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Tagdal language
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<h2 id="phonology">Phonology</h2> <h3>Consonants</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" rowspan="2"></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Labial_consonant/bv4MqTMf">Labial</a></th><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Alveolar_consonant/B6VkW2EX">Alveolar</a></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Postalveolar_consonant/YUo5nJly">Post-alv.</a>/<a href="/facts/Palatal_consonant/KLcKyXE8">Palatal</a></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Velar_consonant/blWClp79">Velar</a></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Uvular_consonant/XA5mSSKK">Uvular</a></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Pharyngeal_consonant/ypfYew9Y">Pharyn-geal</a></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Glottal_consonant/rMdEdLxH">Glottal</a></th></tr><tr><th>plain</th><th><a href="/facts/Pharyngealization/yesDa9qg">phar.</a></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Nasal_consonant/m6D3cVhe">Nasal</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_bilabial_nasal/1pd7NK2x">m</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_nasal/0CEs8314">n</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Pharyngealization/yesDa9qg">nˤ</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_velar_nasal/r6v5q92L">ŋ</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Stop_consonant/okC9pztc">Plosive</a>/<a href="/facts/Affricate/Fn2y7FIA">Affricate</a></th><th>voiceless</th><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive/1GaDe2Vy">t</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Pharyngealization/yesDa9qg">tˤ</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate/14FYMJvN">tʃ</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_velar_plosive/dDppVb6e">k</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_uvular_plosive/aKeHjs1N">q</a></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>voiced</th><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_bilabial_plosive/6ReC9arR">b</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_plosive/A6hNvmCp">d</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Pharyngealization/yesDa9qg">dˤ</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate/o7oYJUqz">dʒ</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_velar_plosive/f6udTvfQ">ɡ</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Fricative_consonant/1FQuuhfX">Fricative</a></th><th>voiceless</th><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative/dUkN8guL">f</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative/WLKtEYDe">s</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Pharyngealization/yesDa9qg">sˤ</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative/enUwqS2w">ʃ</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_velar_fricative/mrKPhobk">x</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative/Y2qSAoED">ħ</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_glottal_fricative/lfRB7CPW">h</a></td></tr><tr><th>voiced</th><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_fricative/TtHwyzp6">z</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Pharyngealization/yesDa9qg">zˤ</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative/Tb8XpRoS">ʒ</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_velar_fricative/ESy9fy1G">ɣ</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative/vv0pypE7">ʕ</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Tap_and_flap_consonants/5SFjKYlX">Tap</a></th><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps/EvQ781EU">ɾ</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Pharyngealization/yesDa9qg">ɾˤ</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Lateral_consonant/Mcyc1or8">Lateral</a></th><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant/dgbHhqeK">l</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Pharyngealization/yesDa9qg">lˤ</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Approximant_consonant/SXrlw7zY">Approximant</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_labial%25E2%2580%2593velar_approximant/HLDqbrvr">w</a></td><td></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_palatal_approximant/v0NVCbUh">j</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>/w/ may be heard as [ʋ] in the Tarbun dialect.</li></ul> <h3>Vowels</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th></th><th><a href="/facts/Front_vowel/htKQs3AT">Front</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Central_vowel/IFSaKUe9">Central</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Back_vowel/gyHoGCH0">Back</a></th></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Close_vowel/Ne6tHQHR">Close</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Close_front_unrounded_vowel/rSUdlCPU">i</a> <a href="/facts/Close_front_unrounded_vowel/rSUdlCPU">iː</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Close_back_rounded_vowel/gqlQLfse">u</a> <a href="/facts/Close_back_rounded_vowel/gqlQLfse">uː</a></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Mid_vowel/uzjGLRhf">Mid</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel/e9YNLF97">e</a> <a href="/facts/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel/e9YNLF97">eː</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Mid_central_vowel/CCx0wYy3">ə</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel/VwS9cKWJ">o</a> <a href="/facts/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel/VwS9cKWJ">oː</a></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Open_vowel/roS0Y7lA">Open</a></th><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Open_front_unrounded_vowel/s80pvmYh">a</a> <a href="/facts/Open_front_unrounded_vowel/s80pvmYh">aː</a></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Each of the vowels /i, e, ə, a, o, u/ tend to fluctuate within the presence of the phonemes /x, ɣ, q, ʕ, ħ/ or of a pharyngealized consonant, as [ɨ, ɛ, ʌ, ɑ, ɔ, o].<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="grammar">Grammar</h2> <p>Tagdal is an <a href="/facts/Agglutinative_language/yd4Iee5p">agglutinative language</a>, most likely due to Tuareg influence.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a>: 71 </p> <h3>Pronouns</h3> <p>Tagdal gets its pronominal system from Northern Songhay languages. </p> <table><tbody><tr><th></th><th>Singular</th><th>Plural</th></tr><tr><th>1st</th><td>ɣɑy</td><td>iri</td></tr><tr><th>2nd</th><td>nin</td><td>ɑnji</td></tr><tr><th>3rd</th><td>ɑnga</td><td>ingi</td></tr></tbody></table> Subject prefixes:<table><tbody><tr><th></th><th>Singular</th><th>Plural</th></tr><tr><th>1st</th><td>ɣɑ-</td><td>iri-</td></tr><tr><th>2nd</th><td>ɘn/ni-</td><td>ɑnji-</td></tr><tr><th>3rd</th><td>ɑ-</td><td>i-</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Tadgal has two different prefixes used for negation. The first is <i>nɘ</i>-, which functions as perfective negation, and is the default choice for negation. It indicates something that might have happened in the past, but didn't, or in the case of stative verbs, something that is not true. The other negation prefix is <i>sɘ</i>-, which acts as a negation in the present or future. Uses of this negation are shown in these examples:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p> <ul><li><i>ɣɑnɘkoy</i>: I did not go</li> <li><i>ɣɑsɘbkoy</i>: I was not going/I do not (habitually) go</li> <li><i>ɣɑnəyɑrdɑ</i>: I disagree</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Ritter, Georg (2009). Wörterbuch zur Sprache und Kultur der Twareg II Deutsch-Twareg. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. p. 735. <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Tagdal at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023) <a href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/tda" target="_blank">https://www.ethnologue.com/language/tda</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Benítez-Torres, Carlos M. (2009). "Inflectional vs. Derivational Morphology in Tagdal: A Mixed Language" (PDF). In Masangu Matondo; Fiona Mc Laughlin; Eric Potsdam (eds.). In Selected Proceedings of the 38th Annual Conference on African Linguistics. Somerville: Cascadilla Proceedings Project. pp. 69–83. <a href="http://www.lingref.com/cpp/acal/38/paper2136.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.lingref.com/cpp/acal/38/paper2136.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Michael J Rueck; Niels Christiansen. Northern Songhay languages in Mali and Niger, a sociolinguistic survey. Summer Institute of Linguistics (1999). <a href="http://www.sil.org/silesr/1999/008/nsonghay.html" target="_blank">http://www.sil.org/silesr/1999/008/nsonghay.html</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Catherine Taine-Cheikh. Les langues parlées au sud Sahara et au nord Sahel. De l'Atlantique à l'Ennedi (Catalogue de l'exposition « Sahara-Sahel »), Centre Culturel Français d'Abidjan (Ed.) (1989) 155-173 <a href="http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00456346/" target="_blank">http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00456346/</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Benítez-Torres, Carlos M. (2009). "Inflectional vs. Derivational Morphology in Tagdal: A Mixed Language" (PDF). In Masangu Matondo; Fiona Mc Laughlin; Eric Potsdam (eds.). In Selected Proceedings of the 38th Annual Conference on African Linguistics. Somerville: Cascadilla Proceedings Project. pp. 69–83. <a href="http://www.lingref.com/cpp/acal/38/paper2136.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.lingref.com/cpp/acal/38/paper2136.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Michael J Rueck; Niels Christiansen. Northern Songhay languages in Mali and Niger, a sociolinguistic survey. Summer Institute of Linguistics (1999). <a href="http://www.sil.org/silesr/1999/008/nsonghay.html" target="_blank">http://www.sil.org/silesr/1999/008/nsonghay.html</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Benítez-Torres, Carlos M. (2021). A Grammar of Tagdal: a Northern Songhay language. Leiden University. hdl:1887/3240577. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Benítez-Torres, Carlos M. (2009). "Inflectional vs. Derivational Morphology in Tagdal: A Mixed Language" (PDF). In Masangu Matondo; Fiona Mc Laughlin; Eric Potsdam (eds.). In Selected Proceedings of the 38th Annual Conference on African Linguistics. Somerville: Cascadilla Proceedings Project. pp. 69–83. <a href="http://www.lingref.com/cpp/acal/38/paper2136.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.lingref.com/cpp/acal/38/paper2136.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Benítez-Torres, Carlos M. (2009). Inflectional vs. Derivational Morphology in Tagdal: A Mixed Language. Cascadilla Proceedings Project. pp. 69–83. ISBN 9781574734294. <a href="9781574734294" target="_blank">9781574734294</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>