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J. K. Rowling
British author and philanthropist (born 1965)

Joanne Rowling, known by her pen name J. K. Rowling, is a British author best known for the Harry Potter series, a landmark in fantasy literature that has sold over 600 million copies and been translated into 84 languages. The novels follow Harry Potter at Hogwarts as he battles Lord Voldemort, exploring themes of death and the struggle between good and evil. Rowling also writes the Cormoran Strike crime fiction series under the alias Robert Galbraith. She has received numerous accolades, including the Order of the British Empire. Rowling’s philanthropy supports medical causes and at-risk women and children through the Lumos charity. Since 2020, her gender-critical views on transgender people have sparked widespread debate and controversy.

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Name

Although she writes under the pen name J. K. Rowling, before her remarriage her name was Joanne Rowling with no middle name,2 nicknamed Jo.3 Staff at Bloomsbury Publishing suggested that she use two initials rather than her full name, anticipating that young boys – their target audience – would not want to read a book written by a woman.4 She chose K as the second initial, from her paternal grandmother Kathleen Rowling, and because of the ease of pronunciation of the two consecutive letters.5 Following her 2001 remarriage,6 she has sometimes used the name Joanne Murray when conducting personal business.7

Life and career

Early life and family

Joanne Rowling was born on 31 July 1965 in Yate, Gloucestershire,89 to a middle-class family.10 Her parents Anne (née Volant) and Peter ("Pete") James Rowling had met the previous year on a train, sharing a trip from King's Cross station, London, to their naval postings at Arbroath, Scotland. Rowling's mother was with the Wrens and her father with the Royal Navy.11 Pete Rowling was the son of a machine-tool setter who later opened a grocery shop.12 Pete and Anne married on 14 March 19651314 and settled in Yate,15 where Pete started work as an assembly-line production worker16 and eventually worked his way into management as a chartered engineer.17 Anne Rowling later worked as a science technician.18 Neither of Rowling's parents attended university.19 Rowling is two years older than her sister, Dianne.2021

When she was four, Rowling's family moved to Winterbourne, Gloucestershire.2223 She began at St Michael's Church of England Primary School in Winterbourne when she was five.2425 The Rowlings lived near a family called Potter – a name Rowling always liked.2627 Rowling's mother liked to read and the family's homes were filled with books.28 Her father read The Wind in the Willows to his daughters,29 while her mother introduced them to the animals in Richard Scarry's books.30 Rowling's first attempt at writing, a story called "Rabbit" composed when she was six, was inspired by Scarry's creatures.31

When Rowling was about nine, the family purchased the historic Church Cottage in Tutshill.3233 In 1974, Rowling began attending the nearby Church of England School.34 Biographer Sean Smith describes her teacher as a "battleaxe"35 who "struck fear into the hearts of the children";36 Rowling's teacher seated her in "dunces' row" after she performed poorly on an arithmetic test.3738 In 1975, Rowling joined a Brownies pack. Its special events and parties, and the pack groups (Fairies, Pixies, Sprites, Elves, Gnomes and Imps) provided a magical world away from her stern teacher.39 When she was eleven40 or twelve, she wrote a short story, "The Seven Cursed Diamonds".41 She later described herself during this period as "the epitome of a bookish child – short and squat, thick National Health glasses, living in a world of complete daydreams".42

Secondary school and university

Rowling's secondary school was Wyedean School and College, a state school she began attending at the age of eleven43 and where she was bullied.4445 Rowling was inspired by her favourite teacher, Lucy Shepherd, who taught the importance of structure and precision in writing.4647 Smith describes her as "intelligent yet shy".48 Her teacher Dale Neuschwander was impressed by her imagination.49 When she was a young teenager, Rowling's great-aunt gave her Hons and Rebels, the autobiography of the civil rights activist Jessica Mitford,50 who became Rowling's heroine.51

Anne had a strong influence on her daughter.52 Early in Rowling's life, the support of her mother and sister instilled confidence and enthusiasm for storytelling.53 Anne was a creative and accomplished cook,5455 who helped lead her daughters' Brownie activities,56 and took a job in the chemistry department at Wyedean while her daughters were there.57 John Nettleship, the head of science at Wyedean, described Anne as "absolutely brilliant ... very imaginative".58 Anne was diagnosed with a "virulent strain" of multiple sclerosis when she was 3459 or 35 and Jo was 15.60 Rowling's home life was complicated by her mother's illness61 and a strained relationship with her father.62 Rowling later said "home was a difficult place to be",63 and that her teenage years were unhappy.64 In 2020, she wrote that her father would have preferred a son and described herself as having severe obsessive–compulsive disorder in her teens.65 She began to smoke, took an interest in alternative rock,66 and adopted Siouxsie Sioux's back-combed hair and black eyeliner.67 Sean Harris, her best friend in the Upper Sixth, owned a turquoise Ford Anglia that provided an escape from her difficult home life and the means for Harris and Rowling to broaden their activities.6869

Living in a small town with pressures at home, Rowling became more interested in her schoolwork.70 Steve Eddy, her first secondary school English teacher, remembers her as "not exceptional" but "quite good at English".71 Rowling took A-levels in English, French, and German, achieving two As and a B, and was named head girl at Wyedean.72 She applied to Oxford University in 1982 but was rejected.73 Biographers attribute her rejection to privilege, as she had attended a state school rather than a private one.7475

Rowling always wanted to be a writer,76 but chose to study French and the classics at the University of Exeter for practical reasons, influenced by her parents who thought job prospects would be better with evidence of bilingualism.77 She later stated that Exeter was not initially what she expected ("to be among lots of similar people – thinking radical thoughts") but that she enjoyed herself after she met more people like her.78 She was an average student at Exeter, described by biographers as prioritising her social life over her studies, and lacking ambition and enthusiasm.7980 Rowling recalls doing little work at university, preferring to read Dickens and Tolkien.81 She earned a BA in French from Exeter,82 graduating in 1987 after a year of study in Paris.83

Inspiration and mother's death

After university, Rowling moved to a flat in Clapham Junction with friends,84 and took a course to become a bilingual secretary.85 While she was working in temporary jobs in London, Amnesty International hired her to document human rights issues in French-speaking Africa.86 She began writing adult novels while working as a temp, although they were never published.8788 In 1990, she planned to move with her boyfriend to Manchester,89 and frequently took long train trips to visit.90 In mid-1990, she was on a train delayed by four hours from Manchester to London,91 when the characters Harry Potter, Ron Weasley, and Hermione Granger came plainly into her mind.92 Having no pen or paper allowed her to fully explore the characters and their story in her imagination before she reached her flat and began to write.93

Rowling moved to Manchester around November 1990.94 She described her time in Manchester, where she worked for the Chamber of Commerce95 and at Manchester University in temp jobs,96 as a "year of misery".97 Her mother died of multiple sclerosis on 30 December 1990.98 At the time, Rowling was writing Harry Potter;99 her mother's death heavily affected her writing100 and she later noted an "evident parallelism" between her writing about death and her life.101

The pain of the loss of her mother was compounded when some personal effects her mother had left her were stolen.102 With the end of the relationship with her boyfriend, and "being made redundant from an office job in Manchester",103 Rowling moved to Porto, Portugal, in November 1991 to teach night classes in English as a foreign language,104 writing during the day.105

Marriage, divorce and single parenthood

Five months after arriving in Porto, Rowling met the Portuguese television journalist Jorge Arantes in a bar and found that they shared an interest in Jane Austen.106 The relationship was troubled, but they married on 16 October 1992.107108 Their daughter Jessica Isabel Rowling Arantes (named after Jessica Mitford109) was born on 27 July 1993 in Portugal.110111 By this time, Rowling had finished the first three chapters of Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone – almost as they were eventually published – and had drafted the rest of the novel.112

Rowling experienced domestic abuse during her marriage.113114 Arantes said in June 2020 that he had slapped her and did not regret it.115 Rowling described the marriage as "short and catastrophic".116 She says she was not allowed to have a house key and that her husband used the growing manuscript of her first book as a hostage.117 Rowling and Arantes separated on 17 November 1993 after Arantes threw her out of the house; she returned with the police to retrieve Jessica and her belongings and went into hiding for two weeks before she left Portugal.118119 In late 1993, with a draft of Harry Potter in her suitcase,120 Rowling moved with her daughter to Edinburgh, Scotland,121 planning to stay with her sister until Christmas.122 Her biographer Sean Smith raises the question of why Rowling didn't stay with her father.123 Rowling has spoken of an estrangement from her father;124125 Pete had married his secretary within two years of Anne's death,126 and The Scotsman reported that this caused a rift between his daughters and their father.127

Rowling sought government assistance and got £69 (US$103) per week from Social Security; not wanting to burden her recently married sister, she moved to a flat that she described as mouse-ridden.128 She later described her economic status as being as "poor as it is possible to be in modern Britain, without being homeless".129 Seven years after graduating from university, she saw herself as a failure.130 Tison Pugh writes that the "grinding effects of poverty, coupled with her concern for providing for her daughter as a single parent, caused great hardship".131 Her marriage had failed, and she was jobless with a dependent child, but she later described this as "liberating" her to focus on writing.132 She has said that "Jessica kept me going".133 Her old school friend, Sean Harris, lent her £600 ($900), which allowed her to move to a flat in Leith,134 where she finished Philosopher's Stone.135

Arantes arrived in Scotland in March 1994 seeking both Rowling and Jessica.136137 On 15 March 1994, Rowling sought an action of interdict (order of restraint); the interdict was granted and Arantes returned to Portugal.138139 Early in the year, Rowling began to experience a deep depression140 and sought medical help when she contemplated suicide.141142 With nine months of therapy, her mental health gradually improved.143 She filed for divorce on 10 August 1994;144 the divorce was finalised on 26 June 1995.145

Rowling wanted to finish the book before enrolling on a teacher training course, fearing she might not be able to finish once she started the course.146 She often wrote in cafés,147 including Nicolson's, part-owned by her brother-in-law.148 Secretarial work brought in £15 ($22.50) per week, but she would lose government benefits if she earned more.149 In mid-1995, a friend gave her money that allowed her to come off benefits and enrol full-time in college.150 Still needing money and expecting to make a living by teaching,151 Rowling began a teacher training course in August 1995 at Moray House School of Education152153 after completing her first novel.154 She earned her teaching certificate in July 1996155 and began teaching at Leith Academy.156 Rowling later said that writing the first Harry Potter book had saved her life and that her concerns about "love, loss, separation, death ... are reflected in the first book".157

Publishing Harry Potter

Main article: Harry Potter

Rowling completed Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone in June 1995.158 The initial draft included an illustration of Harry by a fireplace, showing a lightning-shaped scar on his forehead.159 Following an enthusiastic report from an early reader,160 Christopher Little Literary Agency agreed to represent Rowling. Her manuscript was submitted to twelve publishers, all of which rejected it.161 Barry Cunningham, who ran the children's literature department at Bloomsbury Publishing, bought it,162 after Nigel Newton, who headed Bloomsbury at the time, saw his eight-year-old daughter finish one chapter and want to keep reading.163164 Rowling recalls Cunningham telling her, "You'll never make any money out of children's books, Jo."165 Rowling was awarded a writer's grant by the Scottish Arts Council166 to support her childcare costs and finances before Philosopher's Stone's publication, and to aid in writing the sequel, Chamber of Secrets.167168 On 26 June 1997, Bloomsbury published Philosopher's Stone with an initial print run of 5,650 copies.169170 Before Chamber of Secrets was published, Rowling had received £2,800 ($4,200) in royalties.171

Philosopher's Stone introduces Harry Potter. Harry is a wizard who lives with his non-magical relatives until his eleventh birthday, when he is invited to attend Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry.172173 Rowling wrote six sequels, which follow Harry's adventures at Hogwarts with friends Hermione Granger and Ron Weasley and his attempts to defeat Lord Voldemort, who killed Harry's parents when he was a child.174

Rowling received the news that the US rights were being auctioned at the Bologna Children's Book Fair.175 To her surprise and delight, Scholastic Corporation bought the rights for $105,000.176 She bought a flat in Edinburgh with the money from the sale.177 Arthur A. Levine, head of the imprint at Scholastic, pushed for a name change. He wanted Harry Potter and the School of Magic; as a compromise Rowling suggested Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone.178 Sorcerer's Stone was released in the United States in September 1998.179 It was not widely reviewed, but the reviews it received were generally positive.180 Sorcerer's Stone became a New York Times bestseller by December.181

The next three books in the series were released in quick succession between 1998 and 2000: Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (1998), Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (1999), and Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2000), each selling millions of copies.182 When Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix had not appeared by 2002, rumours circulated that Rowling was suffering writer's block.183 Rowling denied these rumours, stating the 896-page book took three years to write because of its length.184 It was published in June 2003, selling millions of copies on the first day.185 Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince was released two years later in July 2005, again selling millions of copies on the first day.186 The series ended with Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, published in July 2007.187

Films

Main article: Harry Potter (film series)

In 1999, Warner Bros. purchased film rights to the first two Harry Potter novels for a reported $1 million.188189 Rowling accepted the offer with the provision that the studio only produce Harry Potter films based on books she authored,190 while retaining the right to final script approval,191 and some control over merchandising.192 Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, an adaptation of the first Harry Potter book, was released in November 2001.193 Steve Kloves wrote the screenplays for all but the fifth film,194 with Rowling's assistance, ensuring that his scripts kept to the plots of the novels.195 The film series concluded with Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, which was adapted in two parts; part one was released on 19 November 2010,196 and part two followed on 15 July 2011.197

Warner Bros. announced an expanded relationship with Rowling in 2013, including a planned series of films about her character Newt Scamander, fictitious author of Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them.198 The first film of five, a prequel to the Harry Potter series, set roughly 70 years earlier, was released in November 2016.199 Rowling wrote the screenplay, which was released as a book.200 Crimes of Grindelwald was released in November 2018.201 Secrets of Dumbledore was released in April 2022.202 In November 2022, Variety reported that Warner Bros. Discovery was not actively planning to continue the film series or to develop any further films related to the Wizarding World franchise.203

Religion, wealth and remarriage

Further information: Religious debates over the Harry Potter series and List of celebrities by net worth

By 1998, Rowling was portrayed in the media as a "penniless divorcee hitting the jackpot".204 According to her biographer Sean Smith, the publicity became effective marketing for Harry Potter,205 but her journey from living on benefits to wealth brought, along with fame, concerns from different groups about the books' portrayals of the occult and gender roles.206 Ultimately, Smith says that these concerns served to "enhance [her] public profile rather than damage it".207

Rowling identifies as a Christian.208 Although she grew up next door to her church,209 accounts of the family's church attendance differ.210 She began attending a Church of Scotland congregation, where Jessica was christened, around the time she was writing Harry Potter.211 In a 2012 interview, she said she belonged to the Scottish Episcopal Church.212 Rowling has stated that she believes in God,213 but has experienced doubt,214 and that her struggles with faith play a part in her books.215 She does not believe in magic or witchcraft.216217

Rowling married Neil Murray, a doctor, in 2001.218 The couple intended to marry that July in the Galapagos, but when this leaked to the press, they delayed their wedding and changed their holiday destination to Mauritius.219 After the UK Press Complaints Commission ruled that a magazine had breached Jessica's privacy when the eight-year-old was included in a photograph of the family taken during that trip,220221 Murray and Rowling sought a more private and quiet place to live and work.222 Rowling bought Killiechassie House and its estate in Perthshire, Scotland,223 and on 26 December 2001, the couple had a small, private wedding there, officiated by an Episcopalian priest who travelled from Edinburgh.224 Their son, David Gordon Rowling Murray, was born in 2003,225 and their daughter Mackenzie Jean Rowling Murray in 2005.226

In 2004, Forbes named Rowling "the first billion-dollar author".227 Rowling denied that she was a billionaire in a 2005 interview.228 By 2012, Forbes concluded she was no longer a billionaire due to her charitable donations and high UK taxes, and it re-added her to its list of billionaires in 2025.229 She was named the world's highest paid author by Forbes in 2008,230 2017231 and 2019.232 Her UK sales total in excess of £238 million, which made her the best-selling living author in Britain,233 until 2025 when she was supplanted by Julia Donaldson.234 The 2021 Sunday Times Rich List estimated Rowling's fortune at £820 million, ranking her as the 196th-richest person in the UK,235 and The National reported her net worth in 2025 as £945 million.236 As of 2020, she owns a £4.5 million Georgian house in Kensington and a £2 million home in Edinburgh,237 where she lives with Murray and her two youngest children.238

Adult fiction and Robert Galbraith

Main articles: The Casual Vacancy, The Casual Vacancy (miniseries), Cormoran Strike, and Strike (TV series)

In mid-2011, Rowling left Christopher Little Literary Agency and followed her agent Neil Blair to the Blair Partnership. He represented her for the publication of The Casual Vacancy, released in September 2012 by Little, Brown and Company.239 It was Rowling's first since Harry Potter ended, and her first book for adults.240 A contemporary take on 19th-century British fiction about village life,241 Casual Vacancy was promoted as a black comedy,242 while the critic Ian Parker described it as a "rural comedy of manners".243 It was adapted to a miniseries co-created by the BBC and HBO.244

Little, Brown and Company also published The Cuckoo's Calling, the purported début novel of Robert Galbraith, in April 2013.245 Telling the story of detective Cormoran Strike, a disabled veteran of the War in Afghanistan,246 it initially sold 1,500 copies in hardback.247 After an investigation prompted by discussion on Twitter, the journalist Richard Brooks contacted Rowling's agent, who confirmed Galbraith was Rowling's pseudonym.248 Rowling later said she enjoyed working as Robert Galbraith,249 a name she took from Robert F. Kennedy, a personal hero, and Ella Galbraith, a name she invented for herself in childhood.250 After the revelation of her identity, sales of Cuckoo's Calling escalated.251

Continuing the Cormoran Strike series of detective novels, The Silkworm was released in 2014;252 Career of Evil in 2015;253 Lethal White in 2018;254 Troubled Blood in 2020;255 The Ink Black Heart in 2022;256 and The Running Grave in 2023.257 In 2017, BBC One aired the first episode258 of the five-season series Strike, a television adaptation of the Cormoran Strike novels starring Tom Burke and Holliday Grainger, with a sixth season being shot in 2024.259260 The series was picked up by HBO for distribution in the United States and Canada.261

Later Harry Potter works

Main articles: Pottermore and Harry Potter and the Cursed Child

For the material written for Comic Relief and other charities, see § Philanthropy.

Pottermore, a website with information and stories about characters in the Harry Potter universe, launched in 2011. On its release, Pottermore was rooted in the Harry Potter novels, tracing the series's story in an interactive format. Its brand was associated with Rowling: she introduced the site in a video as a shared media environment to which she and Harry Potter fans would contribute. The site was substantially revised in 2015 to resemble an encyclopedia of Harry Potter.262263[undue weight? – discuss]

Harry Potter and the Cursed Child premiered in the West End in May 2016264 and on Broadway in July.265 At its London premiere, Rowling confirmed that she would not write any more Harry Potter books.266 Rowling collaborated with writer Jack Thorne and director John Tiffany.267268 Cursed Child's script was published as a book in July 2016.269 The play follows the friendship between Harry's son Albus and Scorpius Malfoy, Draco Malfoy's son, at Hogwarts.270

Announced in April 2023,271 the Harry Potter television series will begin in 2026,272273 span ten years of production and feature a season dedicated to each of the seven Harry Potter books, with Rowling as executive producer.274

Children's stories

Main articles: The Ickabog and The Christmas Pig

The Ickabog was Rowling's first book aimed at children since Harry Potter.275 Ickabog is a monster that turns out to be real; a group of children find out the truth about the Ickabog and save the day.276277 Rowling released The Ickabog for free online in mid-2020, during the COVID-19 lockdown in the United Kingdom.278 She began writing it in 2009 but set it aside to focus on other works including Casual Vacancy.279 Scholastic held a competition to select children's art for the print edition, which was published in the US and Canada on 10 November 2020.280 Profits went to charities focused on COVID-19 relief.281282

In The Christmas Pig, a young boy loses his favourite stuffed animal, a pig, and the Christmas Pig guides him through the fantastical Land of the Lost to retrieve it.283 The novel was published on 12 October 2021284 and became a bestseller in the UK285 and the US.286

Influences

See also: Harry Potter influences and analogues

Rowling has named Jessica Mitford as her greatest influence. She said Mitford had "been my heroine since I was 14 years old, when I overheard my formidable great-aunt discussing how Mitford had run away at the age of 19 to fight with the Reds in the Spanish Civil War", and that what inspired her about Mitford was that she was "incurably and instinctively rebellious, brave, adventurous, funny and irreverent, she liked nothing better than a good fight, preferably against a pompous and hypocritical target".287 As a child, Rowling read C. S. Lewis's The Chronicles of Narnia, Elizabeth Goudge's The Little White Horse, Manxmouse by Paul Gallico, and books by E. Nesbit and Noel Streatfeild.288 Rowling describes Jane Austen as her "favourite author of all time".289

Rowling acknowledges Homer, Geoffrey Chaucer, and William Shakespeare as literary influences.290 Scholars agree that Harry Potter is heavily influenced by the children's fantasy of writers such as Lewis, Goudge, Nesbit, J. R. R. Tolkien, Ursula K. Le Guin, and Diana Wynne Jones.291 According to the critic Beatrice Groves, Harry Potter is also "rooted in the Western literary tradition", including the classics.292 Commentators also note similarities to the children's stories of Enid Blyton and Roald Dahl.293 Rowling expresses admiration for Lewis, in whose writing battles between good and evil are also prominent, but rejects any connection with Dahl.294

Earlier works prominently featuring characters who learn to use magic include Le Guin's Earthsea series, in which a school of wizardry also appears, and the Chrestomanci books by Jones.295296 Rowling's setting of a "school of witchcraft and wizardry" departs from the still older tradition of protagonists as apprentices to magicians, exemplified by The Sorcerer's Apprentice: yet this trope does appear in Harry Potter, when Harry receives individual instruction from Remus Lupin and other teachers.297 Rowling also draws on the tradition of stories set in boarding schools, a major example of which is Thomas Hughes's 1857 volume Tom Brown's School Days.298299

Style and themes

Further information: Harry Potter series

Style and allusions

Rowling is known primarily as an author of fantasy and children's literature.300 Her writing in other genres, including literary fiction and murder mystery, has received less critical attention.301 Rowling's most famous work, Harry Potter, has been defined as a fairy tale, a Bildungsroman and a boarding-school story.302303 Her other writings have been described by Pugh as gritty contemporary fiction with historical influences (The Casual Vacancy) and hardboiled detective fiction (Cormoran Strike).304

In Harry Potter, Rowling juxtaposes the extraordinary against the ordinary.305 Her narrative features two worlds – the mundane and the fantastic – but it differs from typical portal fantasy in that its magical elements stay grounded in the everyday.306 Paintings move and talk; books bite readers; letters shout messages; and maps show live journeys,307308 making the wizarding world "both exotic and cosily familiar" according to the scholar Catherine Butler.309 This blend of realistic and romantic elements extends to Rowling's characters.310311 Harry is ordinary and relatable, with down-to-earth features such as wearing broken glasses;312 these elements serve to highlight Harry when he is heroic, making him both an everyman and a fairytale hero.313314

Arthurian, Christian and fairytale motifs are frequently found in Rowling's writing. Harry's ability to draw the Sword of Gryffindor from the Sorting Hat resembles the Arthurian sword in the stone legend.315 His life with the Dursleys has been compared to Cinderella.316 Like C. S. Lewis's The Chronicles of Narnia, Harry Potter contains Christian symbolism and allegory. The series has been viewed as a Christian moral fable in the psychomachia tradition, in which stand-ins for good and evil fight for supremacy over a person's soul.317 The critic of children's literature Joy Farmer sees parallels between Harry and Jesus Christ.318 According to Maria Nikolajeva, Christian imagery is particularly strong in the final scenes of the series: she writes that Harry dies in self-sacrifice and Voldemort delivers an ecce homo speech, after which Harry is resurrected and defeats his enemy.319

Themes

Death is Rowling's overarching theme in Harry Potter.320321 She later said that her literary creation of the Mirror of Erised is about her mother's death.322 In the first book, when Harry looks into the mirror, he feels both joy and "a terrible sadness" at seeing his desire: his parents, alive and with him.323 Confronting their loss is central to Harry's character arc and manifests in different ways through the series, such as in his struggles with Dementors.324325 Other characters in Harry's life die; he even faces his own death in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows.326 Soon after she started writing Philosopher's Stone, her mother died, and she said that "I really think from that moment on, death became a central, if not the central theme of the seven books".327 Rowling has described Harry as "the prism through which I view death", and further stated that "all of my characters are defined by their attitude to death and the possibility of death".328

While Harry Potter can be viewed as a story about good versus evil, its moral divisions are not absolute.329330 First impressions of characters are often misleading. Harry assumes in the first book that Quirrell is good because he opposes Snape, who appears malicious; in reality, their positions are reversed.331 In Rowling's world, good and evil are choices rather than inherent attributes: second chances and redemption are key themes of the series.332

Reception

Rowling has enjoyed enormous commercial success as an author. Her Harry Potter series topped bestseller lists,333 spawned a global media franchise including films334 and video games,335 and had been translated into 84 languages by 2023.336 The first three Harry Potter books occupied the top three spots of The New York Times bestseller list for more than a year; they were then moved to a newly created children's list.337 The final four books each set records as the fastest-selling books in the UK or US,338 and the series as a whole had sold more than 600 million copies as of 2023.339 Neither of Rowling's later works, The Casual Vacancy and the Cormoran Strike series, has been as successful,340 although Casual Vacancy was still a bestseller in the UK within weeks of its release.341 Harry Potter's popularity has been attributed to factors including the nostalgia evoked by the boarding-school story, the endearing nature of Rowling's characters, and the accessibility of her books to a variety of readers.342343 According to Julia Eccleshare, the books are "neither too literary nor too popular, too difficult nor too easy, neither too young nor too old", and hence bridge traditional reading divides.344

Critical response to Harry Potter has been more mixed.345 Harold Bloom regarded Rowling's prose as poor and her plots as conventional,346347 while Jack Zipes argues that the series would not be successful if it were not formulaic.348 Zipes states that the early novels have the same plot: in each book, Harry escapes the Dursleys to visit Hogwarts, where he confronts Lord Voldemort and then heads back successful.349 Rowling's prose has been described as simple and not innovative; Le Guin, like several other critics, considered it "stylistically ordinary".350 According to the novelist A. S. Byatt, the books reflect a dumbed-down culture dominated by soap operas and reality television.351352 Thus, some critics argue, Harry Potter does not innovate on established literary forms; nor does it challenge readers' preconceived ideas.353354 Conversely, the scholar Philip Nel rejects such critiques as "snobbery" that reacts to the novels' popularity,355 whereas Mary Pharr argues that Harry Potter's conventionalism is the point: by amalgamating literary forms familiar to her readers, Rowling invites them to "ponder their own ideas".356 Other critics who see artistic merit in Rowling's writing include Marina Warner, who views Harry Potter as part of an "alternative genealogy" of English literature that she traces from Edmund Spenser to Christina Rossetti.357 Michiko Kakutani praises Rowling's fictional world and the darker tone of the series' later entries.358

Reception of Rowling's later works has varied among critics. The Casual Vacancy, her attempt at literary fiction, drew mixed reviews. Some critics praised its characterisation, while others stated that it would have been better if it had contained magic.359 The Cormoran Strike series was more warmly received as a work of British detective fiction, even as some reviewers noted that its plots are occasionally contrived.360 Theatrical reviews of Harry Potter and the Cursed Child were highly positive.361362 Fans have been more critical of the play's use of time travel, changes to characters' personalities, and perceived queerbaiting in Albus and Scorpius's relationship, leading some to question its connection to the Harry Potter canon.363

Gender and social division

Rowling's portrayal of women in Harry Potter has been described as complex and varied, but nonetheless conforming to stereotypical and patriarchal depictions of gender.364 Gender divides are ostensibly absent in the books: Hogwarts is coeducational and women hold positions of power in wizarding society. However, this setting obscures the typecasting of female characters and the general depiction of conventional gender roles.365 According to the scholars Elizabeth Heilman and Trevor Donaldson, the subordination of female characters goes further early in the series. The final three books "showcase richer roles and more powerful females": for instance, the series' "most matriarchal character", Molly Weasley, engages substantially in the final battle of Deathly Hallows, while other women are shown as leaders.366 Hermione Granger, in particular, becomes an active and independent character essential to the protagonists' battle against evil.367 Yet, even particularly capable female characters such as Hermione and Minerva McGonagall are placed in supporting roles,368 and Hermione's status as a feminist model is debated.369 Girls and women are frequently shown as emotional, defined by their appearance, and denied agency in family settings.370

The social hierarchies in Rowling's magical world have been a matter of debate among scholars and critics.371 The primary antagonists of Harry Potter, Voldemort and his followers, believe blood purity is paramount, and that non-wizards, or "muggles", are subhuman.372 Their ideology of racial difference is depicted as unambiguously evil.373 However, the series cannot wholly reject racial division, according to several scholars, as it still depicts wizards as fundamentally superior to muggles.374 Blake and Zipes argue that numerous examples of wizardly superiority are depicted as "natural and comfortable".375 Thus, according to Gupta, Harry Potter depicts superior races as having a moral obligation of tolerance and altruism towards lesser races, rather than explicitly depicting equality.376

Rowling's depictions of the status of magical non-humans is similarly debated.377 Discussing the slavery of house-elves within Harry Potter, scholars such as Brycchan Carey have praised the books' abolitionist sentiments, viewing Hermione's Society for the Promotion of Elfish Welfare as a model for younger readers' political engagement.378 Other critics, including Farah Mendlesohn, find the portrayal of house-elves extremely troublesome; they are written as happy in their slavery, and Hermione's efforts on their behalf are implied to be naïve.379 Pharr terms the house-elves a disharmonious element in the series, writing that Rowling leaves their fate hanging;380 at the end of Deathly Hallows, the elves remain enslaved and cheerful.381 More generally, the subordination of magical non-humans remains in place, unchanged by the defeat of Voldemort.382 Thus, scholars suggest, the series's message is essentially conservative; it sees no reason to transform social hierarchies, only being concerned with who holds positions of power.383

Religious reactions

Main article: Religious debates over the Harry Potter series

There have been attempts to ban Harry Potter around the world, especially in the United States,384385 and in the Bible Belt in particular.386 The series topped the American Library Association's list of most challenged books in the first three years of its publication.387 In the following years, parents in several US cities launched protests against teaching it in schools.388 Some Christian critics, particularly Evangelical Christians, have claimed that the novels promote witchcraft and harm children;389390 similar opposition has been expressed to the film adaptations.391 Criticism has taken two main forms: allegations that Harry Potter is a pagan text; and claims that it encourages children to oppose authority, derived mainly from Harry's rejection of the Dursleys, his guardians.392 The author and scholar Amanda Cockrell suggests that Harry Potter's popularity, and recent preoccupation with fantasy and the occult among Christian fundamentalists, explains why the series received particular opposition.393 Some groups of Shia and Sunni Muslims also argued that the series contained Satanic subtext, and it was banned in private schools in the United Arab Emirates by its Ministry of Education and Youth, which stated it contradicted Islamic values.394395396

The Harry Potter books also have a group of vocal religious supporters who believe that Harry Potter espouses Christian values, or that the Bible does not prohibit the forms of magic described in the series.397 Christian analyses of the series have argued that it embraces ideals of friendship, loyalty, courage, love, and the temptation of power.398399 After the final volume was published, Rowling said she intentionally incorporated Christian themes, in particular the idea that love may hold power over death.400 According to Farmer, it is a profound misreading to think that Harry Potter promotes witchcraft.401 The scholar Em McAvan writes that evangelical objections to Harry Potter are superficial, based on the presence of magic in the books: they do not attempt to understand the moral messages in the series.402

Legacy

Rowling's Harry Potter series has been credited with a resurgence in crossover fiction: children's literature with an adult appeal.403404 Crossovers were prevalent in 19th-century American and British fiction, but fell out of favour in the 20th century405 and did not occur at the same scale.406 The post-Harry Potter crossover trend is associated with the fantasy genre.407 In the 1970s, children's books were generally realistic as opposed to fantastic,408 while adult fantasy became popular because of the influence of The Lord of the Rings.409 The next decade saw an increasing interest in grim, realist themes, with an outflow of fantasy readers and writers to adult works.410411

The commercial success of Harry Potter in 1997 reversed this trend.412 The scale of its growth had no precedent in the children's market: within four years, it occupied 28% of that field by revenue.413 Children's literature rose in cultural status,414 and fantasy became a dominant genre.415416 Older works of children's fantasy, including Diana Wynne Jones's Chrestomanci series and Diane Duane's Young Wizards, were reprinted and rose in popularity; some authors re-established their careers.417 In the following decades, many Harry Potter imitators and subversive responses grew popular.418419

Rowling has been compared with Enid Blyton, who also wrote in simple language about groups of children and long held sway over the British children's market.420421 She has also been described as an heir to Roald Dahl.422 Some critics view Harry Potter's rise, along with the concurrent success of Philip Pullman's His Dark Materials, as part of a broader shift in reading tastes: a rejection of literary fiction in favour of plot and adventure.423 This is reflected in the BBC's 2003 "Big Read" survey of the UK's favourite books, where Pullman and Rowling ranked at numbers 3 and 5, respectively, with very few British literary classics in the top 10.424

Harry Potter's popularity led its publishers to plan elaborate releases and spawned a textual afterlife among fans and forgers. Beginning with the release of Prisoner of Azkaban on 8 July 1999 at 3:45 pm,425 its publishers coordinated selling the books at the same time globally, introduced security protocols to prevent premature purchases, and required booksellers to agree not to sell copies before the appointed time.426 Driven by the growth of the internet, fan fiction about the series proliferated and has spawned a diverse community of readers and writers.427428 While Rowling has supported fan fiction, her statements about characters made after the books were published but not included in the books – for instance, that Harry and Hermione could have been a couple, and that Dumbledore was gay – have complicated her relationship with readers;429430431 according to scholars, this shows that modern readers feel a sense of ownership over the text that is independent of, and sometimes contradicts, authorial intent.432433

Main article: Legal disputes over the Harry Potter series

In the 1990s and 2000s, Rowling was both a plaintiff and defendant in lawsuits alleging copyright infringement. Nancy Stouffer sued Rowling in 1999, alleging that Harry Potter was based on stories she published in 1984.434435 Rowling won in September 2002.436 Richard Posner describes Stouffer's suit as deeply flawed and notes that the court, finding she had used "forged and altered documents", assessed a $50,000 penalty against her.437

With her literary agents and Warner Bros., Rowling has brought legal action against publishers and writers of Harry Potter knockoffs in several countries.438 In the mid-2000s, Rowling and her publishers obtained a series of injunctions prohibiting sales or published reviews of her books before their official release dates.439440

Beginning in 2001, after Rowling sold film rights to Warner Bros., the studio tried to take Harry Potter fan sites offline unless it determined that they were made by "authentic" fans for innocuous purposes.441 In 2007, with Warner Bros., Rowling started proceedings to cease publication of a book based on content from a fan site called The Harry Potter Lexicon.442443 The court held that Lexicon was neither a fair use of Rowling's material nor a derivative work, but it did not prevent the book from being published in a different form.444 Lexicon was published in 2009.445

Philanthropy

Long interested in issues affecting women and children,446 Rowling established the Volant Charitable Trust in 2000, named after her mother447 to address social deprivation in at-risk women, children and youth.448 She was appointed president of One Parent Families (now Gingerbread) in 2004,449 after becoming its first ambassador in 2000.450 She collaborated with Sarah Brown451 on a book of children's stories to benefit One Parent Families.452 Together with the MEP Emma Nicholson,453 Rowling founded the charity now known as Lumos in 2005.454 Lumos has worked with orphanages in Ukraine, Romania, Haiti, and Colombia, and it had supported at least 280,000 children by 2025.455 She has donated several hundred thousand pounds to help women lawyers flee from the Taliban's control, helping hundreds of Afghans escape.456 During her advocacy in 2022 against the Gender Recognition Reform (Scotland) Bill,457 Rowling stated she had founded and would fund Beira's Place, a women-only rape help centre that provides free support services to survivors of sexual violence.458 The centre does not serve trans women.459 Rowling has donated to the group For Women Scotland, which brought legal challenges leading to the UK Supreme Court case For Women Scotland Ltd v The Scottish Ministers.460461

Rowling has made donations to support other medical causes. She named another institution after her mother in 2010, when she donated £10 million to found a multiple sclerosis research centre at the University of Edinburgh.462 She gave an additional £15.3 million to the centre in 2019.463 During the 2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, accompanied by an inflatable representation of Lord Voldemort,464 she read from Peter Pan as part of a tribute to the Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children.465 To support COVID-19 relief, she donated six-figure sums to both Khalsa Aid and the British Asian Trust from royalties for The Ickabog.466

Several publications in the Harry Potter universe have been sold for charitable purposes. Profits from Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them and Quidditch Through the Ages, both published in 2001, went to Comic Relief.467 To support Children's Voice, later renamed Lumos, Rowling sold a deluxe copy of The Tales of Beedle the Bard at auction in 2007. Amazon's £1.95 million purchase set a record for a contemporary literary work and for children's literature.468469 Rowling published the book and, in 2013, donated the proceeds of nearly £19 million (then about $30 million) to Lumos.470471 Rowling and 12 other writers composed short pieces in 2008 to be sold to benefit Dyslexia Action and English PEN. Rowling's contribution was an 800-word Harry Potter prequel.472473 When the revelation that Rowling wrote The Cuckoo's Calling led to an increase in sales,474 she donated the royalties to ABF The Soldiers' Charity (formerly the Army Benevolent Fund).475476

Rowling's charitable donations between 2005 and 2025 were estimated at over $200 million by Forbes,477 which also estimated she had donated $160 million before 2012.478 She was the second most generous UK donor in 2015 (following the singer Elton John), giving about $14 million.479

Views

Rowling was actively engaged on the internet before author webpages were common,480 and used Twitter to reach her Harry Potter fans and followers.481482483 She often uses sarcasm in tweets about her political opinions, sometimes generating controversy.484485

Politics

Main article: Political views of J. K. Rowling

See also: Politics of Harry Potter

In 2008, Rowling donated £1 million to the Labour Party, endorsed the Labour prime minister Gordon Brown over his Conservative challenger David Cameron, and commended Labour's policies on child poverty.486 In June 2024, she wrote that she had a "poor opinion" of Keir Starmer and that it would be hard for her to vote for Labour.487 When asked about the 2008 United States presidential election, she stated that "it is a pity that Clinton and Obama have to be rivals because both are extraordinary."488

In her "Single mother's manifesto" published in The Times in 2010, Rowling criticised the prime minister David Cameron's plan to offer married couples an annual tax credit. She thought that the proposal discriminated against single parents, whose interests the Conservative Party failed to consider.489 Rowling opposed the 2014 Scottish independence referendum, and donated £1 million to the Better Together anti-independence campaign.490 She campaigned for the UK to stay in the European Union in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum. She defined herself as an internationalist, "the mongrel product of this European continent",491 and expressed concern that "racists and bigots" were directing parts of the Leave campaign.492

She opposed Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu, but refused to support a cultural boycott of Israel in 2015, believing that depriving Israel of shared culture would not dislodge him.493 In 2015, Rowling joined 150 others in signing a letter published in The Guardian in favour of cultural engagement with Israel.494

Press

Rowling has a difficult relationship with the press and has tried to influence the type of coverage she receives.495 She described herself in 2003 as "too thin-skinned".496 As of 2011, she had taken more than 50 actions against the press.497 Rowling dislikes the British tabloid the Daily Mail,498 which she successfully sued in 2014 for libel about her time as a single mother.499

The Leveson Inquiry into the British press named Rowling as a "core participant" in 2011. She was one of many celebrities alleged to have been victims of phone hacking.500 The following year she criticised Cameron's decision not to implement all the inquiry's recommendations and supported the Hacked Off campaign, pushing for stricter media reform.501502

Transgender people

Main article: Political views of J. K. Rowling § Transgender people

Rowling is a gender-critical feminist503 who believes that making it simpler for transgender people to legally transition could impinge on access to female-only spaces and legal protections for women.504505506 Her views are often described as transphobic or anti-trans,507508509 though Rowling disputes this.510511 In 2024, Variety wrote that Rowling had "made her campaign against trans identity the central focus of her online persona".512

Friction over Rowling's gender-critical writings surged in 2019 when she defended Maya Forstater,513 whose employment contract was not renewed after she made gender-critical statements, which some considered anti-trans.514515 Rowling wrote that transgender people should live in "peace and security" but said she opposed "forc[ing] women out of their jobs for stating that sex is real".516 The tribunal found that Forstater had been discriminated against.517518 According to Harry Potter scholar Lana Whited, in the next six months "Rowling herself fanned the flames as she became increasingly vocal".519

Rowling has opposed proposed gender self-recognition law reforms520 in the UK that would make it easier for trans people to change their legal gender.521522 She also supported the gender-critical campaign group For Women Scotland in the landmark UK Supreme Court case For Women Scotland Ltd v The Scottish Ministers.523 According to media scholar Jennifer Duggan, Rowling has suggested on social media that children and cisgender women are threatened by trans women and trans-positive messages.524 Responding to an online op-ed that used the phrase "people who menstruate", Rowling mocked the phrase525526 and tweeted that women's rights and "lived reality" would be "erased" if "sex isn't real".527528 Responding to a strengthening of hate crime law in Scotland in April 2024, she tweeted a list of trans women, writing that they are "men, every last one of them" and challenging the police to arrest her.529

Rowling denies that her views are transphobic.530531 Rowling's public expression of her views has prompted declarations of support for transgender people from the literary,532 music,533 theme park, and video gaming sectors.534 as well as fuelling debates on freedom of speech.535536 She has been the target of widespread condemnation for her comments.537538539 This negative reaction has included insults and threats, including death threats.540541 Criticism came from Harry Potter fansites, LGBT charities, leading actors of the Wizarding World,542543544 and Human Rights Campaign.545 After Kerry Kennedy expressed "profound disappointment" in her views, Rowling returned the Ripple of Hope Award given to her by the Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights organisation.546 Whited asserted in 2024 that Rowling's sometimes "flippant" and "simplistic understanding of gender identity" had left some transgender people feeling betrayed and permanently changed her "relationship not only with fans, readers, and scholars ... but also with her works themselves".547 Despite the controversy, Rowling's revenue has continued or grown from book and merchandise sales, movies, a play staged on Broadway and around the world, video games, and new and existing theme parks, with a new television series in development as of 2025.548549

Awards and honours

Main article: List of awards and nominations received by J. K. Rowling

Rowling's Harry Potter series has won awards for general literature, children's literature, and speculative fiction. It has earned multiple British Book Awards, beginning with the Children's Book of the Year for the first two volumes, Philosopher's Stone and Chamber of Secrets.550 The third novel, Prisoner of Azkaban, was nominated for an adult award, the Whitbread Book of the Year, where it competed against the Nobel Prize laureate Seamus Heaney's translation of Beowulf. The award body gave Rowling the children's prize instead (worth half the cash amount), which some scholars felt exemplified a literary prejudice against children's books.551552 She won the World Science Fiction Convention's Hugo Award for the fourth book, Goblet of Fire,553 and the British Book Awards' adult prize – the Book of the Year – for the sixth novel, Half-Blood Prince.554

Rowling was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2000 Birthday Honours for services to children's literature,555 and three years later received Spain's Prince of Asturias Award for Concord.556 Following the conclusion of the Harry Potter series, she won the Outstanding Achievement Prize at the 2008 British Book Awards.557558 The next year, she was awarded Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur by the French president Nicolas Sarkozy,559 and leading magazine editors named her the "Most Influential Woman in the UK" in 2010.560 In the 2017 Birthday Honours, Rowling was appointed a Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour (CH) for services to literature and philanthropy.561

Many academic institutions have bestowed honorary degrees on Rowling,562 including her alma mater, the University of Exeter,563 and Harvard University, where she spoke at the 2008 commencement ceremony.564 In 2002, Rowling was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature (FRSL)565 and awarded as an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (HonFRSE).566 In 2011, she was recognised as a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (FRCPE).567

Rowling shared the British Academy Film Award (BAFTA) for Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema with the cast and crew of the Harry Potter films in 2011.568 Her other awards include the 2017 Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Play for Harry Potter and the Cursed Child,569 and the 2021 British Book Awards' Crime and Thriller prize for the fifth volume of her Cormoran Strike series.570

Bibliography

Publications by J.K. Rowling
Target/typeSeries/descriptionTitleDateRef.
Young adultfictionHarry Potter series1. Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone26 Jun 1997571572
2. Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets2 Jul 1998573574
3. Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban8 Jul 1999575576
4. Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire8 Jul 2000577578
5. Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix21 Jun 2003579580
6. Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince16 Jul 2005581582
7. Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows21 Jul 2007583584
Harry Potter–related booksFantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them (supplement to the Harry Potter series)12 Mar 2001585
Quidditch Through the Ages (supplement to the Harry Potter series)12 Mar 2001586
Harry Potter prequel (short story published in What's Your Story Postcard Collection)1 Jul 2008587588
The Tales of Beedle the Bard (supplement to the Harry Potter series)4 Dec 2008589
Harry Potter and the Cursed Child (story concept for play)30 Jul 2016premiere590591
Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power, Politics and Pesky Poltergeists6 Sep 2016592
Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism, Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies6 Sep 2016593
Hogwarts: An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide6 Sep 2016594
From the Wizarding Archive: Volumes 1 and 229 Aug 2024595596
Harry Potter–related original screenplaysFantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them18 Nov 2016597
Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald16 Nov 2018premiere598
Fantastic Beasts: The Secrets of Dumbledore15 Apr 2022599
AdultfictionThe Casual Vacancy27 Sep 2012600
Cormoran Strike series (as Robert Galbraith)1. The Cuckoo's Calling18 Apr 2013601
2. The Silkworm19 Jun 2014602
3. Career of Evil20 Oct 2015603
4. Lethal White18 Sep 2018604
5. Troubled Blood15 Sep 2020605
6. The Ink Black Heart30 Aug 2022606
7. The Running Grave26 Sep 2023607
Children'sfictionThe Ickabog10 Nov 2020608
The Christmas Pig12 Oct 2021609
Non-fictionBooksVery Good Lives: The Fringe Benefits of Failure and Importance of Imagination, illustrated by Joel Holland, Sphere.14 Apr 2015610
A Love Letter to Europe: an Outpouring of Love and Sadness from our Writers, Thinkers and Artists, Coronet (contributor).31 Oct 2019611
The Women Who Wouldn't Wheesht, Constable (Contributor).30 May 2024612
Articles"The first it girl: J. K. Rowling reviews Decca: the Letters by Jessica Mitford". Sussman, Peter Y., editor. The Daily Telegraph.26 Nov 2006613614
"The fringe benefits of failure, and the importance of imagination". Harvard Magazine.5 Jun 2008615
"Gordon Brown – the 2009 Time 100". Time magazine.30 Apr 2009616
"The single mother's manifesto". The Times.14 Apr 2010617
"I feel duped and angry at David Cameron's reaction to Leveson". The Guardian.30 Nov 2012618
"Isn't it time we left orphanages to fairytales?" The Guardian.17 Dec 2014619
"Labour has dismissed women like me. I'll struggle to vote for it". The Times.21 Jun 2024620
BookForeword/IntroductionReynolds, Kim; Cooling, Wendy, project consultants. Families Just Like Us: The One Parent Families Good Book Guide. National Council for One Parent Families; Book Trust.2000621622
McNeil, Gil; Brown, Sarah, editors. Magic. Bloomsbury.3 Jun 2002623
Brown, Gordon. "Ending child poverty" in Moving Britain Forward. Selected Speeches 1997–2006. Bloomsbury.25 Sep 2006624625
Anelli, Melissa. Harry, A History. Pocket Books.4 Nov 2008626

Filmography

Film

J. K. Rowling filmography
YearTitleCredited asNotesRef.
ScreenwriterProducer
2010Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1NoYesFilm based on Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows627
2011Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2NoYes
2016Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find ThemYesYesFilms inspired by the Harry Potter supplementary book Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them628
2018Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of GrindelwaldYesYes629
2022Fantastic Beasts: The Secrets of DumbledoreYesYes630

Television

J. K. Rowling filmography
YearTitleCredited asNotesRef.
Voice actressExecutive producer
2003The SimpsonsYesNoVoice cameo in "The Regina Monologues"631
2015The Casual VacancyNoYesTelevision miniseries based on The Casual Vacancy632
2017–presentStrikeNoYesTelevision series based on Cormoran Strike novels633

Notes

Works cited

Books

Journal articles

Non-English news articles

  • "J.K. Rowling, creadora de Harry Potter, Príncipe de Asturias de la Concordia" [J.K. Rowling, creator of Harry Potter, Concord Prince of Asturias]. El País (in Spanish). 10 September 2003. Retrieved 8 January 2022. La escritora británica J.K. Rowling ... ha obtenido este año el premio Príncipe de Asturias de la Concordia ... La Fundación Príncipe de Asturias ha destacado su labor para que los niños lean y ha alabado su literatura como 'vínculo entre continentes y generaciones'. El acta del jurado ... destaca además que sus libros promueven 'la imaginación como fuente de libertad al servicio del bien y la cooperación y la solidaridad entre las personas'. [British writer J.K. Rowling ... has won this year's Prince of Asturias Award for Concord ... The Prince of Asturias Foundation has highlighted her work towards children's reading and has praised her literature as 'a link between continents and generations'. The jury's record ... also highlights that her books promote 'imagination as a source of freedom at the service of good and cooperation and solidarity between people'.]
  • Cruz, Juan (8 February 2008). "'Ser invisible ... eso sería lo más'" [Being invisible ... that would be the most]. El País (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 13 February 2008. Retrieved 6 January 2021. Y de pronto alguien cercano se muere y entonces cae la bomba. Harry tiene un entendimiento precoz de la muerte, mucho antes de ese capítulo. Y eso tiene un evidente paralelismo con mi vida. ... Asuntos como el amor, la pérdida, la separación, la muerte ... Y todo eso queda reflejado en el primer libro. ... Me siento muy atraída por la religión, pero al mismo tiempo siento mucha incertidumbre. Vivo en un estado de flujo espiritual. Creo en la permanencia del alma. Y eso queda reflejado en el último libro. ... Quiero a un demócrata en la Casa Blanca. Y me parece una lástima que Clinton y Obama tengan que ser rivales porque ambos son extraordinarios. [And suddenly someone close [to you] dies and then a bomb drops. Harry has a precocious understanding of death, long before that chapter. And that has obvious parallels with my life. ... Issues like love, loss, separation, death ... And all of that is reflected in the first book. ... I feel very attracted to religion, but at the same time I feel a lot of uncertainty. I live in a state of spiritual flux. I believe in the permanence of the soul. And that is reflected in the last book. ... I want a Democrat in the White House. And I think it's a pity that Clinton and Obama have to be rivals because they are both extraordinary.]
  • Marsick, Laurent (3 February 2023). Abelard, Agathe (ed.). "'Harry Potter': comment J.K. Rowling est-elle passée de l'ombre à la lumière?" ['Harry Potter': how did J.K. Rowling go from the shadows to the light?] (in French). RTL. Retrieved 15 February 2023. Traduits en 84 langues, les 7 romans d'Harry Potter se sont écoulés à plus de 600 millions d'exemplaires dans le monde. [Translated into 84 languages, the 7 Harry Potter novels have sold more than 600 million copies worldwide.]

References

  1. Smith 2002, p. 241. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9 ↩

  2. Kirk 2003, p. 76. - Kirk, Connie Ann (2003). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-32205-8. OCLC 49991592. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk ↩

  3. Kirk 2003, p. 12. - Kirk, Connie Ann (2003). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-32205-8. OCLC 49991592. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk ↩

  4. Kirk 2003, p. 76. - Kirk, Connie Ann (2003). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-32205-8. OCLC 49991592. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk ↩

  5. Smith 2002, p. 175. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9 ↩

  6. Smith 2002, pp. 271–273. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9 ↩

  7. "Judge rules against JK Rowling in privacy case". The Guardian. 7 August 2007. Retrieved 13 January 2022. https://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/aug/07/pressandpublishing.privacy ↩

  8. "About". JK Rowling. Retrieved 19 July 2024. https://www.jkrowling.com/about/ ↩

  9. Sources differ on the precise name of Rowling's place of birth. As of July 2024, Rowling's personal website said she was born at "Yate General Hospital near Bristol".[8] She has sometimes said she was born in Chipping Sodbury, which is near Yate.[9] Tison Pugh says she was born in Chipping Sodbury General Hospital.[10] The Scotsman lists Cottage Hospital in Chipping Sodbury.[11] Biographer Smith describes Chipping Sodbury as "Yate's elegant neighbor", and reproduces a birth certificate that says District Sodbury, but lists the hospital as Cottage Hospital, 240 Station Road, Yate.[12] According to Smith: "... the [BBC Television] documentary still erroneously claimed that Joanne was born in Chipping Sodbury. Yet despite the mistake, the good folk of Yate are pressing for some kind of plaque or feature in their town to record it as her place of birth."[13] ↩

  10. Pugh 2020, p. 2. - Pugh, Tison (2020). Harry Potter and Beyond: On J. K. Rowling's Fantasies and Other Fictions. University of South Carolina Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvs09qwv. ISBN 978-1-64336-088-1. OCLC 1142046769. S2CID 225791872. https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv ↩

  11. Kirk 2003, p. 10. - Kirk, Connie Ann (2003). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-32205-8. OCLC 49991592. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk ↩

  12. Smith 2002, p. 2. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9 ↩

  13. Pugh 2020, p. 2. - Pugh, Tison (2020). Harry Potter and Beyond: On J. K. Rowling's Fantasies and Other Fictions. University of South Carolina Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvs09qwv. ISBN 978-1-64336-088-1. OCLC 1142046769. S2CID 225791872. https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv ↩

  14. "Biography". JK Rowling. Archived from the original on 26 December 2007. Retrieved 7 January 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20071226220404/https://www.jkrowling.com/textonly/en/biography.cfm ↩

  15. Smith 2002, p. 4. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9 ↩

  16. Smith 2002, p. 2. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9 ↩

  17. Smith 2002, pp. 8, 23, 72. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9 ↩

  18. Smith 2002, pp. 53–54. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9 ↩

  19. Smith 2002, p. 79. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9 ↩

  20. Pugh 2020, p. 2. - Pugh, Tison (2020). Harry Potter and Beyond: On J. K. Rowling's Fantasies and Other Fictions. University of South Carolina Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvs09qwv. ISBN 978-1-64336-088-1. OCLC 1142046769. S2CID 225791872. https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv ↩

  21. "JK Rowling". Bloomsbury Publishing. Retrieved 13 August 2024. https://www.bloomsbury.com/ca/discover/harry-potter/jk-rowling/# ↩

  22. "Biography". JK Rowling. Archived from the original on 26 December 2007. Retrieved 7 January 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20071226220404/https://www.jkrowling.com/textonly/en/biography.cfm ↩

  23. Smith 2002, pp. 7–8. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9 ↩

  24. Pugh 2020, p. 2. - Pugh, Tison (2020). Harry Potter and Beyond: On J. K. Rowling's Fantasies and Other Fictions. University of South Carolina Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvs09qwv. ISBN 978-1-64336-088-1. OCLC 1142046769. S2CID 225791872. https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv ↩

  25. St Michael's Primary School headmaster, Alfred Dunn, has been suggested as the inspiration for the Harry Potter headmaster Albus Dumbledore;[23] biographer Smith writes that Rowling's father, and other figures in her education, provide more likely examples.[24] /wiki/Albus_Dumbledore ↩

  26. Smith 2002, pp. 22, 29, 109. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9 ↩

  27. Rowling denies that her young playmate Ian Potter represents Harry.[25] ↩

  28. Smith 2002, pp. 9–10, 39. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9 ↩

  29. Smith 2002, p. 10. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9 ↩

  30. Pugh 2020, p. 6. - Pugh, Tison (2020). Harry Potter and Beyond: On J. K. Rowling's Fantasies and Other Fictions. University of South Carolina Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvs09qwv. ISBN 978-1-64336-088-1. OCLC 1142046769. S2CID 225791872. https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv ↩

  31. Pugh 2020, p. 6. - Pugh, Tison (2020). Harry Potter and Beyond: On J. K. Rowling's Fantasies and Other Fictions. University of South Carolina Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvs09qwv. ISBN 978-1-64336-088-1. OCLC 1142046769. S2CID 225791872. https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv ↩

  32. Smith 2002, pp. 22, 25–27, 39. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9 ↩

  33. Smith describes Tutshill as "staunchly middle class",[30] and Parker describes Church Cottage as a "handsome Gothic Revival cottage".[31] In 2020, it was reported that a company listing Rowling's husband, Neil Murray, as director had purchased Church Cottage and renovations were underway.[32] ↩

  34. Smith 2002, p. 27. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9 ↩

  35. Smith 2002, p. 28. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9 ↩

  36. Smith 2002, pp. 27–30. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9 ↩

  37. Smith 2002, pp. 28–30. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9 ↩

  38. Pugh writes that "Rowling reportedly modeled the strict pedagogical style of Severus Snape after [Sylvia] Morgan's methods."[10] Kirk states that "Jo has admitted modeling Professor Snape on a few of her most memorable and least favorite people from her past, and she has said that Mrs. Morgan ... was definitely one of them."[37] According to Smith, "Aspects of Mrs Morgan's fearsome character are embodied in the Hogwarts' Potions master, Professor Severus Snape."[38] /wiki/Severus_Snape ↩

  39. Smith 2002, pp. 36–38. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9 ↩

  40. Pugh 2020, p. 3. - Pugh, Tison (2020). Harry Potter and Beyond: On J. K. Rowling's Fantasies and Other Fictions. University of South Carolina Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvs09qwv. ISBN 978-1-64336-088-1. OCLC 1142046769. S2CID 225791872. https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv ↩

  41. Kirk 2003, p. 37. - Kirk, Connie Ann (2003). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-32205-8. OCLC 49991592. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk ↩

  42. Smith 2002, pp. 40–41. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9 ↩

  43. Kirk 2003, p. 33. The years of British secondary school are equivalent to the United States grades of 6–12; Kirk compares them to the seven years of the books in the Harry Potter series. - Kirk, Connie Ann (2003). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-32205-8. OCLC 49991592. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk ↩

  44. Kirk 2003, p. 39. - Kirk, Connie Ann (2003). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-32205-8. OCLC 49991592. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk ↩

  45. Smith 2002, pp. 66–67. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9 ↩

  46. Smith 2002, pp. 56–58. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9 ↩

  47. Kirk 2003, p. 36. - Kirk, Connie Ann (2003). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-32205-8. OCLC 49991592. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk ↩

  48. Smith 2002, p. 61. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9 ↩

  49. Smith 2002, pp. 55–56. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9 ↩

  50. Smith 2002, p. 62. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9 ↩

  51. Fraser, Lindsay (9 November 2002). "Harry and me". The Scotsman. Archived from the original on 9 June 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20210609191643/https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/books/harry-and-me-2461742 ↩

  52. Pugh 2020, p. 2. - Pugh, Tison (2020). Harry Potter and Beyond: On J. K. Rowling's Fantasies and Other Fictions. University of South Carolina Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvs09qwv. ISBN 978-1-64336-088-1. OCLC 1142046769. S2CID 225791872. https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv ↩

  53. Smith 2002, pp. 12–13. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9 ↩

  54. Smith 2002, pp. 16–17. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9 ↩

  55. Smith compares the place meals held in the Rowling household[54] and the descriptions of food in The Little White Horse to the elaborate food prepared for Hogwarts pupils.[55] ↩

  56. Smith 2002, p. 38. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9 ↩

  57. Smith 2002, pp. 53–54. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9 ↩

  58. "The JK Rowling story". The Scotsman. 16 June 2003. Archived from the original on 23 June 2020. Retrieved 7 January 2022. https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/books/jk-rowling-story-2478095 ↩

  59. Kirk 2003, p. 40. - Kirk, Connie Ann (2003). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-32205-8. OCLC 49991592. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk ↩

  60. Smith 2002, pp. 71, 74. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9 ↩

  61. Smith 2002, p. xii. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9 ↩

  62. Pugh 2020, p. 4. - Pugh, Tison (2020). Harry Potter and Beyond: On J. K. Rowling's Fantasies and Other Fictions. University of South Carolina Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvs09qwv. ISBN 978-1-64336-088-1. OCLC 1142046769. S2CID 225791872. https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv ↩

  63. Smith 2002, p. 72. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9 ↩

  64. Parker, Ian (24 September 2012). "Mugglemarch: J.K. Rowling writes a realist novel for adults". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 30 July 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2020. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/10/01/mugglemarch ↩

  65. "J.K. Rowling writes about her reasons for speaking out on sex and gender issues". JK Rowling. 10 June 2020. Archived from the original on 10 June 2020. Retrieved 10 June 2020. https://www.jkrowling.com/opinions/j-k-rowling-writes-about-her-reasons-for-speaking-out-on-sex-and-gender-issues/ ↩

  66. Kirk 2003, p. 40. - Kirk, Connie Ann (2003). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-32205-8. OCLC 49991592. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk ↩

  67. "The JK Rowling story". The Scotsman. 16 June 2003. Archived from the original on 23 June 2020. Retrieved 7 January 2022. https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/books/jk-rowling-story-2478095 ↩

  68. Smith 2002, pp. 76–78. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9 ↩

  69. Rowling later described Harris as her "getaway driver and foul weather friend"; his Anglia inspired a flying version that appeared in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets as a symbol of escape and rescue.[64][65] /wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Chamber_of_Secrets ↩

  70. Kirk 2003, p. 40. - Kirk, Connie Ann (2003). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-32205-8. OCLC 49991592. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk ↩

  71. Parker, Ian (24 September 2012). "Mugglemarch: J.K. Rowling writes a realist novel for adults". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 30 July 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2020. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/10/01/mugglemarch ↩

  72. Smith 2002, pp. 79–81. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9 ↩

  73. Pugh 2020, p. 2. - Pugh, Tison (2020). Harry Potter and Beyond: On J. K. Rowling's Fantasies and Other Fictions. University of South Carolina Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvs09qwv. ISBN 978-1-64336-088-1. OCLC 1142046769. S2CID 225791872. https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv ↩

  74. Smith 2002, pp. 80–81. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9 ↩

  75. Kirk 2003, p. 42. - Kirk, Connie Ann (2003). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-32205-8. OCLC 49991592. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk ↩

  76. Smith 2002, p. 90. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9 ↩

  77. Kirk 2003, p. 44. - Kirk, Connie Ann (2003). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-32205-8. OCLC 49991592. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk ↩

  78. Fraser, Lindsay (9 November 2002). "Harry and me". The Scotsman. Archived from the original on 9 June 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20210609191643/https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/books/harry-and-me-2461742 ↩

  79. Kirk 2003, pp. 44–45. - Kirk, Connie Ann (2003). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-32205-8. OCLC 49991592. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk ↩

  80. Smith 2002, pp. 89–90. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9 ↩

  81. Parker, Ian (24 September 2012). "Mugglemarch: J.K. Rowling writes a realist novel for adults". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 30 July 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2020. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/10/01/mugglemarch ↩

  82. Smith 2002, pp. 95–97. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9 ↩

  83. Smith 2002, p. 97. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9 ↩

  84. Smith 2002, pp. 104–5 says Clapham; Kirk 2003, p. 49 says Clapham but p. 67 says Clapham Junction. Rowling tweeted in 2020 that she first put pen to paper in Clapham Junction. Minelle, Bethany (22 May 2020). "JK Rowling reveals Harry Potter's true birthplace: Clapham Junction". Sky News. Retrieved 17 January 2022. /wiki/Clapham ↩

  85. Pugh 2020, p. 2. - Pugh, Tison (2020). Harry Potter and Beyond: On J. K. Rowling's Fantasies and Other Fictions. University of South Carolina Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvs09qwv. ISBN 978-1-64336-088-1. OCLC 1142046769. S2CID 225791872. https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv ↩

  86. Pugh 2020, pp. 2–3. - Pugh, Tison (2020). Harry Potter and Beyond: On J. K. Rowling's Fantasies and Other Fictions. University of South Carolina Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvs09qwv. ISBN 978-1-64336-088-1. OCLC 1142046769. S2CID 225791872. https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv ↩

  87. "The JK Rowling story". The Scotsman. 16 June 2003. Archived from the original on 23 June 2020. Retrieved 7 January 2022. https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/books/jk-rowling-story-2478095 ↩

  88. Kirk 2003, p. 51. - Kirk, Connie Ann (2003). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-32205-8. OCLC 49991592. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk ↩

  89. "Biography". JK Rowling. Archived from the original on 26 December 2007. Retrieved 7 January 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20071226220404/https://www.jkrowling.com/textonly/en/biography.cfm ↩

  90. Pugh 2020, p. 3. - Pugh, Tison (2020). Harry Potter and Beyond: On J. K. Rowling's Fantasies and Other Fictions. University of South Carolina Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvs09qwv. ISBN 978-1-64336-088-1. OCLC 1142046769. S2CID 225791872. https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv ↩

  91. Kirk 2003, pp. 66–67. - Kirk, Connie Ann (2003). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-32205-8. OCLC 49991592. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk ↩

  92. Loer, Stephanie (18 October 1999). "All about Harry Potter from Quidditch to the future of the Sorting Hat". The Boston Globe. p. C7. ProQuest 405306485. /wiki/The_Boston_Globe ↩

  93. Kirk 2003, pp. 66–67. - Kirk, Connie Ann (2003). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-32205-8. OCLC 49991592. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk ↩

  94. Fraser, Lindsay (9 November 2002). "Harry and me". The Scotsman. Archived from the original on 9 June 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20210609191643/https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/books/harry-and-me-2461742 ↩

  95. Pugh 2020, p. 3. - Pugh, Tison (2020). Harry Potter and Beyond: On J. K. Rowling's Fantasies and Other Fictions. University of South Carolina Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvs09qwv. ISBN 978-1-64336-088-1. OCLC 1142046769. S2CID 225791872. https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv ↩

  96. Smith 2002, p. 108. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9 ↩

  97. Smith 2002, p. 106. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9 ↩

  98. Smith 2002, pp. 109–110. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9 ↩

  99. Greig, Geordie (10 January 2006). "'There would be so much to tell her ...'". The Daily Telegraph. p. 25. ProQuest 321301864. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1507438/There-would-be-so-much-to-tell-her....html ↩

  100. Smith 2002, pp. 109–112. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9 ↩

  101. Cruz 2008. - Cruz, Juan (8 February 2008). "'Ser invisible ... eso sería lo más'" [Being invisible ... that would be the most]. El País (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 13 February 2008. Retrieved 6 January 2021. Y de pronto alguien cercano se muere y entonces cae la bomba. Harry tiene un entendimiento precoz de la muerte, mucho antes de ese capítulo. Y eso tiene un evidente paralelismo con mi vida. ... Asuntos como el amor, la pérdida, la separación, la muerte ... Y todo eso queda reflejado en el primer libro. ... Me siento muy atraída por la religión, pero al mismo tiempo siento mucha incertidumbre. Vivo en un estado de flujo espiritual. Creo en la permanencia del alma. Y eso queda reflejado en el último libro. ... Quiero a un demócrata en la Casa Blanca. Y me parece una lástima que Clinton y Obama tengan que ser rivales porque ambos son extraordinarios. [And suddenly someone close [to you] dies and then a bomb drops. Harry has a precocious understanding of death, long before that chapter. And that has obvious parallels with my life. ... Issues like love, loss, separation, death ... And all of that is reflected in the first book. ... I feel very attracted to religion, but at the same time I feel a lot of uncertainty. I live in a state of spiritual flux. I believe in the permanence of the soul. And that is reflected in the last book. ... I want a Democrat in the White House. And I think it's a pity that Clinton and Obama have to be rivals because they are both extraordinary.] http://www.elpais.com/articulo/cultura/Ser/invisible/seria/elpepicul/20080208elpepicul_1/Tes ↩

  102. Fraser, Lindsay (9 November 2002). "Harry and me". The Scotsman. Archived from the original on 9 June 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20210609191643/https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/books/harry-and-me-2461742 ↩

  103. Parker, Ian (24 September 2012). "Mugglemarch: J.K. Rowling writes a realist novel for adults". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 30 July 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2020. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/10/01/mugglemarch ↩

  104. Smith 2002, pp. 114–116. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9 ↩

  105. Parker, Ian (24 September 2012). "Mugglemarch: J.K. Rowling writes a realist novel for adults". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 30 July 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2020. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/10/01/mugglemarch ↩

  106. Smith 2002, pp. 121–122. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9 ↩

  107. Smith 2002, pp. 127–131. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9 ↩

  108. Pugh writes, "In a droll allusion to this ill-fated union, Professor Trelawney warns Lavender Brown, 'Incidentally, that thing you are dreading – it will happen on Friday the sixteenth of October'."[40] ↩

  109. Rowling says that Jessica was named after Mitford and a boy would have been named Harry; according to Smith (2002), Arantes says that Jessica was named after Jezebel from the Bible.[89] /wiki/Jezebel ↩

  110. "The JK Rowling story". The Scotsman. 16 June 2003. Archived from the original on 23 June 2020. Retrieved 7 January 2022. https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/books/jk-rowling-story-2478095 ↩

  111. Pugh 2020, p. 3. - Pugh, Tison (2020). Harry Potter and Beyond: On J. K. Rowling's Fantasies and Other Fictions. University of South Carolina Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvs09qwv. ISBN 978-1-64336-088-1. OCLC 1142046769. S2CID 225791872. https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv ↩

  112. Kirk 2003, p. 70. - Kirk, Connie Ann (2003). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-32205-8. OCLC 49991592. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk ↩

  113. "J.K. Rowling writes about her reasons for speaking out on sex and gender issues". JK Rowling. 10 June 2020. Archived from the original on 10 June 2020. Retrieved 10 June 2020. https://www.jkrowling.com/opinions/j-k-rowling-writes-about-her-reasons-for-speaking-out-on-sex-and-gender-issues/ ↩

  114. Kirk 2003, p. 57: "Soon, by many eyewitness accounts and even some versions of Jorge's own story, domestic violence became a painful reality in Jo's life.". - Kirk, Connie Ann (2003). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-32205-8. OCLC 49991592. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk ↩

  115. "JK Rowling: Sun newspaper criticised by abuse charities for article on ex-husband". BBC News. 12 June 2020. Archived from the original on 12 June 2020. Retrieved 12 June 2020. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-53023543 ↩

  116. Pugh 2020, p. 3. - Pugh, Tison (2020). Harry Potter and Beyond: On J. K. Rowling's Fantasies and Other Fictions. University of South Carolina Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvs09qwv. ISBN 978-1-64336-088-1. OCLC 1142046769. S2CID 225791872. https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv ↩

  117. Rawlinson, Kevin (22 February 2023). "JK Rowling reveals abuse in past relationship". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 22 February 2023. Retrieved 22 February 2023. https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/feb/22/jk-rowling-reveals-abuse-in-past-relationship ↩

  118. "The JK Rowling story". The Scotsman. 16 June 2003. Archived from the original on 23 June 2020. Retrieved 7 January 2022. https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/books/jk-rowling-story-2478095 ↩

  119. Smith 2002, pp. 133–134. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9 ↩

  120. Parker, Ian (24 September 2012). "Mugglemarch: J.K. Rowling writes a realist novel for adults". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 30 July 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2020. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/10/01/mugglemarch ↩

  121. "About". JK Rowling. Retrieved 19 July 2024. https://www.jkrowling.com/about/ ↩

  122. Fraser, Lindsay (9 November 2002). "Harry and me". The Scotsman. Archived from the original on 9 June 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20210609191643/https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/books/harry-and-me-2461742 ↩

  123. Smith 2002, pp. 136–137. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9 ↩

  124. Parker, Ian (24 September 2012). "Mugglemarch: J.K. Rowling writes a realist novel for adults". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 30 July 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2020. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/10/01/mugglemarch ↩

  125. Pugh 2020, p. 4. - Pugh, Tison (2020). Harry Potter and Beyond: On J. K. Rowling's Fantasies and Other Fictions. University of South Carolina Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvs09qwv. ISBN 978-1-64336-088-1. OCLC 1142046769. S2CID 225791872. https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv ↩

  126. Smith 2002, p. 136. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9 ↩

  127. "The JK Rowling story". The Scotsman. 16 June 2003. Archived from the original on 23 June 2020. Retrieved 7 January 2022. https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/books/jk-rowling-story-2478095 ↩

  128. Smith 2002, pp. 138–139. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9 ↩

  129. Parker, Ian (24 September 2012). "Mugglemarch: J.K. Rowling writes a realist novel for adults". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 30 July 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2020. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/10/01/mugglemarch ↩

  130. Rowling, JK (June 2008). "JK Rowling: The fringe benefits of failure". TED. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 5 March 2011. Failure & imagination https://web.archive.org/web/20110430171632/http://www.ted.com/talks/jk_rowling_the_fringe_benefits_of_failure.html ↩

  131. Pugh 2020, p. 3. - Pugh, Tison (2020). Harry Potter and Beyond: On J. K. Rowling's Fantasies and Other Fictions. University of South Carolina Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvs09qwv. ISBN 978-1-64336-088-1. OCLC 1142046769. S2CID 225791872. https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv ↩

  132. Rowling, JK (June 2008). "JK Rowling: The fringe benefits of failure". TED. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 5 March 2011. Failure & imagination https://web.archive.org/web/20110430171632/http://www.ted.com/talks/jk_rowling_the_fringe_benefits_of_failure.html ↩

  133. Smith 2002, p. 136. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9 ↩

  134. Smith 2002, p. 140. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9 ↩

  135. Smith 2002, p. 140. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9 ↩

  136. "The JK Rowling story". The Scotsman. 16 June 2003. Archived from the original on 23 June 2020. Retrieved 7 January 2022. https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/books/jk-rowling-story-2478095 ↩

  137. Smith 2002, p. 141. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9 ↩

  138. "The JK Rowling story". The Scotsman. 16 June 2003. Archived from the original on 23 June 2020. Retrieved 7 January 2022. https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/books/jk-rowling-story-2478095 ↩

  139. Smith 2002, p. 142. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9 ↩

  140. Kirk 2003, p. 60. - Kirk, Connie Ann (2003). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-32205-8. OCLC 49991592. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk ↩

  141. Pugh 2020, p. 3. - Pugh, Tison (2020). Harry Potter and Beyond: On J. K. Rowling's Fantasies and Other Fictions. University of South Carolina Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvs09qwv. ISBN 978-1-64336-088-1. OCLC 1142046769. S2CID 225791872. https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv ↩

  142. The depression inspired the Dementors – soul-sucking creatures introduced in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban.[103] /wiki/Dementors ↩

  143. Kirk 2003, p. 60. - Kirk, Connie Ann (2003). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-32205-8. OCLC 49991592. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk ↩

  144. Smith 2002, p. 144. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9 ↩

  145. Smith 2002, p. 150. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9 ↩

  146. Fraser, Lindsay (9 November 2002). "Harry and me". The Scotsman. Archived from the original on 9 June 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20210609191643/https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/books/harry-and-me-2461742 ↩

  147. Kirk 2003, pp. 55, 60. - Kirk, Connie Ann (2003). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-32205-8. OCLC 49991592. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk ↩

  148. Smith 2002, pp. 144–146. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9 ↩

  149. Smith 2002, pp. 147–148. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9 ↩

  150. Smith 2002, p. 149. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9 ↩

  151. Smith 2002, p. 173. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9 ↩

  152. Smith 2002, pp. 148–149. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9 ↩

  153. Moray House was then part of Heriot-Watt University and later became part of the University of Edinburgh.[111] /wiki/Heriot-Watt_University ↩

  154. Anelli 2008, p. 44. - Anelli, Melissa (2008). Harry, a History: The True Story of a Boy Wizard, His Fans, and Life inside the Harry Potter Phenomenon. Pocket Books. ISBN 978-1-4165-5495-0. OCLC 209699636. https://archive.org/details/harryhistorytrue0000anel ↩

  155. Kirk 2003, p. 76. - Kirk, Connie Ann (2003). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-32205-8. OCLC 49991592. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk ↩

  156. Smith 2002, p. 174. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9 ↩

  157. Cruz 2008. - Cruz, Juan (8 February 2008). "'Ser invisible ... eso sería lo más'" [Being invisible ... that would be the most]. El País (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 13 February 2008. Retrieved 6 January 2021. Y de pronto alguien cercano se muere y entonces cae la bomba. Harry tiene un entendimiento precoz de la muerte, mucho antes de ese capítulo. Y eso tiene un evidente paralelismo con mi vida. ... Asuntos como el amor, la pérdida, la separación, la muerte ... Y todo eso queda reflejado en el primer libro. ... Me siento muy atraída por la religión, pero al mismo tiempo siento mucha incertidumbre. Vivo en un estado de flujo espiritual. Creo en la permanencia del alma. Y eso queda reflejado en el último libro. ... Quiero a un demócrata en la Casa Blanca. Y me parece una lástima que Clinton y Obama tengan que ser rivales porque ambos son extraordinarios. [And suddenly someone close [to you] dies and then a bomb drops. Harry has a precocious understanding of death, long before that chapter. And that has obvious parallels with my life. ... Issues like love, loss, separation, death ... And all of that is reflected in the first book. ... I feel very attracted to religion, but at the same time I feel a lot of uncertainty. I live in a state of spiritual flux. I believe in the permanence of the soul. And that is reflected in the last book. ... I want a Democrat in the White House. And I think it's a pity that Clinton and Obama have to be rivals because they are both extraordinary.] http://www.elpais.com/articulo/cultura/Ser/invisible/seria/elpepicul/20080208elpepicul_1/Tes ↩

  158. Anelli 2008, pp. 41, 47. - Anelli, Melissa (2008). Harry, a History: The True Story of a Boy Wizard, His Fans, and Life inside the Harry Potter Phenomenon. Pocket Books. ISBN 978-1-4165-5495-0. OCLC 209699636. https://archive.org/details/harryhistorytrue0000anel ↩

  159. Smith 2002, p. 152. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9 ↩

  160. Anelli 2008, p. 43. - Anelli, Melissa (2008). Harry, a History: The True Story of a Boy Wizard, His Fans, and Life inside the Harry Potter Phenomenon. Pocket Books. ISBN 978-1-4165-5495-0. OCLC 209699636. https://archive.org/details/harryhistorytrue0000anel ↩

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  162. Kirk 2003, p. 75. - Kirk, Connie Ann (2003). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-32205-8. OCLC 49991592. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000kirk ↩

  163. Pugh 2020, p. 3. - Pugh, Tison (2020). Harry Potter and Beyond: On J. K. Rowling's Fantasies and Other Fictions. University of South Carolina Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvs09qwv. ISBN 978-1-64336-088-1. OCLC 1142046769. S2CID 225791872. https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvs09qwv ↩

  164. Lawless, John (3 July 2005). "Revealed: The eight-year-old girl who saved Harry Potter". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 6 October 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20070929175706/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/6/story.cfm?c_id=6&objectid=10333960 ↩

  165. Smith 2002, p. 162. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9 ↩

  166. The Scottish Arts Council grant was after Rowling had a contract for publication of Philosopher's Stone but before it was published.[120] ↩

  167. Smith 2002, p. 176. - Smith, Sean (2002). J.K. Rowling: A Biography. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-944542-5. OCLC 51303518. https://archive.org/details/jkrowlingbiograp0000smit_j1n9 ↩

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  170. According to Errington, 500 hardbacks and 5,150 paperbacks "were published on the same date and neither has bibliographical priority". It was previously believed that the initial print run was 500 copies total, but this number is "woefully inaccurate".[123] ↩

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  184. Rowling, J.K. (19 June 2003). "Inside 'Order of the Phoenix'" (Interview). Interviewed by Katie Couric. NBC News. Retrieved 19 July 2024. https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna3080035 ↩

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  383. Ostry 2003, pp. 95–98; Applebaum 2008, pp. 92–93; Heilman & Donaldson 2008, pp. 140–142; Horne 2010, pp. 96–97; Mendlesohn 2002, pp. 180–182. ↩

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  404. While noting the prevalent view that Harry Potter catalysed this change, the critic Rachel Falconer also credits socio-economic factors. In her view, Rowling's success is part of "a larger cultural change in contemporary Western society which accords greater weight and value to the signifier, the 'child', than in previous decades".[324] ↩

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  488. Cruz 2008. - Cruz, Juan (8 February 2008). "'Ser invisible ... eso sería lo más'" [Being invisible ... that would be the most]. El País (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 13 February 2008. Retrieved 6 January 2021. Y de pronto alguien cercano se muere y entonces cae la bomba. Harry tiene un entendimiento precoz de la muerte, mucho antes de ese capítulo. Y eso tiene un evidente paralelismo con mi vida. ... Asuntos como el amor, la pérdida, la separación, la muerte ... Y todo eso queda reflejado en el primer libro. ... Me siento muy atraída por la religión, pero al mismo tiempo siento mucha incertidumbre. Vivo en un estado de flujo espiritual. Creo en la permanencia del alma. Y eso queda reflejado en el último libro. ... Quiero a un demócrata en la Casa Blanca. Y me parece una lástima que Clinton y Obama tengan que ser rivales porque ambos son extraordinarios. [And suddenly someone close [to you] dies and then a bomb drops. Harry has a precocious understanding of death, long before that chapter. And that has obvious parallels with my life. ... Issues like love, loss, separation, death ... And all of that is reflected in the first book. ... I feel very attracted to religion, but at the same time I feel a lot of uncertainty. I live in a state of spiritual flux. I believe in the permanence of the soul. And that is reflected in the last book. ... I want a Democrat in the White House. And I think it's a pity that Clinton and Obama have to be rivals because they are both extraordinary.] http://www.elpais.com/articulo/cultura/Ser/invisible/seria/elpepicul/20080208elpepicul_1/Tes ↩

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  503. "Butler addresses the largely British phenomenon of the gender-critical feminists, including journalists (e.g. well-known lesbians like Julie Bindel) along with the world best-selling writer JK Rowling."[408] ↩

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  508. Whited 2024, p. 7. "But in June 2020, Rowling's manifesto led some people to label her as a trans-exclusionary radical feminist (TERF), a term first used in 2008 that has more recently evolved as 'gender critical'.". ↩

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  520. The laws and proposed changes are the UK Gender Recognition Act 2004 and the Scotland Gender Recognition Reform Bill; related also are the UK Equality Act 2010[427][428][429] and the Scotland Gender Representation on Public Boards Act of 2018.[430] /wiki/Gender_Recognition_Act_2004 ↩

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