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Grammar book

A grammar book is a book or treatise describing the grammar of one or more languages. In linguistics, such a book is itself frequently referred to as a grammar.

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Etymology

Ancient Greek had the term τέκνή γραμματική (téchnē grammatikḗ, 'skill in the use of letters'), which was adapted into Latin as ars grammatica. This term was used in the title of works about writing and language, which came to be known in English as grammar-books or grammars.1: 72 

Definition

Although the style and content of grammar-books varies enormously, they generally aim for a fairly systematic and comprehensive survey of one language's phonetics, morphology, syntax and word-formation. Since languages vary across time, space, social groups, genres, and so forth, grammars inevitably cannot represent every single aspect of a language, but usually select a particular variety with a view to a particular readership.2: 73–74 

The readerships of grammars and their needs vary widely. Grammars may be intended for native-speakers of a language or for learners. Many grammars are written for use by children learning a language in a school environment. Many grammars are reference grammars, intended not to be read from beginning to end like a textbook, but to enable readers to check particular details as the need arises. Some grammars are prescriptive, aiming to tell readers how they ought to use language; others are descriptive, aiming to tell readers how language is used in reality. In either case, popular grammars can be enormously influential on language-use.3: 73–74 

History

Further information: History of English grammars

The earliest known descriptive linguistic writing, leading to early grammar-books, took place in a Sanskrit community in northern India; the best known scholar of that linguistic tradition was Pāṇini, whose works are commonly dated to around the 5th century BCE.4 The earliest known grammar of a Western language is the second-century BCE Art of Grammar attributed to Dionysius Thrax, a grammar of Greek.

Key stages in the history of English grammars include Ælfric of Eynsham's composition around 995 CE of a grammar in Old English based on a compilation of two Latin grammars, Aelius Donatus's Ars maior and Priscian's Institutiones grammaticae. This was intended for use by English-speaking students of Latin, and is the first known grammar of Latin written in a vernacular language, but was arguably also intended to use Latin as a basis for explaining English grammar.5 A key step in the development of English grammars was the 1586 publication of William Bullokar's published his Pamphlet for Grammar, which used a framework derived from Latin grammars to show how English too had grammatical structures and rules.6: 74  Numerous grammars aimed at foreign learners of English, sometimes written in Latin, were published in the seventeenth century, while the eighteenth saw the emergence of English-language grammars aiming to instruct their Anglophone audiences in what the authors viewed as correct grammar, including an increasingly literate audience of women and children; this trend continued into the early twentieth century.7: 74–78  A key shift in grammar-writing is represented by Charles Carpenter Fries' 1952 The Structure of English, which aimed to give up-to-date, descriptive rather than prescriptive, information on English grammar, and drew on recordings of live speech to inform its claims.8: 74 

List of first printed grammars (1450–1800)

YearLanguageAuthorNotes
1451LatinAelius DonatusDonatus' Ars Minor was the first printed book by Johannes Gutenberg.9
1471Ancient GreekManuel ChrysolorasChrysoloras' Erotemata was the first printed book in greek language.10
1489HebrewMoses Kimhi11
1492SpanishAntonio de NebrijaNebrija's Gramática de la lengua castellana is the first printed grammar of a vernacular language.12
1505Andalusi ArabicPedro de Alcalá13
1516ItalianGiovanni Francesco Fortunio14
1527Biblical AramaicSebastian Münster15
1530FrenchJohn Palsgrave16
1533CzechBeneš Optát17
1534GermanValentin Ickelsamer18
1536PortugueseFernão de Oliveira19
1539HungarianJános Sylvester20
1539Classical ArabicGuillaume Postel21
1539SyriacTeseo Ambrogiowritten in collaboration with the Maronite monk Elias ibn Ibrahim.22
1543SicilianClaudio Mario d'Arezzo23
1552GeʽezMariano Vittoriowritten in collaboration with the ethiopian monk Täsfa Ṣǝyon.24
1558PurépechaMaturino GilbertiGilberti's Arte de la lengua de Michoacán is first printed grammar of an American indigenous language.25
1560QuechuaDomingo de Santo Tomás26
1567WelshGruffydd Robert27
1568PolishPierre Statorius28
1571NahuatlAlonso de Molina29
1578ZapotecJuan de Córdova30
1584DutchHendrik Laurenszoon Spiegel31
1584SloveneAdam Bohorič32
1586Church Slavonicanonymous33
1586EnglishWilliam Bullokar34
1593MixtecAntonio de los Reyes35
1595TupiJosé de Anchietaknown by the title Arte de gramática da língua mais usada na costa do Brasil36
1603AymaraLudovico Bertonio37
1604JapaneseJoão Rodrigues Tçuzuknown by the title Arte da Lingoa de Iapam38
1604CroatianBartol Kašić39
1606MapucheLuis de ValdiviaValdivia also published in 1607 two other grammars for Allentiac and Millcayac languages.40
1610TagalogFrancisco Blancas de San José41
1612MalayAlbert Cornelius Ruyl42
1612TurkishHieronymus Megiserbased on manuscript written by Hector von Ernau.43
1614TimucuaFrancisco Pareja44
1618HiligaynonAlonso de Méntrida45
1619ChibchaBernardo de Lugo46
1620Yucatec MayaJuan Coronel47
1622Modern GreekGirolamo Germano48
1624ArmenianFrancesco Rivola49
1627IlocanoFrancisco Lopez50
1636CopticAthanasius KircherKircher's Prodromus Coptus was based on manuscript written by Yuhanna al-Samannudi.51
1637EstonianHeinrich Stahl52
1637MazahuaDiego de Nágera Yanguas53
1638BasqueArnauld de Oihenart54
1639PersianLouis de Dieu55
1640GuaraniAntonio Ruiz de Montoya56
1640KonkaniThomas StephensStephens' Arte da Lingoa Canarim is the first printed grammar of any Indian language.57
1643GeorgianFrancesco Maria Maggio58
1643Old EnglishAbraham WheelockeA summary of the Old English grammar was included in Wheelocke's edition of Bede's Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum 59
1644MamDiego de Reynoso60
1644MochicaFernando de la Carrera61
1644LatvianJohans Georgs Rēhehūzens62
1647BikolAndrés de San Agustin63
1649FinnishEskil Petraeus64
1651VietnameseAlexandre de Rhodes65
1651IcelandicRunolf Jonsson66
1653LithuanianDaniel Klein67
1659KongoGiacinto Brusciotto68
1659BretonJulien Maunoir69
1663WarayDomingo Ezguerra70
1666MassachusettJohn Eliot71
1667KalinagoRaymond Breton72
1668DanishErik Pontoppidan73
1672TamilPhilippus Baldaeus74
1677IrishFroinsias Ó Maolmhuaidh75
1679SorbianXaver Jakub Ticin76
1680CumanagotoFrancisco de Tauste77
1681FrisianSimon Abbes GabbemaA grammar of Frisian was included in the Gabbema's edition of Gysbert Japiks's Friesche Rymlerye78
1683TarahumaraTomas de Guadalajara79
1686ManchuFerdinand Verbiest80
1689GothicGeorge Hickes81
1690PangasinanAndrés Lopez82
1696SwedishNils Tiällmann83
1696RussianHeinrich Wilhelm Ludolf84
1696ChineseMartino Martinipublished by Melchisédech Thévenot in his Relations de divers voyages curieux85
1697KimbunduPedro Dias86
1698AmharicHiob Ludolfwritten in collaboration with Abba Gorgoryos.87
1699KipeáLuigi Vincenzo MamianiMamiani published the only grammar of a non-Tupi language from colonial Brazil;88 see Arte de grammatica da lingua brasilica da naçam kiriri
1699Morocosianonymous89
1702OpataNatal Lombardo90
1707CornishEdward LhuydA grammar of cornish language was included in Lhuyd's Archæologia Britannica.91
1707SinhalaJohannes Ruell92
1716AlbanianFrancesco Maria da Lecce93
1729RomanshFlaminio da Sale94
1729KapampanganDiego Bergaño95
1729MixeAgustín de Quintana96
1731OtomiFrancisco Haedo97
1732LuleAntonio Maccioni98
1737CahitaTomás Basilio99
1738SámiPehr Fjellström100
1743HindiDavid Millsbased on manuscript written by Joan Josua Kettler.101
1743BengaliManuel da Assumpção102
1743TepehuanBenito Rinaldini103
1747HuastecCarlos de Tapia Zenteno104
1750MalteseAgius de Soldanis105
1752TotonacJosé Zambrano Bonilla106
1753KaqchikelIldefonso Joseph Flores107
1760Greenlandic Paul Egede108
1769Chuvashanonymous109
1770NegerhollandsJoachim Melchior Magens110
1775Marianonymous111
1775Udmurtanonymous112
1778Scottish GaelicWilliam Shaw113
1778Marathianonymous114
1779NeapolitanFerdinando Galiani115
1780RomanianSamuil Micu-Klein116
1782SardinianMatteo Madao117
1783PiedmonteseMaurizio Pipino118
1787KurdishMaurizio Garzoni119
1790SanskritPaulinus of St. Bartholomewbased on manuscript written by Johann Ernst Hanxleden.120
1790SlovakAnton Bernolák121
1794Slavo-SerbianAvram Mrazović122
1799MalayalamRobert Drummond123

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Books about grammar.

Further reading

  • Burke, Peter (2004). Languages and Communities in Early Modern Europe. Cambridge University Press.
  • Considine, John P. (2017). Small Dictionaries and Curiosity: Lexicography and Fieldwork in Post-medieval Europe. Oxford University Press.
  • Görlach, M. (1998), An annotated bibliography of nineteenth-century grammars of English (Amsterdam: Benjamins)
  • Graustein, G. and Leitner, G. (eds.) (1989), Reference grammars and modern linguistic theory, Linguistische Arbeiten, 226 (Tübingen: Niemeyer)
  • Hymes, Dell H. (1974). Studies in the history of linguistics: traditions and paradigms. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 361–379.
  • Law, Vivien (2003). The History of Linguistics in Europe: From Plato to 1600. Cambridge University Press. pp. 234–235.
  • Leitner, G. (1984), 'English grammaticology', International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, 23, 199–215.
  • Leitner, G. (ed.) (1986), The English reference grammar: language and linguistics, writers and readers (Tübingen: Niemeyer)
  • Leitner, G. (ed.) (1991), English traditional grammars: an international perspective (Amsterdam: Benjamins)
  • Stankiewicz, E. (1984). Grammars and Dictionaries of the Slavic Languages from the Middle Ages up to 1850: An Annotated Bibliography. De Gruyter Mouton.
  • Zwartjes, Otto (2011). Portuguese Missionary Grammars in Asia, Africa and Brazil, 1550-1800. John Benjamins Publishing.

References

  1. Andrew Linn, 'English Grammar Writing', in The Handbook of English Linguistics, ed. by Bas Aarts and April McMahon (Oxford: Blackwell, 2006), pp. 72–92. ↩

  2. Andrew Linn, 'English Grammar Writing', in The Handbook of English Linguistics, ed. by Bas Aarts and April McMahon (Oxford: Blackwell, 2006), pp. 72–92. ↩

  3. Andrew Linn, 'English Grammar Writing', in The Handbook of English Linguistics, ed. by Bas Aarts and April McMahon (Oxford: Blackwell, 2006), pp. 72–92. ↩

  4. François & Ponsonnet (2013). /wiki/Linguistic_description#FPencyclo ↩

  5. Melinda J. Menzer, 'Ælfric's English Grammar', The Journal of English and Germanic Philology, 103 (2004), 106-24. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27712404 ↩

  6. Andrew Linn, 'English Grammar Writing', in The Handbook of English Linguistics, ed. by Bas Aarts and April McMahon (Oxford: Blackwell, 2006), pp. 72–92. ↩

  7. Andrew Linn, 'English Grammar Writing', in The Handbook of English Linguistics, ed. by Bas Aarts and April McMahon (Oxford: Blackwell, 2006), pp. 72–92. ↩

  8. Andrew Linn, 'English Grammar Writing', in The Handbook of English Linguistics, ed. by Bas Aarts and April McMahon (Oxford: Blackwell, 2006), pp. 72–92. ↩

  9. Ingelhart, Louis E. (1998). Press and Speech Freedoms in the World, from Antiquity until 1998: A Chronology. Greenwood. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-313-30851-2. 978-0-313-30851-2 ↩

  10. Dondi, Cristina (2020). Printing R-evolution and Society 1450-1500: Fifty Years that Changed Europe. Edizioni Ca' Foscari - Digital Publishing. pp. 279–297. ISBN 978-88-6969-333-5. 978-88-6969-333-5 ↩

  11. Waltke, Bruce K.; O'Connor, Michael Patrick (1990). An introduction to biblical Hebrew syntax. Winona Lake, Ind: Eisenbrauns. p. 39. ISBN 0931464315. 0931464315 ↩

  12. Considine, John (22 December 2016). Small Dictionaries and Curiosity: Lexicography and Fieldwork in Post-Medieval Europe. Oxford University Press. pp. 243–265. ISBN 978-0-19-108793-6. 978-0-19-108793-6 ↩

  13. Toomer, G. J. (1996). Eastern Wisedome and Learning: The Study of Arabic in Seventeenth-century England. Clarendon Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-19-820291-2. 978-0-19-820291-2 ↩

  14. Considine, John (22 December 2016). Small Dictionaries and Curiosity: Lexicography and Fieldwork in Post-Medieval Europe. Oxford University Press. pp. 243–265. ISBN 978-0-19-108793-6. 978-0-19-108793-6 ↩

  15. Gzella, Holger (2015). "A Cultural History of Aramaic: From the Beginnings to the Advent of Islam". A Cultural History of Aramaic. Brill. p. 5. ISBN 978-90-04-28510-1. 978-90-04-28510-1 ↩

  16. Nadeau, Jean-Benoît; Barlow, Julie (8 January 2008). The Story of French. Macmillan + ORM. p. 73. ISBN 978-1-4299-3240-0. 978-1-4299-3240-0 ↩

  17. Stankiewicz 1984, p. 3. - Stankiewicz, E. (1984). Grammars and Dictionaries of the Slavic Languages from the Middle Ages up to 1850: An Annotated Bibliography. De Gruyter Mouton. ↩

  18. Considine, John (22 December 2016). Small Dictionaries and Curiosity: Lexicography and Fieldwork in Post-Medieval Europe. Oxford University Press. pp. 243–265. ISBN 978-0-19-108793-6. 978-0-19-108793-6 ↩

  19. Mateus, Maria Helena; d'Andrade, Ernesto (8 June 2000). The Phonology of Portuguese. OUP Oxford. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-19-159050-4. 978-0-19-159050-4 ↩

  20. Baddeley, Susan; Voeste, Anja (30 July 2012). Orthographies in Early Modern Europe. Walter de Gruyter. p. 338. ISBN 978-3-11-028817-9. 978-3-11-028817-9 ↩

  21. Loop, Jan; Hamilton, Alastair; Burnett, Charles (13 February 2017). "The Teaching and Learning of Arabic in Early Modern Europe". The Teaching and Learning of Arabic in Early Modern Europe. Brill. p. 213. ISBN 978-90-04-33862-3. 978-90-04-33862-3 ↩

  22. Raheb, Mitri; Lamport, Mark A. (2020). The Rowman & Littlefield Handbook of Christianity in the Middle East. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 290. ISBN 978-1-5381-2418-5. 978-1-5381-2418-5 ↩

  23. Degl’Innocenti, Luca; Richardson, Brian; Sbordoni, Chiara (2 March 2016). Interactions between Orality and Writing in Early Modern Italian Culture. Routledge. p. 29. ISBN 978-1-317-11476-5. 978-1-317-11476-5 ↩

  24. Kelly, Samantha (2024). Translating faith: Ethiopian pilgrims in Renaissance Rome. Harvard University Press. p. 243. ISBN 9780674294172. 9780674294172 ↩

  25. Fountain, Catherine (2024). "2 Missionary linguistics in Mesoamerica". In Wichmann, Søren (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of Mexico and Northern Central America: A Comprehensive Guide. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 5–32. ISBN 978-3-11-042170-5. 978-3-11-042170-5 ↩

  26. Adelaar, Willem F. H. (27 January 2012). "Historical overview: Descriptive and comparative research on South American Indian languages". The Indigenous Languages of South America: A Comprehensive Guide. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 1–58. ISBN 978-3-11-025803-5. 978-3-11-025803-5 ↩

  27. Considine, John (22 December 2016). Small Dictionaries and Curiosity: Lexicography and Fieldwork in Post-Medieval Europe. Oxford University Press. pp. 243–265. ISBN 978-0-19-108793-6. 978-0-19-108793-6 ↩

  28. Stankiewicz 1984, p. 35. - Stankiewicz, E. (1984). Grammars and Dictionaries of the Slavic Languages from the Middle Ages up to 1850: An Annotated Bibliography. De Gruyter Mouton. ↩

  29. Fountain, Catherine (2024). "2 Missionary linguistics in Mesoamerica". In Wichmann, Søren (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of Mexico and Northern Central America: A Comprehensive Guide. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 5–32. ISBN 978-3-11-042170-5. 978-3-11-042170-5 ↩

  30. Fountain, Catherine (2024). "2 Missionary linguistics in Mesoamerica". In Wichmann, Søren (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of Mexico and Northern Central America: A Comprehensive Guide. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 5–32. ISBN 978-3-11-042170-5. 978-3-11-042170-5 ↩

  31. Considine, John (22 December 2016). Small Dictionaries and Curiosity: Lexicography and Fieldwork in Post-Medieval Europe. Oxford University Press. pp. 243–265. ISBN 978-0-19-108793-6. 978-0-19-108793-6 ↩

  32. Stankiewicz 1984, p. 98. - Stankiewicz, E. (1984). Grammars and Dictionaries of the Slavic Languages from the Middle Ages up to 1850: An Annotated Bibliography. De Gruyter Mouton. ↩

  33. Considine, John (22 December 2016). Small Dictionaries and Curiosity: Lexicography and Fieldwork in Post-Medieval Europe. Oxford University Press. pp. 243–265. ISBN 978-0-19-108793-6. 978-0-19-108793-6 ↩

  34. Considine, John (22 December 2016). Small Dictionaries and Curiosity: Lexicography and Fieldwork in Post-Medieval Europe. Oxford University Press. pp. 243–265. ISBN 978-0-19-108793-6. 978-0-19-108793-6 ↩

  35. Fountain, Catherine (2024). "2 Missionary linguistics in Mesoamerica". In Wichmann, Søren (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of Mexico and Northern Central America: A Comprehensive Guide. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 5–32. ISBN 978-3-11-042170-5. 978-3-11-042170-5 ↩

  36. Adelaar, Willem F. H. (27 January 2012). "Historical overview: Descriptive and comparative research on South American Indian languages". The Indigenous Languages of South America: A Comprehensive Guide. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 1–58. ISBN 978-3-11-025803-5. 978-3-11-025803-5 ↩

  37. Adelaar, Willem F. H. (27 January 2012). "Historical overview: Descriptive and comparative research on South American Indian languages". The Indigenous Languages of South America: A Comprehensive Guide. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 1–58. ISBN 978-3-11-025803-5. 978-3-11-025803-5 ↩

  38. Paxman, David B. (2 March 2017). Voyage into Language: Space and the Linguistic Encounter, 1500–1800. Routledge. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-351-87415-1. 978-1-351-87415-1 ↩

  39. Stankiewicz 1984, p. 77. - Stankiewicz, E. (1984). Grammars and Dictionaries of the Slavic Languages from the Middle Ages up to 1850: An Annotated Bibliography. De Gruyter Mouton. ↩

  40. Adelaar, Willem F. H. (27 January 2012). "Historical overview: Descriptive and comparative research on South American Indian languages". The Indigenous Languages of South America: A Comprehensive Guide. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 1–58. ISBN 978-3-11-025803-5. 978-3-11-025803-5 ↩

  41. Vibar, Arwin (2021). "Grammar Writing in the Philippines (1610-1904)". Moenia. 27. doi:10.15304/moenia.id6930. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  42. Zhiri, Oumelbanine Nina (5 September 2023). Beyond Orientalism: Ahmad ibn Qasim al-Hajari between Europe and North Africa. Univ of California Press. p. 152. ISBN 978-0-520-39046-1. 978-0-520-39046-1 ↩

  43. Palabıyık, Nil Ö (2023). Silent teachers: Turkish books and oriental learning in early modern Europe, 1544-1669. Routledge. p. 205. ISBN 0367359782. 0367359782 ↩

  44. Mithun, Marianne (7 June 2001). The Languages of Native North America. Cambridge University Press. pp. 4–5. ISBN 978-0-521-29875-9. 978-0-521-29875-9 ↩

  45. Vibar, Arwin (2021). "Grammar Writing in the Philippines (1610-1904)". Moenia. 27. doi:10.15304/moenia.id6930. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  46. Adelaar, Willem F. H. (27 January 2012). "Historical overview: Descriptive and comparative research on South American Indian languages". The Indigenous Languages of South America: A Comprehensive Guide. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 1–58. ISBN 978-3-11-025803-5. 978-3-11-025803-5 ↩

  47. Fountain, Catherine (2024). "2 Missionary linguistics in Mesoamerica". In Wichmann, Søren (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of Mexico and Northern Central America: A Comprehensive Guide. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 5–32. ISBN 978-3-11-042170-5. 978-3-11-042170-5 ↩

  48. Considine, John (22 December 2016). Small Dictionaries and Curiosity: Lexicography and Fieldwork in Post-Medieval Europe. Oxford University Press. pp. 243–265. ISBN 978-0-19-108793-6. 978-0-19-108793-6 ↩

  49. Considine, John P. (2017). Small Dictionaries and Curiosity: Lexicography and Fieldwork in Post-medieval Europe. Oxford University Press. p. 244. ISBN 978-0-19-878501-9. 978-0-19-878501-9 ↩

  50. Vibar, Arwin (2021). "Grammar Writing in the Philippines (1610-1904)". Moenia. 27. doi:10.15304/moenia.id6930. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  51. Hamilton, Alastair (2006). The Copts and the West, 1439-1822: The European Discovery of the Egyptian Church. OUP Oxford. p. 199-206. ISBN 978-0-19-928877-9. 978-0-19-928877-9 ↩

  52. Considine, John (22 December 2016). Small Dictionaries and Curiosity: Lexicography and Fieldwork in Post-Medieval Europe. Oxford University Press. pp. 243–265. ISBN 978-0-19-108793-6. 978-0-19-108793-6 ↩

  53. Fountain, Catherine (2024). "2 Missionary linguistics in Mesoamerica". In Wichmann, Søren (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of Mexico and Northern Central America: A Comprehensive Guide. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 5–32. ISBN 978-3-11-042170-5. 978-3-11-042170-5 ↩

  54. Trask, R. L. (13 September 2013). The History of Basque. Routledge. p. 51. ISBN 978-1-136-16756-0. 978-1-136-16756-0 ↩

  55. Bruijn, J. T. P. (31 October 2008). General Introduction to Persian Literature: History of Persian Literature A, Vol I. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 282. ISBN 978-0-85773-650-5. 978-0-85773-650-5 ↩

  56. Adelaar, Willem F. H. (27 January 2012). "Historical overview: Descriptive and comparative research on South American Indian languages". The Indigenous Languages of South America: A Comprehensive Guide. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 1–58. ISBN 978-3-11-025803-5. 978-3-11-025803-5 ↩

  57. Neill, Stephen (1984). A History of Christianity in India: The Beginnings to AD 1707. Cambridge University Press. p. 241. ISBN 978-0-521-54885-4. 978-0-521-54885-4 ↩

  58. Considine, John (22 December 2016). Small Dictionaries and Curiosity: Lexicography and Fieldwork in Post-Medieval Europe. Oxford University Press. pp. 243–265. ISBN 978-0-19-108793-6. 978-0-19-108793-6 ↩

  59. Brackmann, Rebecca (2023). Old English Scholarship in the Seventeenth Century: Medievalism and National Crisis. Boydell & Brewer. p. 54. ISBN 978-1-84384-652-9. 978-1-84384-652-9 ↩

  60. Fountain, Catherine (2024). "2 Missionary linguistics in Mesoamerica". In Wichmann, Søren (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of Mexico and Northern Central America: A Comprehensive Guide. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 5–32. ISBN 978-3-11-042170-5. 978-3-11-042170-5 ↩

  61. Adelaar, Willem F. H. (27 January 2012). "Historical overview: Descriptive and comparative research on South American Indian languages". The Indigenous Languages of South America: A Comprehensive Guide. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 1–58. ISBN 978-3-11-025803-5. 978-3-11-025803-5 ↩

  62. Baldi, Philip (1 June 2011). Linguistic Change and Reconstruction Methodology. Walter de Gruyter. p. 360. ISBN 978-3-11-088609-2. 978-3-11-088609-2 ↩

  63. Lobel, J. W. (1 January 2006). "Bikol". Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics (Second Edition). Elsevier. pp. 771–773. ISBN 978-0-08-044854-1. 978-0-08-044854-1 ↩

  64. Considine, John (22 December 2016). Small Dictionaries and Curiosity: Lexicography and Fieldwork in Post-Medieval Europe. Oxford University Press. pp. 243–265. ISBN 978-0-19-108793-6. 978-0-19-108793-6 ↩

  65. Zwartjes, Otto; Troia, Paolo De (2021). Missionary Linguistics VI: Missionary Linguistics in Asia. Selected papers from the Tenth International Conference on Missionary Linguistics, Rome, 21–24 March 2018. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 202. ISBN 978-90-272-5843-4. 978-90-272-5843-4 ↩

  66. Koerner, E. F. K.; Asher, R. E. (28 June 2014). Concise History of the Language Sciences: From the Sumerians to the Cognitivists. Elsevier. p. 181. ISBN 978-1-4832-9754-5. 978-1-4832-9754-5 ↩

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