HJ-8

<h2 id="development">Development</h2>
In 1970, China's armored corps first proposed to develop a successor to <a href="/facts/HJ-73/BmKsGV3h">HJ-73</a> and this was later approved, designated as the AFT-8 or HJ-8. The missile was jointly developed by Research Institute 203 and 282nd Factory, but the program was interrupted by political turmoil. The key designers were Wang Xingzhi (王兴治) and Zhao Jiazheng (赵家铮), who developed the missile. Development was not completed until the early 1980s, after the end of the <a href="/facts/Cultural_Revolution/1EAQGgYk">Cultural Revolution</a>. After receiving state certification, the missile entered mass production in 1984. HJ-8 is an <a href="/facts/SACLOS/mEVYsI0V">optically tracked, wire guided</a> <a href="/facts/ATGM/I3C5D1CS">ATGM</a>.
HJ-8 and its variants are manufactured by <a href="/facts/NORINCO/2wWtg6JI">NORINCO</a>'s Factory 282 (Jiangnan Machine Factory—江南机器厂), Factory 5618 (Hunan South China Photoelectricity Instrument Plant—湖南华南光电仪器厂) of China<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1">1</a> and <a href="/facts/Khan_Research_Laboratories/e9S46rI2">Khan Research Laboratories</a> of Pakistan, now by GIDS.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2">2</a>

<h2 id="design">Design</h2>

The HJ-8 series is China's first indigenous anti-tank missile design<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3">3</a> and it can be considered an equivalent of the US <a href="/facts/BGM-71_TOW/90uNdkCr">BGM-71 TOW</a> and Franco-German <a href="/facts/MILAN/0xrtbPdt">MILAN</a> / <a href="/facts/Euromissile_HOT/SRCgNKA1">Euromissile HOT</a> anti-tank missiles. HJ-8 is a tube-launched, optically tracked and <a href="/facts/Wire-guided_missile/xCYv9eLl">wire-guided</a> missile system armed with a <a href="/facts/HEAT/e9QqQ0B2">HEAT</a> anti-tank warhead. The HJ-8 is a combination many experts believe of three Western antitank missile systems obtained from nations in the Middle East and Asia that were then examined, reverse engineered and modified: the tripod from the US <a href="/facts/BGM-71_TOW/90uNdkCr">BGM-71 TOW</a>; the tracker-control unit from the French/German <a href="/facts/MILAN/0xrtbPdt">MILAN</a>; and the missile from the UK <a href="/facts/Swingfire/hkfLmE2F">Swingfire</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a>
There are numerous improved models following the original HJ-8, designated HJ-8A to HJ-8H, each incorporating improved features over the previous model. HJ-8E entered service in mid-1990. The HJ-8E anti-tank missile weighs 24.5 kg, has a range of up to 4,000 m, and can also defeat <a href="/facts/Explosive_reactive_armour/lAL4HG0n">explosive reactive armour</a> (ERA). It can penetrate 800–1100 mm of <a href="/facts/Rolled_homogeneous_armour/TzLh1mEU">RHA</a> at 0° incidence / 180+ mm RHA at 68° incidence.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a>
Designed to be both dependable and accurate, HJ-8 is now the standard <a href="/facts/Anti-tank/wL0Vh0mV">anti-tank</a> armament of the <a href="/facts/Harbin_Z-9/nfu1aw83">Z-9W</a>, <a href="/facts/Mil_Mi-17/hJpHCqoW">Mi-17</a>, and <a href="/facts/A%25C3%25A9rospatiale_Gazelle/doJBtJJj">Gazelle</a> (replacing the original <a href="/facts/Euromissile_HOT/SRCgNKA1">Euromissile HOT</a> first carried) <a href="/facts/Helicopter_gunship/xmS4cHEF">helicopter gunships</a> of the <a href="/facts/People%2527s_Liberation_Army/nr4YlS9J">PLA</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a>

<h3>Turret launch platform</h3>
A launching platform that can be installed on armoured fighting vehicles has been developed by <a href="/facts/Norinco/2wWtg6JI">Norinco</a> for use as an HJ-8 launching platform, the SW-1 one-man turret. The all-steel welded SW-1 turret weighs 1,750 kg and can be installed on various tracked or wheeled vehicles. The turret is stated to be immune to 0.50 caliber armour-piercing rounds at close range (100 meters) and protection is further increased when add-on armour is installed. The turret can traverse 360 degrees and be elevated -40 to +60 degrees. The fire-control system, based on that of HJ-8H, is internally mounted.
The primary armament of SW-1 includes four HJ-8H ATGM, with two mounted in the rear location on each side of the turret. The secondary armament comprises a 30 mm main gun and a coaxial 0.30 caliber machine gun. A variety of ammo can be used and the maximum rate of fire of the main gun is around 6 rounds per second, and automatic fire can be selected at various rates. The 30-mm gun is claimed to be effective against ground targets up to 4 km away<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a> and aerial targets at 2 km, while the HJ-8H missile is effective against ground targets at ranges of 4 km away, and against low and slow aerial targets at the same range. A follow-on model that is remotely operated weighing 1.4 ton has completed its development and entered Chinese service, designed by the same designer, Wu Lixin (吴立辛). Like its predecessor, this unmanned model was also first tested by using HJ-73C ATGM. The unmanned version carries 160 rounds of 30 mm ammunition.

<h2 id="combat-use">Combat use</h2>
<h3>Bosnia and Herzegovina</h3>
The Baktar-Shikan variant of HJ-8 were supplied to Bosnian government forces by Pakistan in early 1993. It was used by Bosniak army forces against Serb forces tanks during the 1993 offensive, helping them destroy Serb tanks.

<h3>Sri Lanka</h3>
The <a href="/facts/Sri_Lanka_Army/0zDWkFQ4">Sri Lanka Army</a> acquired HJ-8 from China during the civil conflict against the separatist <a href="/facts/Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam/rWpNHtoI">Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam</a> (LTTE).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a> They were mostly used to destroy LTTE structures, including bunkers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a>
On at least one occasion during the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Mullaitivu_(2009)/hoEToX2u">2009 Battle of Mullaitivu</a>, the Sri Lankan Army used these weapons against <a href="/facts/Fast_attack_craft/EcG0q2jI">fast attack craft</a> of the <a href="/facts/Sea_Tigers/lQbmKjfX">Sea Tigers</a>, the LTTE's naval wing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a>

<h3>Syria</h3>
Since June 2013, videos showing the use of the HJ-8 by <a href="/facts/Free_Syrian_Army/eUYQEwra">Free Syrian Army</a> rebels against <a href="/facts/Syrian_Arab_Army/n5wJBQQu">Syrian Arab Army</a> armor have surfaced and have been successful in destroying <a href="/facts/T-72/UC9ClUIh">T-72</a> tanks.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a>

<h3>Iraq</h3>
Since December 2014, videos showing the use of the HJ-8 by the <a href="/facts/Peshmerga/r80VNVkl">Peshmerga</a> against <a href="/facts/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant/agpVzR4K">Islamic State</a> (ISIL) have surfaced. The HJ-8 systems might have been captured from ISIL stockpiles.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a> The HJ-8 may have been responsible for the destruction of an Iraqi Army <a href="/facts/M1_Abrams/hf3YUcah">M1 Abrams</a> tank by the <a href="/facts/Peshmerga/r80VNVkl">Peshmerga</a> in the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Kirkuk_(2017)/22pIM035">Battle Of Altun Kupri</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a>

<h3>Pakistan</h3>
The Bhaktar Shikan variant of the HJ-8 made by Pakistan has been used in large numbers against <a href="/facts/Tehrik_e_Taliban_Pakistan/7DTetBA7">TTP</a> insurgents during <a href="/facts/Operation_Zarb-e-Azb/t5PR8Eef">Operation Zarb-e-Azb</a> where it was mainly used to destroy hideouts and caves where the insurgents would usually hide. Its use in the <a href="/facts/Line_of_Control/ApKNJfnx">Line of Control</a> was reported against Indian Army bunkers and checkposts on the Line of Control during border skirmishes.

<h3>Gaza Strip</h3>
On June 24, 2024, <a href="/facts/Al-Qassam_Brigades/yggRS8Mm">Izz Adin al-Qassam Brigades</a> published footage of its forces targeting an Israeli Defence Force <a href="/facts/Namer/KwLNpFdC">Namer APC</a> engineering variant equipped with a <a href="/facts/Rafael_Carpet/zqJ4D7WR">CARPET</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a> thermobaric demining system using an HJ-8, which directly hit the vehicle from the rear and set off an exterior fire which then spread inside.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a> This is the first documented use of this weapon by Al-Qassam Brigades, although other Chinese weapons have reportedly previously been used in the Strip.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a>
On August 1, 2024 <a href="/facts/Al-Qassam_Brigades/yggRS8Mm">Izz Adin al-Qassam Brigades</a> published a second footage of its operatives targeting an Israeli <a href="/facts/Namer/KwLNpFdC">Namer</a> APC hitting it from the side, successfully bypassing the <a href="/facts/Trophy_(countermeasure)/w9zj5RzF">Trophy APS</a> that was present on the vehicle.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a>

<h2 id="variants">Variants</h2>
Launchers:

<ul><li>HJ-8 – The original version. Claimed to be able to achieve a kill probability of 90%<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a></li>
<li>HJ-8A – First upgrade of HJ-8 with greater penetration power, slightly larger than HJ-8, with range increased to 4 km.</li>
<li>HJ-8B – A HJ-8 model specifically developed for helicopters, with greater penetration power and range increased to 5.3 km.</li>
<li>HJ-8C – Specifically developed to defeat <a href="/facts/Explosive_reactive_armour/lAL4HG0n">explosive reactive armour</a> with a <a href="/facts/Tandem-charge/Ht0gov0L">tandem-charge</a>. From HJ-8C onward, all HJ-8 missiles can be carried by various platforms.</li>
<li>HJ-8D – Upgraded variant with tandem charge.</li>
<li>HJ-8E – Upgrade of HJ-8B/C with a new rocket motor with a range of up to 4 km, entered service in mid-1990. Fire-control system (FCS) is highly digitized and includes a thermal imaging system for all-weather day-night capability. The HJ-8E anti-tank missile weighs 24.5 kg, has a range of up to 4,000 m, can also defeat <a href="/facts/Explosive_reactive_armour/lAL4HG0n">explosive reactive armour</a> (ERA).</li>
<li>HJ-8F – Variant with an anti bunker warhead.</li>
<li>HJ-8FAE – Version featuring a thermobaric warhead.</li>
<li>HJ-8L – A model with reduced overall weight, L meaning "light". Using feedback from the <a href="/facts/Bosnian_War/JyRvRtbv">Bosnian War</a>, HJ-8E was designed to meet the need of a lightweight ATGM that is just as capable as heavier models. HJ-8L can accommodate two missiles, one smaller with 3 km range and one larger with 4 km range. New microelectronics are used in the fire-control system and use of composite materials in the launching/storage system reduce weight to 22.5 kg, so that HJ-8L can be carried by a crew of two.</li>
<li>HJ-8H – Upgraded HJ-8E; adopting the same fire-control system and lightweight launching/storage system of HJ-8L. Uses a new missile, capable of engaging ground targets 6 km away and low speed aerial targets such as helicopters 4 km away.</li>
<li>HJ-8S – Variant with an anti ship warhead.</li>
<li>Baktar-Shikan – Baktar-Shikan (<a href="/facts/Urdu_language/oLrhuXc6">Urdu</a>: بکتر شکن "Armour Piercing") is a variant of HJ-8 that has been manufactured under license by Pakistan at <a href="/facts/Khan_Research_Laboratories/e9S46rI2">Khan Research Laboratories</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a> The missile and launch system can be quickly disassembled into four sub-units, each weighing less than 25 kg, making the system crew-portable. Baktar-Shikan is also mounted on Pakistani <a href="/facts/Armoured_personnel_carrier/I5yvRywl">armoured personnel carriers</a> (APCs) and a modified air-launched variant is used to arm the <a href="/facts/AH-1_Cobra/Pa3xU8Gj">AH-1 Cobra</a> helicopter gunships and other helicopters of the <a href="/facts/Pakistan_Army/LonsGhBg">Pakistan Army</a> Aviation wing. Pakistan also exports Baktar-Shikan. The export version is credited to destroy all currently known tank targets with a 90% hit and penetration probability at a distance of 3 km.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a> Baktar-Shikan has been exported to <a href="/facts/Bangladesh/NXk4f78Y">Bangladesh</a> and <a href="/facts/Malaysia/8zbUMzCP">Malaysia</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a> A multi-launcher station for four Baktar-Shikan tubes were displayed by GIDS in 2016.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a> An indoor training simulator is also available with Baktar-Shikan. It is an exact replica of the weapon and is used to train operators by simulating various target speeds, ranges and angles. The target's movement parameters can be adapted to the progressive skill level of the operator under training.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a> An optional laser aiming device is also under development to increase accuracy at longer ranges.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a> According to SIPRI, between 1990 and 2022, Pakistan has produced 26,350 Baktar-Shikans.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a></li>
<li>HJ-11 (AFT-11): The designation was revealed in 2014,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a> with public display in 2017.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a> The missile is a development of HJ-8 with <a href="/facts/Semi-active_laser_guidance/8kIvSTAg">semi-active laser guidance</a> and laser beam riding. The missile served as a low-cost alternative to the more expensive <a href="/facts/HJ-12/L1A1tCBU">HJ-12</a> missile system.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a> It received a new designation HJ-11 and was marketed as a third-generation anti-tank missile by Norinco. Chinese state media reported that missile entered service in 2018.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a></li></ul>
Mounted Platforms:

<ul><li>BJ212 HJ-8: HJ-8 launcher mounted on a <a href="/facts/Beijing_BJ212/I6ITTlcT">Beijing BJ212</a> as a mobile anti-tank platform.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a></li>
<li>BJ2020 HJ-8E: HJ-8E launcher mounted on a <a href="/facts/Beijing_BJ212/I6ITTlcT">Beijing BJ2020</a> as a mobile anti-tank platform.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a></li>
<li>CSK-181 AFT-11 Carrier: AFT-11 (HJ-11) launcher mounted on a <a href="/facts/Dongfeng_Mengshi/GXRe7asm">CSK-181</a> MRAP assault vehicle.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="operators">Operators</h2>

<ul><li> <a href="/facts/Albania/8GP40BUD">Albania</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a></li>
<li> <a href="/facts/Bangladesh/NXk4f78Y">Bangladesh</a> – Ordered in 2000, 114 delivered in 2001.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a> 172 Baktar-Shikan variant delivered from Pakistan in 2004–2005.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a></li>
<li> <a href="/facts/Bolivia/YNBoDKKR">Bolivia</a>: 500 HJ-8s delivered to Bolivia in 2003.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a></li>
<li> <a href="/facts/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina/jNVA1gPB">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li>
<li>Donated by Pakistan during The Yugoslav Wars<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a></li>
<li> <a href="/facts/Cameroon/QnrdY05C">Cameroon</a>:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a> 367</li>
<li> <a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p">China</a>:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a> 264</li>
<li> <a href="/facts/Egypt/8Ttg0JwB">Egypt</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a></li>
<li> <a href="/facts/Ecuador/Tdv7czY4">Ecuador</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a></li>
<li> <a href="/facts/Kurdistan_Region/zk6GP3bG">Kurdistan</a>: <a href="/facts/Peshmerga/r80VNVkl">Peshmerga</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a></li>
<li> <a href="/facts/Kenya/Y9Ko9pQu">Kenya</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a></li>
<li> <a href="/facts/Malaysia/8zbUMzCP">Malaysia</a>:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a> 450 in inventory.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a></li>
<li> <a href="/facts/Morocco/6ly8170M">Morocco</a> – HJ-8L:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a> 367</li>
<li> <a href="/facts/Pakistan/cbIsvJy1">Pakistan</a>:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a> Produced locally under license as the Baktar-Shikan. According to SIPRI, 26,350 produced between 1990 and 2022.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51">51</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52">52</a></li>
<li> <a href="/facts/Qatar/K4EkNXJE">Qatar</a>:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53">53</a></li>
<li> <a href="/facts/Peru/dBt7XrYD">Peru</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54">54</a></li>
<li> <a href="/facts/Sri_Lanka/VtTBmysE">Sri Lanka</a>:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55">55</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56">56</a> 310</li>
<li> <a href="/facts/Sudan/yGeaNdvS">Sudan</a> – Made under license as the Sarib by Military Industries Corporation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57">57</a> Some Chinese-made captured by <a href="/facts/Sudan_People%2527s_Liberation_Movement-North/eylYJTYI">Sudan People's Liberation Movement-North</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58">58</a></li>
<li> <a href="/facts/Syria/7pDXGzq8">Syria</a> – Different Syrian insurgent factions in the <a href="/facts/Syrian_civil_war/UD2gymjC">Syrian civil war</a>. Also captured by the <a href="/facts/Syrian_Army/n5wJBQQu">Syrian Army</a>. Externally supplied.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59">59</a></li>
<li> <a href="/facts/United_Arab_Emirates/o1bEjgbR">United Arab Emirates</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60">60</a></li>
<li> <a href="/facts/Uruguay/X6V0apCb">Uruguay</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61">61</a></li>
<li> <a href="/facts/Venezuela/eX1qnkln">Venezuela</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62">62</a></li>
<li> <a href="/facts/Zimbabwe/8Yqt8490">Zimbabwe</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63">63</a></li></ul>
<h3>Non-State actors</h3>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/United_Wa_State_Army/IfYg1Pzb">United Wa State Army</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64">64</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Palestine/XYeHy1af"></a> <a href="/facts/Al-Qassam_Brigades/yggRS8Mm">Izz adin Al-Qassam Brigades</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65">65</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="gallery">Gallery</h2>

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
Related development
<ul><li><a href="/facts/HJ-9/3EJ3dLEj">HJ-9</a></li></ul>
Similar weapons
<ul><li><a href="/facts/9K111_Fagot/NG1rJmCA">9K111 Fagot</a> – (Soviet Union)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/9M113_Konkurs/FX00GUKt">9M113 Konkurs</a> – (Soviet Union)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/BGM-71_TOW/90uNdkCr">BGM-71 TOW</a> – (United States)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/MILAN/0xrtbPdt">MILAN</a> – (France, West Germany)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Karaok/WsTjvasS">Karaok</a> – (Pakistan)</li></ul>
Related lists
<ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_anti-tank_guided_missiles/p0MbsqL0">List of anti-tank guided missiles</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/List_of_missiles/B5cxex5B">List of missiles</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>

Wikimedia Commons has media related to HJ-8.

<ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130104222425/http://www.sinodefence.com/army/crewserved/hj8.asp">SinoDefence.com article on HJ-8</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">"Sino Defence's HJ-8 Page". Sino Defence. 2008-09-28. Archived from the original on 2009-01-23. Retrieved 2008-12-10. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090123020345/http://sinodefence.com/weapons/missile/hj8.asp" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090123020345/http://sinodefence.com/weapons/missile/hj8.asp</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">"GIDS of Pakistan presents muliti-missile launcher station armed with 4 Baktar Shikan missiles 12711163 | IDEAS 2016 Official Online Show Daily News | Defence security military exhibition 2016 daily news category". 27 November 2016. <a href="https://www.armyrecognition.com/ideas_2016_official_online_show_daily_news/gids_of_pakistan_presents_muliti-missile_launcher_station_armed_with_4_baktar_shikan_missiles_12711163.html" target="_blank">https://www.armyrecognition.com/ideas_2016_official_online_show_daily_news/gids_of_pakistan_presents_muliti-missile_launcher_station_armed_with_4_baktar_shikan_missiles_12711163.html</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">"Is China's HJ-8 'Tank Killing' Missile Still Worthy of Fear?". The National Interest. 22 November 2021. <a href="https://nationalinterest.org/blog/reboot/china’s-hj-8-‘tank-killing’-missile-still-worthy-fear-196649" target="_blank">https://nationalinterest.org/blog/reboot/china’s-hj-8-‘tank-killing’-missile-still-worthy-fear-196649</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Jane's Weapon Systems 1988–1989 page 137 <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">US ARMY TRADOC G-2. Worldwide Equipment Guide, volume 1: ground systems. December 2011. <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">"HJ-8". Federation of American Scientists. 1999-08-10. Archived from the original on 2009-04-02. Retrieved 2009-02-10. <a href="http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/missile/row/hj-8.htm" target="_blank">http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/missile/row/hj-8.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Jane's International Defense Review, 25 September 2008. This claimed range is likely exaggerated as the typical effective range of 30-mm automatic cannon is considerably less than four kilometers. The range claimed may be the maximum, as opposed to maximum effective, range of the weapon.

By comparison, the M230 30-mm cannon has an effective range of 1.5 kilometers and a maximum range of 4.5 kilometers. <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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 <a href="978-0-367-46639-8" target="_blank">978-0-367-46639-8</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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 <a href="978-0-367-46639-8" target="_blank">978-0-367-46639-8</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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 <a href="978-0-367-46639-8" target="_blank">978-0-367-46639-8</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:61">"Ancile". <a href="https://www.deagel.com/Defensive%20Weapons/HJ-8/a001875" target="_blank">https://www.deagel.com/Defensive%20Weapons/HJ-8/a001875</a> <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:62">"Ancile". <a href="https://www.deagel.com/Defensive%20Weapons/HJ-8/a001875" target="_blank">https://www.deagel.com/Defensive%20Weapons/HJ-8/a001875</a> <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:63">Southern Africa Report, (various) (July 2011). "Zimbabwe Security Forces" (PDF). Randburg: Mopani Media. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 5, 2012. Retrieved 24 February 2016. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120105133834/http://www.entelectwebmanager.co.za/ECGWebManager/MainContentImages/122882/documents/zim.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120105133834/http://www.entelectwebmanager.co.za/ECGWebManager/MainContentImages/122882/documents/zim.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:64">"Janes | Latest defence and security news". Archived from the original on 2015-08-16. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150816230127/http://www.janes.com/article/53155/wa-army-fielding-new-chinese-artillery-atgms" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20150816230127/http://www.janes.com/article/53155/wa-army-fielding-new-chinese-artillery-atgms</a> <a href="#fnref:64" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:65">AlJazeera Arabic قناة الجزيرة (2024-06-24). كتائب القسام تستهدف آلية إسرائيلية بصاروخ "السهم الأحمر" الموجه. Retrieved 2024-06-24 – via YouTube. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sVrb7NHOAyA" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sVrb7NHOAyA</a> <a href="#fnref:65" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

HJ-8 open-in-new

HJ-8