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1915 in science
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<h2 id="astronomy">Astronomy</h2> <ul><li>January – British physicist Sir <a href="/facts/Joseph_Larmor/huR0HA90">Joseph Larmor</a> publishes his observations on "The Influence of Local Atmospheric Cooling on Astronomical Refraction".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a></li> <li>March 19 – <a href="/facts/Pluto/egq7MBeR">Pluto</a> is photographed for the first time but is not classified as a <a href="/facts/Planet/rbPjE6Bx">planet</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Albert_Einstein/CNTet8qu">Einstein's</a> new theory of <a href="/facts/General_relativity/jVsoIg8X">general relativity</a> is used to explain <a href="/facts/Mercury_(planet)/lVa1GIyX">Mercury</a>'s strange motions that baffled <a href="/facts/Urbain_Le_Verrier/mVzvmAPM">Urbain Le Verrier</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Robert_T._A._Innes/VUE31BDr">Robert Innes</a> discovers <a href="/facts/Proxima_Centauri/6vSeytbA">Proxima Centauri</a>, the closest star to Earth after the Sun.</li></ul> <h2 id="chemistry">Chemistry</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Alice_Ball/P7bl7bFs">Alice Ball</a> discovers how to make <a href="/facts/Chaulmoogra/NUc5jyao">Chaulmoogra</a> tree oil water-soluble, which makes it usable for patients with <a href="/facts/Leprosy/FSjTpMEB">leprosy</a> in Hawai'i.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Thomas_Lyle_Williams/z23XUz18">Thomas Lyle Williams</a> produces the <a href="/facts/Mascara/JPLvEIHM">mascara</a> <a href="/facts/Maybelline/bG3laPxt">Maybelline</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="earth-sciences">Earth sciences</h2> <ul><li>May 22 – <a href="/facts/Lassen_Peak/Yw7F8dqC">Lassen Peak</a>, one of the <a href="/facts/Cascade_Volcanoes/1TGlt4BF">Cascade Volcanoes</a> in <a href="/facts/Northern_California/bje9e8ou">Northern California</a>, erupts, sending an ash plume 30,000 feet in the air and devastating the nearby area with <a href="/facts/Pyroclastic_flow/72eP2PtH">pyroclastic flows</a> and <a href="/facts/Lahar/WM2kUufP">lahars</a>. It is the only volcano to erupt in the <a href="/facts/Contiguous_United_States/yx414G7a">contiguous United States</a> between 1900 and 1980.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Alfred_Wegener/sXu37sav">Alfred Wegener</a> publishes his <a href="/facts/Theory/9vrNS1Rr">theory</a> of <a href="/facts/Pangea/VGruHKJj">Pangea</a>, which he calls <i>Urkontinent</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="paleontology">Paleontology</h2> <ul><li>The new <a href="/facts/Theropod/KUzy1Ef7">theropod</a> dinosaur genus and species <i><a href="/facts/Spinosaurus/IvsBfae8">Spinosaurus</a> aegyptiacus</i> is assigned by German paleontologist <a href="/facts/Ernst_Stromer/RpUExANN">Ernst Stromer</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="life-sciences">Life sciences</h2> <ul><li>January – <a href="/facts/Mildred_Hoge_Richards/f3snPUIR">Mildred Hoge</a> publishes her discovery of the gene (much later identified as <a href="/facts/PAX6/31LAKRqo">PAX6</a>) responsible for development of the eye.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a></li> <li>A global <a href="/facts/Pandemic/KaJe9rTu">pandemic</a> of <a href="/facts/Encephalitis_lethargica/Rfwu7M5R">encephalitis lethargica</a> begins.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Trench_nephritis/GChtkT01">Trench nephritis</a> is first reported as affecting soldiers of the <a href="/facts/British_Expeditionary_Force_(World_War_I)/5rt91hcp">British Expeditionary Force</a> in Flanders in the <i><a href="/facts/British_Medical_Journal/cbFxIeyr">British Medical Journal</a></i>; the name is coined by <a href="/facts/Nathan_Raw/UsRoeoWe">Nathan Raw</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Walter_Bradford_Cannon/y3SXCS03">Walter Bradford Cannon</a> coins the term <i><a href="/facts/Fight-or-flight_response/hRrBawJP">fight or flight</a></i> to describe an animal's response to threats.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan/4wswVmWC">Thomas Hunt Morgan</a>, demonstrates non-inherited <a href="/facts/Mutation/Ee4NnWbY">genetic mutation</a> (in <i><a href="/facts/Drosophila_melanogaster/KtnHVCcB">Drosophila melanogaster</a></i>), undermining the conceptual basis of <a href="/facts/Eugenics/e7w6aSUV">eugenics</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Reginald_Punnett/FNRQv1R3">Reginald Punnett</a>'s <i>Mimicry in Butterflies</i> is published in Cambridge (U.K.)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Clara_H._Hasse/qyTlSUGL">Clara H. Hasse</a> publishes a paper identifying the cause of <a href="/facts/Citrus_canker/HNf7WRRo">citrus canker</a> which leads to the development of methods for controlling the disease, saving the <a href="/facts/Citrus/6FqG38Dk">citrus</a> crops in the <a href="/facts/Southern_United_States/ppnGuAtB">southern United States</a> from being wiped out.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="mathematics">Mathematics</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Emmy_Noether/agcYrVLt">Emmy Noether</a> proves <a href="/facts/Noether%2527s_theorem/VFjqrEvz">her theorem</a> that any <a href="/facts/Derivative/7Ito70Dh">differentiable</a> <a href="/facts/Symmetry_in_physics/gJmgsooI">symmetry</a> of the <a href="/facts/Action_(physics)/NhWS2Mts">action</a> of a physical system has a corresponding <a href="/facts/Conservation_law_(physics)/6g1Ay2FR">conservation law</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Wac%25C5%2582aw_Sierpi%25C5%2584ski/ywT4mREz">Wacław Sierpiński</a> describes the <a href="/facts/Sierpinski_triangle/gFmLRJxM">Sierpinski triangle</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="physics">Physics</h2> <ul><li>August – <a href="/facts/Ada_Hitchins/wYJCd0Kp">Ada Hitchins</a>' experimental results indicating that <a href="/facts/Radium/VWo5gkzn">radium</a> is formed by the decay of <a href="/facts/Uranium/n2sGWBzU">uranium</a> are published.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></li> <li>November 25 – <a href="/facts/Albert_Einstein/CNTet8qu">Albert Einstein</a> presents to the <a href="/facts/Prussian_Academy_of_Sciences/akJEC3Nc">Prussian Academy of Sciences</a> the <a href="/facts/Einstein_field_equations/j2rJTzW9">Einstein field equations</a> of <a href="/facts/General_relativity/jVsoIg8X">general relativity</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> He abandons his <a href="/facts/Hole_argument/gb5Y5Hrh">hole argument</a> for general relativity.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Arnold_Sommerfeld/cJtpVHvn">Arnold Sommerfeld</a> develops a modified <a href="/facts/Bohr_model/FmTHjaxy">Bohr atomic model</a> with elliptic orbits to explain relativistic <a href="/facts/Fine_structure/6lejlmN2">fine structure</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="psychology">Psychology</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Danes/bUt1hyMQ">Danish</a> <a href="/facts/Psychologist/J4l4QdX2">psychologist</a> <a href="/facts/Edgar_Rubin/Lf0fXWHc">Edgar Rubin</a> publishes <i>Synsoplevede Figurer</i> ("Visual Figures") introducing the <a href="/facts/Optical_illusion/8wfWwjFI">optical illusion</a> which becomes known as the <a href="/facts/Rubin_vase/F4DmfqUz">Rubin vase</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="technology">Technology</h2> <ul><li>January 19 – <a href="/facts/Georges_Claude/9tdWozpQ">Georges Claude</a> <a href="/facts/Patent/LjT2bG3A">patents</a> the <a href="/facts/Neon/5bF1FwGL">neon</a> discharge tube for use in <a href="/facts/Advertising/Hgz271hW">advertising</a>.</li> <li>February 4 – John G. A. Kitchen patents the <a href="/facts/Kitchen_rudder/5EhTye2y">reversing rudder</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></li> <li>March 3 – The <a href="/facts/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics/xI8P4jTr">National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics</a>, the predecessor of <a href="/facts/NASA/TIMCV0yV">NASA</a>, is established in the United States.</li> <li>July 1 – First use of <a href="/facts/Synchronization_gear/NwpWDPW2">synchronization gear</a> in <a href="/facts/Aerial_warfare/DrDhkkQ1">aerial warfare</a>.</li> <li>August – <a href="/facts/Brodie_helmet/U3IH7I2u">Brodie helmet</a> patented in the United Kingdom.</li> <li>September 9 – <a href="/facts/William_Foster_%2526_Co./VdCUTqIb">William Foster & Co.</a> of <a href="/facts/Lincoln%2c_England/3gwo2aMl">Lincoln, England</a>, complete the first prototype <a href="/facts/Tanks_in_World_War_I/LMPVygqw">military tank</a> "<a href="/facts/Little_Willie/yrz38rNl">Little Willie</a>".</li> <li><a href="/facts/Max_Fleischer/DvF6aFbF">Max Fleischer</a> invents the <a href="/facts/Rotoscoping/s8rsBbBN">rotoscoping</a> film <a href="/facts/Animation/093f9nUg">animation</a> process in the United States.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Wolfgang_Gaede/EoklEhWV">Wolfgang Gaede</a> invents the <a href="/facts/Diffusion_pump/1lSH1Wve">diffusion pump</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/William_Mills_(inventor)/r32Sr8UV">William Mills</a> patents, develops and manufactures the <a href="/facts/Mills_bomb/rkLEAam7">Mills bomb</a>, a <a href="/facts/Hand_grenade/Du3rHfGB">hand grenade</a>, at the Mills Munition Factory in <a href="/facts/Birmingham/lNd1h81V">Birmingham</a>, England.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Dagobert_M%25C3%25BCller_von_Thomam%25C3%25BChl/w2Lk58vL">Dagobert Müller von Thomamühl</a> produces a form of <a href="/facts/Hovercraft/4GdyFF7Y">hovercraft</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="awards">Awards</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize/3z1Y3oFL">Nobel Prize</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics/o6w1nCbr">Physics</a> – Sir <a href="/facts/William_Henry_Bragg/R2b3rxNx">William Henry Bragg</a> and Sir <a href="/facts/William_Lawrence_Bragg/MGbHcMPa">William Lawrence Bragg</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry/8Nb8Ajjy">Chemistry</a> – <a href="/facts/Richard_Martin_Willst%25C3%25A4tter/9qdsDtWb">Richard Martin Willstätter</a></li></ul></li></ul> <h2 id="births">Births</h2> <ul><li>January 11 – <a href="/facts/Lucille_Farrier_Stickel/g5Hdjuk7">Lucille Farrier Stickel</a> (died <a href="/facts/2007_in_science/whoJWyrv">2007</a>), American wildlife toxicologist.</li> <li>February 26 – <a href="/facts/Wang_Daheng/nU7RrBL2">Wang Daheng</a> (died <a href="/facts/2011_in_science/wT16UWvG">2011</a>), Chinese optical physicist.</li> <li>February 28 – <a href="/facts/Peter_Medawar/B7G7W7PE">Peter Medawar</a> (died <a href="/facts/1987_in_science/l5t26wzf">1987</a>), Brazilian-born British biologist, co-recipient of the <a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine/rlnpJX84">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> (<a href="/facts/1960_in_science/RwTc4F7z">1960</a>) for his work in <a href="/facts/Immunology/vylm0L8e">immunology</a>.</li> <li>March 15 – <a href="/facts/Laurent_Schwartz/Kxelk3ju">Laurent Schwartz</a> (died <a href="/facts/2002_in_science/LP4lLXeB">2002</a>), French <a href="/facts/Mathematician/eaFSR8Fx">mathematician</a>.</li> <li>March 16 – <a href="/facts/Kunihiko_Kodaira/u73B5W0D">Kunihiko Kodaira</a> (died <a href="/facts/1997_in_science/2lj8b7UK">1997</a>), Japanese mathematician.</li> <li>May 30 – <a href="/facts/Henry_Aaron_Hill/5rgkthgf">Henry Aaron Hill</a> (died <a href="/facts/1979_in_science/0DcRyAFw">1979</a>), American fluorocarbon chemist and first <a href="/facts/African_American/pTgcAdo8">African American</a> president of the <a href="/facts/American_Chemical_Society/Alf3uhaF">American Chemical Society</a>.</li> <li>June 15 <ul><li><a href="/facts/Thomas_Huckle_Weller/3fbMmELN">Thomas Huckle Weller</a> (died <a href="/facts/2008_in_science/NLKwU0lC">2008</a>), American <a href="/facts/Virologist/doDESmsB">virologist</a> and co-recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (<a href="/facts/1954_in_science/zRkVrII3">1954</a>) for his work on <a href="/facts/Polio/6dYyXUhE">polio</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Xu_Ruiyun/pgyRpu2m">Xu Ruiyun</a> (suicide <a href="/facts/1969_in_science/cr2nNGgN">1969</a>), Chinese mathematician.</li></ul></li> <li>June 19 – <a href="/facts/Katherine_Sanford/p0BfeY03">Katherine Sanford</a> (died <a href="/facts/2005_in_science/WSWthHoB">2005</a>), American cell biologist.</li> <li>June 24 – <a href="/facts/Fred_Hoyle/tXjJ0Lbd">Fred Hoyle</a> (died <a href="/facts/2001_in_science/BeRcDMev">2001</a>), English <a href="/facts/Astronomer/ronF8j4a">astronomer</a> and <a href="/facts/Science_fiction/d9hE2Lwt">science fiction</a> writer.</li> <li>July 28 – <a href="/facts/Charles_Hard_Townes/sRWs7U4e">Charles Hard Townes</a> (died <a href="/facts/2015_in_science/ztLIsTpJ">2015</a>), American <a href="/facts/Physicist/cQcgvSIm">physicist</a> and co-recipient of the <a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics/o6w1nCbr">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> (<a href="/facts/1964_in_science/JLX857w7">1964</a>) for developing the <a href="/facts/Maser/yqdMpoDv">maser</a>.</li> <li>October 1 – <a href="/facts/Jerome_Bruner/dUjnuIv8">Jerome Bruner</a> (died <a href="/facts/2016_in_science/xaChyHmT">2016</a>), American <a href="/facts/Developmental_psychology/Myy826TQ">developmental</a> and <a href="/facts/Educational_psychologist/AAdn9a4J">educational psychologist</a>.</li> <li>October 26 – <a href="/facts/Lu_Jiaxi_(chemist)/4Ro4NQQx">Lu Jiaxi</a> (died <a href="/facts/2001_in_science/BeRcDMev">2001</a>), Chinese physical chemist.</li> <li>November 18 – <a href="/facts/Tang_Aoqing/bJ7dCrsB">Tang Aoqing</a> (died <a href="/facts/2008_in_science/NLKwU0lC">2008</a>), Chinese quantum chemist.</li> <li>November 30 – <a href="/facts/Henry_Taube/pweqLu4D">Henry Taube</a> (died 2005), Canadian-born recipient of the <a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry/8Nb8Ajjy">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> (<a href="/facts/1983_in_science/GQucC41I">1983</a>).</li> <li>December 5 – <a href="/facts/Ren_Xinmin/aCjdW5x0">Ren Xinmin</a> (died <a href="/facts/2017_in_science/qFe0XI9H">2017</a>), Chinese rocket scientist.</li> <li>December 22 – <a href="/facts/A._E._Wilder-Smith/AW9qFXFj">A. E. Wilder-Smith</a> (died <a href="/facts/1995_in_science/D99HJHFY">1995</a>), English-born <a href="/facts/Organic_chemist/djxhxaNg">organic chemist</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="deaths">Deaths</h2> <ul><li>February 17 – <a href="/facts/Stanislaus_von_Prowazek/EJ7UWXU2">Stanislaus von Prowazek</a> (born <a href="/facts/1875_in_science/uXaVxjU1">1875</a>), Bohemian-born parasitologist.</li> <li>April 19 – Sir <a href="/facts/Thomas_Clouston_(psychiatrist)/ey9DnIPT">Thomas Clouston</a> (born <a href="/facts/1840_in_science/fY8Ru4uU">1840</a>), <a href="/facts/Scottish_people/0rp2bd12">Scottish</a> <a href="/facts/Psychiatrist/hS7EnAU6">psychiatrist</a>.</li> <li>March 21 – <a href="/facts/Ambrosius_Hubrecht/yH1goXqt">Ambrosius Hubrecht</a> (born <a href="/facts/1853_in_science/R7q2BBVn">1853</a>), <a href="/facts/Netherlands/y8xn5stT">Dutch</a> <a href="/facts/Zoology/6Kj13mBt">zoologist</a>.</li> <li>March 24 – <a href="/facts/Margaret_Lindsay_Huggins/wh3c1d0z">Margaret Lindsay Huggins</a> (born <a href="/facts/1848_in_science/A16HGzWh">1848</a>), <a href="/facts/Ireland/35vYxXdP">Irish</a>-born <a href="/facts/Astronomer/ronF8j4a">astronomer</a>.</li> <li>May 2 – <a href="/facts/Clara_Immerwahr/NtSeKPJH">Clara Immerwahr</a> (born <a href="/facts/1870_in_science/o4uJznAF">1870</a>), German <a href="/facts/Chemist/N09K7Bdm">chemist</a> (suicide).</li> <li>May 7 – <a href="/facts/Marie_Depage/Rq1eELY5">Marie Depage</a> (born <a href="/facts/1872_in_science/FKlXmmJ5">1872</a>), <a href="/facts/Belgians/xSmHFHch">Belgian</a> nurse (died in <a href="/facts/Sinking_of_the_RMS_Lusitania/1X6WSNBU">sinking of the RMS <i>Lusitania</i></a>).</li> <li>May 13 – <a href="/facts/Morgan_Crofton/qtgMcrch">Morgan Crofton</a> (born <a href="/facts/1826_in_science/v1nVYKN1">1826</a>), Irish-born <a href="/facts/Mathematician/eaFSR8Fx">mathematician</a>.</li> <li>July 22 – Sir <a href="/facts/Sandford_Fleming/P93Mnc6c">Sandford Fleming</a> (born <a href="/facts/1827_in_science/0qqb4SaX">1827</a>), Canadian engineer and surveyor known as the "father of <a href="/facts/Time_zone/x5JzdlX8">time zones</a>".</li> <li>August 10 – <a href="/facts/Henry_Moseley/W6Kd359o">Henry Moseley</a> (born <a href="/facts/1887_in_science/3TPmT9t4">1887</a>), English <a href="/facts/Physicist/cQcgvSIm">physicist</a> (killed in action on the <a href="/facts/Gallipoli_Campaign/EDePckSo">Gallipoli Campaign</a>).</li> <li>September 26 – <a href="/facts/Tsuruko_Haraguchi/vDdglMB4">Tsuruko Haraguchi</a> (born <a href="/facts/1886_in_science/7LC7G3JF">1886</a>), Japanese psychologist (<a href="/facts/Tuberculosis/ggPyovAl">tuberculosis</a>).</li> <li>October 11 – <a href="/facts/Jean_Henri_Fabre/SYXMRUzm">Jean Henri Fabre</a> (born <a href="/facts/1823_in_science/pHdD07J4">1823</a>), French <a href="/facts/Entomologist/zTtUNTWm">entomologist</a>.</li> <li>October 15 – <a href="/facts/Theodor_Boveri/vMqS6nF4">Theodor Boveri</a> (born <a href="/facts/1862_in_science/QgMtveLf">1862</a>), German <a href="/facts/Geneticist/cCvzvuKU">geneticist</a>.</li> <li>December 19 – <a href="/facts/Alois_Alzheimer/aEvPecpe">Alois Alzheimer</a> (born <a href="/facts/1864_in_science/D2UQhK5F">1864</a>), German <a href="/facts/Neuroscientist/DvcNRpyM">neuroscientist</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 75:205–10. <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Wong, Kathleen M. "The Trailblazing Black Woman Chemist Who Discovered a Treatment for Leprosy". Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the original on 2023-12-11. Retrieved 2023-12-27. <a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-trailblazing-black-woman-chemist-who-discovered-a-treatment-for-leprosy-180979772/" target="_blank">https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-trailblazing-black-woman-chemist-who-discovered-a-treatment-for-leprosy-180979772/</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Die Entstehung der Kontinente und Ozeane ("The Origin of Continents and Oceans"). <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Stromer, E. (1915). "Ergebnisse der Forschungsreisen Prof. E. Stromers in den Wüsten Ägyptens. II. Wirbeltier-Reste der Baharije-Stufe (unterstes Cenoman). 3. Das Original des Theropoden Spinosaurus aegyptiacus nov. gen., nov. spec". Abhandlungen der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-physikalische Klasse. 28 (3): 1–32. <a href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40375081" target="_blank">https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40375081</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Hoge, Mildred (January 1915). "Another Gene in the Fourth Chromosome of Drosophila". The American Naturalist. 49 (577): 47–49. doi:10.1086/279455. JSTOR 2456099. S2CID 83865793. Retrieved 2021-07-23. <a href="https://zenodo.org/record/2400631" target="_blank">https://zenodo.org/record/2400631</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>synd/3356 at Whonamedit? <a href="http://www.whonamedit.com/synd.cfm/3356.html" target="_blank">http://www.whonamedit.com/synd.cfm/3356.html</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>von Economo, K. (1917-05-10) "Encepahlitis lethargica". 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