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United States
Country primarily in North America

The United States of America (USA) is a federal republic of 50 states located primarily in North America, bordered by Canada and Mexico. Founded after the American Revolution and expansion westward, the nation endured the Civil War and grew into a global great power. The federal government is a presidential constitutional republic with a bicameral legislature. A developed country, it leads in economic competitiveness and higher education, driving global innovation. The culture is highly diverse and influential worldwide, shaped by immigration. The U.S. plays a leading role in international politics as a member of numerous global organizations and remains the world’s sole superpower following the Cold War.

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Etymology

Further information: Names of the United States, Demonyms for the United States, United Colonies, and Naming of the Americas

Documented use of the phrase "United States of America" dates back to January 2, 1776. On that day, Stephen Moylan, a Continental Army aide to General George Washington, wrote a letter to Joseph Reed, Washington's aide-de-camp, seeking to go "with full and ample powers from the United States of America to Spain" to seek assistance in the Revolutionary War effort.45 The first known public usage is an anonymous essay published in the Williamsburg newspaper The Virginia Gazette on April 6, 1776.6 Sometime on or after June 11, 1776, Thomas Jefferson wrote "United States of America" in a rough draft of the Declaration of Independence,7 which was adopted by the Second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776.8

The term "United States" and its initialism "U.S.", used as nouns or as adjectives in English, are common short names for the country. The initialism "USA", a noun, is also common.9 "United States" and "U.S." are the established terms throughout the U.S. federal government, with prescribed rules.10 "The States" is an established colloquial shortening of the name, used particularly from abroad;11 "stateside" is the corresponding adjective or adverb.12

"America" is the feminine form of the first word of Americus Vesputius, the Latinized name of Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci (1454–1512); it was first used as a place name by the German cartographers Martin Waldseemüller and Matthias Ringmann in 1507.1314 Vespucci first proposed that the West Indies discovered by Christopher Columbus in 1492 were part of a previously unknown landmass and not among the Indies at the eastern limit of Asia.151617 In English, the term "America" rarely refers to topics unrelated to the United States, despite the usage of "the Americas" to describe the totality of the continents of North and South America.18

History

Main article: History of the United States

For a topical guide, see Outline of the history of the United States.

Indigenous peoples

Main articles: History of Native Americans in the United States and Pre-Columbian era

The first inhabitants of North America migrated from Siberia over 12,000 years ago, either across the Bering land bridge or along the now-submerged Ice Age coastline.1920 The Clovis culture, which appeared around 11,000 BC, is believed to be the first widespread culture in the Americas.2122 Over time, Indigenous North American cultures grew increasingly sophisticated, and some, such as the Mississippian culture, developed agriculture, architecture, and complex societies.23 In the post-archaic period, the Mississippian cultures were located in the midwestern, eastern, and southern regions, and the Algonquian in the Great Lakes region and along the Eastern Seaboard, while the Hohokam culture and Ancestral Puebloans inhabited the southwest.24 Native population estimates of what is now the United States before the arrival of European immigrants range from around 500,0002526 to nearly 10 million.2728

European exploration, colonization and conflict (1513–1765)

Main articles: Colonial history of the United States and Colonial American military history

Christopher Columbus began exploring the Caribbean for Spain in 1492, leading to Spanish-speaking settlements and missions from Puerto Rico and Florida to New Mexico and California. The first Spanish colony in what is now the continental United States was Spanish Florida, chartered in 1513.29303132 After several settlements failed there due to hunger and disease, Spain's first permanent town, Saint Augustine, was founded in 1565.33 France established its own settlements in French Florida in 1562, but they were either abandoned (Charlesfort, 1578) or destroyed by Spanish raids (Fort Caroline, 1565); permanent French settlements would be founded much later along the Great Lakes (Fort Detroit, 1701), the Mississippi River (Saint Louis, 1764) and especially the Gulf of Mexico (New Orleans, 1718).34 Early European colonies also included the thriving Dutch colony of New Nederland (settled 1626, present-day New York) and the small Swedish colony of New Sweden (settled 1638 in what is now Delaware). British colonization of the East Coast began with the Virginia Colony (1607) and the Plymouth Colony (Massachusetts, 1620).3536 The Mayflower Compact in Massachusetts and the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut established precedents for representative self-governance and constitutionalism that would develop throughout the American colonies.3738 While European settlers in what is now the United States experienced conflicts with Native Americans, they also engaged in trade, exchanging European tools for food and animal pelts.3940 Relations ranged from close cooperation to warfare and massacres. The colonial authorities often pursued policies that forced Native Americans to adopt European lifestyles, including conversion to Christianity.4142 Along the eastern seaboard, settlers trafficked African slaves through the Atlantic slave trade.43

The original Thirteen Colonies44 that would later found the United States were administered as possessions of the British Empire,45 and had local governments with elections open to most white male property owners.4647 The colonial population grew rapidly from Maine to Georgia, eclipsing Native American populations;48 by the 1770s, the natural increase of the population was such that only a small minority of Americans had been born overseas.49 The colonies' distance from Britain allowed for the development of self-governance,50 and the First Great Awakening, a series of Christian revivals, fueled colonial interest in guaranteed religious liberty.51

American Revolution and the early republic (1765–1800)

Main articles: History of the United States (1776–1789), History of the United States (1789–1815), and American Revolution

Following their victory in the French and Indian War, Britain began to assert greater control over local colonial affairs, resulting in colonial political resistance; one of the primary colonial grievances was a denial of their rights as Englishmen, particularly the right to representation in the British government that taxed them. To demonstrate their dissatisfaction and resolve, the First Continental Congress met in 1774 and passed the Continental Association, a colonial boycott of British goods that proved effective. The British attempt to then disarm the colonists resulted in the 1775 Battles of Lexington and Concord, igniting the American Revolutionary War. At the Second Continental Congress, the colonies appointed George Washington commander-in-chief of the Continental Army, and created a committee that named Thomas Jefferson to draft the Declaration of Independence. Two days after passing the Lee Resolution to create an independent nation the Declaration was adopted on July 4, 1776.52 The political values of the American Revolution included liberty, inalienable individual rights; and the sovereignty of the people;53 supporting republicanism and rejecting monarchy, aristocracy, and all hereditary political power; civic virtue; and vilification of political corruption.54 The Founding Fathers of the United States, who included Washington, Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison, Thomas Paine, and many others, were inspired by Classical, Renaissance, and Enlightenment philosophies and ideas.5556

Though in practical effect since its drafting in 1777, the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union was ratified in 1781 and formally established a decentralized government that operated until 1789.57 After the British surrender at the siege of Yorktown in 1781, American sovereignty was internationally recognized by the Treaty of Paris (1783), through which the U.S. gained territory stretching west to the Mississippi River, north to present-day Canada, and south to Spanish Florida.58 The Northwest Ordinance (1787) established the precedent by which the country's territory would expand with the admission of new states, rather than the expansion of existing states.59 The U.S. Constitution was drafted at the 1787 Constitutional Convention to overcome the limitations of the Articles. It went into effect in 1789, creating a federal republic governed by three separate branches that together ensured a system of checks and balances.60 George Washington was elected the country's first president under the Constitution, and the Bill of Rights was adopted in 1791 to allay skeptics' concerns about the power of the more centralized government.61 His resignation as commander-in-chief after the Revolutionary War and his later refusal to run for a third term as the country's first president established a precedent for the supremacy of civil authority in the United States and the peaceful transfer of power.62

Westward expansion and Civil War (1800–1865)

Main articles: History of the United States (1815–1849) and History of the United States (1849–1865)

In the late 18th century, American settlers began to expand westward in larger numbers, many with a sense of manifest destiny.6364 The Louisiana Purchase of 1803 from France nearly doubled the territory of the United States.6566 Lingering issues with Britain remained, leading to the War of 1812, which was fought to a draw.67 Spain ceded Florida and its Gulf Coast territory in 1819.68

The Missouri Compromise of 1820, which admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, attempted to balance the desire of northern states to prevent the expansion of slavery into new territories with that of southern states to extend it there. Primarily, the compromise prohibited slavery in all other lands of the Louisiana Purchase north of the 36°30′ parallel.69

As Americans expanded further into territory inhabited by Native Americans, the federal government implemented policies of Indian removal or assimilation.7071 The most significant such legislation was the Indian Removal Act of 1830, a key policy of President Andrew Jackson. It resulted in the Trail of Tears (1830–1850), in which an estimated 60,000 Native Americans living east of the Mississippi River were forcibly removed and displaced to lands far to the west, causing 13,200 to 16,700 deaths along the forced march.72 Settler expansion as well as this influx of Indigenous peoples from the East resulted in the American Indian Wars west of the Mississippi.7374

The United States annexed the Republic of Texas in 1845,75 and the 1846 Oregon Treaty led to U.S. control of the present-day American Northwest.76 Dispute with Mexico over Texas led to the Mexican–American War (1846–1848). After the victory of the U.S., Mexico recognized U.S sovereignty over Texas, New Mexico, and California in the 1848 Mexican Cession; the cession's lands also included the future states of Nevada, Colorado and Utah.7778 The California gold rush of 1848–1849 spurred a huge migration of white settlers to the Pacific coast, leading to even more confrontations with Native populations. One of the most violent, the California genocide of thousands of Native inhabitants, lasted into the mid-1870s.79 Additional western territories and states were created.80

During the colonial period, slavery had been legal in the American colonies, becoming the main labor force in the large-scale, agriculture-dependent economies of the Southern Colonies from Maryland to Georgia. The practice began to be significantly questioned during the American Revolution, 81 and spurred by an active abolitionist movement that had reemerged in the 1830s, states in the North enacted laws to prohibit slavery within their boundaries.82 At the same time, support for slavery had strengthened in Southern states, with widespread use of inventions such as the cotton gin (1793) having made slavery immensely profitable for Southern elites.838485 Throughout the 1850s, this sectional conflict regarding slavery was further inflamed by national legislation in Congress and decisions of the Supreme Court: The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 mandated the forcible return to their owners in the South of slaves taking refuge in non-slave states. The Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854 effectively gutted the anti-slavery requirements of the Missouri Compromise.86 Finally, in its Dred Scott decision of 1857, the Supreme Court ruled against a slave brought into non-slave territory and declared the entire Missouri Compromise to be unconstitutional. These events exacerbated tensions between North and South that would culminate in the American Civil War (1861–1865).8788

Beginning with South Carolina, 11 slave-state governments voted to secede from the United States in 1861, joining to create the Confederate States of America. All other states remained in the Union.899091 War broke out in April 1861 after the Confederacy bombarded Fort Sumter.9293 Following the January 1, 1863 Emancipation Proclamation, many freed slaves joined the Union army.94 The war began to turn in the Union's favor following the 1863 Siege of Vicksburg and Battle of Gettysburg, and the Confederates surrendered in 1865 after the Union's victory in the Battle of Appomattox Court House.95

Reconstruction, Gilded Age, and Progressive Era (1863–1917)

Main article: History of the United States (1865–1917)

Efforts toward reconstruction in the secessionist South had begun as early as 1862,96 but it was only after President Lincoln's assassination that the three Reconstruction Amendments to the Constitution were ratified to protect civil rights. The amendments codified nationally the abolition of slavery and involuntary servitude except as punishment for crimes, promised equal protection under the law for all persons, and prohibited discrimination on the basis of race or previous enslavement.979899 As a result, African Americans took an active political role in ex-Confederate states in the decade following the Civil War.100101 The former Confederate states were readmitted to the Union, beginning with Tennessee in 1866 and ending with Georgia in 1870.102103

National infrastructure, including transcontinental telegraph and railroads, spurred growth in the American frontier. This was accelerated by the Homestead Acts, through which nearly 10 percent of the total land area of the United States was given away free to some 1.6 million homesteaders.104105 From 1865 through 1917, an unprecedented stream of immigrants arrived in the United States, including 24.4 million from Europe.106 Most came through the port of New York City, and New York City and other large cities on the East Coast became home to large Jewish, Irish, and Italian populations, while many Germans and Central Europeans moved to the Midwest. At the same time, about one million French Canadians migrated from Quebec to New England.107 During the Great Migration, millions of African Americans left the rural South for urban areas in the North.108 Alaska was purchased from Russia in 1867.109

The Compromise of 1877 is generally considered the end of the Reconstruction era, as it resolved the electoral crisis following the 1876 presidential election and led President Rutherford B. Hayes to reduce the role of federal troops in the South.110 Immediately, the Redeemers began evicting the Carpetbaggers and quickly regained local control of Southern politics in the name of white supremacy.111112 African Americans endured a period of heightened, overt racism following Reconstruction, a time often called the nadir of American race relations.113114 A series of Supreme Court decisions, including Plessy v. Ferguson, emptied the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments of their force, allowing Jim Crow laws in the South to remain unchecked, sundown towns in the Midwest, and segregation in communities across the country, which would be reinforced by the policy of redlining later adopted by the federal Home Owners' Loan Corporation.115

An explosion of technological advancement accompanied by the exploitation of cheap immigrant labor116 led to rapid economic expansion during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, allowing the United States to outpace the economies of England, France, and Germany combined.117118 This fostered the amassing of power by a few prominent industrialists, largely by their formation of trusts and monopolies to prevent competition.119 Tycoons led the nation's expansion in the railroad, petroleum, and steel industries. The United States emerged as a pioneer of the automotive industry.120 These changes were accompanied by significant increases in economic inequality, slum conditions, and social unrest, creating the environment for labor unions and socialist movements to begin to flourish.121122123 This period eventually ended with the advent of the Progressive Era, which was characterized by significant reforms.124125

Pro-American elements in Hawaii overthrew the Hawaiian monarchy; the islands were annexed in 1898. That same year, Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and Guam were ceded to the U.S. by Spain after the latter's defeat in the Spanish–American War. (The Philippines was granted full independence from the U.S. on July 4, 1946, following World War II. Puerto Rico and Guam have remained U.S. territories.)126 American Samoa was acquired by the United States in 1900 after the Second Samoan Civil War.127 The U.S. Virgin Islands were purchased from Denmark in 1917.128

World War I, Great Depression, and World War II (1917–1945)

Main article: History of the United States (1917–1945)

The United States entered World War I alongside the Allies in 1917 helping to turn the tide against the Central Powers.129 In 1920, a constitutional amendment granted nationwide women's suffrage.130 During the 1920s and 1930s, radio for mass communication and early television transformed communications nationwide.131 The Wall Street Crash of 1929 triggered the Great Depression, to which President Franklin D. Roosevelt responded with the New Deal plan of "reform, recovery and relief", a series of unprecedented and sweeping recovery programs and employment relief projects combined with financial reforms and regulations.132133

Initially neutral during World War II, the U.S. began supplying war materiel to the Allies of World War II in March 1941 and entered the war in December after the Empire of Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor.134 The U.S. developed the first nuclear weapons and used them against the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945, ending the war.135136 The United States was one of the "Four Policemen" who met to plan the post-war world, alongside the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, and China.137138 The U.S. emerged relatively unscathed from the war, with even greater economic power and international political influence.139

Cold War and social revolution (1945–1991)

Main articles: History of the United States (1945–1964), History of the United States (1964–1980), and History of the United States (1980–1991)

The end of World War II in 1945 left the U.S. and the Soviet Union as superpowers, each with its own political, military, and economic sphere of influence. Geopolitical tensions between the two superpowers soon led to the Cold War.140141142 The U.S. utilized the policy of containment to limit the USSR's sphere of influence, engaged in regime change against governments perceived to be aligned with Moscow, and prevailed in the Space Race, which culminated with the first crewed Moon landing in 1969.143144

Domestically, the U.S. experienced economic growth, urbanization, and population growth following World War II.145 The civil rights movement emerged, with Martin Luther King Jr. becoming a prominent leader in the early 1960s.146 The Great Society plan of President Lyndon B. Johnson's administration resulted in groundbreaking and broad-reaching laws, policies and a constitutional amendment to counteract some of the worst effects of lingering institutional racism.147

The counterculture movement in the U.S. brought significant social changes, including the liberalization of attitudes toward recreational drug use and sexuality.148149 It also encouraged open defiance of the military draft (leading to the end of conscription in 1973)150 and wide opposition to U.S. intervention in Vietnam (with the U.S. totally withdrawing in 1975).151 A societal shift in the roles of women was significantly responsible for the large increase in female paid labor participation during the 1970s, and by 1985 the majority of American women aged 16 and older were employed.152

The Fall of Communism and the collapse of the Soviet Union from 1989 to 1991 marked the end of the Cold War and left the United States as the world's sole superpower.153154155156 This cemented the United States' global influence, reinforcing the concept of the "American Century" as it dominated international political, cultural, economic, and military affairs.157158

Contemporary (1991–present)

Main articles: History of the United States (1991–2016) and History of the United States (2016–present)

The 1990s saw the longest recorded economic expansion in American history, a dramatic decline in U.S. crime rates, and advances in technology. Throughout this decade, technological innovations such as the World Wide Web, the evolution of the Pentium microprocessor in accordance with Moore's law, rechargeable lithium-ion batteries, the first gene therapy trial, and cloning either emerged in the U.S. or were improved upon there. The Human Genome Project was formally launched in 1990, while Nasdaq became the first stock market in the United States to trade online in 1998.159

In the Gulf War of 1991, an American-led international coalition of states expelled an Iraqi invasion force that had occupied neighboring Kuwait.160 The September 11 attacks on the United States in 2001 by the pan-Islamist militant organization al-Qaeda led to the war on terror, and subsequent military interventions in Afghanistan and Iraq.161162

The U.S. housing bubble culminated in 2007 with the Great Recession, the largest economic contraction since the Great Depression.163 Coming to a head in the 2010s, political polarization in the country increased between liberal and conservative factions.164165166 This polarization was capitalized upon in the January 2021 Capitol attack,167 when a mob of insurrectionists168 entered the U.S. Capitol and sought to prevent the peaceful transfer of power169 in an attempted self-coup d'état.170 The 2021 Taliban offensive (May–August) ended the War in Afghanistan one year after the U.S. signed a peace agreement with the Taliban.171

Geography

Main article: Geography of the United States

The United States is the world's third-largest country by total area behind Russia and Canada.172 The 48 contiguous states and the District of Columbia have a combined area of 3,119,885 square miles (8,080,470 km2).173174 In 2021, the United States had 8% of the Earth's permanent meadows and pastures and 10% of its cropland.175

Starting in the east, the coastal plain of the Atlantic seaboard gives way to inland forests and rolling hills in the Piedmont plateau region.176 The Appalachian Mountains and the Adirondack Massif separate the East Coast from the Great Lakes and the grasslands of the Midwest.177 The Mississippi River System, the world's fourth-longest river system, runs predominantly north–south through the center of the country. The flat and fertile prairie of the Great Plains stretches to the west, interrupted by a highland region in the southeast.178

The Rocky Mountains, west of the Great Plains, extend north to south across the country, peaking at over 14,000 feet (4,300 m) in Colorado.179 The supervolcano underlying Yellowstone National Park in the Rocky Mountains, the Yellowstone Caldera, is the continent's largest volcanic feature.180 Farther west are the rocky Great Basin and the Chihuahuan, Sonoran, and Mojave deserts.181 In the northwest corner of Arizona, carved by the Colorado River, is the Grand Canyon, a steep-sided canyon and popular tourist destination182 known for its overwhelming visual size and intricate, colorful landscape. The Cascade and Sierra Nevada mountain ranges run close to the Pacific coast. The lowest and highest points in the contiguous United States are in the State of California,183 about 84 miles (135 km) apart.184

At an elevation of 20,310 feet (6,190.5 m), Alaska's Denali (also called Mount McKinley) is the highest peak in the country and continent.185 Active volcanoes in the U.S. are common throughout Alaska's Alexander and Aleutian Islands. Located entirely outside North America, the archipelago of Hawaii consists of volcanic islands, physiographically and ethnologically part of the Polynesian subregion of Oceania.186

Climate

Main article: Climate of the United States

With its large size and geographic variety, the United States includes most climate types. East of the 100th meridian, the climate ranges from humid continental in the north to humid subtropical in the south.187 The western Great Plains are semi-arid.188 Many mountainous areas of the American West have an alpine climate. The climate is arid in the Southwest, Mediterranean in coastal California, and oceanic in coastal Oregon, Washington, and southern Alaska. Most of Alaska is subarctic or polar. Hawaii, the southern tip of Florida and U.S. territories in the Caribbean and Pacific are tropical.189

The United States receives more high-impact extreme weather incidents than any other country.190191 States bordering the Gulf of Mexico are prone to hurricanes, and most of the world's tornadoes occur in the country, mainly in Tornado Alley.192 Due to climate change in the country, extreme weather has become more frequent in the U.S. in the 21st century, with three times the number of reported heat waves compared to the 1960s.193194195 Since the 1990s, droughts in the American Southwest have become more persistent and more severe.196 The regions considered as the most attractive to the population are the most vulnerable.197

Biodiversity and conservation

Main articles: Fauna of the United States and Flora of the United States

The U.S. is one of 17 megadiverse countries containing large numbers of endemic species: about 17,000 species of vascular plants occur in the contiguous United States and Alaska, and over 1,800 species of flowering plants are found in Hawaii, few of which occur on the mainland.198 The United States is home to 428 mammal species, 784 birds, 311 reptiles, 295 amphibians,[212] and around 91,000 insect species.199

There are 63 national parks, and hundreds of other federally managed parks, forests, and wilderness areas, administered by the National Park Service and other agencies.200 About 28% of the country's land is publicly owned and federally managed,201 primarily in the Western States.202 Most of this land is protected, though some is leased for commercial use, and less than one percent is used for military purposes.203204

Environmental issues in the United States include debates on non-renewable resources and nuclear energy, air and water pollution, biodiversity, logging and deforestation,205206 and climate change.207208 The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is the federal agency charged with addressing most environmental-related issues.209 The idea of wilderness has shaped the management of public lands since 1964, with the Wilderness Act.210 The Endangered Species Act of 1973 provides a way to protect threatened and endangered species and their habitats. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service implements and enforces the Act.211 In 2024, the U.S. ranked 35th among 180 countries in the Environmental Performance Index.212

Government and politics

Main article: Politics of the United States

The United States is a federal republic of 50 states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The U.S. asserts sovereignty over five unincorporated territories and several uninhabited island possessions.213214 It is the world's oldest surviving federation,215 and its presidential system of national government has been adopted, in whole or in part, by many newly independent states worldwide following their decolonization.216 The Constitution of the United States serves as the country's supreme legal document.217 Most scholars describe the United States as a liberal democracy.218219

National government

Main article: Federal government of the United States

Composed of three branches, all headquartered in Washington, D.C., the federal government is the national government of the United States. It is regulated by a strong system of checks and balances.220

The three-branch system is known as the presidential system, in contrast to the parliamentary system where the executive is part of the legislative body. Many countries around the world adopted this aspect of the 1789 Constitution of the United States, especially in the postcolonial Americas.233

Subdivisions

Main articles: U.S. state, County (United States), Indian country, and Territories of the United States

Further information: List of states and territories of the United States, List of federally recognized tribes by state, and Federally recognized tribe

In the U.S. federal system, sovereign powers are shared between three levels of government specified in the Constitution: the national government, the states, and Indian tribes.234235 The U.S. also asserts sovereignty over five permanently inhabited territories: American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands.236

Residents of the 50 states are governed by their elected state governments, and by elected local governments that are administrative divisions of the states.237 States are subdivided into counties or county equivalents, and (except for Hawaii) further divided into municipalities, each administered by elected representatives. The District of Columbia is a federal district containing the U.S. capital, Washington, D.C.238 The federal district is an administrative division of the federal government.239

Indian country is made up of 574 federally recognized tribes and 326 Indian reservations. They hold a government-to-government relationship with the U.S. federal government in Washington and are legally defined as domestic dependent nations with inherent tribal sovereignty rights.240241242243

In addition to the five major territories, the U.S. also asserts sovereignty over the United States Minor Outlying Islands in the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean.244 The seven undisputed islands without permanent populations are Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Atoll, and Palmyra Atoll. U.S. sovereignty over the unpopulated Bajo Nuevo Bank, Navassa Island, Serranilla Bank, and Wake Island is disputed.245

Political parties

Main article: Political parties in the United States

Further information: List of political parties in the United States and Political party strength in U.S. states

The Constitution is silent on political parties. However, they developed independently in the 18th century with the Federalist and Anti-Federalist parties.246 Since then, the United States has operated as a de facto two-party system, though the parties in that system have been different at different times.247 The two main national parties are presently the Democratic and the Republican. The former is perceived as relatively liberal in its political platform while the latter is perceived as relatively conservative.248

Foreign relations

Main articles: Foreign relations of the United States and Foreign policy of the United States

The United States has an established structure of foreign relations, and it has the world's second-largest diplomatic corps as of 2024. It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council,249 and home to the United Nations headquarters.250 The United States is a member of the G7,251 G20,252 and OECD intergovernmental organizations.253 Almost all countries have embassies and many have consulates (official representatives) in the country. Likewise, nearly all countries host formal diplomatic missions with the United States, except Iran,254 North Korea,255 and Bhutan.256 Though Taiwan does not have formal diplomatic relations with the U.S., it maintains close unofficial relations.257 The United States regularly supplies Taiwan with military equipment to deter potential Chinese aggression.258 Its geopolitical attention also turned to the Indo-Pacific when the United States joined the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue with Australia, India, and Japan.259

The United States has a "Special Relationship" with the United Kingdom260 and strong ties with Canada,261 Australia,262 New Zealand,263 the Philippines,264 Japan,265 South Korea,266 Israel,267 and several European Union countries such as France, Italy, Germany, Spain, and Poland.268 The U.S. works closely with its NATO allies on military and national security issues, and with countries in the Americas through the Organization of American States and the United States–Mexico–Canada Free Trade Agreement. In South America, Colombia is traditionally considered to be the closest ally of the United States.269 The U.S. exercises full international defense authority and responsibility for Micronesia, the Marshall Islands, and Palau through the Compact of Free Association.270 It has increasingly conducted strategic cooperation with India,271 while its ties with China have steadily deteriorated.272273

Beginning in 2014, the U.S. had become a key ally of Ukraine.274275 After Donald Trump was elected U.S. president in 2024, he sought to negotiate an end to the Russo-Ukrainian War. He paused all military aid to Ukraine in March 2025,276 although the aid resumed later.277 Trump ended U.S. intelligence sharing with the country.278 However, in June 2025, a majority of U.S. senators supported secondary sanctions against Russia to increase pressure on President Putin of Russia to negotiate a final settlement to the war.279

Military

Main article: United States Armed Forces

The president is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces and appoints its leaders, the secretary of defense and the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The Department of Defense, which is headquartered at the Pentagon near Washington, D.C., administers five of the six service branches, which are made up of the U.S. Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, and Space Force.280 The Coast Guard is administered by the Department of Homeland Security in peacetime and can be transferred to the Department of the Navy in wartime.281

The United States spent $997 billion on its military in 2024, which is by far the largest amount of any country, making up 37% of global military spending and accounting for 3.4% of the country's GDP.282283 The U.S. possesses 42% of the world's nuclear weapons—the second-largest stockpile after that of Russia.284

The United States has the third-largest combined armed forces in the world, behind the Chinese People's Liberation Army and Indian Armed Forces.285 The military operates about 800 bases and facilities abroad,286 and maintains deployments greater than 100 active duty personnel in 25 foreign countries.287 The United States has engaged in over 400 military interventions since its founding in 1776, with over half of these occurring between 1950 and 2019 and 25% occurring in the post-Cold War era.288

State defense forces (SDFs) are military units that operate under the sole authority of a state government. SDFs are authorized by state and federal law but are under the command of the state's governor.289290291 They are distinct from the state's National Guard units in that they cannot become federalized entities. A state's National Guard personnel, however, may be federalized under the National Defense Act Amendments of 1933, which created the Guard and provides for the integration of Army National Guard units and personnel into the U.S. Army and (since 1947) the U.S. Air Force.292

Law enforcement and criminal justice

Main articles: Law of the United States, Law enforcement in the United States, and Crime in the United States

There are about 18,000 U.S. police agencies from local to national level in the United States.293 Law in the United States is mainly enforced by local police departments and sheriff departments in their municipal or county jurisdictions. The state police departments have authority in their respective state, and federal agencies such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the U.S. Marshals Service have national jurisdiction and specialized duties, such as protecting civil rights, national security, enforcing U.S. federal courts' rulings and federal laws, and interstate criminal activity.294 State courts conduct almost all civil and criminal trials,295 while federal courts adjudicate the much smaller number of civil and criminal cases that relate to federal law.296

There is no unified "criminal justice system" in the United States. The American prison system is largely heterogenous, with thousands of relatively independent systems operating across federal, state, local, and tribal levels. In 2025, "these systems hold nearly 2 million people in 1,566 state prisons, 98 federal prisons, 3,116 local jails, 1,277 juvenile correctional facilities, 133 immigration detention facilities, and 80 Indian country jails, as well as in military prisons, civil commitment centers, state psychiatric hospitals, and prisons in the U.S. territories."297

Despite disparate systems of confinement, four main institutions dominate: federal prisons, state prisons, local jails, and juvenile correctional facilities.298 Federal prisons are run by the Federal Bureau of Prisons and hold pretrial detainees as well as people who have been convicted of federal crimes.299 State prisons, run by the department of corrections of each state, hold people sentenced and serving prison time (usually longer than one year) for felony offenses.300 Local jails are county or municipal facilities that incarcerate defendants prior to trial; they also hold those serving short sentences (typically under a year).301 Juvenile correctional facilities are operated by local or state governments and serve as longer-term placements for any minor adjudicated as delinquent and ordered by a judge to be confined.302

In January 2023, the United States had the sixth-highest per capita incarceration rate in the world—531 people per 100,000 inhabitants—and the largest prison and jail population in the world, with more than 1.9 million people incarcerated.303304305 An analysis of the World Health Organization Mortality Database from 2010 showed U.S. homicide rates "were 7 times higher than in other high-income countries, driven by a gun homicide rate that was 25 times higher".306

Economy

Main article: Economy of the United States

The U.S. has a highly developed mixed economy307 that has been the world's largest nominally since about 1890.308 Its 2024 gross domestic product (GDP)309 of more than $29 trillion310 constituted over 25% of nominal global economic output, or 15% at purchasing power parity (PPP). From 1983 to 2008, U.S. real compounded annual GDP growth was 3.3%, compared to a 2.3% weighted average for the rest of the G7.311 The country ranks first in the world by nominal GDP,312 second when adjusted for purchasing power parities (PPP),313 and ninth by PPP-adjusted GDP per capita.314 In February 2024, the total U.S. federal government debt was $34.4 trillion.315

Of the world's 500 largest companies by revenue, 136 were headquartered in the U.S. in 2023,316 which is the highest number of any country.317 The U.S. dollar is the currency most used in international transactions and the world's foremost reserve currency, backed by the country's dominant economy, its military, the petrodollar system, its large U.S. treasuries market, and its linked eurodollar.318 Several countries use it as their official currency, and in others it is the de facto currency.319320 The U.S. has free trade agreements with several countries, including the USMCA.321 It ranked second in the Global Competitiveness Report in 2019, after Singapore.322 Although the United States has reached a post-industrial level of economic development323 and is often described as having a service economy,324325 it remains a major industrial power;326 in 2021, the U.S. manufacturing sector was the world's second-largest after China's.327

New York City is the world's principal financial center328329 and the epicenter of the world's largest metropolitan economy.330 The New York Stock Exchange and Nasdaq, both located in New York City, are the world's two largest stock exchanges by market capitalization and trade volume.331332 The United States is at the forefront of technological advancement and innovation in many economic fields, especially in artificial intelligence; electronics and computers; pharmaceuticals; and medical, aerospace and military equipment.333 The country's economy is fueled by abundant natural resources, a well-developed infrastructure, and high productivity.334 The largest trading partners of the United States are the European Union, Mexico, Canada, China, Japan, South Korea, the United Kingdom, Vietnam, India, and Taiwan.335 The United States is the world's largest importer and second-largest exporter.336 It is by far the world's largest exporter of services.337

Americans have the highest average household338 and employee income among OECD member states, and the fourth-highest median household income in 2023,339 up from sixth-highest in 2013.340 With personal consumption expenditures of over $18.5 trillion in 2023,341 the U.S. has a heavily consumer-driven economy and is the world's largest consumer market.342 The U.S. ranked first in the number of dollar billionaires and millionaires in 2023, with 735 billionaires and nearly 22 million millionaires.343

Wealth in the United States is highly concentrated; in 2011, the richest 10% of the adult population owned 72% of the country's household wealth, while the bottom 50% owned just 2%.344 U.S. wealth inequality increased substantially since the late 1980s,345 and income inequality in the U.S. reached a record high in 2019.346 By 2024, the country had some of the highest wealth and income inequality levels among OECD countries.347 Since the 1970s, there has been a decoupling of U.S. wage gains from worker productivity.348 In 2016, the top fifth of earners took home more than half of all income,349 giving the U.S. one of the widest income distributions among OECD countries.350351 There were about 771,480 homeless persons in the U.S. in 2024.352 In 2022, 6.4 million children experienced food insecurity.353 Feeding America estimates that around one in five, or approximately 13 million, children experience hunger in the U.S. and do not know where they will get their next meal or when.354 Also in 2022, about 37.9 million people, or 11.5% of the U.S. population, were living in poverty.355

The United States has a smaller welfare state and redistributes less income through government action than most other high-income countries.356357 It is the only advanced economy that does not guarantee its workers paid vacation nationally358 and one of a few countries in the world without federal paid family leave as a legal right.359 The United States has a higher percentage of low-income workers than almost any other developed country, largely because of a weak collective bargaining system and lack of government support for at-risk workers.360

Science and technology

Main article: Science and technology in the United States

The United States has been a leader in technological innovation since the late 19th century and scientific research since the mid-20th century.361 Methods for producing interchangeable parts and the establishment of a machine tool industry enabled the large-scale manufacturing of U.S. consumer products in the late 19th century.362 By the early 20th century, factory electrification, the introduction of the assembly line, and other labor-saving techniques created the system of mass production.363

In the 21st century, the United States continues to be one of the world's foremost scientific powers,364 though China has emerged as a major competitor in many fields.365 The U.S. has the highest research and development expenditures of any country366 and ranks ninth as a percentage of GDP.367 In 2022, the United States was (after China) the country with the second-highest number of published scientific papers.368 In 2021, the U.S. ranked second (also after China) by the number of patent applications, and third by trademark and industrial design applications (after China and Germany), according to World Intellectual Property Indicators.369 In 2023370 and 2024,371 the United States ranked third (after Switzerland and Sweden) in the Global Innovation Index. The United States is considered to be the leading country in the development of artificial intelligence technology.372 In 2023, the United States was ranked the second most technologically advanced country in the world (after South Korea) by Global Finance magazine.373

Spaceflight

Main article: Space policy of the United States

The United States has maintained a space program since the late 1950s, beginning with the establishment of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in 1958.374375 NASA's Apollo program (1961–1972) achieved the first crewed Moon landing with the 1969 Apollo 11 mission; it remains one of the agency's most significant milestones.376377 Other major endeavors by NASA include the Space Shuttle program (1981–2011),378 the Voyager program (1972–present), the Hubble and James Webb space telescopes (launched in 1990 and 2021, respectively),379380 and the multi-mission Mars Exploration Program (Spirit and Opportunity, Curiosity, and Perseverance).381 NASA is one of five agencies collaborating on the International Space Station (ISS);382 U.S. contributions to the ISS include several modules, including Destiny (2001), Harmony (2007), and Tranquility (2010), as well as ongoing logistical and operational support.383

The United States private sector dominates the global commercial spaceflight industry.384 Prominent American spaceflight contractors include Blue Origin, Boeing, Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman, and SpaceX. NASA programs such as the Commercial Crew Program, Commercial Resupply Services, Commercial Lunar Payload Services, and NextSTEP have facilitated growing private-sector involvement in American spaceflight.385

Energy

Main article: Energy in the United States

In 2023, the United States received approximately 84% of its energy from fossil fuel, and the largest source of the country's energy came from petroleum (38%), followed by natural gas (36%), renewable sources (9%), coal (9%), and nuclear power (9%).386387 In 2022, the United States constituted only about 4% of the world's population, but consumed around 16% of the world's energy.388 The U.S. ranks as the second-highest emitter of greenhouse gases behind China.389

The U.S. is the world's largest producer of nuclear power, generating around 30% of the world's nuclear electricity.390 It also has the highest number of nuclear power reactors of any country.391 From 2024, the U.S. plans to triple its nuclear power capacity by 2050.392

Transportation

Main article: Transportation in the United States

The 4 million miles (6.4 million kilometers) road network, owned almost entirely by state and local governments, is the longest in the world.393394 The extensive Interstate Highway System connects all major cities and is funded mostly by the federal government but maintained by state departments of transportation, supplemented by state expressways and some private toll roads.

The U.S. is among the top ten countries with the highest vehicle ownership per capita (850 vehicles per 1,000 people) in 2022. A 2022 study found that 76% of U.S. commuters drive alone and 14% ride a bicycle, including bike owners and users of bike-sharing networks. About 11% use some form of public transportation.395396

Public transportation in the United States is well developed in the largest urban areas, notably New York City, Chicago, Boston, Philadelphia, and Portland, Oregon; otherwise, coverage is generally less extensive than in most other developed countries. The U.S. also has many relatively car-dependent localities.397

Long-distance intercity travel is provided primarily by airlines, but travel by rail is more common along the Northeast Corridor, the only high-speed rail in the U.S. that meets international standards. Amtrak, the country's government-sponsored national passenger rail company, has a relatively sparse network compared to that of Western European countries. Service is concentrated in the Northeast, Illinois, and the West Coast.

The United States has an extensive air transportation network. U.S. civilian airlines are all privately owned. The three largest airlines in the world, by total number of passengers carried, are U.S.-based; American Airlines became the global leader after its 2013 merger with US Airways.398 Among the busiest 50 airports in the world, 16 are in the United States, as well as five of the top 10.399 The world's busiest airport by passenger volume is Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International in Atlanta, Georgia.400401 In 2022, most of the 19,969 U.S. airports402 were owned and operated by local government authorities, and there are also some private airports. Some 5,193 are designated as "public use", including for general aviation. The Transportation Security Administration has provided security at most major airports since 2001.

The country's rail transport network, the longest in the world at 182,412.3 mi (293,564.2 km),403 handles mostly freight404405 (in contrast to more passenger-centered rail in Europe406). Because they are often privately owned operations as well, U.S. railroads lag behind those of the rest of the world in terms of electrification.407

The country's inland waterways are the world's fifth-longest, totaling 41,009 km (25,482 mi).408 They are used extensively for freight, recreation, and a small amount of passenger traffic. Of the world's 50 busiest container ports, four are located in the United States, with the busiest in the U.S. being the Port of Los Angeles.409

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of the United States

Population

Main articles: Americans and Race and ethnicity in the United States

See also: List of U.S. states by population

The 10 most populous U.S. states (2024 estimates)410
StatePopulation (millions)
California39.4
Texas31.3
Florida23.4
New York19.9
Pennsylvania13.1
Illinois12.7
Ohio11.9
Georgia11.2
North Carolina11.0
Michigan10.1

The U.S. Census Bureau reported 331,449,281 residents on April 1, 2020,411412 making the United States the third-most-populous country in the world, after China and India.413 The Census Bureau's official 2024 population estimate was 340,110,988, an increase of 2.6% since the 2020 census.414 According to the Bureau's U.S. Population Clock, on July 1, 2024, the U.S. population had a net gain of one person every 16 seconds, or about 5400 people per day.415 In 2023, 51% of Americans age 15 and over were married, 6% were widowed, 10% were divorced, and 34% had never been married.416 In 2023, the total fertility rate for the U.S. stood at 1.6 children per woman,417 and, at 23%, it had the world's highest rate of children living in single-parent households in 2019.418

The United States has a diverse population; 37 ancestry groups have more than one million members.419 White Americans with ancestry from Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa form the largest racial and ethnic group at 57.8% of the United States population.420421 Hispanic and Latino Americans form the second-largest group and are 18.7% of the United States population. African Americans constitute the country's third-largest ancestry group and are 12.1% of the total U.S. population.422 Asian Americans are the country's fourth-largest group, composing 5.9% of the United States population. The country's 3.7 million Native Americans account for about 1%,423 and some 574 native tribes are recognized by the federal government.424 In 2022, the median age of the United States population was 38.9 years.425

Language

Main article: Languages of the United States

While many languages are spoken in the United States, English is by far the most commonly spoken and written.426 English was made the official language of the United States by Executive Order 14224 in 2025.427 However, Congress has never passed a bill to designate English as the official language of all three federal branches. Some laws, such as U.S. naturalization requirements, nonetheless standardize English. Twenty-eight states and the United States Virgin Islands have declared English as the sole official language; 19 states and the District of Columbia have no official language.428 Three states and four U.S. territories have recognized local or indigenous languages in addition to English: Hawaii (Hawaiian),429 Alaska (twenty Native languages),430431 South Dakota (Sioux),432 American Samoa (Samoan), Puerto Rico (Spanish), Guam (Chamorro), and the Northern Mariana Islands (Carolinian and Chamorro). In total, 169 Native American languages are spoken in the United States.433 In Puerto Rico, Spanish is more widely spoken than English.434

According to the American Community Survey (2020),435 some 245.4 million people in the U.S. age five and older spoke only English at home. About 41.2 million spoke Spanish at home, making it the second most commonly used language. Other languages spoken at home by one million people or more include Chinese (3.40 million), Tagalog (1.71 million), Vietnamese (1.52 million), Arabic (1.39 million), French (1.18 million), Korean (1.07 million), and Russian (1.04 million). German, spoken by 1 million people at home in 2010, fell to 857,000 total speakers in 2020.436

Immigration

Main article: Immigration to the United States

America's immigrant population is by far the world's largest in absolute terms.437438 In 2022, there were 87.7 million immigrants and U.S.-born children of immigrants in the United States, accounting for nearly 27% of the overall U.S. population.439 In 2017, out of the U.S. foreign-born population, some 45% (20.7 million) were naturalized citizens, 27% (12.3 million) were lawful permanent residents, 6% (2.2 million) were temporary lawful residents, and 23% (10.5 million) were unauthorized immigrants.440 In 2019, the top countries of origin for immigrants were Mexico (24% of immigrants), India (6%), China (5%), the Philippines (4.5%), and El Salvador (3%).441 In fiscal year 2022, over one million immigrants (most of whom entered through family reunification) were granted legal residence.442 In fiscal year 2024 alone, according to the Migration Policy Institute, the United States resettled 100,034 refugees, which "re-cements the United States' role as the top global resettlement destination, far surpassing other major resettlement countries in Europe and Canada".443

Religion

Main article: Religion in the United States

The First Amendment guarantees the free exercise of religion in the country and forbids Congress from passing laws respecting its establishment.444445 Religious practice is widespread, among the most diverse in the world,446 and profoundly vibrant.

447 The country has the world's largest Christian population, which includes the fourth-largest population of Roman Catholics.448 Other notable faiths include Judaism, Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, New Age, and Native American religions.449 Religious practice varies significantly by region.450 "Ceremonial deism" is common in American culture.451

The overwhelming majority of Americans believe in a higher power or spiritual force, engage in spiritual practices such as prayer, and consider themselves religious or spiritual.452453 In the Southern United States' "Bible Belt", evangelical Protestantism plays a significant role culturally; New England and the Western United States tend to be more secular.454455 Mormonism, a Restorationist movement founded in the U.S. in 1847,456 is the predominant religion in Utah and a major religion in Idaho.

Urbanization

Main articles: Urbanization in the United States and List of United States cities by population

About 82% of Americans live in urban areas, including suburbs;457 about half of those reside in cities with populations over 50,000.458 In 2022, 333 incorporated municipalities had populations over 100,000, nine cities had more than one million residents, and four cities—New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, and Houston—had populations exceeding two million.459 Many U.S. metropolitan populations are growing rapidly, particularly in the South and West.460

 
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Largest metropolitan areas in the United States2024 MSA population estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau461
RankNameRegionPop.RankNameRegionPop.
1New YorkNortheast19,940,27411BostonNortheast5,025,517
2Los AngelesWest12,927,61412Riverside–San BernardinoWest4,744,214
3ChicagoMidwest9,408,57613San FranciscoWest4,648,486
4Dallas–Fort WorthSouth8,344,03214DetroitMidwest4,400,578
5HoustonSouth7,796,18215SeattleWest4,145,494
6MiamiSouth6,457,98816Minneapolis–Saint PaulMidwest3,757,952
7Washington, D.C.South6,436,48917Tampa–St. PetersburgSouth3,424,560
8AtlantaSouth6,411,14918San DiegoWest3,298,799
9PhiladelphiaNortheast6,330,42219DenverWest3,052,498
10PhoenixWest5,186,95820OrlandoSouth2,940,513

Health

Main articles: Healthcare in the United States, Healthcare reform in the United States, and Health insurance in the United States

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), average American life expectancy at birth was 78.4 years in 2023 (75.8 years for men and 81.1 years for women). This was a gain of 0.9 year from 77.5 years in 2022, and the CDC noted that the new average was largely driven by "decreases in mortality due to COVID-19, heart disease, unintentional injuries, cancer and diabetes".462 Starting in 1998, life expectancy in the U.S. fell behind that of other wealthy industrialized countries, and Americans' "health disadvantage" gap has been increasing ever since.463

The Commonwealth Fund reported in 2020 that the U.S. had the highest suicide rate among high-income countries.464 Approximately one-third of the U.S. adult population is obese and another third is overweight.465 The U.S. healthcare system far outspends that of any other country, measured both in per capita spending and as a percentage of GDP, but attains worse healthcare outcomes when compared to peer countries for reasons that are debated.466 The United States is the only developed country without a system of universal healthcare, and a significant proportion of the population that does not carry health insurance.467 Government-funded healthcare coverage for the poor (Medicaid) and for those age 65 and older (Medicare) is available to Americans who meet the programs' income or age qualifications. In 2010, former President Obama passed the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.468469 Abortion in the United States is not federally protected, and is illegal or restricted in 17 states.470

Education

Main article: Education in the United States

American primary and secondary education (known in the U.S. as K–12, "kindergarten through 12th grade") is decentralized. School systems are operated by state, territorial, and sometimes municipal governments and regulated by the U.S. Department of Education. In general, children are required to attend school or an approved homeschool from the age of five or six (kindergarten or first grade) until they are 18 years old. This often brings students through the 12th grade, the final year of a U.S. high school, but some states and territories allow them to leave school earlier, at age 16 or 17.471 The U.S. spends more on education per student than any other country,472 an average of $18,614 per year per public elementary and secondary school student in 2020–2021.473 Among Americans age 25 and older, 92.2% graduated from high school, 62.7% attended some college, 37.7% earned a bachelor's degree, and 14.2% earned a graduate degree.474 The U.S. literacy rate is near-universal.475476 The country has the most Nobel Prize winners of any country, with 411 (having won 413 awards).477478

U.S. tertiary or higher education has earned a global reputation. Many of the world's top universities, as listed by various ranking organizations, are in the United States, including 19 of the top 25.479480 American higher education is dominated by state university systems, although the country's many private universities and colleges enroll about 20% of all American students. Local community colleges generally offer coursework and degree programs covering the first two years of college study. They often have more open admission policies, shorter academic programs, and lower tuition.481

As for public expenditures on higher education, the U.S. spends more per student than the OECD average, and Americans spend more than all nations in combined public and private spending.482 Colleges and universities directly funded by the federal government do not charge tuition and are limited to military personnel and government employees, including: the U.S. service academies, the Naval Postgraduate School, and military staff colleges. Despite some student loan forgiveness programs in place,483 student loan debt increased by 102% between 2010 and 2020,484 and exceeded $1.7 trillion in 2022.485

Culture and society

Main articles: Culture of the United States and Society of the United States

See also: Human rights in the United States

The United States is home to a wide variety of ethnic groups, traditions, and values.486487 The country has been described as having the values of individualism and personal autonomy,488489 as well as having a strong work ethic490 and competitiveness.491 Voluntary altruism towards others also plays a major role;492493494 according to a 2016 study by the Charities Aid Foundation, Americans donated 1.44% of total GDP to charity—the highest rate in the world by a large margin.495 Americans have traditionally been characterized by a unifying political belief in an "American Creed" emphasizing consent of the governed, liberty, equality under the law, democracy, social equality, property rights, and a preference for limited government.496497 The U.S. has acquired significant hard and soft power through its diplomatic influence, economic power, military alliances, and cultural exports such as American movies, music, video games, sports, and food.498499 The influence that the United States exerts on other countries through soft power is referred to as Americanization.500

Nearly all present Americans or their ancestors came from Europe, Africa, or Asia (the "Old World") within the past five centuries.501 Mainstream American culture is a Western culture largely derived from the traditions of European immigrants with influences from many other sources, such as traditions brought by slaves from Africa.502 More recent immigration from Asia and especially Latin America has added to a cultural mix that has been described as a homogenizing melting pot, and a heterogeneous salad bowl, with immigrants contributing to, and often assimilating into, mainstream American culture.

The American Dream, or the perception that Americans enjoy high social mobility, plays a key role in attracting immigrants.503504 Whether this perception is accurate has been a topic of debate.505506507 While mainstream culture holds that the United States is a classless society,508 scholars identify significant differences between the country's social classes, affecting socialization, language, and values.509510 Americans tend to greatly value socioeconomic achievement, but being ordinary or average is promoted by some as a noble condition as well.511

The National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities is an agency of the United States federal government that was established in 1965 with the purpose to "develop and promote a broadly conceived national policy of support for the humanities and the arts in the United States, and for institutions which preserve the cultural heritage of the United States."512 It is composed of four sub-agencies:

Under the First Amendment to the Constitution, the United States is considered to have the strongest protections of free speech of any country.513 Flag desecration, hate speech, blasphemy, and lese majesty are all forms of protected expression.514515516 A 2016 Pew Research Center poll found that Americans were the most supportive of free expression of any polity measured.517 Additionally, they are the "most supportive of freedom of the press and the right to use the Internet without government censorship".518 The U.S. is a socially progressive country519 with permissive attitudes surrounding human sexuality.520 LGBT rights in the United States are, by global standards, among the most advanced.521522523

Literature

Main articles: American literature and American philosophy

Colonial American authors were influenced by John Locke and various other Enlightenment philosophers.524525 The American Revolutionary Period (1765–1783) is notable for the political writings of Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Paine, and Thomas Jefferson. Shortly before and after the Revolutionary War, the newspaper rose to prominence, filling a demand for anti-British national literature.526527 An early novel is William Hill Brown's The Power of Sympathy, published in 1791. Writer and critic John Neal in the early- to mid-nineteenth century helped advance America toward a unique literature and culture by criticizing predecessors such as Washington Irving for imitating their British counterparts, and by influencing writers such as Edgar Allan Poe,528 who took American poetry and short fiction in new directions. Ralph Waldo Emerson and Margaret Fuller pioneered the influential Transcendentalism movement;529530 Henry David Thoreau, author of Walden, was influenced by this movement.

The conflict surrounding abolitionism inspired writers, like Harriet Beecher Stowe, and authors of slave narratives, such as Frederick Douglass. Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter (1850) explored the dark side of American history, as did Herman Melville's Moby-Dick (1851). Major American poets of the nineteenth century American Renaissance include Walt Whitman, Melville, and Emily Dickinson.531532 Mark Twain was the first major American writer to be born in the West. Henry James achieved international recognition with novels like The Portrait of a Lady (1881). As literacy rates rose, periodicals published more stories centered around industrial workers, women, and the rural poor.533534 Naturalism, regionalism, and realism were the major literary movements of the period.535536

While modernism generally took on an international character, modernist authors working within the United States more often rooted their work in specific regions, peoples, and cultures.537 Following the Great Migration to northern cities, African-American and black West Indian authors of the Harlem Renaissance developed an independent tradition of literature that rebuked a history of inequality and celebrated black culture. An important cultural export during the Jazz Age, these writings were a key influence on Négritude, a philosophy emerging in the 1930s among francophone writers of the African diaspora.538539 In the 1950s, an ideal of homogeneity led many authors to attempt to write the Great American Novel,540 while the Beat Generation rejected this conformity, using styles that elevated the impact of the spoken word over mechanics to describe drug use, sexuality, and the failings of society.541542 Contemporary literature is more pluralistic than in previous eras, with the closest thing to a unifying feature being a trend toward self-conscious experiments with language.543 Twelve American laureates have won the Nobel Prize in Literature.544

Mass media

Main article: Mass media in the United States

See also: Newspapers in the United States, Television in the United States, Broadcasting in the United States, Public broadcasting in the United States, Internet in the United States, Radio in the United States, and Video games in the United States

Media in the United States is broadly uncensored, with the First Amendment providing significant protections, as reiterated in New York Times Co. v. United States.545 The four major broadcasters in the U.S. are the National Broadcasting Company (NBC), Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS), American Broadcasting Company (ABC), and Fox Broadcasting Company (FOX). The four major broadcast television networks are all commercial entities. Cable television offers hundreds of channels catering to a variety of niches.546 In 2021, about 83% of Americans over age 12 listened to broadcast radio, while about 40% listened to podcasts.547 In the prior year, there were 15,460 licensed full-power radio stations in the U.S. according to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC).548 Much of the public radio broadcasting is supplied by NPR, incorporated in February 1970 under the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967.549

U.S. newspapers with a global reach and reputation include The Wall Street Journal, The New York Times, The Washington Post, and USA Today.550 About 800 publications are produced in Spanish.551552 With few exceptions, newspapers are privately owned, either by large chains such as Gannett or McClatchy, which own dozens or even hundreds of newspapers; by small chains that own a handful of papers; or, in an increasingly rare situation, by individuals or families. Major cities often have alternative newspapers to complement the mainstream daily papers, such as The Village Voice in New York City and LA Weekly in Los Angeles. The five most popular websites used in the U.S. are Google, YouTube, Amazon, Yahoo, and Facebook—all of them American-owned.553

In 2022, the video game market of the United States was the world's largest by revenue.554 There are 444 publishers, developers, and hardware companies in California alone.555

Theater

Main article: Theater in the United States

The United States is well known for its theater. Mainstream theater in the United States derives from the old European theatrical tradition and has been heavily influenced by the British theater.556 By the middle of the 19th century America had created new distinct dramatic forms in the Tom Shows, the showboat theater and the minstrel show.557 The central hub of the American theater scene is the Theater District in Manhattan, with its divisions of Broadway, off-Broadway, and off-off-Broadway.558

Many movie and television celebrities have gotten their big break working in New York productions. Outside New York City, many cities have professional regional or resident theater companies that produce their own seasons. The biggest-budget theatrical productions are musicals. U.S. theater has an active community theater culture.559

The Tony Awards recognizes excellence in live Broadway theater and are presented at an annual ceremony in Manhattan. The awards are given for Broadway productions and performances. One is also given for regional theater. Several discretionary non-competitive awards are given as well, including a Special Tony Award, the Tony Honors for Excellence in Theatre, and the Isabelle Stevenson Award.560

Visual arts

Main articles: Visual art of the United States and Architecture of the United States

Folk art in colonial America grew out of artisanal craftsmanship in communities that allowed commonly trained people to individually express themselves. It was distinct from Europe's tradition of high art, which was less accessible and generally less relevant to early American settlers.561 Cultural movements in art and craftsmanship in colonial America generally lagged behind those of Western Europe. For example, the prevailing medieval style of woodworking and primitive sculpture became integral to early American folk art, despite the emergence of Renaissance styles in England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. The new English styles would have been early enough to make a considerable impact on American folk art, but American styles and forms had already been firmly adopted. Not only did styles change slowly in early America, but there was a tendency for rural artisans there to continue their traditional forms longer than their urban counterparts did—and far longer than those in Western Europe.562

The Hudson River School was a mid-19th-century movement in the visual arts tradition of European naturalism. The 1913 Armory Show in New York City, an exhibition of European modernist art, shocked the public and transformed the U.S. art scene.563

American Realism and American Regionalism sought to reflect and give America new ways of looking at itself. Georgia O'Keeffe, Marsden Hartley, and others experimented with new and individualistic styles, which would become known as American modernism. Major artistic movements such as the abstract expressionism of Jackson Pollock and Willem de Kooning and the pop art of Andy Warhol and Roy Lichtenstein developed largely in the United States. Major photographers include Alfred Stieglitz, Edward Steichen, Dorothea Lange, Edward Weston, James Van Der Zee, Ansel Adams, and Gordon Parks.564

The tide of modernism and then postmodernism has brought global fame to American architects, including Frank Lloyd Wright, Philip Johnson, and Frank Gehry.565 The Metropolitan Museum of Art in Manhattan is the largest art museum in the United States566 and the fourth-largest in the world.567

Music

Main article: Music of the United States

American folk music encompasses numerous music genres, variously known as traditional music, traditional folk music, contemporary folk music, or roots music. Many traditional songs have been sung within the same family or folk group for generations, and sometimes trace back to such origins as the British Isles, mainland Europe, or Africa.568 The rhythmic and lyrical styles of African-American music in particular have influenced American music.569 Banjos were brought to America through the slave trade. Minstrel shows incorporating the instrument into their acts led to its increased popularity and widespread production in the 19th century.570571 The electric guitar, first invented in the 1930s, and mass-produced by the 1940s, had an enormous influence on popular music, in particular due to the development of rock and roll.572 The synthesizer, turntablism, and electronic music were also largely developed in the U.S.

Elements from folk idioms such as the blues and old-time music were adopted and transformed into popular genres with global audiences. Jazz grew from blues and ragtime in the early 20th century, developing from the innovations and recordings of composers such as W.C. Handy and Jelly Roll Morton. Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington increased its popularity early in the 20th century.573 Country music developed in the 1920s,574 bluegrass575 and rhythm and blues in the 1940s,576 and rock and roll in the 1950s.577 In the 1960s, Bob Dylan emerged from the folk revival to become one of the country's most celebrated songwriters.578 The musical forms of punk and hip hop both originated in the United States in the 1970s.579

The United States has the world's largest music market, with a total retail value of $15.9 billion in 2022.580 Most of the world's major record companies are based in the U.S.; they are represented by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).581 Mid-20th-century American pop stars, such as Frank Sinatra582 and Elvis Presley,583 became global celebrities and best-selling music artists,584 as have artists of the late 20th century, such as Michael Jackson,585 Madonna,586 Whitney Houston,587 and Mariah Carey,588 and the early 21st century, such as Eminem,589 Britney Spears,590 Lady Gaga,591 Katy Perry,592 Taylor Swift and Beyoncé.593

Fashion

Main article: Fashion in the United States

The United States has the world's largest apparel market by revenue.594 Apart from professional business attire, American fashion is eclectic and predominantly informal. Americans' diverse cultural roots are reflected in their clothing; however, sneakers, jeans, T-shirts, and baseball caps are emblematic of American styles.595 New York, with its Fashion Week, is considered to be one of the "Big Four" global fashion capitals, along with Paris, Milan, and London. A study demonstrated that general proximity to Manhattan's Garment District has been synonymous with American fashion since its inception in the early 20th century.596

A number of well-known designer labels, among them Tommy Hilfiger, Ralph Lauren, Tom Ford and Calvin Klein, are headquartered in Manhattan.597598 Labels cater to niche markets, such as preteens. New York Fashion Week is one of the most influential fashion shows in the world, and is held twice each year in Manhattan;599 the annual Met Gala, also in Manhattan, has been called the fashion world's "biggest night".600601

Cinema

Main article: Cinema of the United States

The U.S. film industry has a worldwide influence and following. Hollywood, a district in northern Los Angeles, the nation's second-most populous city, is also metonymous for the American filmmaking industry.602603604 The major film studios of the United States are the primary source of the most commercially successful movies selling the most tickets in the world.605606

Largely centered in the New York City region from its beginnings in the late 19th century through the first decades of the 20th century,607608609610 the U.S. film industry has since been primarily based in and around Hollywood. Nonetheless, American film companies have been subject to the forces of globalization in the 21st century, and an increasing number of films are made elsewhere.611 The Academy Awards, popularly known as the Oscars, have been held annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences since 1929,612 and the Golden Globe Awards have been held annually since January 1944.613

The industry peaked in what is commonly referred to as the "Golden Age of Hollywood", from the early sound period until the early 1960s,614 with screen actors such as John Wayne and Marilyn Monroe becoming iconic figures.615616 In the 1970s, "New Hollywood", or the "Hollywood Renaissance",617 was defined by grittier films influenced by French and Italian realist pictures of the post-war period.618 The 21st century has been marked by the rise of American streaming platforms, which came to rival traditional cinema.619620

Cuisine

Main article: American cuisine

Early settlers were introduced by Native Americans to foods such as turkey, sweet potatoes, corn, squash, and maple syrup. Of the most enduring and pervasive examples are variations of the native dish called succotash. Early settlers and later immigrants combined these with foods they were familiar with, such as wheat flour,621 beef, and milk, to create a distinctive American cuisine.622623 New World crops, especially pumpkin, corn, potatoes, and turkey as the main course are part of a shared national menu on Thanksgiving, when many Americans prepare or purchase traditional dishes to celebrate the occasion.624

Characteristic American dishes such as apple pie, fried chicken, doughnuts, french fries, macaroni and cheese, ice cream, hamburgers, hot dogs, and American pizza derive from the recipes of various immigrant groups.625626627628 Mexican dishes such as burritos and tacos preexisted the United States in areas later annexed from Mexico, and adaptations of Chinese cuisine as well as pasta dishes freely adapted from Italian sources are all widely consumed.629

American chefs have had a significant impact on society both domestically and internationally. In 1946, the Culinary Institute of America was founded by Katharine Angell and Frances Roth. This would become the United States' most prestigious culinary school, where many of the most talented American chefs would study prior to successful careers.630631 The United States restaurant industry was projected at $899 billion in sales for 2020,632633 and employed more than 15 million people, representing 10% of the nation's workforce directly.634 It is the country's second-largest private employer and the third-largest employer overall.635636 The United States is home to over 220 Michelin star-rated restaurants, 70 of which are in New York City alone.637

Wine has been produced in what is now the United States since the 1500s, with the first widespread production beginning in what is now New Mexico in 1628.638639640 In the modern U.S., wine production is undertaken in all fifty states, with California producing 84 percent of all U.S. wine. With more than 1,100,000 acres (4,500 km2) under vine, the United States is the fourth-largest wine-producing country in the world, after Italy, Spain, and France.641642

The classic American diner, a casual restaurant originally intended for the working class, emerged during the 19th century from converted railroad dining cars made stationary. The diner soon evolved into purpose-built structures whose number expanded greatly in the 20th century.643 The American fast-food industry developed alongside the nation's car culture.644 American restaurants developed the drive-in format in the 1920s, which they began to replace with the drive-through format by the 1940s.645646 American fast-food restaurant chains, such as McDonald's, Burger King, Chick-fil-A, Kentucky Fried Chicken, Dunkin' Donuts and many others, have numerous outlets around the world.647

Sports

Main articles: Sports in the United States and United States at the Olympics

The most popular spectator sports in the U.S. are American football, basketball, baseball, soccer, and ice hockey.648 While most major U.S. sports such as baseball and American football have evolved out of European practices, basketball, volleyball, skateboarding, and snowboarding are American inventions, many of which have become popular worldwide.649 Lacrosse and surfing arose from Native American and Native Hawaiian activities that predate European contact.650 The market for professional sports in the United States was approximately $69 billion in July 2013, roughly 50% larger than that of Europe, the Middle East, and Africa combined.651

American football is by several measures the most popular spectator sport in the United States;652 the National Football League has the highest average attendance of any sports league in the world, and the Super Bowl is watched by tens of millions globally.653 However, baseball has been regarded as the U.S. "national sport" since the late 19th century. After American football, the next four most popular professional team sports are basketball, baseball, soccer, and ice hockey. Their premier leagues are, respectively, the National Basketball Association,654 Major League Baseball,655 Major League Soccer,656 and the National Hockey League.657 The most-watched individual sports in the U.S. are golf and auto racing, particularly NASCAR and IndyCar.658659

On the collegiate level, earnings for the member institutions exceed $1 billion annually,660 and college football and basketball attract large audiences, as the NCAA March Madness tournament and the College Football Playoff are some of the most watched national sporting events.661 In the U.S., the intercollegiate sports level serves as the main feeder system for professional and Olympic sports, with significant exceptions such as Minor League Baseball. This differs greatly from practices in nearly all other countries, where publicly and privately funded sports organizations serve this function.662

Eight Olympic Games have taken place in the United States. The 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis, Missouri, were the first-ever Olympic Games held outside of Europe.663 The Olympic Games will be held in the U.S. for a ninth time when Los Angeles hosts the 2028 Summer Olympics. U.S. athletes have won a total of 2,968 medals (1,179 gold) at the Olympic Games, the most of any country.664665666

In other international competition, the United States is the home of a number of prestigious events, including the Americas Cup, the U.S. Open, and the Masters Tournament. The U.S. men's national soccer team has qualified for eleven World Cups, while the women's national team has won the FIFA Women's World Cup and Olympic soccer tournament four times each.667 The United States hosted the 1994 FIFA World Cup and will co-host, along with Canada and Mexico, the 2026 FIFA World Cup.668 The 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup was also hosted by the United States. Its final match was attended by 90,185, setting the world record for largest women's sporting event crowd at the time.669

See also

Notes

Sources

Government

History

Maps

40°N 100°W / 40°N 100°W / 40; -100 (United States of America)

References

  1. The five major territories outside the union of states are American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. The seven undisputed island areas without permanent populations are Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Atoll, and Palmyra Atoll. U.S. sovereignty over the unpopulated Bajo Nuevo Bank, Navassa Island, Serranilla Bank, and Wake Island is disputed.[19] /wiki/American_Samoa ↩

  2. At 3,531,900 sq mi (9,147,590 km2), the United States is the third-largest country in the world by land area, behind Russia and China. By total area (land and water), it is the third-largest, behind Russia and Canada, if its coastal and territorial water areas are included. However, if only its internal waters are included (bays, sounds, rivers, lakes, and the Great Lakes), the U.S. is the fourth-largest, after Russia, Canada, and China. Coastal/territorial waters included: 3,796,742 sq mi (9,833,517 km2)[20] Only internal waters included: 3,696,100 sq mi (9,572,900 km2)[21] /wiki/Russia ↩

  3. The U.S. Census Bureau's latest official population estimate of 340,110,988 residents (2024) is for the 50 states and the District of Columbia; it excludes the 3.6 million residents of the five major U.S. territories and outlying islands. The Census Bureau also provides a continuously updated but unofficial population clock: www.census.gov/popclock /wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau ↩

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