Northern Borderlands dialect

<h2 id="phonology">Phonology</h2>
<p>The Northern Borderlands dialect retains the same vowel system as standard Polish, however there is often <a href="/facts/Vowel_reduction/FPoEtAFD">vowel reduction</a> in unstressed syllables. Most of the major differences appear in the realization of consonants. See <a href="/facts/Polish_phonology/tEdotI3h">Polish phonology</a> for more information on allophones.
</p>
<ol><li>Standard Polish /w/, spelled <ł>, is pronounced /ɫ/, and standard /l/ is palatalized, yielding /lʲ/, like in the <a href="/facts/Southern_Borderlands_dialect/nIkjEKIk">Southern Borderlands dialect</a>.</li>
<li>The standard Polish <a href="/facts/Palatal/o0RMlkss">palatal</a> <a href="/facts/Sibilant/5ejwC21e">sibilants</a> and <a href="/facts/Affricate/Fn2y7FIA">affricates</a>, /ɕ/, /ʑ/, /t͡ɕ/, and /d͡ʑ/ (spelled ,<ś>, <ź>, <ć>, and <dź> respectively) are pronounced /sʲ/, /zʲ/, /t͡sʲ/, and /d͡zʲ/.</li></ol>
<p>The phoneme charts are as follows:
</p>
<table><tbody><tr><td>Oral vowels<table><tbody><tr><th></th><th><a href="/facts/Front_vowel/htKQs3AT">Front</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Central_vowel/IFSaKUe9">Central</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Back_vowel/gyHoGCH0">Back</a></th></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Close_vowel/Ne6tHQHR">Close</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Close_front_unrounded_vowel/rSUdlCPU">i</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Close_central_unrounded_vowel/YdtMNGWw">ɨ</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Close_back_rounded_vowel/gqlQLfse">u</a></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Mid_vowel/uzjGLRhf">Mid</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel/aDRvwE46">ɛ</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel/yMNUClGt">ɔ</a></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Open_vowel/roS0Y7lA">Open</a></th><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Open_front_unrounded_vowel/s80pvmYh">a</a></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td>Nasal vowels<table><tbody><tr><th></th><th><a href="/facts/Front_vowel/htKQs3AT">Front</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Back_vowel/gyHoGCH0">Back</a></th></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Mid_vowel/uzjGLRhf">Mid</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Nasal_vowel/E8MYuu0T">ɛ̃</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Nasal_vowel/E8MYuu0T">ɔ̃</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><tbody><tr><th rowspan="2" colspan="2"></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Labial_consonant/bv4MqTMf">Labial</a></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Dental_consonant/Yraaz9Nm">Dental</a>/<a href="/facts/Alveolar_consonant/B6VkW2EX">alveolar</a></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Postalveolar_consonant/YUo5nJly">Post-alveolar</a></th><th rowspan="2">(<a href="/facts/Alveolo-palatal_consonant/RYDvFYvt">Alveolo-</a>)<a href="/facts/Palatal_consonant/KLcKyXE8">palatal</a></th><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Velar_consonant/blWClp79">Velar</a></th></tr><tr><th>plain</th><th><a href="/facts/Palatalization_(phonetics)/LXAIp4TB">palatalized</a></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Nasal_consonant/m6D3cVhe">Nasal</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_bilabial_nasal/1pd7NK2x">m</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_dental_nasal/0CEs8314">n</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_palatal_nasal/dLa9YG49">ɲ</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_velar_nasal/r6v5q92L">ŋ</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Plosive/okC9pztc">Plosive</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Voicelessness/575TtTUn">voiceless</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive/w4M9Igp6">p</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_dental_plosive/1GaDe2Vy">t</a></td><td></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_velar_plosive/dDppVb6e">k</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_post-palatal_plosive/nBqIqUIS">kʲ</a></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Voice_(phonetics)/VdqrEGQ3">voiced</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_bilabial_plosive/6ReC9arR">b</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_dental_plosive/A6hNvmCp">d</a></td><td></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_velar_plosive/f6udTvfQ">ɡ</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_post-palatal_plosive/otrWQbpW">ɡʲ</a></td></tr><tr><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Affricate_consonant/Fn2y7FIA">Affricate</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Voicelessness/575TtTUn">voiceless</a></th><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate/YfPyNGjE">t͡s</a>, <a href="/facts/Palatalization_(phonetics)/LXAIp4TB">t͡sʲ</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_retroflex_affricate/XotLkK7g">t͡ʂ</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Voice_(phonetics)/VdqrEGQ3">voiced</a></th><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_affricate/rKxCFyD1">d͡z</a>, <a href="/facts/Palatalization_(phonetics)/LXAIp4TB">d͡zʲ</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_retroflex_affricate/5rkMgdGM">d͡ʐ</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Fricative_consonant/1FQuuhfX">Fricative</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Voicelessness/575TtTUn">voiceless</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative/dUkN8guL">f</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_dental_sibilant_fricative/WLKtEYDe">s</a>, <a href="/facts/Palatalization_(phonetics)/LXAIp4TB">sʲ</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative/qv1enYKj">ʂ</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_velar_fricative/mrKPhobk">x</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_post-palatal_fricative/I3pUoxSq">xʲ</a></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Voice_(phonetics)/VdqrEGQ3">voiced</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_labiodental_fricative/v9lESng4">v</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_dental_sibilant_fricative/TtHwyzp6">z</a>, <a href="/facts/Palatalization_(phonetics)/LXAIp4TB">zʲ</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_retroflex_fricative/tfM7yN3u">ʐ</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Tap_and_flap_consonants/5SFjKYlX">Tap</a>/<a href="/facts/Trill_consonant/GKS3ga4q">trill</a></th><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_trill/rDplJobc">r</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Approximant_consonant/SXrlw7zY">Approximant</a></th><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Palatalization_(phonetics)/LXAIp4TB">lʲ</a>, <a href="/facts/Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant/dgbHhqeK">ɫ</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_palatal_approximant/v0NVCbUh">j</a></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2 id="notes">Notes</h2>

<h2 id="bibliography">Bibliography</h2>
<ul><li>Karaś, Halina (2010). <a href="http://www.dialektologia.uw.edu.pl/index.php?l1=leksykon&lid=623"><i>Kresowe odmiany polszczyzny</i></a> [<i>Borderlands variants of Polish</i>] (in Polish). <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-83-62844-10-4. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230323192518/http://www.dialektologia.uw.edu.pl/index.php?l1=leksykon&lid=623">Archived</a> from the original on March 23, 2023. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1"><p>Polish: dialekt północnokresowy <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" target="_blank">/wiki/Polish_language</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:2"><p>Zofia Kurzowa (2007). Szpiczakowska Monika, Skarżyński Mirosław (ed.). Ze studiów nad polszczyzną kresową (in Polish). Kraków: Universitas. ISBN 978-83-242-0683-4. <a href="978-83-242-0683-4" target="_blank">978-83-242-0683-4</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:3"><p>Zofia Kurzowa (2006). Szpiczakowska Monika, Skarżyński Mirosław (ed.). Język polski Wileńszczyzny i kresów północno-wschodnich (in Polish). Kraków: Universitas. ISBN 83-242-0738-4. <a href="83-242-0738-4" target="_blank">83-242-0738-4</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
</ol>

Northern Borderlands dialect open-in-new

Northern Borderlands dialect