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Permic languages
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<h2 id="classification">Classification</h2> <p>The extant Permic languages are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Udmurt_language/IUPQrbHj">Udmurt (Votyak)</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Komi-Zyryan_language/qJwlzNhW">Komi (Zyryan)</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Komi-Permyak_language/j7Th3ypq">Permyak (Komi-Permyak)</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Komi-Yazva_language/KgcyFhbW">Yazva (Komi-Yazva)</a></li></ul> <p>The Permic languages have traditionally been classified as <a href="/facts/Finno-Permic_languages/NLC6uShg">Finno-Permic languages</a>, along with the Finnic, Saami, Mordvin, and Mari languages. The Finno-Permic and <a href="/facts/Ugric_languages/pkeXjV4p">Ugric languages</a> together made up the <a href="/facts/Finno-Ugric_languages/byPsWtAK">Finno-Ugric family</a>. However, this taxonomy has more recently been called into question, and the relationship of the Permic languages to other Uralic languages remains uncertain.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>The word <i>Permian</i> can be traced back philologically to the Russian word <i>Perem</i> (Перемь) or <i>Perm</i> (Пермь) which is found in medieval Russian chronicles.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> The word was initially used to designate certain territories, including the lower reaches of the <a href="/facts/Northern_Dvina/Xm6qQX0f">Dvina River</a>, as well as the area bounded by the <a href="/facts/Pechora/dxR7XfUC">Pechora</a>, <a href="/facts/Vychegda/myuutbb0">Vychegda</a> and <a href="/facts/Kama_(river)/GehtI5gx">Kama</a> rivers in the north, west and south, and the <a href="/facts/Ural_Mountains/gzNoPkt6">Urals</a> in the east, which was incorporated into the Russian state in the late 15th century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> The word <i>Permian</i> was then used to designate the non-Russian peoples who lived in there, which mostly included the <a href="/facts/Komi_peoples/xRGrTUBr">Zyrians</a>, and the Russians later began using the appellation <i>Zyrian</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> From the 19th century, the word <i>Permian</i> was used in scholarly writing to designate the Zyrians and the <a href="/facts/Udmurts/NJCXbKIM">Udmurts</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="phonology">Phonology</h2> <p><a href="/facts/Proto-Uralic_language/uD6C61WH">Proto-Uralic</a> word roots have been subject to particularly heavy reduction in the Permic languages. </p> <ul><li>Original geminates *pp, *tt, *kk were reduced to single voiceless stops *p, *t, *k.</li> <li>Between vowels, original single *p, *t, *k as well as *w and *x were lost entirely.</li> <li>Second-syllable vowels were lost entirely. This was obscured in Udmurt by adding <i>-ы</i> to certain words. (PU *lumi "snow" → Udm <i>лымы</i> /lɯˈmɯ/ vs PU *lämi "broth" → Udm <i>лым</i> /lɯm/).</li> <li>The sibilants *s, *ś, *š have remained distinct from each other in all positions, but were voiced to *z, *ž, *ź [z ʒ ʑ] between voiced sounds.</li> <li>Consonant clusters were largely simplified: in particular nasal + stop/affricate clusters yield voiced stops/affricates, and stop + sibilant clusters yield voiceless sibilants.</li></ul> <p>A peculiarity of Permic is the occurrence of the voiced consonants such as *b, *g word-initially even in inherited vocabulary, apparently a development from original PU voiceless consonants. </p><p>The Proto-Permic consonant inventory is reconstructed as:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><th colspan="2"></th><th><a href="/facts/Labial_consonant/bv4MqTMf">Labial</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Alveolar_consonant/B6VkW2EX">Alveolar</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Palatal_consonant/KLcKyXE8">Palatal</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Velar_consonant/blWClp79">Velar</a></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Nasal_consonant/m6D3cVhe">Nasal</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_bilabial_nasal/1pd7NK2x">m</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_nasal/0CEs8314">n</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_palatal_nasal/dLa9YG49">ɲ</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_velar_nasal/r6v5q92L">ŋ</a></td></tr><tr><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Plosive/okC9pztc">Plosive</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Voicelessness/575TtTUn">voiceless</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive/w4M9Igp6">p</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive/1GaDe2Vy">t</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_palatal_plosive/nBqIqUIS">c</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_velar_plosive/dDppVb6e">k</a></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Voice_(phonetics)/VdqrEGQ3">voiced</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_bilabial_plosive/6ReC9arR">b</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_plosive/A6hNvmCp">d</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_palatal_plosive/otrWQbpW">ɟ</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_velar_plosive/f6udTvfQ">ɡ</a></td></tr><tr><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Affricate/Fn2y7FIA">Affricate</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Voicelessness/575TtTUn">voiceless</a></th><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate/14FYMJvN">t͡ʃ</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate/vJeGxq3k">t͡ɕ</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Voice_(phonetics)/VdqrEGQ3">voiced</a></th><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate/o7oYJUqz">d͡ʒ</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_affricate/UeqpcLjG">d͡ʑ</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Fricative/1FQuuhfX">Fricative</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Voicelessness/575TtTUn">voiceless</a></th><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative/WLKtEYDe">s</a>, <a href="/facts/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative/enUwqS2w">ʃ</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative/gwwPRsUU">ɕ</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Voice_(phonetics)/VdqrEGQ3">voiced</a></th><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_fricative/TtHwyzp6">z</a>, <a href="/facts/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative/Tb8XpRoS">ʒ</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative/03LloGUa">ʑ</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Approximant/SXrlw7zY">Approximant</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant/HLDqbrvr">w</a>, <a href="/facts/Voiced_labiodental_approximant/wtn3Wrzu">ʋ</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant/dgbHhqeK">l</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_palatal_approximant/v0NVCbUh">j</a>, <a href="/facts/Voiced_palatal_lateral_approximant/95EyBgHm">ʎ</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Trill_consonant/GKS3ga4q">Trill</a></th><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_trill/rDplJobc">r</a></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>This inventory is retained nearly unchanged in the modern-day Permic languages. </p><p>Komi has merged original *w into /ʋ/ and undergone a word-final a change *l → /ʋ/ ~ /w/ in many dialects, while Udmurt has changed word-initially *r → /d͡ʒ/ or /d͡ʑ/. *ŋ is retained only in some Udmurt dialects; in other Permic varieties it has become /m/ next to <a href="/facts/Back_vowel/gyHoGCH0">back vowels</a>, /n/ next to central vowels, /ɲ/ next to <a href="/facts/Front_vowel/htKQs3AT">front vowels</a>. </p><p>In later Russian loanwords, the consonants /f x t͡s/ may occur. </p><p>The consonant *w was marginal and occurred only word-initially or after a word-initial *k, generally traceable to diphthongization of the close back vowel of the 2nd series. An exceptional word is the numeral "six", *kwatʲ, which in Komi is the only native word root with an initial cluster.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p><p>Literary <a href="/facts/Komi-Zyryan_language/qJwlzNhW">Komi</a> and literary <a href="/facts/Udmurt_language/IUPQrbHj">Udmurt</a> both possess a seven-vowel system /i ɯ u e ə o a/. These are however not related straightforwardly, and numerous additional vowels are required for Proto-Permic, perhaps as many as 15 altogether. The reconstruction of Proto-Permic vocalism and its development from <a href="/facts/Proto-Uralic/uD6C61WH">Proto-Uralic</a> has always been a puzzling topic, for which there are several models. There is general agreement on the existence of two series of <a href="/facts/Close_vowel/Ne6tHQHR">close vowels</a>, one of which results in modern /i ɯ u/ in literary Udmurt and literary Komi-Zyryan, the other in correspondences of Udmurt /e ɯ u/ to Komi /e ə o/ (but /i ʉ u/ in the <a href="/facts/Komi-Yazva_language/KgcyFhbW">Komi-Yazva language</a>). Proposed distinguishing factors for these include length (*u, *uː), <a href="/facts/Tenseness/S4IpbaVE">tenseness</a> (*ʊ, *u) and <a href="/facts/Vowel_height/BNhCeFtH">height</a> (*u, *o).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p><p>Here is the vowel table used in Wiktionary: </p> Proto-Permic vowels<table><tbody><tr><th rowspan="2"></th><th colspan="2">Front</th><th colspan="2">Central</th><th colspan="2">Back</th></tr><tr><th>unrounded</th><th>rounded</th><th>unrounded</th><th>rounded</th><th>unrounded</th><th>rounded</th></tr><tr><th>Close</th><td>i</td><td>ü</td><td></td><td>u̇</td><td></td><td>u</td></tr><tr><th>Close-Mid</th><td>e</td><td>ö</td><td></td><td>ȯ</td><td></td><td>o</td></tr><tr><th>Mid</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Open-Mid</th><td>ɛ</td><td>ɔ̈</td><td></td><td>ɔ̇</td><td></td><td>ɔ</td></tr><tr><th>Open</th><td>ä</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>a</td><td>å</td></tr></tbody></table> <table><tbody><tr><th colspan="8">Vowel correspondences in Permic languages (word-initial syllable)</th></tr><tr><th>Proto-Permic</th><th>Old Komi</th><th>Komi-Zyrian</th><th>Komi-Permyak</th><th>Komi-Yazva</th><th>Udmurt</th><th>Finnic</th><th>notes</th></tr><tr><td>*a</td><td>𐍐</td><td>а</td><td>а</td><td>a</td><td>а</td><td>*a, *ä</td></tr><tr><td>*å</td><td>𐍐</td><td>а</td><td>а</td><td>a</td><td>у</td><td>*a</td></tr><tr><td>*ä</td><td>𐍩</td><td>ӧ</td><td>ӧ</td><td>ӧ</td><td>е</td><td>*ä, *e, *i</td><td>Dialectally, Udmurt *ä > ӧ</td></tr><tr><td>*ɔ</td><td>𐍩</td><td>о</td><td>о</td><td>о</td><td>у</td><td>*ä, *e, *i, *ö, *ü</td></tr><tr><td>*o</td><td>𐍞</td><td>о</td><td>о</td><td>у</td><td>у</td><td>*a, *ë, *i, *o, *u</td><td>Udmurt *wo- > ва-<p>Beserman *wo- > ўа-Irregularly, Udmurt *o > ы/иIrregularly, Beserman *o > ө</p></td></tr><tr><td>*ɛ</td><td>𐍔</td><td>е</td><td>е</td><td>е</td><td>о</td><td>*ä, *e, *i (*ö, *ü)</td><td>Next to palatals, Udmurt *ɛ > е<p>Irregularly, Udmurt *ɛ > e</p></td></tr><tr><td>*e</td><td>𐍱</td><td>е</td><td>е</td><td>и</td><td>о</td><td>*ä, *e, *i (*ö, *ü)</td><td>Next to palatals, Udmurt *e > е<p>Irregularly, Udmurt *e > e</p></td></tr><tr><td>*ɔ̇</td><td>𐍩</td><td>ӧ</td><td>ӧ</td><td>ӧ</td><td>о</td><td>*ä mainly</td><td>Before *l, Udmurt *ɔ̇ > а<p>Irregularly, Udmurt *ɔ̇ > а</p></td></tr><tr><td>*ȯ</td><td>𐍩</td><td>ӧ</td><td>ӧ</td><td>ӱ</td><td>ӧ</td><td>*o, *u mainly</td><td>Udmurt unstressed *ȯ > ы<p>Beserman unstressed *ȯ > ө</p></td></tr><tr><td>*ɔ̈</td><td>𐍩</td><td>ӧ</td><td>ӧ</td><td>ӧ</td><td>ӧ</td><td>*ö, *ü</td><td>Udmurt unstressed *ɔ̈ > у<p>Irregularly, Komi *ɔ̈ > е</p></td></tr><tr><td>*ö</td><td>𐍞</td><td>о</td><td>о</td><td>у</td><td>у</td><td>*ä, e, i, ö, ü</td><td>Beserman *ö > ө</td></tr><tr><td>*u̇</td><td>𐍨</td><td>ы</td><td>ы</td><td>ө</td><td>ы</td><td>*u, *ü mainly</td><td>Beserman *u̇ > ө</td></tr><tr><td>*i</td><td>𐍙</td><td>и</td><td>и</td><td>и</td><td>и</td><td>*i, *e mainly</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>*u</td><td>𐍣</td><td>у</td><td>у</td><td>у</td><td>у</td><td>*a, *o mainly</td><td>Irregularly, Udmurt *u > ы/и<p>Irregularly, Beserman *u > ө</p></td></tr><tr><td>*ü</td><td>𐍣</td><td>у</td><td>у</td><td>у</td><td>у</td><td>*ä, *e *i, *ö, *ü</td><td>Beserman *ü > ө<p>Irregularly, Udmurt *u > ы/и</p></td></tr></tbody></table> <table><tbody><tr><th colspan="7">Vowel correspondences in Permic languages (non-initial syllable)</th></tr><tr><th>Proto-Permic</th><th>Old Komi</th><th>Komi-Zyrian</th><th>Komi-Permyak</th><th>Komi-Yazva</th><th>Udmurt</th><th>notes</th></tr><tr><td>*a</td><td>𐍐</td><td>а</td><td>а</td><td>a</td><td>а / о</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>*ä</td><td>𐍩</td><td>ӧ</td><td>ӧ</td><td>ө</td><td>е</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>*i</td><td>𐍙 / 𐍨</td><td>и / ы</td><td>и / ы</td><td>и / ө</td><td>и / ы / у</td><td>different realisations in<p>dialectal Udmurt</p></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="morphophonology">Morphophonology</h2> <p>Noun <a href="/facts/Word_root/VwkvmJxn">roots</a> in the Permic languages are predominantly monosyllabic and invariable with the canonical shape (C)VC. CV roots, such as Udmurt ву /ʋu/, Komi and Permyak ва /ʋa/ 'water', and (C)VCC roots, such as Udmurt урт /urt/, Komi орт /ort/ 'soul', exist as well. In Udmurt, there are furthermore a number of bisyllabic roots, mostly of the shape (C)VCɯ.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p><p>In noun roots with certain final clusters, the second consonant surfaces only when followed with a vowel in inflected or derived forms : </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Full cluster</th><th>Shortens to</th><th>Example</th></tr><tr><td>-nm-</td><td>-n</td><td>син /ɕin/ 'eye'</td></tr><tr><td>-pt-</td><td>-p</td><td>шеп /ʃep/ 'ear of corn'</td></tr><tr><td>-kt-</td><td>-k</td><td>кык /kɯk/ '2'</td></tr><tr><td>-sk-</td><td>-s</td><td>мус /mus/ 'liver'</td></tr><tr><td>-ʃk-</td><td>-ʃ</td><td>мыш /mɯʃ/ 'back'</td></tr><tr><td>-ɕk-</td><td>-ɕ</td><td>юсь /juɕ/ 'swan'</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Udmurt has similar alternation for a number of other clusters of the shape <i>voiced consonant</i>+/m/, while Komi-Zyryan adds a number of clusters of the shape <i>voiced consonant</i>+/j/.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p><p>The verb root for 'to come': Udmurt лыкты- /lɯktɯ-/, Komi локты- /loktɯ-/ also shows alternation to plain /k/ in e.g. the imperative (in Udmurt only dialectally).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <h2 id="bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <ul><li>Lytkin, Vasily (1957). <i>Историческая грамматика коми языка</i> (in Russian). Syktyvkar: Коми книжное издательство.</li> <li>Lytkin, Vasily (1964). <i>Исторический вокализм пермских языков</i> (in Russian). Moscow: Наука.</li> <li>Lytkin, Vasily (1970). <i>Краткий этимологический словарь коми языка</i> (in Russian). Moscow: Наука.</li> <li>Bartens, Raija (2000). <i>Permiläisten kielten rakenne ja kehitys</i> (in Finnish). Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 952-5150-55-0.</li> <li>Csúcs, Sándor (2005). <i>Die Rekonstruktion der permischen Grundsprache</i>. Bibliotheca Uralica (in German). Vol. 13. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 963-05-8184-1.</li> <li>Riese, Timothy (8 April 2015). Abondolo, Daniel (ed.). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VWDxBwAAQBAJ"><i>The Uralic Languages</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 249–275. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-136-13500-2.</li></ul> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Ante_Aikio/K9xw702h">Ante, Aikio</a>. "Studies in Uralic Etymology V: Permic Etymologies". In: <i>Linguistica Uralica</i> LVII, nr. 3 (2021): 161–179. DOI: <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3176/lu.2021.3.01">https://dx.doi.org/10.3176/lu.2021.3.01</a></li> <li>Fedjunjova, Galina. "Etnitsheskije kontakty i divergentsija permskich jazykov" [Ethnic Contacts and the Divergence of the Permic Languages]. In: <i>Linguistica Uralica</i> 50, nr. 2 (2014). pp. 109–121. DOI: 10.3176/lu.2014.2.03</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><i>S. K. Belykh.</i> <a href="http://www.udmurt.info/library/belykh/swadesh.htm">Swadesh list for Permic languages</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Permic-languages#ref258838">Permic languages</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Scheucher, Bernhard. "The Permic Languages". LanguageServer - the Languages of the World. The University of Graz. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved August 22, 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023117/http://languageserver.uni-graz.at/ls/desc?id=154&type=r" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023117/http://languageserver.uni-graz.at/ls/desc?id=154&type=r</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Scheucher, Bernhard. "The Permic Languages". LanguageServer - the Languages of the World. The University of Graz. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved August 22, 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023117/http://languageserver.uni-graz.at/ls/desc?id=154&type=r" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023117/http://languageserver.uni-graz.at/ls/desc?id=154&type=r</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Kittilä, Seppo; Västi, Katja; Ylikoski, Jussi (2011). Case, Animacy and Semantic Roles. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 354. ISBN 9789027206800. Retrieved 2012-08-23. <a href="9789027206800" target="_blank">9789027206800</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Riese2015, p. 249. - Riese, Timothy (8 April 2015). Abondolo, Daniel (ed.). The Uralic Languages. Routledge. pp. 249–275. ISBN 978-1-136-13500-2. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VWDxBwAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=VWDxBwAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Riese2015, p. 249. - Riese, Timothy (8 April 2015). Abondolo, Daniel (ed.). The Uralic Languages. Routledge. pp. 249–275. ISBN 978-1-136-13500-2. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VWDxBwAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=VWDxBwAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Riese2015, p. 249. - Riese, Timothy (8 April 2015). Abondolo, Daniel (ed.). The Uralic Languages. Routledge. pp. 249–275. ISBN 978-1-136-13500-2. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VWDxBwAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=VWDxBwAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Riese2015, p. 249. - Riese, Timothy (8 April 2015). Abondolo, Daniel (ed.). The Uralic Languages. Routledge. pp. 249–275. ISBN 978-1-136-13500-2. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VWDxBwAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=VWDxBwAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Bartens 2000, p. 33. - Bartens, Raija (2000). Permiläisten kielten rakenne ja kehitys (in Finnish). Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura. ISBN 952-5150-55-0. <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Csúcs 2005, pp. 101–102. - Csúcs, Sándor (2005). Die Rekonstruktion der permischen Grundsprache. Bibliotheca Uralica (in German). Vol. 13. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. ISBN 963-05-8184-1. <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Lytkin 1970, pp. 10–21. - Lytkin, Vasily (1970). Краткий этимологический словарь коми языка (in Russian). Moscow: Наука. <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Bartens 2000, p. 51-52 <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Bartens 2000, p. 55-56 <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Bartens 2000, p. 66 <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Bartens 2000, p. 69-71 <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Bartens 2000, p. 178 <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>