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Hajj
Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca

Hajj is an annual Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca, the holiest city in Saudi Arabia. It is a mandatory religious duty for all physically and financially capable adult Muslims, performed once in a lifetime. The pilgrimage centers on the Kaaba, the "House of Allah," and is one of the Five Pillars of Islam. The rites, occurring in Dhu al-Hijjah, the last month of the Islamic calendar, involve rituals symbolizing devotion and unity, including walking around the Kaaba and the Stoning of the Devil. The Hajj traces back to Prophet Muhammad and earlier to Abraham. Annual attendance averages over two million, though COVID-19 restrictions have limited participation recently.

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Etymology

The word in Arabic: حج ḥajj is similar to the Hebrew: חג ḥag, which means "festival", from the triliteral Semitic root ح-ج-ج. The term was used to refer to the three pilgrimage festivals Israelites would make to the Temple in Jerusalem each year.22 Similarly, the Arabic: حج ḥajj in Islam refers to act of traveling to Mecca to perform the various rituals associated with the pilgrimage.

History

Main article: History of Hajj

The present pattern of Hajj was established by Muhammad.23 However, according to the Quran, elements of Hajj trace back to the time of Abraham. According to Islamic tradition, Abraham was ordered by God to leave his wife Hajar and his son Ishmael alone in the desert of ancient Mecca. In search of water, Hajar desperately ran seven times between the two hills of Safa and Marwah but found none. Returning in despair to Ishmael, she saw the baby scratching the ground with his leg and a water fountain sprang forth underneath his foot.24 Later, Abraham was commanded to build the Kaaba (which he did with the help of Ishmael) and to invite people to perform pilgrimage there.25 The Quran refers to these incidents in verses 2:124–127 and 22:27–30.26 According to the tafsir of Zamakhshari (d. 1144 C.E.), the archangel Gabriel brought the Black Stone from Heaven to be attached to the Kaaba when it was built by the Prophet Abraham.27

In pre-Islamic Arabia, a time known as Age of Ignorance (Jahiliyya), the Kaaba became surrounded by pagan idols.28 In AD 630, Muhammad led his followers from Medina to Mecca, cleansed the Kaaba by destroying all the pagan idols, and then consecrated the building to God.29 In AD 632, Muhammad performed his only and last pilgrimage with a large number of followers, and instructed them on the rites of Hajj.30 It was from this point that Hajj became one of the five pillars of Islam.

During medieval times, pilgrims would gather in the big cities of Syria, Egypt, and Iraq to go to Mecca in groups and caravans comprising tens of thousands of pilgrims,31 often under state patronage.32 Hajj caravans, particularly with the advent of the Mamluk Sultanate and its successor, the Ottoman Empire, were escorted by a military force accompanied by physicians under the command of an amir al-hajj.3334 This was done to protect the caravan from Bedouin robbers or natural hazards,353637 and to ensure that the pilgrims were supplied with the necessary provisions.38 Muslim travelers like Ibn Jubayr and Ibn Battuta have recorded detailed accounts of Hajj journeys in medieval times.39 The caravans followed well-established routes called in Arabic darb al-hajj (path of the hajj), literally: "pilgrimage road", which usually followed ancient routes such as the King's Highway.

Timing of Hajj

The date of Hajj is determined by the Islamic calendar (known as the Hijri calendar or AH), which is based on the lunar year.4041 Every year, the events of Hajj take place in a ten-day period, starting on 1 and ending on 10 Dhu al-Hijjah, the twelfth and last month of the Islamic calendar. Among these ten days, the 9th Dhul-Hijjah is known as Day of Arafah, and this day is called the day of Hajj. Because the Islamic calendar is lunar and the Islamic year is about eleven days shorter than the Gregorian year, the Gregorian date for Hajj changes from year to year. Thus, each year in the Gregorian calendar, the pilgrimage starts eleven days (sometimes ten days) earlier.4243 This makes it possible for the Hajj season to fall twice in one Gregorian year, and it does so every 33 years. The last time this phenomenon occurred was in 2006.44

The table below shows the Gregorian dates of Hajj in recent years (the dates correspond to 9 Dhul-Hijjah of the Hijri calendar). Prospective dates are approximate:

AHGregorian date
14322011, 5 November45
14332012, 25 October
14342013, 14 October4647
14352014, 3 October48
14362015, 23 September49
14372016, 11 September5051
14382017, 31 August52
14392018, 20 August53
14402019, 10 August54
14412020, 30 July55
14422021, 19 July56
14432022, 8 July57
14442023, 27 June58
14452024, 15 June59
14462025, 4 June to 9 June60

Rites

Fiqh literature describes in detail the manners of carrying out the rites of Hajj, and pilgrims generally follow handbooks and expert guides to successfully fulfill the requirements of Hajj.61 In performing the rites of Hajj, the pilgrims not only follow the model of Muhammad, but also commemorate the events associated with Abraham.62

Ihram

Main article: Ihram

Ihram is the name given to the special spiritual state, state of holiness, which marks the start of the ritual of Hajj for each person.6364 Ihram is initiated upon the arrival to the Miqat or prior to reaching it, depending on where they have come from.

When pilgrims enter into the state of Ihram, they are required to abstain from certain actions.65 While in ihram, males are required to wear two white seamless cloths, with one wrapped around the waist reaching below the knee and the other draped over the left shoulder and tied at the right side. For females this involves wearing ordinary dress that fulfills the Islamic condition of public dress with hands and face uncovered;66. Other prohibitions include refraining from clipping nails, shaving any part of the body, having sexual relations; using perfumes, damaging plants, killing animals, covering the head (for men) or the face and hands (for women); getting married; or carrying weapons.6768

The Ihram is meant to show equality of all pilgrims in front of God, with no difference between the rich and the poor.69 Donning such unsewn white garments entirely is believed to distance man from material ostentation, and engross him in a world of purity and spirituality, since clothes are believed to show individuality and distinction and create superficial barriers that separate individuals. The garments of Ihram are seen as the antithesis of that individualism. Ihram clothing is also a reminder of shrouds worn after death.70

Tawaf and sa'ay

The ritual of tawaf involves walking seven times counterclockwise around the Kaaba.71 Upon arriving at Al-Masjid Al-Ḥarām, pilgrims perform an arrival tawaf either as part of Umrah or as a welcome tawaf.72 During tawaf, pilgrims also include Hateem – an area at the north side of the Kaaba – inside their path. Each circuit starts and ends with the kissing or touching of the Black Stone. Pilgrims also point to the stone and recite a prayer known as Talbiyah.73 If kissing or touching the stone is not possible because of crowds, pilgrims may simply point towards the stone with their right hand on each circuit. Eating is not permitted but the drinking of water is permitted and encouraged, because of the risk of dehydration. Men are encouraged to perform the first three circuits at a hurried pace, known as Ramal, and the following four at a more leisurely pace.7475

The completion of Tawaf is followed by two Rakaat prayers at the Place of Abraham (Muqam Ibrahim), a site near the Kaaba inside the mosque.7677 However, again because of large crowds during the days of Hajj, they may instead pray anywhere in the mosque. After prayer, pilgrims also drink water from the Zamzam well, which is made available in coolers throughout the Mosque.78

Although the circuits around the Kaaba are traditionally done on the ground level, tawaf is now also performed on the first floor and roof of the mosque because of the large crowds.

This rite is said to be the manifestation of Tawhid, the Oneness of God. The heart and soul of the pilgrim should move around Kaaba, the symbol of the House of God, in a way that no worldly attraction distracts him from this path. Only Tawhid should attract him. Tawaf also represents Muslims' unity. During tawaf, everyone encircles Kaaba collectively.79

Tawaf is followed by sa'ay, running or walking seven times between the hills of Safa and Marwah, located near the Kaaba.8081 Previously in the open air, the place is now entirely enclosed by the Sacred Mosque, and can be accessed via air-conditioned tunnels.82 Pilgrims are advised to walk the circuit, though two green pillars mark a short section of the path where they run. There is also an internal "express lane" for elderly or disabled people. After sa'ay, male pilgrims shave or trim their hair and women generally clip a portion of their hair, which completes the Umrah.

First day of Hajj: 8th Dhu al-Hijjah (Tarwiyah Day)

On the 8th Dhu al-Hijjah, the pilgrims are reminded of their duties. They again don the Ihram garments and confirm their intention to make the pilgrimage. The prohibitions of Ihram start now.

The name of Tarwiyah refers to a narration of Ja'far al-Sadiq. He described the reason that there was no water at Mount Arafat on the 8th day of Dhu al-Hijjah. If pilgrims wanted to stay at Arafat, they would have prepared water from Mecca and carried it by themselves there. So they told each other to drink enough. Finally, this day called Tarwiyah83 that means to quench thirst in the Arabic language.84 Tarwiyah Day is the first day of Hajj ritual. Also on this day, Husayn ibn Ali began to go to Karbala from Mecca.85 Muhammad nominated to Tarwiyah Day as one of the four chosen days.86

Mina

After the morning prayer on the 8th of Dhu al-Hijjah, the pilgrims proceed to Mina where they spend the whole day and offer noon (Note: On Friday, Friday Prayer is Offered, instead of Dhuhr Prayer, at Mina), afternoon, evening, and night prayers.87 The next morning after morning prayer, they leave Mina to go to Arafat.

Second day: 9th Dhu al-Hijjah (Arafah Day)

The 9th Dhul-Hijjah is known as Day of Arafah, and this day is called the Day of Hajj.88

Arafat

Main article: Day of Arafah

On 9th Dhu al-Hijjah before noon, pilgrims arrive at Arafat, a barren and plain land some 20 kilometres (12 mi) east of Mecca,89 where they stand in contemplative vigil: they offer supplications, repent on and atone for their past sins, and seek the mercy of God, and listen to the sermon from the Islamic scholars who deliver it from near Jabal al-Rahmah (The Mount of Mercy)90 from where Muhammad is said to have delivered his last sermon. Lasting from noon through sunset,91 this is known as 'standing before God' (wuquf), one of the most significant rites of Hajj.92 At Masjid al-Namirah, pilgrims offer noon and afternoon prayers together at noontime.93 A pilgrim's Hajj is considered invalid if they do not spend the afternoon on Arafat.94

Muzdalifah

Pilgrims must leave Arafat for Muzdalifah after sunset without performing their maghrib (sunset) prayer at Arafat.95 Muzdalifah is an area between Arafat and Mina. Upon reaching there, pilgrims perform Maghrib and Isha prayer jointly, spend the night praying and sleeping on the ground with open sky, and gather pebbles for the next day's ritual of the stoning of the Devil (Shaytan).96

Third day: 10th Dhu al-Hijjah (Qurban Day)

After the morning prayer, the Pilgrims move from Muzdalifah to Mina.

Ramy al-Jamarat

Main article: Stoning of the Devil

At Mina, the pilgrims perform symbolic Stoning of the Devil (Ramy al-Jamarat) by throwing seven stones from sunrise to sunset at only the largest of the three pillars, known as Jamrat al-Aqabah.97[self-published source?] The remaining two pillars (jamarah) are not stoned on this day.98 These pillars are said to represent Satan.99 Pilgrims climb ramps to the multi-levelled Jamaraat Bridge, from which they can throw their pebbles at the jamarat. Because of safety reasons, in 2004 the pillars were replaced by long walls, with catch basins below to collect the pebbles.100101

Animal sacrificing

After the stoning of the Devil, cattle (Surah 22:34-36) are sacrificed to commemorate the story of Ibrahim and Ismael. Traditionally the pilgrims slaughtered the animal themselves or oversaw the slaughtering. Today many pilgrims buy a sacrifice voucher in Mecca before the greater Hajj begins, which allows an animal to be slaughtered in the name of God (Allah) on the 10th, without the pilgrim being physically present. Modern abattoirs complete the processing of the meat, which is then sent as a charity to poor people around the world.102 At the same time as the sacrifices occur at Mecca, Muslims worldwide perform similar sacrifices, in a three-day global festival called Eid al-Adha.103

Hair removal

After sacrificing an animal, another important rite of Hajj is the shaving or trimming of head hair (known as Halak). All male pilgrims shave their head or trim their hair on the day of Eid al Adha and female pilgrims cut the tips of their hair.104105106

Tawaf Ziyarat/Ifadah

On the same or the following day, the pilgrims re-visit the Sacred Mosque in Mecca for another tawaf, known as Tawaf al-Ifadah, an essential part of Hajj.107 It symbolizes being in a hurry to respond to God and show love for Him, an obligatory part of Hajj. The night of the 10th is spent back at Mina.

Fourth day: 11th Dhu al-Hijjah

Starting from noon to sunset on the 11 Dhu al-Hijjah (and again the following day), the pilgrims again throw seven pebbles at each of the three pillars in Mina. This is commonly known as the "Stoning of the Devil".108

Fifth day: 12th Dhu al-Hijjah

On 12 Dhu al-Hijjah, the same process of the stoning of the pillars as of 11 Dhu al-Hijjah takes place.109 Pilgrims may leave Mina for Mecca before sunset on the 12th.

Last day at Mina: 13th Dhu al-Hijjah

If unable to leave on the 12th before sunset or opt to stay longer, they must perform the stoning ritual again on the 13th before returning to Mecca.110

Tawaf al-Wadaa

Finally, before leaving Mecca, pilgrims perform a farewell tawaf called the Tawaf al-Wadaa. 'Wadaa' means 'to bid farewell'. The pilgrims circle the Kaaba seven times counter-clockwise, and if they can, attempt to touch or kiss the Kaaba.111

Journey to Medina

During their journey for Hajj, pilgrims traditionally also travel to the city of Medina (approximately 450 kilometres (280 mi) to the northeast), in particular to pray at the Al-Masjid an-Nabawi (Mosque of the Prophet),112 which contains the tomb of Muhammad.113 The Quba Mosque and Masjid al-Qiblatayn are also usually visited.114

Significance

To Muslims, Hajj is associated with religious as well as social significance.115 The obligation for performing this pilgrimage is only fulfilled if it is done on the eighth to twelfth day of the last month of the Islamic calendar. If in a given year, an adult Muslim is in good health and their life and wealth are safe, they must perform the Hajj in the same year. Delaying it is considered sinful unless the delay is caused by reasons beyond their control.116

Apart from being an obligatory religious duty, the Hajj is seen to have a spiritual merit that provides Muslims with an opportunity of self-renewal.117 Hajj serves as a reminder of the Day of Judgment when Muslims believe people will stand before God.118 Hadith literature (sayings of Muhammad) lists various merits a pilgrim achieves upon successful completion of their Hajj.119 After successful pilgrimage, pilgrims can prefix their names with the title "Al-Hajji", and are held with respect in Muslim society.120 However, Islamic scholars suggest Hajj should signify a Muslim's religious commitment, and should not be a measurement of their social status.121 Hajj brings together and unites Muslims from different parts of the world irrespective of their race, colour, and culture, which acts as a symbol of equality.122123

A 2008 study on the impact of participating in the Islamic pilgrimage found that Muslim communities become more positive and tolerant after Hajj. Titled Estimating the Impact of the Hajj: Religion and Tolerance in Islam's Global Gathering and conducted in conjunction with Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government, the study noted that the Hajj "increases belief in equality and harmony among ethnic groups and Islamic sects and leads to more favourable attitudes toward women, including greater acceptance of female education and employment" and that "Hajjis show increased belief in peace, equality and harmony among adherents of different religions."124

Malcolm X, an American activist during the Civil Rights Movement, describes the sociological atmosphere he experienced at his Hajj in the 1960s as follows:

There were tens of thousands of pilgrims, from all over the world. They were of all colors, from blue-eyed blondes to black-skinned Africans. But we were all participating in the same ritual, displaying a spirit of unity and brotherhood that my experiences in America had led me to believe never could exist between the white and the non-white. America needs to understand Islam because this is the one religion that erases from its society the race problem. You may be shocked by these words coming from me. But on this pilgrimage, what I have seen, and experienced, has forced me to rearrange much of my thought-patterns previously held.125

Differences between Hajj and Umrah

Main article: Umrah

  • Both are Islamic pilgrimages; the main difference is their level of importance and the method of observance.126
  • Hajj is one of the Five Pillars of Islam. It is obligatory for every Muslim once in their lifetime, provided they are physically fit and financially capable.127
  • Hajj is performed over specific days during a designated Islamic month (Dhu al-Hijjah). However, Umrah can be performed at any time.
  • Although they share common rites, Umrah can be performed in less than a few hours while Hajj is more time-consuming, and involves more rituals.

Arrangement and facilities

Most of the Hajj-related issues are handled by the Ministry of Hajj and Umrah. Making necessary arrangements each year for the growing number of pilgrims poses a logistic challenge for the government of Saudi Arabia, which has, since the 1950s, spent more than $100 billion to increase pilgrimage facilities.128129 Major issues like housing, transportation, sanitation, and health care have been addressed and improved greatly by the government by introducing various development programs, with the result that pilgrims now enjoy modern facilities and perform various rites at ease.130 The Saudi government often sets quotas for various countries to keep the pilgrims' number at a manageable level, and arranges huge security forces and CCTV cameras to maintain overall safety during Hajj.131132133134 Various institutions and government programs, such as the Haj subsidy offered in Pakistan or the Tabung Haji based in Malaysia assist pilgrims in covering the costs of the journey.135 For the 2014 Hajj, special Hajj information desks were set up at Pakistani airports to assist the pilgrims.136 For the benefit of pilgrims from India and Pakistan, Urdu signs were also introduced at the mosques.137

Technology solutions

The Saudi government employs technology to protect the safety, and enhance the experience, of the pilgrim's journey. Recently, the Ministry of Hajj and Umrah has introduced the Hajj pilgrims' e-bracelet program that stores pilgrims' essential data and which helps to provide them with the necessary support.138 In 2018, SAFCSP organized the Hajj Hackathon event in Jeddah, with 2,950 participants from over 100 countries. The event aims at exploring the use of technology to provide solutions for Hajj pilgrims.139140 In 2019, the "Fatwa Robot" service was launched to provide pilgrims with fatwas and other religious advice.141 Two interactive apps were launched by Hajj authorities to provide pilgrims with a range of services through their smartphones. The services, which are available in nine languages, help pilgrims in finding emergency service centres, holy sites, currency exchanges, restaurants, and accommodation.142

Visa requirements

See also: Visa policy of Saudi Arabia

To enter Saudi Arabia to participate in the Hajj as a Muslim, visa requirements have to be satisfied.143144 Saudi Arabia's Ministry of Hajj and Umrah is planning to ease visas issuance by enabling Hajj and Umrah pilgrims to obtain e-visa within minutes through campaigns and companies.145 For the upcoming Umrah season, visas can be electronically issued within 24 hours via a special platform established by the Ministry of Hajj and Umrah.146 For passengers traveling from the United States, they must purchase a package from a licensed Hajj agency. People from Gulf Cooperation Council countries do not need a visa to enter Saudi Arabia and vice versa. People with Saudi visas are not allowed to enter the site unless they are Muslim.

Makkah Route Initiative

Makkah Route Initiative is an initiative made by the Saudi government to facilitate pilgrims' entry into Saudi Arabia by completing certain steps in their airport of departure. The initiative has been implemented since 2018 by the Saudi Ministry of Foreign Affairs.147 In 2019, the initiative is planned to provide service to around 225,000 pilgrims from airports in Malaysia, Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Tunisia.148 The provided services include:

  1. Issuance of visas.
  2. Making sure that the pilgrims' health conditions comply with the requirements and to make certain that the potential pilgrims have taken preventive measures related to the epidemiological situation in the world.149
  3. Codifying and sorting luggage at the pilgrims' airports and delivering them to the pilgrims' hotels directly upon arrival.150

Transportation

Traditionally, the pilgrimage to Mecca was mainly an overland journey using camels as a means of transport. During the second half of the nineteenth century (after the 1850s), steamships began to be used in the pilgrimage journey to Mecca, and the number of pilgrims traveling on sea routes increased.151 This continued for some time,152 until air travel came to predominate; Egypt introduced the first airline service for Hajj pilgrims in 1937.153154 Today, many airlines and travel agents offer Hajj packages, and arrange for transportation and accommodation for the pilgrims.155 King Abdulaziz International Airport in Jeddah and Prince Mohammad Bin Abdulaziz Airport in Medina have dedicated pilgrim terminals to assist with the large numbers of pilgrims.156157 Other international airports around the world, such as Indira Gandhi Airport in New Delhi, Rajiv Gandhi International Airport in Hyderabad, Jinnah in Karachi and Soekarno-Hatta in Jakarta also have dedicated terminals or temporary facilities to service pilgrims as they depart for the Hajj and return home.158 During Hajj, many airlines run extra flights to accommodate the large number of pilgrims.159160

During official Hajj days, pilgrims travel between the different locations by metro, bus or on foot. The Saudi government strictly controls vehicles access into these heavily congested areas. However, the journey can take many hours due to heavy vehicular and pedestrian traffic. In 2010, the Saudi government started operating the Al Mashaaer Al Mugaddassah Metro line as an exclusive shuttle train for pilgrims between Arafat, Muzdalifa and Mina. The service, which operates only during the days of Hajj, shortens the travel time during the critical "Nafrah" from Arafat to Muzdalifah to minutes. Due to its limited capacity, the use of the metro is not open to all pilgrims.

Sustainability

Hajj has a considerable environmental impact, with the average pilgrim contributing about 60.5 kg CO2-eq per day. Transport, lodging, food, and waste generated an estimated 3.0 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent during the 2011 Hajj season.161 Most pilgrims travel to Mecca by air162 and long-haul air travel accounts for 60% of greenhouse gas emissions created by Hajj.163

Rising global temperatures mean that in the future, people undertaking Hajj could face "extreme danger" due to heat and humidity.164165166 Projected temperature rises of 1.5° to 2° could have significant impacts on the health of participants, many of whom are elderly.167168 In 2021 Ummah for Earth and Greenpeace Middle East published research which suggested climate actions which included adapting the Great Mosque for solar power.169 In the summer of 2024, Saudi officials reported treating more than 2,000 people for heat stress. As of 21 June, 550 people had died from heat stroke. At least 320 of the dead were from Egypt.170 As of 23 June 2024, more than 1000 people had died,171 more than half of them from Egypt. The government revoked the licenses of 16 travel agencies that helped unauthorized pilgrims travel to Saudi Arabia.172 As of 2 July the Saudi government said that 1301 people had died doing the Hajj.173

Green Hajj Camp

In 2011, Husna Ahmad created the first green guide to Hajj.174 In 2019, Saudi Arabia launched an environment-friendly Hajj initiative under the auspices of the environmental technologist Magda Abu Ras.175 One aspect discouraged the consumption of plastics and was entitled Hajj without Plastic.176 The project is implemented in 30 camps in Mina where pilgrims are encouraged to sort out their waste. Moreover, the proceeds are used for charitable purposes.177 The project has a number of objectives as follows:

  1. Decreasing environmental harm.
  2. Improving the management system of solid waste.
  3. Preserving pilgrims' and camps' safety.178

Incidents

Main article: Incidents during the Hajj

Crowd-control problems

Pilgrim numbers have greatly increased in recent years, which has led to numerous accidents and deaths due to overcrowding. The first major accident during Hajj in modern times occurred in 1990, when a tunnel stampede led to the death of 1,462 people.179 Afterwards, various crowd-control techniques were adopted to improve safety. Because of large crowds, some of the rituals have become more symbolic. For example, it is no longer necessary to kiss the Black Stone. Instead, pilgrims simply point at it on each circuit around the Kaaba. Also, the large pillars used for pebble throwing were changed into long walls in 2004 with basins below to catch the stones.180181 Another example is that animal sacrifice is now done at slaughterhouses appointed by the Saudi authorities, without the pilgrims being present there.182183184

Despite safety measures, incidents may happen during the Hajj as pilgrims are trampled or ramps collapse under the weight of the many visitors. During 2015 Hajj, a stampede resulted in 769 deaths and injuries to 934 others, according to the Saudi authorities.185186 A report from Associated Press totalled at least 2,411 deaths from official reports from other countries, making it the most deadly such episode to date.187188 Concerns were raised in 2013 and 2014 about the spread of MERS because of mass gatherings during the Hajj.189190 Saudi Health Minister Abdullah Al-Rabia said authorities have detected no cases of MERS among the pilgrims so far.191 He also said that, despite few cases of MERS, Saudi Arabia was ready for the 2014 pilgrimage.192193[needs update]

In November 2017, Saudi authorities banned selfies at the two holy sites.194

COVID-19

In February 2020, Saudi Arabia temporarily banned foreign pilgrims from entering Mecca and Medina to prevent the spread of COVID-19 in the Kingdom.195 It later temporarily suspended the pilgrimage of Umrah.196 In June, the Saudi government announced that only "very limited numbers" of pilgrims already resident in Saudi Arabia would be permitted to participate in the Hajj.197

Hajj and the Saudi economy

See also: Economy of Saudi Arabia

In 2014, Saudi Arabia was expected to have earned up to $8.5 billion from Hajj.198 Saudi Arabia's highest source of revenue after oil and gas is Hajj and the country is expected to depend more on Hajj as the amounts of available oil and gas for sale decline.199

Furthermore, the increase of religious tourism from about 12 million Muslims annually to almost 17 million by 2025 has given rise to increasing luxury hotel businesses in the area to accommodate pilgrims. The Abraj al-Bait firm intends to build hotels, shopping malls and apartments which is claimed to be an estimated value of three billion dollars.200 According to The Embassy of Saudi Arabia, the Saudi government are working towards establishing programs which promote sanitation, housing, transportation, and welfare as the number of visiting pilgrims increases.

Most pilgrims, from countries such as the United States, Australia and the United Kingdom decide to purchase packages from licensed Hajj agencies in their countries. This helps direct the flow of traffic into the Kingdom and allows for pilgrims to work directly with a business responsible for their services instead of dealing directly with Saudi Arabia's government.201

In July 2020, the WSJ reported that following the COVID-19 pandemic, the Saudi authorities curtailed the five-day event in Mecca to fewer than 10,000 people already residing in the country. It also noted that the hospitality and housing industries that rely entirely on Hajj revenue would face severe loss of revenue.202

In 2017, the Hajj and Umrah revenues were expected to exceed US$150 billion by 2022.203 Hajj revenues are expected to cross US$350 billion by 2032, according to a report published by The Moodie Davitt.204

Number of pilgrims per year

There has been a substantial increase in the number of pilgrims during the last 92 years, and the number of foreign pilgrims has increased by approximately 2,824 percent, from 58,584 in 1920 to 1,712,962 in 2012.205 Because of development and expansion work at Masjid al-Haram, the authority restricted the number of pilgrims in 2013.206207

Between 1940 and 1945, foreign pilgrims were restricted from arriving in Saudi Arabia as a result of World War II;208 the pilgrimages in 2020 and 2021 were severely restricted while the country was dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic. In the most recent 2023 Hajj, there were 1,845,045 total pilgrims, including about 184,000 Saudis.209

The following number of pilgrims arrived in Saudi Arabia each year to perform Hajj:

Gregorian yearHijri yearLocal pilgrimsForeign pilgrimsTotal
1920133858,584210
1921133957,255211
1922134056,319212
19501369100,000 (approx.)213
1950s150,000 (approx.)214
1960s300,000 (approx.)215
1970s700,000 (approx.)216
1980s900,000 (approx.)217
19891409774,600218
19901410827,200219
19911411720,100220
199214121,015,700221
19931413992,800222
19941414997,400223
199514151,046,307224
19961416784,7691,080,4652252261,865,234
19971417774,2601,168,5912272281,942,851
19981418699,7701,132,3441,832,114229230
19991419775,2681,056,7301,831,998
20001420466,4302311,267,3551,733,785232
20011421440,8081,363,9921,804,800233
20021422590,5761,354,1841,944,760
20031423493,2301,431,0121,924,242234
20041424473,0042351,419,7062361,892,710237
200514251,030,000 (approx.)1,534,7692,560,000 (approx.)238
20061426573,1471,557,4472,130,594239
20061427724,2291,654,4072,378,636240
20071428746,5111,707,8142,454,325241242
200814291,729,841243
20091430154,0001,613,0002,521,000244
20101431989,7981,799,6012,854,345245
201114321,099,5221,828,1952,927,717246
201214331,408,6411,752,9323,161,573247
20131434600,7182481,379,5312491,980,249250
20141435696,1852511,389,0532522,085,238253
20151436567,8762541,384,9412551,952,817256
20161437537,5372571,325,3722581,862,909259
20171438600,1081,752,0142,352,122260
20181439612,9531,758,7222,371,675261
20191440634,3791,855,0272,489,406262
202014411,000263
2021144258,745264265026658,745267
20221443119,434268779,919269899,353270
20231444184,0002711,845,045272
20241445221,8542731,611,3102741,833,164275

See also

Notes

Citations

Further reading

References

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  2. Mohammad Taqi al-Modarresi (26 March 2016). The Laws of Islam (PDF). San Bernardino: Enlight Press. p. 471. ISBN 978-0-9942409-8-9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 August 2019. Retrieved 22 December 2017. 978-0-9942409-8-9 ↩

  3. Long, Matthew (2011). Islamic Beliefs, Practices, and Cultures. Tarrytown, N.Y.: Marshall Cavendish Corporation. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-7614-7926-0. Archived from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 2 September 2014. 978-0-7614-7926-0 ↩

  4. Nigosian, S. A. (2004). Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. p. 110. ISBN 0-253-21627-3. 0-253-21627-3 ↩

  5. Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs - Islam Archived 2 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine See drop-down essay on "Islamic Practices" http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/traditions/islam ↩

  6. "Surah Al-An'am - 19". https://quran.com/6/19 ↩

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  26. The verses read: "And remember that Abraham was tried by his Lord with certain commands, which he fulfilled.... Remember We made the House a place of assembly for men and a place of safety, and take ye the station of Abraham as a place of prayer; and We covenanted with Abraham and Ishmael, that they should sanctify My House for those who compass it round or use it as a retreat, or bow, or prostrate themselves (therein in prayer).... And remember Abraham and Ishmael raised the foundations of the House (2:124–127)" and "And proclaim the Pilgrimage among men: they will come to thee on foot and (mounted) on every kind of camel, through deep and distant mountain highways, that they may witness the benefits (provided) for them, and celebrate the name of Allah, through the Days appointed, over the cattle which He has provided for them (for sacrifice): then eat ye thereof and feed the distressed one, the needy. Then let them complete the rites prescribed for them, perform their vows, and (again) circumambulate the Ancient House." (22:27–29) ↩

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