects, Snow used a Proteus 2 rackmount sound module with a preset sound called "Whistling Joe". After hearing this sound, Carter was "taken aback" and noted it was "going to be good".104 According to the "Behind the Truth" segment on the first season DVD, Snow created the echo effect on the track by accident. He felt that after several revisions, something still was not right. Carter walked out of the room and Snow put his hand and forearm on his keyboard in frustration. By doing so, he accidentally activated an echo effect setting. The resulting riff pleased Carter; Snow said, "this sound was in the keyboard. And that was it."105 The second episode, "Deep Throat", marked Snow's debut as solo composer for an entire episode. The production crew was determined to limit the music in the early episodes.106 Likewise, the theme song itself first appeared in "Deep Throat".107

Snow was tasked with composing the score for both The X-Files films. The films marked the first appearance of real orchestral instruments; previous music had been crafted by Snow using digitally sampled instrument sounds.108109 Snow's soundtrack for the first film, The X-Files: Original Motion Picture Score, was released in 1998.110 For the second film, Snow recorded with the Hollywood Studio Symphony in May 2008 at the Newman Scoring Stage at 20th Century Fox in Century City.111 UNKLE recorded a new version of the theme music for the end credits.112 Some of the unusual sounds were created by a variation of silly putty and dimes tucked into piano strings. Snow commented that the fast percussion featured in some tracks was inspired by the track "Prospectors Quartet" from the There Will Be Blood soundtrack.113 The soundtrack score, The X-Files: I Want to Believe, was released in 2008.114

Opening sequence

The opening sequence was made in 1993 for the first season, and remained unchanged until Duchovny left the show.115116 Carter sought to make the title an "impactful opening" with "supernatural images".117 These scenes notably include a split-screen image of a seed germinating and a "terror-filled, warped face".118 The latter was created when Carter found a video operator who was able to create the effect. The sequence was extremely popular and won the show its first Emmy Award, which was for Outstanding Graphic Design and Title Sequences. Producer Paul Rabwin was particularly pleased with the sequence, and felt that it was something that had "never [been] seen on television before".119 In 2017, James Charisma of Paste ranked the show's opening sequence #8 on a list of The 75 Best TV Title Sequences of All Time.120

The premiere episode of season eight, "Within", revealed the first major change to the opening credits. Along with Patrick, the sequence used new images and updated photos for Duchovny and Anderson, although Duchovny only appears in the opening credits when he appears in an episode. Carter and the production staff saw Duchovny's departure as a chance to change things. The replacement shows various pictures of Scully's pregnancy. According to executive producer Frank Spotnitz, the sequence also features an "abstract" way of showing Mulder's absence in the eighth season: he falls into an eye.121 Season nine featured an entirely new sequence. Since Anderson wanted to move on, the sequence featured Reyes and Skinner. Duchovny's return to the show for the ninth-season finale, "The Truth" marked the largest number of cast members to be featured in the opening credits, with five.122 The revival seasons use the series' original opening credits sequence.123

The sequence ends with the tagline "The Truth Is Out There", which is used for the majority of the episodes.124 For certain episodes, the tagline was changed to be more thematically-relevant; a list of the episodes that received alternate taglines is as follows:

EpisodeTaglineSource
"The Erlenmeyer Flask""Trust No One"125
"Ascension""Deny Everything"126
"Anasazi""'éí 'aaníígÓÓ 'áhoot'é'"("The truth is far from here" in Navajo)127
"731""Apology is Policy"128
"Herrenvolk""Everything Dies"129
"Teliko""Deceive Inveigle Obfuscate"130
"Terma""E pur si muove"("And still it moves" in Italian, a quote attributed to Galileo)131132
"Gethsemane""Believe the Lie"133
"Redux""All Lies Lead to the Truth"134
"The Red and the Black""Resist or Serve"135
"The End""The End"136
"Triangle""Die Wahrheit ist irgendwo da draußen"("The truth is out there somewhere" in German)137138
"The Unnatural""In the Big Inning"139
"The Sixth Extinction II: Amor Fati""Amor Fati"("Love of fate" in Latin)140141
"Closure""Believe to Understand"142
"Nothing Important Happened Today II""Nothing Important Happened Today"143
"4-D""erehT tuO si hturT ehT"("The Truth is Out There", backwards)144
"Trust No 1""They're Watching"145
"Improbable""Dio ti ama"("God loves you" in Italian)146
"My Struggle II""This Is the End"147
"My Struggle III""I Want to Believe/I Want to Lie"148
"This""Accuse Your Enemies of that Which You are Guilty"149
"Ghouli""You See What I Want You to See"150
"Kitten""A War is Never Over"151
"Rm9sbG93ZXJz""VGhlIFRydXRoIGlzIE91dCBUaGVyZQ="("The Truth is Out There" in Base64)152
"Nothing Lasts Forever""I Want to be Beautiful"153
"My Struggle IV""Salvator Mundi"("Savior of the World" in Latin)154

Broadcast and release

Episodes

Main article: List of The X-Files episodes

Nielsen ratings

Viewership and ratings per season of The X-Files
SeasonTimeslot (ET)EpisodesFirst airedLast airedTV seasonViewershiprankAvg. viewers(millions)
DateViewers(millions)DateViewers(millions)
1Friday 9:00 p.m.24September 10, 1993 (1993-09-10)12.0155May 13, 1994 (1994-05-13)14.01561993–9410515711.21158
225September 16, 1994 (1994-09-16)16.1159May 19, 1995 (1995-05-19)16.61601994–956316114.50162
324September 22, 1995 (1995-09-22)19.94163May 17, 1996 (1996-05-17)17.861641995–965516515.40166
4Friday 9:00 p.m. (1–3)Sunday 9:00 p.m. (4–24)24October 4, 1996 (1996-10-04)21.11167May 18, 1997 (1997-05-18)19.851681996–971216919.20170
5Sunday 9:00 p.m.20November 2, 1997 (1997-11-02)27.34171May 17, 1998 (1998-05-17)18.761721997–981117319.80174
622November 8, 1998 (1998-11-08)20.24175May 16, 1999 (1999-05-16)15.861761998–991217717.20178
722November 7, 1999 (1999-11-07)17.82179May 21, 2000 (2000-05-21)15.261801999–20002918114.20182
821November 5, 2000 (2000-11-05)15.87183May 20, 2001 (2001-05-20)14.011842000–013118513.93186
920November 11, 2001 (2001-11-11)10.60187May 19, 2002 (2002-05-19)13.251882001–02631899.10190
10Sunday 10:30 p.m. (Premiere)Monday 8:00 p.m.6January 24, 2016 (2016-01-24)16.19191February 22, 2016 (2016-02-22)7.601922015–16719313.60194
11Wednesday 8:00 p.m.10January 3, 2018 (2018-01-03)5.15195March 21, 2018 (2018-03-21)3.431962017–18911975.34198

The pilot premiered on September 10, 1993, and reached 12 million viewers.199 As the season progressed, ratings began to increase and the season finale garnered 14 million viewers.200 The first season ranked 105th out of 128 shows during the 1993–94 television season.201 The series' second season increased in ratings—a trend that would continue for the next three seasons—and finished 63rd out of 141 shows.202 These ratings were not spectacular, but the series had attracted enough fans to receive the label "cult hit", particularly by Fox standards. Most importantly, it made great gains among the 18-to-49 age demographic sought by advertisers.203204 During its third year, the series ranked 55th205 and was viewed by an average of 15.40 million viewers, an increase of almost seven percent over the second season, making it Fox's top-rated program in the 18–49-year-old demographic.206 Although the first three episodes of the fourth season aired on Friday night, the fourth episode "Unruhe" aired on Sunday night. The show remained on Sunday until its end.207 The season hit a high with its twelfth episode, "Leonard Betts", which was chosen as the lead-out program following Super Bowl XXXI. The episode was viewed by 29.1 million viewers, the series' highest-rated episode.208 The fifth season debuted with "Redux I" on November 2, 1997, and was viewed by 27.34 million people, making it the highest-rated non-special broadcast episode of the series.209 The season ranked as the eleventh-most watched series during the 1997–98 year, with an average of 19.8 million viewers. It was the series' highest-rated season as well as Fox' highest-rated program during the 1997–98 season.210211

The sixth season premiered with "The Beginning", watched by 20.24 million viewers.212 The show ended season six with lower numbers than the previous season, beginning a decline that would continue for the show's final three years.213214215216 The X-Files was nevertheless Fox's highest-rated show that year.217 The seventh season, originally intended as the show's last, ranked as the 29th most-watched show for the 1999–2000 year, with 14.20 million viewers.218 This made it, at the time, the lowest-rated year of the show since the third season.219220 The first episode of season eight, "Within", was viewed by 15.87 million viewers.221 The episode marked an 11% decrease from the seventh season opener, "The Sixth Extinction".222 The first part of the ninth season opener, "Nothing Important Happened Today", only attracted 10.6 million viewers, the series' lowest-rated season premiere.223

The original series finale, "The Truth", attracted 13.25 million viewers, the series' lowest rated season finale.224 The ninth season was the 63rd most-watched show for the 2001–02 season, tying its season two rank.225226 On May 19, 2002, the finale aired and the Fox network confirmed that The X-Files was over.227 When talking about the beginning of the ninth season, Carter said, "We lost our audience on the first episode. It's like the audience had gone away and I didn't know how to find them. I didn't want to work to get them back because I believed what we are doing deserved to have them back."228 While news outlets cited declining ratings because of lackluster stories and poor writing,229 The X-Files production crew blamed September 11 terrorist attacks as the main factor.230 At the end of 2002, The X-Files had become the longest-running consecutive science fiction series ever on U.S. broadcast television. This record was later surpassed by Stargate SG-1 in 2007231 and Smallville in 2011.232

The debut episode of the 2016 revival, "My Struggle", first aired on January 24, 2016, and was watched by 16.19 million viewers.233 In terms of viewers, this made it the highest-rated episode of The X-Files to air since the eighth-season episode "This Is Not Happening" in 2001, which was watched by 16.9 million viewers.234 When DVR and streaming are taken into account, "My Struggle" was seen by 21.4 million viewers, scoring a 7.1 Nielsen rating.235 The season ended with "My Struggle II", which was viewed by 7.60 million viewers.236 In total, the season was viewed by an average of 13.6 million viewers; it ranked as the seventh most-watched television series of the 2015–16 year, making it the highest-ranked season of The X-Files to ever air.237 A few years later, the premiere episode of the eleventh season, "My Struggle III", was watched by 5.15 million viewers.238 This was a decrease from the previous season's debut; it was also the lowest-rated premiere for any season of the show.239 The season concluded with "My Struggle IV", which was seen by 3.43 million viewers, which was also a decrease from the previous season.240241 "My Struggle IV", which became the de facto finale for the series, was also the show's lowest-rated finale. In total, the season was viewed by an average of 5.34 million viewers, and it ranked as the 91st most-watched television series of the 2018–19 year.242

SVOD viewership

According to the streaming aggregator JustWatch, The X-Files was the ninth most streamed television series across all platforms in the United States, during the week ending November 7, 2021.243

Films

Main articles: The X-Files (film) and The X-Files: I Want to Believe

After several successful seasons, Carter wanted to tell the story of the series on a wider scale, which ultimately turned into a feature film. He later explained that the main problem was to create a story that would not require the viewer to be familiar with the broadcast series.244 The movie was filmed in the hiatus between the show's fourth and fifth seasons and re-shoots were conducted during the filming of the show's fifth season. Due to the demands on the actors' schedules, some episodes of the fifth season focused on just one of the two leads.245 On June 19, 1998, the eponymous The X-Files, also known as The X-Files: Fight the Future was released. The crew intended the movie to be a continuation of the season five finale "The End", but it was also meant to stand on its own. The season six premiere, "The Beginning", began where the film ended.246

The film was written by Carter and Spotnitz and directed by series regular Rob Bowman. In addition to Mulder, Scully, Skinner and Cigarette Smoking Man, it featured guest appearances by Martin Landau, Armin Mueller-Stahl and Blythe Danner, who appeared only in the film. It also featured the last appearance of John Neville as the Well-Manicured Man. Jeffrey Spender, Diana Fowley, Alex Krycek and Gibson Praise—characters who had been introduced in the fifth-season finale and/or were integral to the television series—do not appear in the film. Although the film had a strong domestic opening and received mostly positive reviews from critics, attendance dropped sharply after the first weekend.247 Although it failed to make a profit during its theatrical release—due in part to its large promotional budget—The X-Files film was more successful internationally. Eventually, the worldwide theatrical box office total reached $189 million. The film's production cost and ad budgets were each close to $66 million.248 Unlike in the series, Anderson and Duchovny received equal pay for the film.249

In November 2001, Carter decided to pursue a second film adaptation. Production was slated to begin after the ninth season, with a projected release in December 2003.250 In April 2002, Carter reiterated his desire and the studio's desire to do a sequel film. He planned to write the script over the summer and begin production in spring or summer 2003 for a 2004 release.251 Carter described the film as independent of the series, saying, "We're looking at the movies as stand-alones. They're not necessarily going to have to deal with the mythology."252 Bowman, who had directed various episodes of The X-Files in the past as well as the 1998 film, expressed an interest in the sequel, but Carter took the job. Spotnitz co-authored the script with Carter.253254 The X-Files: I Want to Believe became the second film based on the series, after 1998's The X-Files: Fight the Future. Filming began in December 2007 in Vancouver and finished on March 11, 2008.255256257

The film was released in the United States on July 25, 2008, grossing $4 million on its opening day.258 It opened fourth on the U.S. weekend box office chart, with a gross of $10.2 million.259 By the end of its theatrical run, it had grossed $20,982,478 domestically and an additional $47,373,805 internationally, for a total worldwide gross of $68,369,434.260 Among 2008 domestic releases, it finished in 114th place.261 The film's stars both claimed that the timing of the movie's release, a week after the highly popular Batman film The Dark Knight, negatively affected its success.262263 The film received mixed to negative reviews. Metacritic, which assigns a rating out of 100 reviews from mainstream film critics, reported "mixed or average" reviews, with an average score of 47 based on 33 reviews.264 Rotten Tomatoes reported that 32% of 160 listed film critics gave the film a positive review, with an average rating of 4.9 out of 10. The website wrote of the critics' consensus, stating, "The chemistry between leads David Duchovny and Gillian Anderson do live [sic] up to The X-Files' televised legacy, but the roving plot and droning routines make it hard to identify just what we're meant to believe in."265

Revival

Main articles: The X-Files season 10 and The X-Files season 11

In several interviews around the release, Carter said that if the X-Files: I Want to Believe film proved successful at the box office, a third installment would be made going back to the TV series' mythology, focusing specifically on the alien invasion and colonization of Earth foretold in the ninth-season finale, due to occur on December 22, 2012.266267 In an October 2009 interview, David Duchovny likewise said he wanted to do a 2012 X-Files movie, but did not know if he would get the chance.268269 Anderson stated in August 2012 that a third X-Files film is "looking pretty good".270 As of July 2013, Fox had not approved the movie, although Carter, Spotnitz, Duchovny and Anderson expressed interest.271272 At the New York Comic Con held October 10–13, 2013, Duchovny and Anderson reaffirmed that they and Carter were interested in making a third film, with Anderson saying, "If it takes fan encouragement to get Fox interested in that, then I guess that's what it would be."273

On January 17, 2015, Fox confirmed that they were looking at the possibility of bringing The X-Files back, not as a movie, but as a limited run television season. Fox chairman Dana Walden told reporters that "conversations so far have only been logistical and are in very early stages", and that the series would only go forward if Carter, Anderson, and Duchovny were all on board, and that it was a matter of ensuring all of their timetables are open.274 On March 24, 2015, it was confirmed the series would return with series creator Chris Carter and lead actors David Duchovny and Gillian Anderson.275276 It premiered on January 24, 2016.277 A year later, on April 20, 2017, Fox officially announced that The X-Files would be returning for an eleventh season of ten episodes,278 which premiered on January 3, 2018.279

Future

In January 2018, Gillian Anderson confirmed that season 11 would be her final season of The X-Files.280 The following month, Carter stated in an interview that he could see the show continuing without Anderson.281 In May 2018, Fox's co-CEO Gary Newman commented that "there are no plans to do another season at the moment."282

In October 2020, Chris Carter said: "I always thought there would be even more X-Files." He admitted that continuing the series at this point with Duchovny and Anderson is unlikely, but has plans to continue the franchise with an upcoming animated spinoff. "Being that Gillian has decided to move on with her career, we certainly couldn't do Mulder and Scully again. But that's not to say there isn't another way to do The X-Files. And so right now I think the future is unwritten." The rights are now owned by Disney.283

Home media

Further information: The X-Files merchandise

On September 24, 1996, the first "wave" set of The X-Files VHS tapes were released. Wave sets were released covering the first through fourth seasons.284285 Each "wave" was three VHS tapes, each containing two episodes, for a total of six episodes per wave and two waves per season.286287 For example, the home video release of wave one drew from the first half of the first season: "Pilot"/"Deep Throat", "Conduit"/"Ice" and "Fallen Angel"/"Eve".288 Each wave was also available in a boxed set.289 Unlike later DVD season releases, the tapes did not include every episode from the seasons. Ultimately twelve episodes—approximately half the total number aired—were selected by Carter to represent each season, including nearly all "mythology arc" episodes and selected standalone episodes.290291 Carter briefly introduced each episode with an explanation of why the episode was chosen and anecdotes from the set. These clips were later included on the full season DVDs.292 Wave eight, covering the last part of the fourth season, was the last to be released. No Carter interviews appeared on DVDs for later seasons. Many of the waves had collectible cards for each episode.293

All nine seasons were released on DVD along with the two films.294295 Seasons 1 to 4 were in fullscreen and seasons 5 and onward were in widescreen with the top and bottom of the opening credits cropped off. It is not widely known how accurate this is to the original broadcasts. The entire series was re-released on DVD in early 2006, in a "slimmer" package. The first five slim case versions did not come with some bonus materials that were featured in the original fold-out versions. However, seasons six, seven, eight and nine all contained the bonus materials found in the original versions.296 Episodic DVDs have also been released in Region 2, such as "Deadalive", "Existence", "Nothing Important Happened Today", "Providence" and "The Truth".297 Various other episodes were released on DVD and VHS. In 2005, four DVD sets were released containing the main story arc episodes of The X-Files. The four being Volume 1 – Abduction, Volume 2 – Black Oil, Volume 3 – Colonization and Volume 4 – Super Soldiers.298 A boxed set containing all nine seasons and the first film was made available in 2007, which contains all of the special features from the initial releases. The set also includes an additional disc of new bonus features and various collectibles, including a poster for the first film, a comic book, a set of collector cards and a guide to all 202 episodes across all nine seasons and the first film. Due to the fact that the set was released in 2007, the second film, which was released in 2008, is not included.299

Release of The X-Files' seasons on Blu-ray, restored in high-definition, was rumored to begin in late 2013.300 The German TV channel ProSieben Maxx began airing first-season episodes reformatted in widescreen and in high-definition on January 20, 2014.301 On April 23, 2015, Netflix began streaming episodes of The X-Files in high definition, marking the first time that the series has been made available in the high resolution format in North America.302 In October 2015, it was confirmed that the complete series would be reissued on Blu-ray, and the full set was released on December 8, 2015.303 The set was criticized for using the wrong fonts for the title sequence and season 8 was affected by color balance issues making the picture appear darker in most episodes (an issue known as "black crush"). These issues led to Fox offering corrected discs and eventually issuing new sets with the correct color balance.304305

Spin-offs

The Lone Gunmen

The Lone Gunmen is an American science fiction television series created by Carter and broadcast on Fox and was crafted as a more humorous spin-off of The X-Files. The series starred the eponymous Lone Gunmen and was first broadcast in March 2001, during The X-Files's month-long hiatus.306 Although the debut episode garnered 13.23 million viewers, its ratings began to steadily drop.307 The program was cancelled after thirteen episodes.308 The last episode was broadcast in June 2001 and ended on a cliffhanger which was partially resolved in a ninth-season episode of The X-Files titled "Jump the Shark", included in the DVD release of the series.309

Comic books

Main articles: The X-Files (comics), The X-Files Season 10 (comics), and The X-Files Season 11 (comics)

The X-Files was converted into a comic book series published by Topps Comics during the show's third and fourth seasons. The initial comic books were written solely by Stefan Petrucha. According to Petrucha, there were three types of stories: "those that dealt with the characters, those that dealt with the conspiracy, and the monster-of-the-week sort of stuff".310 Petrucha cited the latter as the easiest to write. Petrucha saw Scully as a "scientist [...] with real world faith", and that the difference between [Mulder and Scully] is not that Mulder believes and Scully doesn't; it's more a difference in procedure."311 In this manner, Mulder's viewpoint was often written to be just as valid as Scully's, and Scully's science was often portrayed to be just as convincing as Mulder's more outlandish ideas.312 Petrucha was eventually fired and various other authors took up the job.313 Topps published 41 regular issues of The X-Files from 1995–98.

A crossover graphic novel between The X-Files and 30 Days of Night was published by WildStorm in 2010. It follows Mulder and Scully to Alaska as they investigate a series of murders that may be linked to vampires.314

In 2013, it was announced that The X-Files would return to comic book form with Season 10, now published by IDW. The series, which follows Mulder and Scully after the events of The X-Files: I Want to Believe, was released in June 2013. Joe Harris wrote the series, and Michael Walsh and Jordie Bellaire provided the artwork. It was later announced that Carter himself would be the executive producer for the series and would be "providing feedback to the creative team regarding scripts and outlines to keep the new stories in line with existing and on-going canon."315 The series restarted the series' mythology, and the first arc of the story focused on "seek[ing] to bring the mythology of the Alien Conspiracy back up to date in a more paranoid, post-terror, post-WikiLeaks society."316 In addition, sequels to popular "monster of the week" episodes were made.317 The X-Files Season 10 concluded on July 1, 2015, after 25 issues.318

In August 2015, the X-Files Season 11 comic book began, also published by IDW. The eight-issue series served as a continuation of the TV show. Chris Carter was the Executive Producer of the comic book series, while the issues were written by Joe Harris and illustrated by Matthew Dow Smith and Jordie Bellaire.319

Potential series

In August 2020, Fox announced that an animated comedy-oriented reboot series was in development, under the working title The X-Files: Albuquerque.320 In March 2023, it was confirmed the series would not be moving forward.321 The same month, it was reported that Ryan Coogler is developing a new reboot of the series, per series creator Chris Carter.322 In February 2024, Carter confirmed he is not involved with its production.323324

Reception

Critical reception

The X-Files received positive reviews from television critics, with many calling it one of the best series that aired on American television in the 1990s. Ian Burrell from the British newspaper The Independent called the show "one of the greatest cult shows in modern television".325 Richard Corliss from Time magazine called the show the "cultural touchstone of" the 1990s.326 Hal Boedeker from the Orlando Sentinel said in 1996 that the series had grown from a cult favorite to a television "classic".327 The Evening Herald said the show had "overwhelming influence" on television, in front of such shows as The Simpsons.328 In 2012, Entertainment Weekly listed the show at #4 in the "25 Best Cult TV Shows from the Past 25 Years", describing it as "a paean to oddballs, sci-fi fans, conspiracy theorists and Area 51 pilgrims everywhere. Ratings improved every year for the first five seasons, while Mulder and Scully's believer-versus-skeptic dynamic created a TV template that's still in heavy use today."329

In 2004 and 2007, The X-Files ranked #2 on TV Guide's "Top Cult Shows Ever".330 In 2002, the show ranked as the 37th best television show of all time.331 In 1997, the episodes "Clyde Bruckman's Final Repose" and "Small Potatoes" respectively ranked #10 and #72 on "TV Guide's 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time".332 In 2013, TV Guide included it in its list of the "60 Greatest Dramas of All Time"333 and ranked it as the #4 science fiction show334 and the #25 best series of all time.335 In 2007, Time included it on a list of the "100 Best TV Shows of All Time".336 In 2008, Entertainment Weekly named it the fourth-best piece of science fiction media,337 the fourth best TV show in the last 25 years338 and in 2009, named it the fourth-best in their list of the "20 Greatest Sci-fi TV Shows" in history.339 Empire magazine ranked The X-Files ninth best TV show in history, further claiming that the best episode was the third season entry "Jose Chung's From Outer Space".340 In 2013, the Writers Guild of America ranked The X-Files #26 on their list of the 101 Best Written TV Series.341 In 2015, on The Hollywood Reporter's entertainment-industry ranked TV list "Hollywood's 100 Favorite TV Shows", The X-Files appeared at #3.342 According to The Guardian, MediaDNA research discovered that The X-Files was on top of the list of the most innovative TV brands.343 In 2009, it was announced that the show's catchphrase "The Truth Is Out There" was among Britain's top 60 best-known slogans and quotes.344

The X-Files has been criticized for being unscientific and privileging paranormal and supernatural ideas (e.g. the hypotheses made by Mulder). For instance, in 1998, Richard Dawkins wrote that "The X-Files systematically purveys an anti-rational view of the world which, by virtue of its recurrent persistence, is insidious."345

Accolades

Main article: List of accolades received by The X-Files

The X-Files received prestigious awards over its nine-year run, totaling 62 Emmy nominations and 16 awards.346347 Capping its successful first season, The X-Files crew members James Castle, Bruce Bryant and Carol Johnsen won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Graphic Design and Title Sequences in 1994.348 In 1995, the show was nominated for seven Emmy Awards with one win. The following year, the show won five Emmys out of eight nominations, including Darin Morgan for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series. In 1997, The X-Files won three awards out of twelve, including Gillian Anderson for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series. In 1998, the show won one of fifteen. In 1999, it won one out of eight in the category for Outstanding Makeup for a Series. Season seven won three Emmys from six nominations. The following season would not be as successful, catching only two nominations and winning again in the Makeup category for "Deadalive". The ninth season received one nomination in Outstanding Music Composition for a Series (Dramatic Underscore).349350

The show was nominated for 12 Golden Globe Awards overall, winning five.351352 The first nomination came in 1994, when the show won Best Series – Drama.353 The following year, Anderson and Duchovny were nominated for Best Actor in a Leading Role and Best Actress in a Leading Role, respectively.354355 In 1996, the series won three awards; Anderson and Duchovny for Best Actress and Actor and for Best Series – Drama.356 In 1997 and 1998, the show received the same three nominations. In 1997, however, the series won Best Series – Drama".357358 In 1998, the series won no award and received no nominations thereafter.359

The show was nominated for 14 SAG Awards overall, winning twice. In 1996 and 1997, Anderson won for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series. In 1996, the show won a Peabody Award for being able "to convey ideas that are both entertaining and thought-provoking".360 The show has also been nominated for two American Cinema Editors awards, three Directors Guild of America Awards, nine Television Critics Association Awards and two Writers Guild of American Awards. The X-Files was nominated for nine Satellite Awards, winning two, and two Young Artist Awards, winning one.361

Influence

Fandom

As The X-Files saw its viewership expand from a "small, but devoted" group of fans to a worldwide mass cult audience,362363 digital telecommunications were becoming mainstream. According to The New York Times, "this may have been the first show to find its audience growth tied to the growth of the Internet".[260] Fans of the show became commonly known as "X-Philes", a term coined from the Greek root "-phil-" meaning love or obsession.[260] X-Philes reviewed episodes on unofficial websites, formed communities with other fans through Usenet newsgroups and listservs,364 and wrote their own fan fiction.365

The X-Files also "caught on with viewers who wouldn't ordinarily consider themselves sci-fi fans".366 While Carter argued that the show was plot-driven, many fans saw it as character-driven.367 Duchovny and Anderson were characterized as "Internet sex symbols".[260] As the show grew in popularity, subgroups of fans developed, such as "shippers", hoping for a romantic or sexual partnership between Mulder and Scully, or those who already perceived one between the lines.368 The usage of the term "ship" in its relationship sense appears to have been originated by Internet fans of The X-Files.369370371372373374375

Other groups arose to pay tribute to the stars376 or their characters,377 while others joined the subculture of "slash" fiction.378 In the summer of 1996, a journalist wrote, "There are entire forums online devoted to the 'M/S' [Mulder and Scully] relationship."379 In addition to "MOTW", Internet fans invented acronyms such as "UST", meaning "unresolved sexual tension", and "COTR", standing for "conversation on the rock"—referencing a popular scene in the third-season episode "Quagmire"—to aid in their discussions of the agents' relationship, which was itself identified as the "MSR".380

The producers did not endorse some fans' readings, according to a study on the subject:

Not content to allow Shippers to perceive what they wish, Carter has consistently reassured NoRomos [those against the idea of a Mulder/Scully romance] that theirs is the preferred reading. This allows him the plausible deniability to credit the show's success to his original plan even though many watched in anticipation of a romance, thanks, in part, to his strategic polysemy. He can deny that these fans had reason to do so, however, since he has repeatedly stated that a romance was not and would never be.

The Scully-obsessed writer in Carter's 1999 episode "Milagro" was read by some as his alter ego, realizing that by this point "she has fallen for Mulder despite his authorial intent".381 The writers sometimes paid tribute to the more visible fans by naming minor characters after them. For example, Leyla Harrison, played by Jolie Jenkins and introduced in the eighth-season episode "Alone", was created and named in memory of an Internet fan and prolific writer of fan fiction of the same name, who died of cancer on February 10, 2001.382

Merchandise

Main articles: The X-Files merchandise and The X-Files literature

The X-Files spawned an industry of spin-off products. In 2004, U.S.-based Topps Comics, and383384 most recently DC Comics imprint Wildstorm, launched a new series of licensed tie-in comics.385 During the series run, the Fox Broadcasting Company published the official The X-Files Magazine.386 The X-Files Collectible Card Game was released in 1996, and an expansion set was released in 1997.387

The X-Files has inspired four video games. In 1997, Fox Interactive released The X-Files: Unrestricted Access, a game-style database for Windows and Mac, which allowed users access to every case file.388 In 1998, The X-Files Game was released for the PC and Macintosh and a year later for the PlayStation. This game is set within the timeline of the second or third season and follows an Agent Craig Willmore in his search for the missing Mulder and Scully.389 In 2004, The X-Files: Resist or Serve was released. The survival-horror game for the PlayStation 2 is an original story set in the seventh season. It allows the player control of both Mulder and Scully. Both games feature acting and voice work from members of the series' cast.390 A mobile mystery investigation game The X-Files: Deep State was released in February 2018. The story of the game takes place between seasons 9 and 10 of the show and follows two FBI agents, Casey Winter and Garret Dale, as they investigate a conspiracy.391 A six-player pinball game, The X-Files, was produced by Sega in 1997.392393

Legacy

See also: The X-Files (franchise)

The X-Files directly inspired other TV series, including Strange World,394395 The Burning Zone,396 Special Unit 2,397 Mysterious Ways,398 Lost,399 Dark Skies,400401 The Visitor,402 Fringe,403404 Warehouse 13,405 Supernatural,406407 and Gravity Falls,408 with key aspects carried over to more standard crime dramas, such as Eleventh Hour409410 and Bones.411 The influence can be seen on other levels: television series such as Lost developed their own complex mythologies.412 In terms of characterization, the role of Dana Scully was seen as innovative, changing "how women [on television] were not just perceived but behaved" and perhaps influencing the portrayal of other "strong women" investigators.413 Russell T Davies said The X-Files had been an inspiration on his series Torchwood, describing it as "dark, wild and sexy... The X-Files meets This Life".414415 Other shows have been influenced by the tone and mood of The X-Files. For example, Buffy the Vampire Slayer drew from the mood and coloring of The X-Files, as well as from its occasional blend of horror and humor; creator Joss Whedon described his show as "a cross between The X-Files and My So-Called Life".416

The X-Files's great popularity led to it becoming a touchstone of popular culture. The show was parodied in The Simpsons season eight episode "The Springfield Files", which aired on January 12, 1997. In it, Mulder and Scully—voiced by Duchovny and Anderson—are sent to Springfield to investigate an alien sighting by Homer Simpson, but end up finding no evidence other than Homer's word and depart. Cigarette Smoking Man appears in the background when Homer is interviewed, and the show's theme plays during one scene.417 Nathan Ditum from Total Film ranked Duchovny and Anderson's performances as the fourth-best guest appearances in The Simpsons history.418 In the Star Trek: Deep Space Nine episode "Trials and Tribble-ations", Benjamin Sisko is interviewed by Federation Department of Temporal Investigations agents Dulmer and Lucsly, anagrams of Mulder and Scully, respectively.419 The pair were later expanded upon in Christopher L. Bennett's book Watching the Clock.420 The X-Files has also been parodied or referenced in shows such as 3rd Rock from the Sun, Archer, NewsRadio, American Horror Story, The Big Bang Theory, Bones, Breaking Bad, Californication (which stars David Duchovny), Supernatural, Castle, Family Guy, Hey Arnold!, King of the Hill, South Park, and Two and a Half Men.421 It also inspired themes in video games Deus Ex422 and Perfect Dark.423

In the musical realm, the British band Catatonia released the single "Mulder and Scully", which became a top ten hit on the UK Singles Chart in 1998.424 American singer and songwriter Bree Sharp wrote a song in 1999 called "David Duchovny" about the actor that heavily references the show. Although never a mainstream hit, the song became popular underground and gained a cult following.425426427 Finnish band Sonata Arctica released, in 1999, "Letter to Dana", in which the title character, Dana O'Hara, is named after Scully.428 The series has also been referenced in songs such as "The Bad Touch" by the Bloodhound Gang, "A Change" by Sheryl Crow, "Year 2000" by Xzibit, and "One Week" by Barenaked Ladies.429

Carter, Duchovny and Anderson celebrated the 20th anniversary of the series at a July 18, 2013, panel at San Diego Comic-Con hosted by TV Guide. During the discussion, Anderson discussed Scully's influence on female fans, relating that a number of women have informed her that they pursued physics careers because of the character. Anderson also indicated that she was not in favor of an X-Files miniseries, and Duchovny ruled out working with her on an unrelated project, but both expressed willingness to do a third feature film. Carter was more reserved at the idea, stating, "You need a reason to get excited about going on and doing it again."430 On July 16, 2008, Carter and Spotnitz donated several props from the series and new film to the Smithsonian's National Museum of American History, including the original pilot script and the "I Want to Believe" poster from Mulder's office.431

In a 2018 interview with The Straits Times, series' writers Jim Wong and Glenn Morgan acknowledged that the show likely played a role in bringing conspiracy theories to a mainstream audience, helping to erode trust in public institutions.432 Similarly, in a 2021 New York Times op-ed, series creator Chris Carter wrote: "'The Truth Is Out There,' 'Trust No One,' 'Deny Everything' went the provocative catchphrases on The X-Files, but that was in the '90s, when we had a relatively shared reality. The slogans are now a fact of life."433 Vanity Fair writer Jordan Hoffman suggested that Carter's op-ed was imbued with "a bit of a mea culpa vibe".434

Bibliography

References

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  12. Hurwitz & Knowles 2008, p. 71. - Hurwitz, Matt; Knowles, Chris (2008). The Complete X-Files. San Rafael, CA: Insight Editions. ISBN 9781933784724. ↩

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  15. Duncan 1998, passim. - Duncan, Jody (1998). The Making of The X-Files Movie. New York City, NY: Harper Prism. ISBN 9780061073168. https://archive.org/details/makingofxfilesfi00dunc ↩

  16. Hurwitz & Knowles 2008, pp. 221–33. - Hurwitz, Matt; Knowles, Chris (2008). The Complete X-Files. San Rafael, CA: Insight Editions. ISBN 9781933784724. ↩

  17. Hurwitz & Knowles 2008, p. 137. - Hurwitz, Matt; Knowles, Chris (2008). The Complete X-Files. San Rafael, CA: Insight Editions. ISBN 9781933784724. ↩

  18. Kowalski 2007, p. 50. - Kowalski, Dean A. (2007). "Freedom and Worldviews in The X-Files". The Philosophy of The X-Files. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 9780813124544. ↩

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