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Khwarezmian language
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<h2 id="writing-system">Writing system</h2> <p>Before the advance of <a href="/facts/Islam/zDLbL45C">Islam</a> in <a href="/facts/Transoxiana/6eCqls7K">Transoxiana</a> (early 8th century), Khwarezmian was written in a script close to that of Sogdian and <a href="/facts/Pahlavi_script/z39MEQrj">Pahlavi</a> with its roots in the <a href="/facts/Imperial_Aramaic_script/hoqRfbYP">Imperial Aramaic script</a>. From the few surviving examples of this script on coins and artifacts, it has been observed that written Khwarezmian included Aramaic <a href="/facts/Logograms/wWYAITGc">logograms</a> or <a href="/facts/Ideograms/7NvclbIG">ideograms</a>, that is Aramaic words written to represent native spoken ones e.g. 𐿃𐾾𐿄 (ŠNT) for سرذ, <i>sarδ</i>, "year", 𐾾𐿁𐿃𐾺 (NPŠY) for خداك, <i>xudāk</i>, "self" and 𐾽𐾼𐾻𐾰 (MLK') for اى شاه, <i>ī šah</i>, "the king".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><th rowspan="2">Letter</th><th rowspan="2">Transliteration</th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/International_Phonetic_Alphabet/2e7jmUaG">IPA</a></th><th colspan="6">Corresponding letter in</th></tr><tr><th>Phoenician</th><th>Imperial Aramaic</th><th>Inscriptional Parthian</th><th>Inscriptional Pahlavi</th><th>Old Sogdian</th><th>Sogdian</th></tr><tr><td>𐾰</td><td><i>ʾ</i></td><td>/[<a href="/facts/Glottal_stop/Xfqy2ArP">ʔ</a>]/</td><td>𐤀</td><td>𐡀</td><td>𐭀</td><td>𐭠</td><td>𐼀</td><td>𐼰</td></tr><tr><td>𐾲</td><td><i>b</i></td><td>/[<a href="/facts/Voiced_bilabial_plosive/6ReC9arR">b</a>]/</td><td>𐤁</td><td>𐡁</td><td>𐭁</td><td>𐭡</td><td>𐼂</td><td>𐼱</td></tr><tr><td>𐾳</td><td><i>g</i></td><td>/[<a href="/facts/Voiced_velar_plosive/f6udTvfQ">ɡ</a>]/</td><td>𐤂</td><td>𐡂</td><td>𐭂</td><td>𐭢</td><td>𐼄</td><td>𐼲</td></tr><tr><td>𐾴</td><td><i>d</i></td><td>/[<a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_plosive/A6hNvmCp">d</a>]/</td><td>𐤃</td><td>𐡃</td><td>𐭃</td><td>𐭣</td><td><i></i></td><td><i></i></td></tr><tr><td>𐾵</td><td><i>h</i></td><td>/[<a href="/facts/Voiceless_glottal_fricative/lfRB7CPW">h</a>]/</td><td>𐤄</td><td>𐡄</td><td>𐭄</td><td>𐭤</td><td>𐼅</td><td>𐼳</td></tr><tr><td>𐾶</td><td><i>w</i></td><td>/[<a href="/facts/Voiced_labial%25E2%2580%2593velar_approximant/HLDqbrvr">w</a>]/</td><td>𐤅</td><td>𐡅</td><td>𐭅</td><td>𐭥</td><td>𐼇</td><td>𐼴</td></tr><tr><td>𐾸</td><td><i>z</i></td><td>/[<a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_fricative/TtHwyzp6">z</a>]/</td><td>𐤆</td><td>𐡆</td><td>𐭆</td><td>𐭦</td><td>𐼈</td><td>𐼵</td></tr><tr><td>𐾹</td><td><i>ḥ</i></td><td>/[<a href="/facts/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative/Y2qSAoED">ħ</a>]/</td><td>𐤇</td><td>𐡇</td><td>𐭇</td><td>𐭧</td><td>𐼉</td><td>𐼶</td></tr><tr><td>𐾺</td><td><i>y</i></td><td>/[<a href="/facts/Voiced_palatal_approximant/v0NVCbUh">j</a>]/</td><td>𐤉</td><td>𐡉</td><td>𐭉</td><td>𐭩</td><td>𐼊</td><td>𐼷</td></tr><tr><td>𐾻</td><td><i>k</i></td><td>/[<a href="/facts/Voiceless_velar_plosive/dDppVb6e">k</a>]/</td><td>𐤊</td><td>𐡊</td><td>𐭊</td><td>𐭪</td><td>𐼋</td><td>𐼸</td></tr><tr><td>𐾼</td><td><i>l</i></td><td>/[<a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant/dgbHhqeK">l</a>]</td><td>𐤋</td><td>𐡋</td><td>𐭋</td><td>𐭫</td><td>𐼌</td><td>𐼹</td></tr><tr><td>𐾽</td><td><i>m</i></td><td>/[<a href="/facts/Voiced_bilabial_nasal/1pd7NK2x">m</a>]/</td><td>𐤌</td><td>𐡌</td><td>𐭌</td><td>𐭬</td><td>𐼍</td><td>𐼺</td></tr><tr><td>𐾾</td><td><i>n</i></td><td>/[<a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_nasal/0CEs8314">n</a>]/</td><td>𐤍</td><td>𐡍</td><td>𐭍</td><td>𐭭</td><td>𐼎</td><td>𐼻</td></tr><tr><td>𐾿</td><td><i>s</i></td><td>/[<a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative/WLKtEYDe">s</a>]/</td><td>𐤎</td><td>𐡎</td><td>𐭎</td><td>𐭮</td><td>𐼑</td><td>𐼼</td></tr><tr><td>𐿀</td><td><i>ʿ</i></td><td>/[<a href="/facts/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative/vv0pypE7">ʕ</a>]/</td><td>𐤏</td><td>𐡏</td><td>𐭏</td><td><i></i></td><td>𐼒</td><td>𐼽</td></tr><tr><td>𐿁</td><td><i>p</i></td><td>/[<a href="/facts/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive/w4M9Igp6">p</a>]/</td><td>𐤐</td><td>𐡐</td><td>𐭐</td><td>𐭯</td><td>𐼔</td><td>𐼾</td></tr><tr><td>𐿂</td><td><i>r</i></td><td>/[<a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_trill/rDplJobc">r</a>]/</td><td>𐤓</td><td>𐡓</td><td>𐭓</td><td><i></i></td><td>𐼘</td><td>𐽀</td></tr><tr><td>𐿃</td><td><i>š</i></td><td>/[<a href="/facts/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative/enUwqS2w">ʃ</a>]/</td><td>𐤔</td><td>𐡔</td><td>𐭔</td><td>𐭱</td><td>𐼙</td><td>𐽁</td></tr><tr><td>𐿄</td><td><i>t</i></td><td>/[<a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive/1GaDe2Vy">t</a>]/</td><td>𐤕</td><td>𐡕</td><td>𐭕</td><td>𐭲</td><td>𐼚</td><td>𐽂</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>After the advance of Islam, Khwarezmian was written using an adapted version of the <a href="/facts/Persian_alphabet/4DvPdTDe">Perso-Arabic alphabet</a> with a few extra signs to reflect specific Khwarezmian sounds, such as the letter څ which represents /ts/ and /dz/, as in the traditional <a href="/facts/Pashto/hc2ndCqx">Pashto</a> orthography.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p> <h3>Unicode</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Chorasmian_(Unicode_block)/4JsP9cz6">Chorasmian (Unicode block)</a></p> <p>Khwarezmian script was added to the <a href="/facts/Unicode/DDu3MfPV">Unicode</a> Standard in March, 2020 with the release of version 13.0. </p><p>The Unicode block for Khwarezmian, called Chorasmian, is U+10FB0–U+10FDF: </p> <table><tbody><tr><td colspan="17"><a href="/facts/Chorasmian_(Unicode_block)/4JsP9cz6">Chorasmian</a>[1][2]<a href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U10FB0.pdf">Official Unicode Consortium code chart</a> (PDF)</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>3</td><td>4</td><td>5</td><td>6</td><td>7</td><td>8</td><td>9</td><td>A</td><td>B</td><td>C</td><td>D</td><td>E</td><td>F</td></tr><tr><td>U+10FBx</td><td>𐾰</td><td>𐾱</td><td>𐾲</td><td>𐾳</td><td>𐾴</td><td>𐾵</td><td>𐾶</td><td>𐾷</td><td>𐾸</td><td>𐾹</td><td>𐾺</td><td>𐾻</td><td>𐾼</td><td>𐾽</td><td>𐾾</td><td>𐾿</td></tr><tr><td>U+10FCx</td><td>𐿀</td><td>𐿁</td><td>𐿂</td><td>𐿃</td><td>𐿄</td><td>𐿅</td><td>𐿆</td><td>𐿇</td><td>𐿈</td><td>𐿉</td><td>𐿊</td><td>𐿋</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>U+10FDx</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="17">Notes1.^ As of Unicode version 16.02.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Afrighids/5kCT35Qh">Afrighids</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Mu%25E1%25B8%25A5ammad_ibn_M%25C5%25ABs%25C4%2581_al-Khw%25C4%2581rizm%25C4%25AB/24KdxyEQ">al-Khwārizmī</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ancient_Iranian_peoples/gnzfoI8h">Ancient Iranian peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Al-Biruni/4XbTzrYl">Al-Biruni</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Central_Asia/rB8k0CyT">Central Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Iranian_peoples/gnzfoI8h">Iranian peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Iranian_languages/JaJyqM4t">Iranian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Khwarezm/DIhw5ofr">Khwarezm</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Zoroastrianism/rM0QUMtg">Zoroastrianism</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Zamakhshari/cxCnaq3t">Zamakhshari</a></li></ul> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <h2 id="literature">Literature</h2> The Khwarezmian Glossary <ul><li>MacKenzie, D. N. (1970). "The Khwarezmian Glossary--I". <i>Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies</i>. 33 (3). University of London: 540–59. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X00126552">10.1017/S0041977X00126552</a>. <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/614521">614521</a>..</li> <li>MacKenzie, D. N. (1971). "The Khwarezmian Glossary--II". <i>Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies</i>. 34 (1). University of London: 74–90. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X00141588">10.1017/S0041977X00141588</a>. <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/614624">614624</a>..</li> <li>MacKenzie, D. N. (1971). "The Khwarezmian Glossary--III". <i>Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies</i>. 34 (2). University of London: 314–30. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X00129568">10.1017/S0041977X00129568</a>. <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/612694">612694</a>..</li> <li>MacKenzie, D. N. (1971). "The Khwarezmian Glossary--IV". <i>Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies</i>. 34 (3). University of London: 521–37. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X00128526">10.1017/S0041977X00128526</a>. <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/613900">613900</a>..</li> <li>MacKenzie, D. N. (1972). "The Khwarezmian Glossary--V". <i>Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies</i>. 35 (1). University of London: 56–73. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X00107360">10.1017/S0041977X00107360</a>. <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/612794">612794</a>..</li></ul> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>Livshits, Vladimir (2003). "Three Silver Bowls from the Isakovka Burial-Ground No. 1 with Khwarezmian and Parthian Inscriptions". <i>Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia</i>. 9 (1–2): 147–172. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157005703322114874">10.1163/157005703322114874</a>..</li> <li>Lurje, Pavel B. (2018). "Some New Readings of Chorasmian Inscriptions on Silver Vessels and Their Relevance to the Chorasmian Era". <i>Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia</i>. 24 (1–2): 279–306. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15700577-12341333">10.1163/15700577-12341333</a>..</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/chorasmia-iii">Encyclopedia Iranica, "The Chorasmian language" by D.N. Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040201160726/http://iranianlanguages.com/">https://web.archive.org/web/20040201160726/http://iranianlanguages.com/</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041009124244/http://www.iranologie.com/history/ilf.html">https://web.archive.org/web/20041009124244/http://www.iranologie.com/history/ilf.html</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Chwarezmischer Wortindex. pp. 686, 711. <a href="https://archive.org/details/ChwarezmischerWorterindex" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/ChwarezmischerWorterindex</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>D. N. Mackenzie. "The Chorasmian Language" In: Encyclopedia Iranica. Online access at June, 2011. <a href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/chorasmia-iii" target="_blank">http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/chorasmia-iii</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Andrew Dalby, Dictionary of Languages: the definitive reference to more than 400 languages, Columbia University Press, 2004, pg 278. <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Dalby" target="_blank">/wiki/Andrew_Dalby</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>MacKenzie, D. N. "Khwarazmian Language and Literature," in E. Yarshater ed. Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. III, Part 2, Cambridge 1983, pp. 1244–1249. <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Encyclopædia Britannica, "Iranian languages" (Retrieved 29 December 2008) <a href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/293577/Iranian-languages" target="_blank">http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/293577/Iranian-languages</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>CHORASMIA iii. The Chorasmian Language <a href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/chorasmia-iii" target="_blank">http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/chorasmia-iii</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>CHORASMIA iii. The Chorasmian Language <a href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/chorasmia-iii" target="_blank">http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/chorasmia-iii</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>MacKenzie, D. N. (1990). The Khwarezmian Element in the Qunyat Al-munya. Psychology Press. ISBN 9780728601611. <a href="9780728601611" target="_blank">9780728601611</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Henning, Walter Bruno; MacKenzie, D. N. (1971). A fragment of a Khwarezmian dictionary. Lund Humphries. ISBN 9780853312925. <a href="9780853312925" target="_blank">9780853312925</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Pandey, Anshuman. "Proposal to encode the Khwarezmian script in Unicode" (PDF). <a href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2018/18010r-khwarezmian.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2018/18010r-khwarezmian.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>THE KHWAREZMIAN GLOSSARY—I, D. N. MacKenzie Link <a href="http://www.azargoshnasp.net/languages/Khwarazmi/khwarezmiangl1.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.azargoshnasp.net/languages/Khwarazmi/khwarezmiangl1.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>