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Lango language (Uganda)
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<h2 id="phonology">Phonology</h2> <h3>Consonants</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th colspan="2"></th><th><a href="/facts/Bilabial_consonant/q2H5MUAe">Bilabial</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Alveolar_consonant/B6VkW2EX">Alveolar</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Palatal_consonant/KLcKyXE8">Palatal</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Velar_consonant/blWClp79">Velar</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Glottal_consonant/rMdEdLxH">Glottal</a></th></tr><tr><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Plosive/okC9pztc">Stop</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Voice_(phonetics)/VdqrEGQ3">voiceless</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive/w4M9Igp6">p</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive/1GaDe2Vy">t</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_velar_plosive/dDppVb6e">k</a></td><td>(<a href="/facts/Glottal_stop/Xfqy2ArP">ʔ</a>)</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Voice_(phonetics)/VdqrEGQ3">voiced</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_bilabial_plosive/6ReC9arR">b</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_plosive/A6hNvmCp">d</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_velar_plosive/f6udTvfQ">g</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Affricate/Fn2y7FIA">Affricate</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Voice_(phonetics)/VdqrEGQ3">voiceless</a></th><td></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate/vJeGxq3k">tɕ</a></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Voice_(phonetics)/VdqrEGQ3">voiced</a></th><td></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_affricate/UeqpcLjG">dʑ</a></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Fricative/1FQuuhfX">Fricative</a></th><td>(<a href="/facts/Voiceless_bilabial_fricative/mccNzbmL">ɸ</a>)</td><td>(<a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative/WLKtEYDe">s</a>)</td><td>(<a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative/gwwPRsUU">ɕ</a>)</td><td>(<a href="/facts/Voiceless_velar_fricative/mrKPhobk">x</a>)</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Lateral_consonant/Mcyc1or8">Lateral</a></th><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant/dgbHhqeK">l</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Tap_and_flap_consonants/5SFjKYlX">Tap</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Voice_(phonetics)/VdqrEGQ3">voiceless</a></th><td></td><td>(<a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_tap/xGbnIhXu">ɾ̥</a>)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Voice_(phonetics)/VdqrEGQ3">voiced</a></th><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps/EvQ781EU">ɾ</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Nasal_consonant/m6D3cVhe">Nasal</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_bilabial_nasal/1pd7NK2x">m</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_nasal/0CEs8314">n</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_palatal_nasal/dLa9YG49">ɲ</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_velar_nasal/r6v5q92L">ŋ</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Semivowel/9nPDkQdw">Semivowel</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_labial%25E2%2580%2593velar_approximant/HLDqbrvr">w</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_palatal_approximant/v0NVCbUh">j</a></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In addition to these consonants, the Lango language maintains a <a href="/facts/Gemination/SWW77Fxw">gemination</a> [Cː] distinction in the stops, affricates, nasals and lateral. </p><p>Voiceless stops and affricates are slightly <a href="/facts/Aspirated_consonant/Kat42tA6">aspirated</a>, whereas voiced stops and affricates are fully voiced, sometimes with a characteristic of <a href="/facts/Breathy_voice/ynD4GYNn">breathy voice</a>. Stops are normally <a href="/facts/No_audible_release/Y3SA12la">unreleased</a> at the end of an utterance. </p><p>Fricatives and the <a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_tap/xGbnIhXu">voiceless alveolar tap</a> are found in <a href="/facts/Complementary_distribution/QgboUxaF">complementary distribution</a> with ungeminated voiceless stops and affricates:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> </p> <ul><li>[p] alternates with [ɸ]</li> <li>[t] alternates with [ɾ̥]</li> <li>[tɕ] alternates with [s] and [ɕ]</li> <li>[k] alternates with [x]</li></ul> <p>A glottal stop [ʔ] can also be heard in word-initial position, or in other intervocalic positions. In slow speech, it may also be heard as a murmured fricative [ɦ].<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p> <h3>Vowels</h3> <p>Kumam has ten vowels, forming an asymmetric vowel harmony system based on <a href="/facts/Advanced_and_retracted_tongue_root/P5C8A61k">advanced and retracted tongue root</a>, wherein the presence of advanced tongue root vowels [+ATR] may change retracted tongue root vowels [-ATR], but the reverse does not hold. Vowels can be lengthened but in a predictable manner.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><th rowspan="2"></th><th colspan="3">[+ATR]</th><th colspan="3">[-ATR]</th></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Front_vowel/htKQs3AT">Front</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Central_vowel/IFSaKUe9">Central</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Back_vowel/gyHoGCH0">Back</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Front_vowel/htKQs3AT">Front</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Central_vowel/IFSaKUe9">Central</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Back_vowel/gyHoGCH0">Back</a></th></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Close_vowel/Ne6tHQHR">Close</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Close_front_unrounded_vowel/rSUdlCPU">i</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Close_back_rounded_vowel/gqlQLfse">u</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel/1eQAfkDy">ɪ</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel/4taYcT5v">ʊ</a></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Mid_vowel/uzjGLRhf">Mid</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel/e9YNLF97">e</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Mid_central_vowel/CCx0wYy3">ə</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel/VwS9cKWJ">o</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel/aDRvwE46">ɛ</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel/yMNUClGt">ɔ</a></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Open_vowel/roS0Y7lA">Open</a></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Open_front_unrounded_vowel/s80pvmYh">a</a></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="writing-system">Writing system</h2> Lango alphabet<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a><table><tbody><tr><td>a</td><td>b</td><td>c</td><td>d</td><td>e</td><td>ë</td><td>g</td><td>i</td><td>ï</td><td>j</td><td>k</td><td>l</td><td>m</td><td>n</td><td>ŋ</td><td>ny</td><td>o</td><td>ö</td><td>p</td><td>r</td><td>t</td><td>u</td><td>ü</td><td>w</td><td>y</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Long vowels are indicated by doubling the vowel: ⟨aa, ee, ëë, ii, ïï, oo, öö, uu, üü⟩. </p> <ul><li>Okoth Okombo, Duncan (1997). <i>A Functional Grammar of Dholuo</i>. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-3-89645-130-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Noonan, Michael (2011). A Grammar of Lango. doi:10.1515/9783110850512. ISBN 9783110850512. <a href="9783110850512" target="_blank">9783110850512</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Uzoigwe, G. N. (1973). The beginnings of Lango society : a review of evidence. OCLC 38562622. <a href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/38562622" target="_blank">http://worldcat.org/oclc/38562622</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Noonan, Michael (2011). A Grammar of Lango. doi:10.1515/9783110850512. ISBN 9783110850512. <a href="9783110850512" target="_blank">9783110850512</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Noonan, Michael (2011). A Grammar of Lango. doi:10.1515/9783110850512. ISBN 9783110850512. <a href="9783110850512" target="_blank">9783110850512</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Noonan, Michael (2011). A Grammar of Lango. doi:10.1515/9783110850512. ISBN 9783110850512. <a href="9783110850512" target="_blank">9783110850512</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Teacher's Guide Lëblaŋo: An atwërö kwan kede cöc (PDF). Uganda Ministry of Education, Science, Technology and Sports, National Curriculum Development Centre. 2014. p. 286. <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:P1_Leblango_Teacher%27s_Guide_Final.pdf" target="_blank">https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:P1_Leblango_Teacher%27s_Guide_Final.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>