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Matbat language
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<h2 id="distribution">Distribution</h2> <p>Matbat is spoken in the following locations within <a href="/facts/Raja_Ampat_Regency/PXggWpjM">Raja Ampat Regency</a>:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p> <ul><li>Misool Timur District: Tumolol, Lenmalas, Lenmalas Timur Barat, Audam, Foley, and Eduai villages</li> <li>Misool Utara District: Atkari and Salafen villages</li> <li>Misool Barat District: Magei village</li></ul> <h2 id="phonology">Phonology</h2> <p>The phonology of the Matbat language is summarized below:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> </p> Consonant sounds<table><tbody><tr><th></th><th><a href="/facts/Labial_consonant/bv4MqTMf">Labial</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Alveolar_consonant/B6VkW2EX">Alveolar</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Palatal_consonant/KLcKyXE8">Palatal</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Velar_consonant/blWClp79">Velar</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Glottal_consonant/rMdEdLxH">Glottal</a></th></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Stop_consonant/okC9pztc">Plosive</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive/w4M9Igp6">p</a> <a href="/facts/Voiced_bilabial_plosive/6ReC9arR">b</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive/1GaDe2Vy">t</a> <a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_plosive/A6hNvmCp">d</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_velar_plosive/dDppVb6e">k</a> <a href="/facts/Voiced_velar_plosive/f6udTvfQ">g</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Fricative_consonant/1FQuuhfX">Fricative</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative/dUkN8guL">f</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative/WLKtEYDe">s</a></td><td></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_glottal_fricative/lfRB7CPW">h</a></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Nasal_consonant/m6D3cVhe">Nasal</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_bilabial_nasal/1pd7NK2x">m</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_nasal/0CEs8314">n</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_velar_nasal/r6v5q92L">ŋ</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Lateral_consonant/Mcyc1or8">Lateral</a></th><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant/dgbHhqeK">l</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Glide_consonant/9nPDkQdw">Glide</a></th><td></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_palatal_approximant/v0NVCbUh">j</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant/HLDqbrvr">w</a></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>/j/ can be heard freely as [ʝ] or [ɟ] in word-initial position.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p> Vowel sounds<table><tbody><tr><th></th><th><a href="/facts/Front_vowel/htKQs3AT">Front</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Back_vowel/gyHoGCH0">Back</a></th></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Close_vowel/Ne6tHQHR">Close</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Close_front_unrounded_vowel/rSUdlCPU">i</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Close_back_rounded_vowel/gqlQLfse">u</a></td></tr><tr><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Mid_vowel/uzjGLRhf">Mid</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel/e9YNLF97">e</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel/VwS9cKWJ">o</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel/aDRvwE46">ɛ</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel/yMNUClGt">ɔ</a></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Open_vowel/roS0Y7lA">Open</a></th><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Open_front_unrounded_vowel/s80pvmYh">a</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Tones</h3> <p>Matbat has five lexical tones: high falling ˥˩ 41, high ˦ 3, low rising ˩˨ 12, low level ˩ 1, and low falling ˨˩ 21, which in open syllables has a peaking allophone, ˩˨˩ 121. Most Matbat words are monosyllabic; additional syllables in polysyllabic words are often weak and toneless, though a few words do have two tonic syllables. Examples of some of the longer monomorphemic words are /kamow˩˨/ 'star', /wuj˦te/ 'sea shore', /sapu˥˩luj˩˨/ 'round', /bim˦bom˩˨˩pu/ 'butterfly'. </p> <h2 id="evolution">Evolution</h2> <p><a href="/facts/Tonogenesis/eprhXrWJ">Tonogenesis</a> in Matbat remains unclear. Some Matbat reflexes of <a href="/facts/Proto-Malayo-Polynesian_language/vdtfHQFW">Proto-Malayo-Polynesian</a> (PMP) proto-forms are listed below.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a>: 658–659 </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Proto-Malayo-Polynesian_language/vdtfHQFW">PMP</a> *<i>bunuq</i> > Mayá <i>bu³n</i> 'kill'</li> <li><a href="/facts/Proto-Malayo-Polynesian_language/vdtfHQFW">PMP</a> *<i>penuq</i> > <i>fo¹²n</i> 'full'</li> <li><a href="/facts/Proto-Malayo-Polynesian_language/vdtfHQFW">PMP</a> *<i>salaq</i> > <i>sa³l</i> 'error'</li> <li><a href="/facts/Proto-Malayo-Polynesian_language/vdtfHQFW">PMP</a> *<i>qateluR</i> (> *<i>teluR</i>) > <i>to¹²l</i> 'egg'</li> <li><a href="/facts/Proto-Malayo-Polynesian_language/vdtfHQFW">PMP</a> *<i>matay</i> > <i>ma¹²t</i> 'die'</li> <li><a href="/facts/Proto-Malayo-Polynesian_language/vdtfHQFW">PMP</a> *<i>kutu</i> > <i>u³t</i> 'louse'</li></ul> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>Remijsen, Bert (2001). "A Second Ra Tone Language: Matbat". <a href="https://www.lotpublications.nl/Documents/049_fulltext.pdf"><i>Word-Prosodic Systems of Raja Ampat Languages</i></a> (PDF). Leiden University. pp. 89–104. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 90-76864-09-8.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Remijsen, A. C. L. (2002). Word-Prosodic Systems of Raja Ampat Languages. Leiden: Leiden University. <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Kamholz, David (2014). Austronesians in Papua: Diversification and Change in South Halmahera–West New Guinea (Ph.D. thesis). University of California, Berkeley. <a href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8zg8b1vd" target="_blank">https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8zg8b1vd</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Blust, Robert (2013). The Austronesian Languages (Revised ed.). Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. hdl:1885/10191. ISBN 978-1-922185-07-5. <a href="978-1-922185-07-5" target="_blank">978-1-922185-07-5</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Ronsumbre, Adolof (2020). Ensiklopedia Suku Bangsa di Provinsi Papua Barat. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kepel Press. ISBN 978-602-356-318-0. <a href="978-602-356-318-0" target="_blank">978-602-356-318-0</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Remijsen, Bert (2010). Nouns and Verbs in Magey Matbat. Michael C. Ewing and Marian Klamer (eds.), East Nusantara: typological and areal analyses: Australian National University. pp. 281–311. <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Remijsen, A. C. L. (2002). Word-Prosodic Systems of Raja Ampat Languages. Leiden: Leiden University. <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Blust, Robert (2013). The Austronesian Languages (Revised ed.). Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. hdl:1885/10191. ISBN 978-1-922185-07-5. <a href="978-1-922185-07-5" target="_blank">978-1-922185-07-5</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>