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Circassian languages
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<h2 id="circassian-languages">Circassian languages</h2> <table><tbody><tr><td><table><tbody><tr><td>Proto‑Circassian</td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td>East Circassian</td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Kabardian_language/a1Yv2tUX">Kabardian</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Besleney_Kabardian_dialect/MBcx2IIK">Besleney</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td>West Circassian (Adyghe)</td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td>Kuban river</td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Temirgoy/lduW8sh7">Temirgoy</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Abzakh_dialect/ag43QYoQ">Abzakh</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Bzhedugh_dialect/CWq0h2tr">Bzhedugh</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td>Black Sea coast</td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Shapsug_Adyghe_dialect/nJxlNboI">Shapsug</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Natukhai/94I9tIl4">Natkhuaja</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td>A Circassian dialects family tree.</td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Circassian languages <ul><li><a href="/facts/Adyghe_language/Eamslo4k">Adyghe language</a> <ul><li>The Black Sea coast dialects <ul><li><a href="/facts/Zhaney/jPIWz6wy">Zhaney</a> dialect</li> <li><a href="/facts/Natukhai/94I9tIl4">Natukhai dialect</a> (<a href="/facts/Adyghe_language/Eamslo4k">Adyghe</a>: Нэтӏхъуаджэбзэ; <i>Netʼx́uajebze</i>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Shapsug_Adyghe_dialect/nJxlNboI">Shapsug dialect</a> (<a href="/facts/Adyghe_language/Eamslo4k">Adyghe</a>: Шапсыгъабзэ; <i>Shapsyǵabze</i>) <ul><li>North Shapsugs, Great Shapsugs, Kuban Shapsugs dialect (<a href="/facts/Adyghe_language/Eamslo4k">Adyghe</a>: Шапсыгъэ шху; <i>Shapsyǵ shyxu</i>)</li> <li>Temirgoy-Shapsugs, Pseuşko accent (<a href="/facts/Adyghe_language/Eamslo4k">Adyghe</a>: Кӏэмгуе-шапсыгъ; <i>Chʼemgueý-shapsyǵ</i>)</li> <li>South Shapsugs, Small Shapsugs, Coastal Shapsugs Black Sea Shapsugs (<a href="/facts/Adyghe_language/Eamslo4k">Adyghe</a>: Шапсыгъэ-цӏыкӏу; <i>Shapsyǵe-tsʼykʼu</i>) dialect.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Kfar_Kama_Adyghe_dialect/nJxlNboI">Kfar Kama dialect</a> (<a href="/facts/Adyghe_language/Eamslo4k">Adyghe</a>: Кфар Камэм ишапсыгъэбзэ; <i>Kfar Kamem ishapsyǵebze</i>): Shapsug dialect spoken by the villagers of <a href="/facts/Kfar_Kama/6QzaUc0m">Kfar Kama</a> in <a href="/facts/Israel/dEe3IcaY">Israel</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Hakuchi_Adyghe_dialect/nmh01UkS">Hakuchi dialect</a> (<a href="/facts/Adyghe_language/Eamslo4k">Adyghe</a>: ХьакӀуцубзэ, Къарацхаибзэ; <i>Hakʼutsubze, Qaratsxaibze</i>)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>The Kuban river dialects <ul><li><a href="/facts/Bzhedug_Adyghe_dialect/CWq0h2tr">Bzhedug dialect</a> (<a href="/facts/Adyghe_language/Eamslo4k">Adyghe</a>: Бжъэдыгъубзэ; <i>Bɀedyǵubze</i>) : Spoken by the Circassians in <a href="/facts/Republic_of_Adygea/rY4sQHDE">Republic of Adygea</a> and <a href="/facts/Biga,_%C3%87anakkale/xDlEyI7E">Biga</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Temirgoy/lduW8sh7">Temirgoy</a> (<a href="/facts/Adyghe_language/Eamslo4k">Adyghe</a>: КӀэмыгуябзэ, КӀэмгуибзэ; <i>Chʼemıguıyabze, Chʼemguibze</i>) : Literary Adyghe. Also spoken by the Circassians in <a href="/facts/Republic_of_Adygea/rY4sQHDE">Republic of Adygea</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Abzakh_Adyghe_dialect/ag43QYoQ">Abzakh dialect</a> (<a href="/facts/Adyghe_language/Eamslo4k">Adyghe</a>: Aбдзэхабзэ; <i>Abźaxabze</i>) : Spoken by the Circassians in <a href="/facts/Rehaniya/t8AuuaMW">Rehaniya</a> in <a href="/facts/Israel/dEe3IcaY">Israel</a> and the Circassians in Syria from Golan Heights.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Mamkhegh/HnUJ650D">Mamkhegh</a> dialect</li> <li><a href="/facts/Yegeruqway/GCKQpsDn">Yegeruqway</a> dialect</li> <li><a href="/facts/Hatuqwai/mIyj0e4H">Hatuqwai</a> dialect</li> <li><a href="/facts/Makhosh/nTM2Bp8s">Makhosh</a> dialect</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Kabardian_language/a1Yv2tUX">Kabardian language</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> <ul><li>Kabardian <ul><li>West Kabardian <ul><li>Kuban</li> <li>Kuban-Zelenchuk (<a href="/facts/Cherkes/hGqTkoKD">Cherkess</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>Central Kabardian <ul><li>Baksan (Basis for the literary language)</li> <li>Malka</li></ul></li> <li>Eastern Kabardian <ul><li>Terek</li> <li>Mozdok</li></ul></li> <li>North Kabardian <ul><li>Mulka</li> <li>Zabardiqa (1925 until 1991 <i>Soviet Zaparika</i>)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Besleney_Kabardian_dialect/MBcx2IIK">Baslaney dialect</a> (<a href="/facts/Adyghe_language/Eamslo4k">Adyghe</a>: Бэслъыныйбзэ; <i>Besłınıýbze</i>)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <h2 id="alphabets">Alphabets</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Adyghe_language/Eamslo4k">Adyghe language</a> (also known as West Circassian, <a href="/facts/Adyghe_language/Eamslo4k">Adyghe</a>: КӀахыбзэ; <i>Kʼaxıbzə</i>, <a href="/facts/Russian_language/ETXrTgHV">Russian</a>: Адыгейский язык) — The language of the west Circassian tribes: <a href="/facts/Shapsug/HSR6FgQX">Shapsug</a>, <a href="/facts/Abzakh/TIUUY0d7">Abzakh</a>, <a href="/facts/Natukhai_people/94I9tIl4">Natukhai</a>, <a href="/facts/Bzhedug/AcYPky3j">Bzhedug</a>, <a href="/facts/Temirgoy/lduW8sh7">Temirgoy</a>. The Alphabet is based on the <a href="/facts/Temirgoy/lduW8sh7">Temirgoy</a> dialect. The Circassian alphabet was created in 1918 by the Kabardian linguist Naguma Shora.</li></ul> Adyghe alphabet<table><tbody><tr><td>А а [<a href="/facts/Open_front_unrounded_vowel/s80pvmYh">aː</a>]</td><td>Б б [<a href="/facts/Voiced_bilabial_plosive/6ReC9arR">b</a>]</td><td>В в [<a href="/facts/Voiced_labiodental_fricative/v9lESng4">v</a>]</td><td>Г г [<a href="/facts/Voiced_velar_fricative/ESy9fy1G">ɣ</a>] or [<a href="/facts/Voiced_velar_plosive/f6udTvfQ">ɡ</a>]</td><td>Гу гу [<a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">ɡʷ</a>]</td><td>Гъ гъ [<a href="/facts/Voiced_uvular_fricative/EPs0IHK3">ʁ</a>]</td><td>Гъу гъу [<a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">ʁʷ</a>]</td><td>Д д [<a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_plosive/A6hNvmCp">d</a>]</td></tr><tr><td>Дж дж [<a href="/facts/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate/o7oYJUqz">d͡ʒ</a>]</td><td>Дз дз [<a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_affricate/rKxCFyD1">d͡z</a>]</td><td>Дзу дзу [<a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">d͡zʷ</a>]</td><td>Е е [ja/aj]</td><td>Ё ё [jo]</td><td>Ж ж [<a href="/facts/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative/Tb8XpRoS">ʒ</a>]</td><td>Жъ жъ [<a href="/facts/Voiced_retroflex_fricative/tfM7yN3u">ʐ</a>]</td><td>Жъу жъу [<a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">ʒʷ</a>] or [<a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">ʐʷ</a>]</td></tr><tr><td>Жь жь [<a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative/03LloGUa">ʑ</a>]</td><td>З з [<a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_fricative/TtHwyzp6">z</a>]</td><td>И и [jə/əj]</td><td>Й й [<a href="/facts/Voiced_palatal_approximant/v0NVCbUh">j</a>]</td><td>К к [<a href="/facts/Voiceless_velar_plosive/dDppVb6e">k</a>]</td><td>Ку ку [<a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">kʷ</a>]</td><td>Къ къ [<a href="/facts/Voiceless_uvular_plosive/aKeHjs1N">q</a>]</td><td>Къу къу [<a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">qʷ</a>]</td></tr><tr><td>Кӏ кӏ [<a href="/facts/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate/TABCQBJI">t͡ʃʼ/kʼ</a>]</td><td>Кӏу кӏу [<a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">kʷʼ</a>]</td><td>Л л [<a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_fricative/69Vsl5Dx">ɮ</a>] or [<a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant/dgbHhqeK">l</a>]</td><td>Лъ лъ [<a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative/Vzem3juJ">ɬ</a>]</td><td>Лӏ лӏ [<a href="/facts/Alveolar_lateral_ejective_fricative/KuJKR8Ur">ɬʼ</a>]</td><td>М м [<a href="/facts/Voiced_bilabial_nasal/1pd7NK2x">m</a>]</td><td>Н н [<a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_nasal/0CEs8314">n</a>]</td><td>О о [aw/wa]</td></tr><tr><td>П п [<a href="/facts/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive/w4M9Igp6">p</a>]</td><td>Пӏ пӏ [<a href="/facts/Bilabial_ejective_stop/xrN47eFU">pʼ</a>]</td><td>Пӏу пӏу [<a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">pʷʼ</a>]</td><td>Р р [<a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_trill/rDplJobc">r</a>]</td><td>С с [<a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative/WLKtEYDe">s</a>]</td><td>Т т [<a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive/1GaDe2Vy">t</a>]</td><td>Тӏ тӏ [<a href="/facts/Alveolar_ejective_stop/ea7ahEWx">tʼ</a>]</td><td>Тӏу тӏу [<a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">tʷʼ</a>]</td></tr><tr><td>У у [<a href="/facts/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant/HLDqbrvr">w/əw</a>]</td><td>Ф ф [<a href="/facts/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative/dUkN8guL">f</a>]</td><td>Х х [<a href="/facts/Voiceless_velar_fricative/mrKPhobk">x</a>]</td><td>Ху ху [<a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">xʷ</a>]</td><td>Хъ хъ [<a href="/facts/Voiceless_uvular_fricative/gncAMNne">χ</a>]</td><td>Хъу хъу [<a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">χʷ</a>]</td><td>Хь хь [<a href="/facts/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative/Y2qSAoED">ħ</a>]</td><td>Ц ц [<a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate/YfPyNGjE">t͡s</a>]</td></tr><tr><td>Цу цу [<a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">t͡sʷ</a>]</td><td>Цӏ цӏ [<a href="/facts/Alveolar_ejective_affricate/cYxdrDPc">t͡sʼ</a>]</td><td>Ч ч [<a href="/facts/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate/14FYMJvN">t͡ʃ</a>]</td><td>Чӏ чӏ [<a href="/facts/Retroflex_ejective_affricate/VaR8nQRk">t͡ʂʼ</a>]</td><td>Чъ чъ [<a href="/facts/Voiceless_retroflex_affricate/XotLkK7g">t͡ʂ</a>]</td><td>Ш ш [<a href="/facts/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative/enUwqS2w">ʃ</a>]</td><td>Шъ шъ [<a href="/facts/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative/qv1enYKj">ʂ</a>]</td><td>Шъу шъу [<a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">ʃʷ</a>] or [<a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">ʂʷ</a>]</td></tr><tr><td>Шӏ шӏ [<a href="/facts/Palato-alveolar_ejective_fricative/RK8KoBQS">ʃʼ</a>]</td><td>Шӏу шӏу [<a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">ʃʷʼ</a>]</td><td>Щ щ [<a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative/gwwPRsUU">ɕ</a>]</td><td>Ъ ъ [<a href="/facts/Velarization/r0vmyV4T">ˠ</a>]</td><td>Ы ы [<a href="/facts/Mid_central_vowel/CCx0wYy3">ə</a>]</td><td>Ь ь [<a href="/facts/Palatalization_(phonetics)/LXAIp4TB">ʲ</a>]</td><td>Э э [<a href="/facts/Open_front_unrounded_vowel/s80pvmYh">a</a>]</td><td>Ю ю [ju]</td></tr><tr><td>Я я [jaː]</td><td>ӏ [<a href="/facts/Glottal_stop/Xfqy2ArP">ʔ</a>]</td><td>ӏу [<a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">ʔʷ</a>]</td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Kabardian_language/a1Yv2tUX">Kabardian language</a> (also known as East Circassian, <a href="/facts/Adyghe_language/Eamslo4k">Adyghe</a>: Къэбэрдейбзэ; <i>Qeberdeýbze</i>, <a href="/facts/Russian_language/ETXrTgHV">Russian</a>: Кабардино-черкесский) — The language of the east Circassian tribes : <a href="/facts/Kabarday/BekwuDkW">Kabarday</a> and <a href="/facts/Baslaney/xGp1775o">Baslaney</a>. The Alphabet is based on the <a href="/facts/Kabardian_language/a1Yv2tUX">Kabardian</a> dialect.</li></ul> Kabardian alphabet<table><tbody><tr><td>А а [<a href="/facts/Open_front_unrounded_vowel/s80pvmYh">aː</a>]</td><td>Э э [<a href="/facts/Open_front_unrounded_vowel/s80pvmYh">a</a>]</td><td>Б б [<a href="/facts/Voiced_bilabial_plosive/6ReC9arR">b</a>]</td><td>В в [<a href="/facts/Voiced_labiodental_fricative/v9lESng4">v</a>]</td><td>Г г [<a href="/facts/Voiced_velar_fricative/ESy9fy1G">ɣ</a>]</td><td>Гу гу [<a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">ɡʷ</a>]</td><td>Гъ гъ [<a href="/facts/Voiced_uvular_fricative/EPs0IHK3">ʁ</a>]</td><td>Гъу гъу [<a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">ʁʷ</a>]</td></tr><tr><td>Д д [<a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_plosive/A6hNvmCp">d</a>]</td><td>Дж дж [<a href="/facts/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate/o7oYJUqz">d͡ʒ</a>] or [<a href="/facts/Voiced_velar_plosive/f6udTvfQ">ɡʲ</a>]</td><td>Дз дз [<a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_affricate/rKxCFyD1">d͡z</a>]</td><td>Е е [ja/aj]</td><td>Ё ё [jo]</td><td>Ж ж [<a href="/facts/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative/Tb8XpRoS">ʒ</a>]</td><td>Жь жь [<a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative/03LloGUa">ʑ</a>]</td><td>З з [<a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_fricative/TtHwyzp6">z</a>]</td></tr><tr><td>И и [jə/əj]</td><td>Й й [<a href="/facts/Voiced_palatal_approximant/v0NVCbUh">j</a>]</td><td>К к [<a href="/facts/Voiceless_velar_plosive/dDppVb6e">k</a>]</td><td>Ку ку [<a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">kʷ</a>]</td><td>Къ къ [<a href="/facts/Voiceless_uvular_plosive/aKeHjs1N">q</a>]</td><td>Къу къу [<a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">qʷ</a>]</td><td>Кхъ кхъ [<a href="/facts/Voiceless_uvular_affricate/hn5jhhqR">q͡χ</a>]</td><td>Кхъу кхъу [<a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">q͡χʷ</a>]</td></tr><tr><td>Кӏ кӏ [<a href="/facts/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate/TABCQBJI">t͡ʃʼ</a>] or [<a href="/facts/Voiceless_velar_plosive/dDppVb6e">kʲʼ</a>]</td><td>Кӏу кӏу [<a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">kʷʼ</a>]</td><td>Л л [<a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_fricative/69Vsl5Dx">ɮ</a>] or [<a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant/dgbHhqeK">l</a>]</td><td>Лъ лъ [<a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative/Vzem3juJ">ɬ</a>]</td><td>Лӏ лӏ [<a href="/facts/Alveolar_lateral_ejective_fricative/KuJKR8Ur">ɬʼ</a>]</td><td>М м [<a href="/facts/Voiced_bilabial_nasal/1pd7NK2x">m</a>]</td><td>Н н [<a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_nasal/0CEs8314">n</a>]</td><td>О о [aw/wa]</td></tr><tr><td>П п [<a href="/facts/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive/w4M9Igp6">p</a>]</td><td>Пӏ пӏ [<a href="/facts/Bilabial_ejective_stop/xrN47eFU">pʼ</a>]</td><td>Р р [<a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_trill/rDplJobc">r</a>]</td><td>С с [<a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative/WLKtEYDe">s</a>]</td><td>Т т [<a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive/1GaDe2Vy">t</a>]</td><td>Тӏ тӏ [<a href="/facts/Alveolar_ejective_stop/ea7ahEWx">tʼ</a>]</td><td>У у [<a href="/facts/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant/HLDqbrvr">w/əw</a>]</td><td>Ф ф [<a href="/facts/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative/dUkN8guL">f</a>]</td></tr><tr><td>Фӏ фӏ [<a href="/facts/Labiodental_ejective_fricative/ClE7ClY5">fʼ</a>]</td><td>Х х [<a href="/facts/Voiceless_velar_fricative/mrKPhobk">x</a>]</td><td>Ху ху [<a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">xʷ</a>]</td><td>Хъ хъ [<a href="/facts/Voiceless_uvular_fricative/gncAMNne">χ</a>]</td><td>Хъу хъу [<a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">χʷ</a>]</td><td>Хь хь [<a href="/facts/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative/Y2qSAoED">ħ</a>]</td><td>Ц ц [<a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate/YfPyNGjE">t͡s</a>]</td><td>Цӏ цӏ [<a href="/facts/Alveolar_ejective_affricate/cYxdrDPc">t͡sʼ</a>]</td></tr><tr><td>Ч ч [<a href="/facts/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate/14FYMJvN">t͡ʃ</a>]</td><td>Ш ш [<a href="/facts/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative/enUwqS2w">ʃ</a>]</td><td>Щ щ [<a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative/gwwPRsUU">ɕ</a>]</td><td>Щӏ щӏ [<a href="/facts/Alveolo-palatal_ejective_fricative/EClVBDwt">ɕʼ</a>]</td><td>Ъ ъ [<a href="/facts/Velarization/r0vmyV4T">ˠ</a>]</td><td>Ы ы [<a href="/facts/Mid_central_vowel/CCx0wYy3">ə</a>]</td><td>Ь ь [<a href="/facts/Palatalization_(phonetics)/LXAIp4TB">ʲ</a>]</td><td>Ю ю [ju]</td></tr><tr><td>Я я [jaː]</td><td>ӏ [<a href="/facts/Glottal_stop/Xfqy2ArP">ʔ</a>]</td><td>ӏу [<a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">ʔʷ</a>]</td></tr></tbody></table> Dialectal letters<table><tbody><tr><td>Гь гь [<a href="/facts/Voiced_velar_plosive/f6udTvfQ">ɡʲ</a>]</td><td>Кь кь [<a href="/facts/Voiceless_velar_plosive/dDppVb6e">kʲ</a>]</td><td>Кӏь кӏь [<a href="/facts/Velar_ejective_stop/lNW5fHwr">kʲʼ</a>]</td><td>Сӏ сӏ [<a href="/facts/Alveolar_ejective_fricative/Rh8Qkyrz">sʼ</a>]</td><td>Чу чу [<a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">t͡ʃʷ</a>]</td><td>ӏь [<a href="/facts/Palatalization_(phonetics)/LXAIp4TB">ʔʲ</a>]</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="sound-changes">Sound changes</h2> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Proto-Circassian_language/PvmGrefn">Proto-Circassian language</a></p> <p>Sound changes between Adyghe (Temirgoy) and Kabardian:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p> <ul><li>Adyghe a ↔ э Kabardian: <i>адыгабзэ ↔ aдыгэбзэ</i> (Adyghe); <i>бае ↔ бей</i> (rich); <i>аслъан ↔ аслъэн</i> (lion); <i>къэплъан ↔ къаплъэн</i> (tiger); <i>дунай ↔ дуней</i> (world); <i>тхьакӀумэ ↔ тхьэкӀумэ</i> (ear); <i>хьарыф ↔ хьэрф</i> (letter); <i>тхьаркъо ↔ тхьэрыкъуэ</i> (pigeon); <i>Ӏае ↔ Ӏей</i> (ugly); <i>хьамлыу ↔ хьэмбылу</i> (worm); <i>хьау ↔ хьэуэ</i> (no)</li> <li>Adyghe ы ↔ э Kabardian: <i>ны ↔ анэ</i> (mother)</li> <li>Adyghe э ↔ ы Kabardian: <i>хъэдэн ↔ хъыдан</i> (lilac)</li> <li>Adyghe а ↔ ы Kabardian: <i>Ӏахьыл ↔ Ӏыхьлы</i> (cloth)</li> <li>Adyghe и ↔ ы Kabardian: <i>мэлэӀич ↔ мэлэӀыч</i> (angel)</li> <li>Adyghe ы ↔ и Kabardian: <i>сабый ↔ сабий</i> (child)</li> <li>Adyghe ы ↔ е Kabardian: <i>жъэжъый ↔ жьэжьей</i> (kidney); <i>дэжъый ↔ дэжьей</i> (hazelnut)</li> <li>Adyghe ц ↔ дз Kabardian: <i>цэ ↔ дзэ</i> (tooth); <i>цыгъо ↔ дзыгъуэ</i> (mouse); <i>пцэжъый ↔ бдзэжьей</i> (fish); <i>уцы ↔ удзы</i> (grass)</li> <li>Adyghe цу ↔ в Kabardian: <i>цу ↔ вы</i> (ox); <i>цуакъэ ↔ вакъэ</i> (shoe); <i>цунды ↔ вынд</i> (raven); <i>цунды ↔ вынд</i> (raven); <i>цуабзэ ↔ вабдзэ</i> (ploughshare)</li> <li>Adyghe ч ↔ ж Kabardian: <i>чэмы ↔ жэм</i> (cow); <i>чъыгы ↔ жыг</i> (tree); <i>чэщы ↔ жэщ</i> (night); <i>чылэ ↔ жылэ</i> (village, settlement); <i>пчъын ↔ бжын</i> (to count); <i>чъэн ↔ жэн</i> (to run)</li> <li>Adyghe ч ↔ дж Kabardian: <i>чэтыу ↔ джэду</i> (cat); <i>чэты ↔ джэд</i> (chicken); <i>апч ↔ абдж</i> (glass)</li> <li>Adyghe ч ↔ щ Kabardian: <i>пачъыхь ↔ пащтыхь</i> (king); <i>гъучӏы ↔ гъущӏ</i> (iron); <i>упчӏэ ↔ упщӏэ</i> (question); <i>чыӏу ↔ щӏыӏу</i> (button); <i>чъыӏэ ↔ щӏыӏэ</i> (cold); <i>пчэдыжьы ↔ пщэдджыжь</i> (morning)</li> <li>Adyghe дз ↔ з Kabardian: <i>хъырбыдз ↔ хъарбыз</i> (watermelon)</li> <li>Adyghe дж ↔ ж Kabardian: <i>баджэ ↔ бажэ</i> (fox); <i>лъэмыдж ↔ лъэмыж</i> (arch, bridge); <i>аджал ↔ ажал</i> (death); <i>хьаджыгъэ ↔ хьэжыгъэ</i> (flour); <i>лъэгуанджэ ↔ лъэгуажьэ</i> (knee); <i>къуаджэ ↔ къуажэ</i> (village)</li> <li>Adyghe жь ↔ з Kabardian: <i>ежь ↔ езы</i> (him, itself)</li> <li>Adyghe жъ ↔ жь Kabardian: <i>жъы ↔ жьы</i> (old); <i>бжъэ ↔ бжьэ</i> (bowl, horn, slander); <i>жъэн ↔ жьэн</i> (to fry, to grill)</li> <li>Adyghe ж ↔ жь Kabardian: <i>бжыхьэ ↔ бжьыхьэ</i> (autumn); <i>жакӀэ ↔ жьакӀэ</i> (beard); <i>бжыдзэ ↔ бжьыдзэ</i> (flea); <i>жэ ↔ жьэ</i> (mouth)</li> <li>Adyghe жъу ↔ в Kabardian: <i>жъуагъо ↔ вагъо</i> (star); <i>зэжъу ↔ зэвы</i> (narrow); <i>ӏужъу ↔ ӏувы</i> (wide); <i>гъэжъон ↔ гъэвэн</i> (to boil)</li> <li>Adyghe ш ↔ щ Kabardian: <i>нашэ ↔ нащэ</i> (melon)</li> <li>Adyghe щ ↔ ш Kabardian: <i>щэ ↔ шэ</i> (milk); <i>щай ↔ шай</i> (tea); <i>щыгъу ↔ шыгъу</i> (salt); <i>ахъщэ ↔ ахъшэ</i> (fund, money); <i>щэбзащ ↔ шабзэ</i> (arrow); <i>щыды ↔ шыд</i> (donkey); <i>щынагъо ↔ шынагъуэ</i> (fear); <i>щыбжьый ↔ шыбжий</i> (black pepper); <i>щэджагъо ↔ шэджагъуэ</i> (noon)</li> <li>Adyghe шъ ↔ щ Kabardian: <i>шъабэ ↔ щабэ</i>; <i>шъхьэ ↔ щхьэ</i> (head); <i>шъынэ ↔ щынэ</i> (lamp); <i>дышъэ ↔ дыщэ</i> (gold); <i>пшъашъэ ↔ пщащэ</i> (girl); <i>мышъэ ↔ мыщэ</i> (bear); <i>псэушъхь ↔ псэущхьэ</i> (animal); <i>шъэ ↔ ща</i> (100)</li> <li>Adyghe шӀ ↔ щӀ Kabardian: <i>шӀын ↔ щӀын</i> (to do); <i>шӀэн ↔ щӀэн</i> (to know); <i>гъашӀэ ↔ гъащӀэ</i> (life); <i>пшӀы ↔ пщӀы</i> (ten)</li> <li>Adyghe кӀ ↔ щӀ Kabardian: <i>кӀэ ↔ щӀэ</i> (new); <i>кӀалэ ↔ щӀалэ</i> (young-man); <i>мэгыкӀэ ↔ мэгыщӀэ</i> (to launder, to wash); <i>тӀэкӀын ↔ тӀэщӀын</i> (to go off on); <i>икӀыӀу ↔ ищӀыӀу</i> (above); <i>макӀэ ↔ мащӀэ</i> (few); <i>хьакӀэ ↔ хьэщӀэ</i> (guest); <i>ӀункӀыбзэ ↔ ӀунщӀыбз</i> (key)</li> <li>Adyghe шъу ↔ ф Kabardian: <i>шъоу ↔ фо</i> (honey); <i>шъуз ↔ фыз</i> (wife); <i>ешъон ↔ ефэн</i> (to drink); <i>уашъо ↔ уафэ</i> (sky); <i>уцышъо ↔ удзыфэ</i> (green); <i>къашъо ↔ къафэ</i> (dance); <i>шъо ↔ фэ</i> (color, skin, you (plural)); <i>шъо ↔ фэ</i> (color, skin, you (plural)); <i>нэшъу ↔ нэф</i> (blind)</li> <li>Adyghe шӀу ↔ фӀ Kabardian: <i>шӀу ↔ фӀы</i> (well, good); <i>машӀо ↔ мафӀэ</i> (fire); <i>шӀуцӀэ ↔ фӀыцӀэ</i> (black); <i>шӀомыкӀы ↔ фӀамыщӀ</i> (coal); <i>ошӀу ↔ уэфӀ</i> (weather); <i>ӏэшӀу ↔ ӏэфӀ</i> (sweet); <i>шӀошӏын ↔ фӀэщын</i> (sweet)</li> <li>Adyghe ф ↔ ху Kabardian: <i>фыжьы ↔ хужьы</i> (white); <i>Ӏофы ↔ Ӏуэху</i> (work, job); <i>мафэ ↔ махуэ</i> (day); <i>гъэмафэ ↔ гъэмахуэ</i> (summer); <i>цӀыфы ↔ цӀыху</i> (person); <i>фабэ ↔ хуабэ</i> (hot); <i>фае ↔ хуей</i> (want, need); <i>фэд ↔ хуэд</i> (like); <i>нэфы ↔ нэху</i> (light); <i>нартыф ↔ нартыху</i> (maize); <i>фэгъэгъун ↔ хуэгъэгъун</i> (to forgive); <i>фэгъэгъун ↔ хуэгъэгъун</i> (to forgive); <i>бжьыныф ↔ бжьыныху</i> (garlic); <i>бзылъфыгъэ ↔ бзылъхугъэ</i> (woman)</li> <li>Adyghe хь ↔ хъ Kabardian: <i>нахь ↔ нэхъ</i> (more); <i>шынахьыкӏ ↔ шынэхъыщӏ</i> (younger brother); <i>шынахьыжъ ↔ шынэхъыжь</i> (older brother)</li> <li>Adyghe къ ↔ кхъ Kabardian: <i>къэ ↔ кхъэ</i> (grave)</li> <li>Adyghe къу ↔ кхъу Kabardian: <i>къуае ↔ кхъуей</i> (cheese); <i>къужъы ↔ кхъужь</i> (pear); <i>къухьэ ↔ кхъухь</i> (ship)</li> <li>Adyghe т ↔ д Kabardian: <i>тэ ↔ дэ</i> (we); <i>тамэ ↔ дамэ</i> (shoulder); <i>тамыгь ↔ дамыгъэ</i> (stamp, letter); <i>тыгъужъы ↔ дыгъужь</i> (wolf); <i>тыгъуас ↔ дыгъуасэ</i> (yesterday); <i>ты ↔ адэ</i> (father); <i>тыжьыны ↔ дыжьын</i> (silver); <i>такъикъ ↔ дакъикъэ</i> (minute); <i>атакъэ ↔ адакъэ</i> (rooster, cock); <i>хатэ ↔ хадэ</i> (garden); <i>псычэт ↔ псыджэд</i> (duck); <i>тхьаматэ ↔ тхьэмадэ</i> (leader, boss)</li> <li>Adyghe п ↔ б Kabardian: <i>панэ ↔ банэ</i> (thorn); <i>пытэ ↔ быдэ</i> (hard); <i>пчэны ↔ бжэн</i> (goat); <i>пыи ↔ бий</i> (enemy); <i>непэ ↔ нобэ</i> (today); <i>пчъын ↔ бжын</i> (to count)</li> <li>Adyghe м ↔ н Kabardian: <i>мамун ↔ номин</i> (monkey)</li> <li>Adyghe н ↔ Ø Kabardian: <i>гъунджэ ↔ гъуджэ</i> (mirror)</li> <li>Adyghe -Ø ↔ -р Kabardian: <i>Ӏехы ↔ Ӏехыр</i>; <i>сӀехы ↔ сӀехыр</i>; <i>тӀехы ↔ тӀехыр</i></li> <li>Adyghe -Ø ↔ -щ Kabardian: <i>тӀыгъ ↔ тӀыгъщ</i></li> <li>Adyghe Ø- ↔ и- Kabardian: <i>джыри ↔ иджыри</i> (yet)</li></ul> <h2 id="loanwords">Loanwords</h2> <p>Circassian languages contain "many loan-words from <a href="/facts/Arabic_language/A1e66hVV">Arabic</a>, <a href="/facts/Turkish_language/C5X56Ijp">Turkish</a>, <a href="/facts/Persian_language/jfUYbHbt">Persian</a> (particularly in the area of religion) and <a href="/facts/Russian_language/ETXrTgHV">Russian</a>".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i>Circassian phrasebook</i>. <ul><li><a href="/facts/Circassia/FCjynbWQ">Circassia</a></li></ul> <h2 id="sources">Sources</h2> <ul><li>Reza, Enayotallah; Hirtenstein, Stephen; Gholami, Rahim (2021). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_05000081">"Cherkess (Circassian)"</a>. In <a href="/facts/Wilferd_Madelung/JegKSvsl">Madelung, Wilferd</a>; <a href="/facts/Farhad_Daftary/5yIxbpgd">Daftary, Farhad</a> (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia Islamica Online</i>. Brill Online. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1875-9831">1875-9831</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="literature">Literature</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3917316;view=1up;seq=225">A Dictionary of the Circassian Language, in Two Parts</a>. By Dr. <a href="/facts/Louis_Loewe/faewxhQr">L. Loewe</a>.</li> <li>Кумахов М. А. Адыгские языки // Языки мира. Кавказские языки. М., 1999. (in Russian)</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Papşu, Murat (2006)."Çerkes-Adığe yazısının tarihçesi Archived December 14, 2013, at the Wayback Machine". Nart, İki Aylık Düşün ve Kültür Dergisi, Sayı 51, Eylül-Ekim 2006. (in Turkish) <a href="http://www.circassianworld.com/TR/Adige_Yazisi.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.circassianworld.com/TR/Adige_Yazisi.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"The Circassian Alphabet". circassianweb.com. Circassian Family Tree. Retrieved 24 March 2024. <a href="https://circassianweb.com/page/33" target="_blank">https://circassianweb.com/page/33</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Kuipers, Aert H. (1960). Phoneme and morpheme in Kabardian (eastern Adyghe). The Hague: Mouton & Co. p. 7. <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Smeets, Henricus Joannes (1984). Studies in West Circassian phonology and morphology. Leiden: The Hakuchi Press. p. 41. ISBN 90-71176-01-0. <a href="90-71176-01-0" target="_blank">90-71176-01-0</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Hewitt, George (2005). "North West Caucasian". Lingua. 115 (1–2): 17. doi:10.1016/j.lingua.2003.06.003. Retrieved 16 April 2017. <a href="https://zenodo.org/record/968232" target="_blank">https://zenodo.org/record/968232</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Kuipers, Aert H. (1960). Phoneme and morpheme in Kabardian (eastern Adyghe). The Hague: Mouton & Co. p. 7. <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Aydın, Şamil Emre (2015), Çerkes Diyalektleri, ISBN 9786056569111 <a href="https://www.academia.edu/27977779/%C3%87ERKES_D%C4%B0YALEKTLER%C4%B0" target="_blank">https://www.academia.edu/27977779/%C3%87ERKES_D%C4%B0YALEKTLER%C4%B0</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Reza, Hirtenstein & Gholami 2021. - Reza, Enayotallah; Hirtenstein, Stephen; Gholami, Rahim (2021). "Cherkess (Circassian)". In Madelung, Wilferd; Daftary, Farhad (eds.). Encyclopaedia Islamica Online. Brill Online. ISSN 1875-9831. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_05000081" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_05000081</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>