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European Union Association Agreement
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<h2 id="names-and-types">Names and types</h2> <p>AAs go by a variety of names (e.g. Euro-Mediterranean Agreement Establishing an Association, Europe Agreement Establishing an Association) and need not necessarily even have the word "Association" in the title. Some AAs contain a promise of <a href="/facts/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union/bBHm4VzW">future EU membership</a> for the contracting state. </p><p>The first states to sign such agreements were <a href="/facts/Greece/lqHw8bTB">Greece</a> in 1961<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/Turkey/KIYAWAs0">Turkey</a> in 1963.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> </p><p>In recent history, such agreements have been signed as part of two EU policies, the <a href="/facts/Stabilisation_and_Association_Process/Tq93nraC">Stabilisation and Association Process</a> (SAp) and the <a href="/facts/European_Neighbourhood_Policy/F3fvjkLs">European Neighbourhood Policy</a> (ENP). </p><p>The countries of the <a href="/facts/Western_Balkans/5Hy8ly0d">western Balkans</a> (official candidates <a href="/facts/Albania/8GP40BUD">Albania</a>, <a href="/facts/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina/jNVA1gPB">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/facts/Montenegro/QynKJrw5">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/facts/North_Macedonia/YpfcC5DA">North Macedonia</a>, <a href="/facts/Serbia/U0LVzPdI">Serbia</a>, and potential candidate <a href="/facts/Kosovo/lbyzI6UW">Kosovo</a>) are covered by SAp. All six have "Stabilisation and Association Agreements" (SAA) with the EU in force. </p><p>The <a href="/facts/Eastern_Europe/f5CDGzNA">Eastern European</a> neighbours of <a href="/facts/Armenia/t3GQx9sU">Armenia</a>, <a href="/facts/Azerbaijan/Ho5joRTJ">Azerbaijan</a>, <a href="/facts/Belarus/vweHwgob">Belarus</a>, <a href="/facts/Georgia_(country)/ccBF8bBE">Georgia</a>, <a href="/facts/Moldova/qGBNGewt">Moldova</a>, and <a href="/facts/Ukraine/Qof0uqAj">Ukraine</a> are all members of the <a href="/facts/Eastern_Partnership/6dAdIMxW">Eastern Partnership</a> and are covered by the ENP. While <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russia</a> has a special status with the <a href="/facts/EU-Russia_Common_Spaces/8VkvsELw">EU-Russia Common Spaces</a> instead of ENP participation. </p><p>Meanwhile, the countries of the <a href="/facts/Mediterranean/Vr2pzVbM">Mediterranean</a>, (<a href="/facts/Algeria/UXDF4Tj6">Algeria</a>, <a href="/facts/Morocco/6ly8170M">Morocco</a>, <a href="/facts/Egypt/8Ttg0JwB">Egypt</a>, <a href="/facts/Israel/dEe3IcaY">Israel</a>, <a href="/facts/Jordan/JC5sS1oJ">Jordan</a>, <a href="/facts/Lebanon/2dReTXyp">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/facts/Libya/HMPH8PWR">Libya</a>, the <a href="/facts/Palestinian_Authority/AhB1P7E7">Palestinian Authority</a>, <a href="/facts/Syria/7pDXGzq8">Syria</a>, <a href="/facts/Tunisia/4uC8Po6k">Tunisia</a>) are also covered by the ENP and seven of the Mediterranean states have a "Euro-Mediterranean Agreement establishing an Association" (EMAA) with the EU in force, while Palestine has an interim EMAA in force.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> Syria initialed an EMAA in 2008, however signing has been deferred indefinitely. Negotiations for a Framework Agreement with the remaining state, Libya, have been suspended. </p><p><a href="/facts/Moldova/qGBNGewt">Moldova</a> and <a href="/facts/Ukraine/Qof0uqAj">Ukraine</a> have Association Agreements in force. <a href="/facts/Armenia/t3GQx9sU">Armenia</a> completed negotiations for a AA in 2013 but decided not to sign the agreement and later signed a revised <a href="/facts/Armenia-EU_Comprehensive_and_Enhanced_Partnership_Agreement/06zFD9Ed">CEPA</a> with the EU in 2017.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Azerbaijan/Ho5joRTJ">Azerbaijan</a> was also negotiating an AA, but did not conclude one.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p><p>Both the SAA and ENP are based mostly on the EU's <a href="/facts/Acquis_communautaire/VnrMcEDP">acquis communautaire</a> and its promulgation in the co-operating states legislation. Of course, the depth of the harmonisation is less than full EU members and some policy areas may not be covered (depending on the particular state). </p><p>In addition to these two policies, AAs with <a href="/facts/Free-trade_agreement/uuwrnR3v">free-trade agreement</a> provisions have been signed with other states and <a href="/facts/Trade_bloc/8gVxDTJK">trade blocs</a> including <a href="/facts/Chile/uEyTfEcx">Chile</a> and <a href="/facts/South_Africa/vvXQpLgq">South Africa</a>. </p> <h2 id="eu-agreements-with-third-states">EU Agreements with third states</h2> <h3>Association Agreements</h3> <h4>In force</h4> <ul><li><a href="/facts/African,_Caribbean_and_Pacific_Group_of_States/dg9LNcld">ACP</a> <a href="/facts/Cotonou_Agreement/rBqpBD4K">PA</a> (2003)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Albania/8GP40BUD">Albania</a> SAA (2009)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Algeria/UXDF4Tj6">Algeria</a> EMAA (2005)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina/jNVA1gPB">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> SAA (2015)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Central_American_Integration_System/SXzgN62w">Central America</a> <a href="/facts/European_Union_Central_American_Association_Agreement/o6yqmjqU">AA</a> (2024)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Chile/uEyTfEcx">Chile</a> AA (2005)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Egypt/8Ttg0JwB">Egypt</a> EMAA (2004)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Georgia_(country)/ccBF8bBE">Georgia</a> <a href="/facts/Georgia%E2%80%93European_Union_relations/8uqnFtJ9">AA</a> (2016)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Iceland/E4KGYs2j">Iceland</a> <a href="/facts/European_Economic_Area/6c4T2eDE">EEA</a> (1994)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Israel/dEe3IcaY">Israel</a> EMAA (2000)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Jordan/JC5sS1oJ">Jordan</a> EMAA (2002)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Republic_of_Kosovo/lbyzI6UW">Kosovo</a>* <a href="/facts/Accession_of_Kosovo_to_the_European_Union/sRJoIEHJ">SAA</a> (2016)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Lebanon/2dReTXyp">Lebanon</a> EMAA (2006)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Liechtenstein/dPnsqDnS">Liechtenstein</a> <a href="/facts/European_Economic_Area/6c4T2eDE">EEA</a> (1995)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Moldova/qGBNGewt">Moldova</a> <a href="/facts/Moldova%E2%80%93European_Union_Association_Agreement/9egL8FPP">AA</a> (2016)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Montenegro/QynKJrw5">Montenegro</a> SAA (2010)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Morocco/6ly8170M">Morocco</a> EMAA (2000)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/North_Macedonia/YpfcC5DA">North Macedonia</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> SAA (2004)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Norway/wlDRKRTR">Norway</a> <a href="/facts/European_Economic_Area/6c4T2eDE">EEA</a> (1994)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Serbia/U0LVzPdI">Serbia</a> <a href="/facts/Accession_of_Serbia_to_the_European_Union/47zN6Pv7">SAA</a> (2013)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/South_Africa/vvXQpLgq">South Africa</a> ATDC (2004)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Syria/7pDXGzq8">Syria</a> CA (1978;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> cooperation programmes suspended in 2011)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Tunisia/4uC8Po6k">Tunisia</a> EMAA (1998)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Turkey/KIYAWAs0">Turkey</a> <a href="/facts/Ankara_Agreement/0fSRyqW3">AA</a> (1964)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> the framework for a <a href="/facts/European_Union%E2%80%93Turkey_Customs_Union/rSVsYW9C">CU</a> (1995)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ukraine/Qof0uqAj">Ukraine</a> <a href="/facts/Ukraine%E2%80%93European_Union_Association_Agreement/nu3VolCx">AA</a> (2017)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/United_Kingdom/kuPAILt2">United Kingdom</a>: <a href="/facts/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement/6MsjHpAp">TCA</a> (2021)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a></li></ul> <h4>Currently in negotiations</h4> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Andorra/VItvtXBe">Andorra</a> AA<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Libya/HMPH8PWR">Libya</a> (negotiations for a Framework Agreement were launched in 2008, but suspended in 2011 due to the <a href="/facts/2011_Libyan_Civil_War/dlCgacp1">Libyan Civil War</a>; as of 2014 the EU is seeking to re-launch the negotiations)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Mercosur/hb6taQX1">Mercosur</a> AA<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/San_Marino/dlbbyRcT">San Marino</a> AA<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Syria/7pDXGzq8">Syria</a> EMAA (initialled in 2008,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> however signing has been stalled indefinitely by the EU due to concerns over the conduct of Syrian authorities during anti-government protests in 2011 and the ensuing <a href="/facts/Syrian_civil_war/UD2gymjC">civil war</a>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a></li></ul> <h4>Formerly in negotiations but abandoned</h4> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Armenia/t3GQx9sU">Armenia</a> AA<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Azerbaijan/Ho5joRTJ">Azerbaijan</a> AA<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Monaco/QjjEJwKy">Monaco</a> AA<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a></li></ul> <h4>Defunct agreements</h4> <ul><li>African states <a href="/facts/Yaound%C3%A9_Convention/9jQ012Fm">Convention of Association</a> (1964,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a> 1971<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a>), superseded by another <a href="/facts/Lom%C3%A9_Convention/Ctn5Ccv0">Convention</a> in 1976</li> <li><a href="/facts/African,_Caribbean_and_Pacific_Group_of_States/dg9LNcld">ACP</a> <a href="/facts/Lom%C3%A9_Convention/Ctn5Ccv0">Convention</a> (1976,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a> 1981,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a> 1986,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a> 1991<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a>), superseded by <a href="/facts/Cotonou_Agreement/rBqpBD4K">PA</a> in 2003</li> <li><a href="/facts/Algeria/UXDF4Tj6">Algeria</a> CA (1978),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a> superseded by EMAA in 2005</li> <li><a href="/facts/Bulgaria/Er5pY3YS">Bulgaria</a> EAA (1995),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Treaty_of_Accession_2005/bl4BKGMT">acceded to the EU in 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Croatia/MSS0yyvw">Croatia</a> SAA (2005),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Treaty_of_Accession_2011/Nweyk3fK">acceded to the EU in 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Cyprus/t9wL6lVK">Cyprus</a> AA (1973),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Treaty_of_Accession_2003/hlGy0p4I">acceded to the EU in 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Czech_Republic/vJYLD66Q">Czech Republic</a> EAA (1995),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Treaty_of_Accession_2003/hlGy0p4I">acceded to the EU in 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Czech_and_Slovak_Federative_Republic/qWBsH7Tg">Czech and Slovak Federative Republic</a> EAA (NA),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a> did not enter into force due to <a href="/facts/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia/nkBgpas8">dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/East_African_Community/QDI3kyLP">EAC</a> <a href="/facts/Arusha_Agreement/I8RgAJvj">Agreement Establishing an Association</a> (1971),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a> superseded by another <a href="/facts/Lom%C3%A9_Convention/Ctn5Ccv0">Convention</a> in 1976</li> <li><a href="/facts/Egypt/8Ttg0JwB">Egypt</a> CA (1978),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a> superseded by EMAA in 2004</li> <li><a href="/facts/Estonia/PVjB16TI">Estonia</a> EAA (1998),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Treaty_of_Accession_2003/hlGy0p4I">acceded to the EU in 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Greece/lqHw8bTB">Greece</a> AA (1961), <a href="/facts/Treaty_of_Accession_1979/Aj1hVBtn">acceded to the EU in 1981</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Hungary/YRedQLtI">Hungary</a> EAA (1994),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Treaty_of_Accession_2003/hlGy0p4I">acceded to the EU in 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Jordan/JC5sS1oJ">Jordan</a> CA (1978),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a> superseded by EMAA in 2002</li> <li><a href="/facts/Latvia/y2PSa8lx">Latvia</a> EAA (1998),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Treaty_of_Accession_2003/hlGy0p4I">acceded to the EU in 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Lebanon/2dReTXyp">Lebanon</a> CA (1978),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a> superseded by EMAA in 2006</li> <li><a href="/facts/Lithuania/dApVjLWW">Lithuania</a> EAA (1998),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Treaty_of_Accession_2003/hlGy0p4I">acceded to the EU in 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Malta/FsqM3M37">Malta</a> AA (1971),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Treaty_of_Accession_2003/hlGy0p4I">acceded to the EU in 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Morocco/6ly8170M">Morocco</a> CA (1978),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a> superseded by EMAA in 2000</li> <li><a href="/facts/Poland/eXJ7fd0D">Poland</a> EAA (1994),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Treaty_of_Accession_2003/hlGy0p4I">acceded to the EU in 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Romania/yolzk5cN">Romania</a> EAA (1995),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Treaty_of_Accession_2005/bl4BKGMT">acceded to the EU in 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Slovakia/gmJwpwM3">Slovakia</a> EAA (1995),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Treaty_of_Accession_2003/hlGy0p4I">acceded to the EU in 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Slovenia/EcYU22W4">Slovenia</a> EAA (1999),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Treaty_of_Accession_2003/hlGy0p4I">acceded to the EU in 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Tunisia/4uC8Po6k">Tunisia</a> CA (1978),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80"><sup>80</sup></a> superseded by EMAA in 1998</li> <li><a href="/facts/United_Kingdom/kuPAILt2">United Kingdom</a> ACR (1955),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81"><sup>81</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Treaty_of_Accession_1972/wdGQsKu3">acceded to the EU in 1973</a></li></ul> <h3>Free-trade agreements</h3> <h4>In force</h4> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/European_Union_free_trade_agreements/RFArtwsk">European Union free trade agreements</a></p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Andorra/VItvtXBe">Andorra</a> <a href="/facts/European_Union_Customs_Union/zklwV2Cu">CU</a> (1991)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82"><sup>82</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Colombia/nl7r8Q2u">Colombia</a>, <a href="/facts/Ecuador/Tdv7czY4">Ecuador</a> and <a href="/facts/Peru/dBt7XrYD">Peru</a> FTA (2024)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83"><sup>83</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Faroe_Islands/HMJ3bfmN">Faroe Islands</a> (autonomous <a href="/facts/Countries_of_the_Kingdom_of_Denmark/KVtykzsw">constituent country</a> of the <a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Denmark/KVtykzsw">Kingdom of Denmark</a>) FTA (1997)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84"><sup>84</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Japan/U5mz0SRT">Japan</a> EPA (2019)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85"><sup>85</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Mexico/IT5bwhdh">Mexico</a> EPPCCA (2000)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86"><sup>86</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Monaco/QjjEJwKy">Monaco</a> <a href="/facts/European_Union_Customs_Union/zklwV2Cu">CU</a> (1958)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87"><sup>87</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/New_Zealand/4mpSlJdg">New Zealand</a> <a href="/facts/New_Zealand%E2%80%93European_Union_relations/GbuG1IPy">FTA</a> (2024)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88"><sup>88</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Palestinian_Authority/AhB1P7E7">Palestinian Authority</a> interim EMAA (1997)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89"><sup>89</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90"><sup>90</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/San_Marino/dlbbyRcT">San Marino</a> <a href="/facts/European_Union_Customs_Union/zklwV2Cu">CCU</a> (2002)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91"><sup>91</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Singapore/CQDkhUvD">Singapore</a> FTA (2019)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92"><sup>92</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/South_Korea/pCobAaVw">South Korea</a> FTA (2015)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93"><sup>93</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Switzerland/LcGuxeTe">Switzerland</a> FTA (1973)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94"><sup>94</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Vietnam/0ulfA8Eq">Vietnam</a> FTA (2020)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95"><sup>95</sup></a></li></ul> <h4>Currently undergoing ratification</h4> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Canada/cWWFM8oc">Canada</a> <a href="/facts/Comprehensive_Economic_and_Trade_Agreement/plK9X1Cw">CETA</a> (signed in 2016)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96"><sup>96</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Cameroon/QnrdY05C">Cameroon</a> Interim EPA (signed in 2009)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97"><sup>97</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/CARIFORUM/aeIzpd9E">CARIFORUM</a> EPA (signed in 2008)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98"><sup>98</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire/mSSED5Yl">Côte d'Ivoire</a> Stepping Stone EPA (signed in 2009)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99"><sup>99</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/East_African_Community/QDI3kyLP">EAC</a> EPA (signed in 2016)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100"><sup>100</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ghana/IkUw32Ya">Ghana</a> Stepping Stone EPA (signed in 2016)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101"><sup>101</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Madagascar/ez12IAcY">Madagascar</a>, <a href="/facts/Mauritius/lVUARna5">Mauritius</a>, the <a href="/facts/Seychelles/Ub9we8XU">Seychelles</a>, and <a href="/facts/Zimbabwe/8Yqt8490">Zimbabwe</a> Interim EPA (signed in 2009)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102"><sup>102</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Southern_African_Development_Community/xKfEt3Hb">SADC</a> EPA (signed in 2016)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103"><sup>103</sup></a></li></ul> <h4>Currently in negotiations</h4> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Australia/qLHpbppq">Australia</a> FTA<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104"><sup>104</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/India/1kKHcnxM">India</a> FTA<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105"><sup>105</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Malaysia/8zbUMzCP">Malaysia</a> FTA (negotiations paused in 2012)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106"><sup>106</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Morocco/6ly8170M">Morocco</a> DCFTA (negotiations paused by Morocco in 2014)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107"><sup>107</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Philippines/ARpmxXQV">Philippines</a> FTA<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108"><sup>108</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Thailand/GCUnN4JK">Thailand</a> FTA<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109"><sup>109</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Tunisia/4uC8Po6k">Tunisia</a> DCFTA (negotiations paused in 2019)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110"><sup>110</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a> <a href="/facts/EU%E2%80%93US_Free_Trade_Agreement/V0jaIHTj">TTIP</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111"><sup>111</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/African,_Caribbean_and_Pacific_Group_of_States/dg9LNcld">APC</a> Pacific EPA<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112"><sup>112</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/ASEAN/77wDkXmL">ASEAN</a> FTA (negotiations paused in 2009, in favour of bilateral negotiations with individual states)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113"><sup>113</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/ECOWAS/7fszzNxT">ECOWAS</a> EPA (finalised in February 2014, but not signed)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114"><sup>114</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115"><sup>115</sup></a></li> <li>Central Africa states EPA<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116"><sup>116</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Gulf_Cooperation_Council/6DDyFPRX">GCC</a> FTA (negotiations suspended by GCC in 2008)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117"><sup>117</sup></a></li></ul> <h3>Other agreements</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Andorra/VItvtXBe">Andorra</a> CA (2005)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:118" href="#fn:118"><sup>118</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Armenia/t3GQx9sU">Armenia</a> <a href="/facts/Armenia-EU_Comprehensive_and_Enhanced_Partnership_Agreement/06zFD9Ed">CEPA</a> (2021)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:119" href="#fn:119"><sup>119</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:120" href="#fn:120"><sup>120</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Organisation_of_African,_Caribbean_and_Pacific_States/dg9LNcld">APC</a> Pacific Interim PA (2011)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:121" href="#fn:121"><sup>121</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/ASEAN/77wDkXmL">ASEAN</a> CA (1980),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:122" href="#fn:122"><sup>122</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:123" href="#fn:123"><sup>123</sup></a> applicable only for the then member states of Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Azerbaijan/Ho5joRTJ">Azerbaijan</a> PCA (1999)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:124" href="#fn:124"><sup>124</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Gulf_Cooperation_Council/6DDyFPRX">GCC</a> CA (1989)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:125" href="#fn:125"><sup>125</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Indonesia/vQnWU3IW">Indonesia</a> ACPC (2014)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:126" href="#fn:126"><sup>126</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Iraq/pqYSFJw8">Iraq</a> PCA (2018)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:127" href="#fn:127"><sup>127</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Kazakhstan/Vfs8NI6e">Kazakhstan</a> Enhanced PCA (2020)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:128" href="#fn:128"><sup>128</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Kyrgyzstan/MSNdCp8u">Kyrgyzstan</a> PCA (1999)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:129" href="#fn:129"><sup>129</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Mongolia/ogQzUcQb">Mongolia</a> ATEC (1993)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:130" href="#fn:130"><sup>130</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Mongolia/ogQzUcQb">Mongolia</a> ACPC (2017)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:131" href="#fn:131"><sup>131</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/New_Zealand/4mpSlJdg">New Zealand</a> PARC (2022)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:132" href="#fn:132"><sup>132</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Philippines/ARpmxXQV">Philippines</a> PCA (2018)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:133" href="#fn:133"><sup>133</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russia</a> PCA (1997)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:134" href="#fn:134"><sup>134</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Tajikistan/xLLXqHEJ">Tajikistan</a> PCA (2010)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:135" href="#fn:135"><sup>135</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Former_Soviet_Union/usrFwWTU">USSR</a> TCA (1989), endorsed by <a href="/facts/Tajikistan/xLLXqHEJ">Tajikistan</a> in 1994 and by <a href="/facts/Turkmenistan/YqJ4NvjU">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Uzbekistan/o8wfw2xR">Uzbekistan</a> PCA (1999)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:136" href="#fn:136"><sup>136</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Vietnam/0ulfA8Eq">Vietnam</a> ACPC (2016)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:137" href="#fn:137"><sup>137</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Yemen/eDyoh4qV">Yemen</a> CA (1998)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:138" href="#fn:138"><sup>138</sup></a></li></ul> <h4>Currently undergoing ratification</h4> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Belarus/vweHwgob">Belarus</a> PCA (signed in 1995)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:139" href="#fn:139"><sup>139</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Kyrgyzstan/MSNdCp8u">Kyrgyzstan</a> EPCA (signed in 2024)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:140" href="#fn:140"><sup>140</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Singapore/CQDkhUvD">Singapore</a> PCA (signed in 2018)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:141" href="#fn:141"><sup>141</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Turkmenistan/YqJ4NvjU">Turkmenistan</a> PCA (signed in 1998)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:142" href="#fn:142"><sup>142</sup></a></li></ul> <h4>Currently in negotiations</h4> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Malaysia/8zbUMzCP">Malaysia</a> PCA<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:143" href="#fn:143"><sup>143</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russia</a> (negotiations suspended in 2014)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:144" href="#fn:144"><sup>144</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Thailand/GCUnN4JK">Thailand</a> PCA<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:145" href="#fn:145"><sup>145</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Uzbekistan/o8wfw2xR">Uzbekistan</a> Enhanced PCA<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:146" href="#fn:146"><sup>146</sup></a></li></ul> <h3>Defunct agreements</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Albania/8GP40BUD">Albania</a> ATCEC (1992),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:147" href="#fn:147"><sup>147</sup></a> superseded by SAA in 2009</li> <li><a href="/facts/Armenia/t3GQx9sU">Armenia</a> <a href="/facts/Armenia-EU_Partnership_and_Cooperation_Agreement/dUxInvMo">PCA</a> (1999),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:148" href="#fn:148"><sup>148</sup></a> superseded by CEPA in 2021</li> <li><a href="/facts/Georgia_(country)/ccBF8bBE">Georgia</a> PCA (1999),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:149" href="#fn:149"><sup>149</sup></a> superseded by AA in 2016</li> <li><a href="/facts/Kazakhstan/Vfs8NI6e">Kazakhstan</a> PCA (1999)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:150" href="#fn:150"><sup>150</sup></a> superseded by EPCA in 2020</li> <li><a href="/facts/North_Macedonia/YpfcC5DA">Macedonia</a> CA (1998),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:151" href="#fn:151"><sup>151</sup></a> superseded by SAA in 2004</li> <li><a href="/facts/Mexico/IT5bwhdh">Mexico</a> CA (1991),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:152" href="#fn:152"><sup>152</sup></a> superseded by EPPCCA in 2000</li> <li><a href="/facts/Moldova/qGBNGewt">Moldova</a> PCA (1998),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:153" href="#fn:153"><sup>153</sup></a> superseded by AA in 2016</li> <li><a href="/facts/Serbia/U0LVzPdI">Serbia</a> FA <a href="/facts/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia/FR15c0Jn">FRY</a>-EU (2000)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Ukraine/Qof0uqAj">Ukraine</a> PCA (1998),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:154" href="#fn:154"><sup>154</sup></a> superseded by AA in 2017</li> <li><a href="/facts/Vietnam/0ulfA8Eq">Vietnam</a> CA (1996)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:155" href="#fn:155"><sup>155</sup></a> superseded by ACPC in 2016</li></ul> Legend <ul><li>AA = Agreement Establishing an Association/Association Agreement</li> <li>ACPC = Agreement on Comprehensive Partnership and Cooperation</li> <li>ACR = Agreement concerning the relations</li> <li>ATDC = Agreement on Trade, Development and Cooperation</li> <li>CEPA = Comprehensive and Enhanced Partnership Agreement</li> <li>CETA = <a href="/facts/Comprehensive_Economic_and_Trade_Agreement/plK9X1Cw">Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement</a></li> <li>CA = Cooperation Agreement</li> <li>CCU = Agreement on Cooperation and Customs Union</li> <li>CU = <a href="/facts/Customs_Union/gEGY564I">Customs Union</a></li> <li>DCFTA = <a href="/facts/Deep_and_Comprehensive_Free_Trade_Area/5boFBTxU">Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement</a></li> <li>EPA = <a href="/facts/Economic_Partnership_Agreement/S02rcpCf">Economic Partnership Agreement</a></li> <li>EPPCCA = Economic Partnership, Political Coordination and Cooperation Agreement</li> <li>EAA = Europe Agreement Establishing an Association</li> <li>EEA = <a href="/facts/European_Economic_Area/6c4T2eDE">European Economic Area</a></li> <li>EMAA = Euro-Mediterranean Agreement Establishing an Association</li> <li>FTA = <a href="/facts/Free_Trade_Agreement/uuwrnR3v">Free Trade Agreement</a></li> <li>PA = Partnership Agreement</li> <li>PCA = Partnership and Cooperation Agreement/Agreement on Partnership and Cooperation</li> <li>PARC = Partnership Agreement on Relations and Cooperation</li> <li>SAA = <a href="/facts/Stabilisation_and_Association_Agreement/Tq93nraC">Stabilisation and Association Agreement</a></li> <li>ATCEC = Agreement on Trade and Commercial and Economic Cooperation</li> <li>ATEC = Agreement on Trade and Economic Cooperation</li> <li>TTIP = <a href="/facts/EU%E2%80%93US_Free_Trade_Agreement/V0jaIHTj">Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership</a></li></ul> <h2 id="impact-on-environment-and-national-economies">Impact on environment and national economies</h2> <h3>Agriculture & Manufacturing</h3> <p>Trade agreements between the EU and other countries or free trade zones have differential effects on the respective economies. Agricultural industries are most significantly impacted when regional farms have to compete with large producers that gain access to markets when tariffs fall. For large agreements such as the AA with <a href="/facts/Mercosur/hb6taQX1">Mercosur</a>, significant opposition exists in European countries against cheaper imports of meats and other products.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:156" href="#fn:156"><sup>156</sup></a> However, for the manufacturing sector of cars and industrial products for export, usually involving larger global corporations, relevant volume increases are obvious for the more industrialised trade members.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:157" href="#fn:157"><sup>157</sup></a> </p> <h3>Environment</h3> <p>The impact on the environment for those nations that export farm products from areas with rain forests or other ecologically relevant regions, for example in Brazil, has been increasingly documented by environmental groups opposing EU trade agreements.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:158" href="#fn:158"><sup>158</sup></a> In addition, other industries with large environmental impact such as mining are expanding in areas where the regulatory burden is low, for example in South America and Asia. Industry groups have argued that increased economic performance in those sectors will only strengthen standards in participating nations, and that EU trade agreements should go hand in hand with harmonisation efforts for environmental regulations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:159" href="#fn:159"><sup>159</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul> <li>European Union portal</li><li>Europe portal</li><li>Politics portal</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Eastern_Partnership/6dAdIMxW">Eastern Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union/hLNe6JeA">Enlargement of the European Union</a></li> <li>EU-<a href="/facts/African,_Caribbean_and_Pacific_Group_of_States/dg9LNcld">ACP</a> <a href="/facts/Economic_Partnership_Agreements/zSyIL1Vf">Economic Partnership Agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/European_integration/nrHkmsE1">European integration</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/European_Union_free_trade_agreements/RFArtwsk">European Union free trade agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Free_trade_areas_in_Europe/PywoUepX">Free trade areas in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union/bBHm4VzW">Potential enlargement of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Privileged_partnership/uQWySql5">Privileged partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Stability_Pact_for_South_Eastern_Europe/03vkJdXJ">Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130406055417/http://exporthelp.europa.eu/thdapp/display.htm?page=cd%2fcd_FreeTradeAgreements.html&docType=main&languageId=en">Free trade agreements</a></li> <li><a href="http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/agreements/index_en.htm#_europe">EU free trade agreements</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/agreements-conventions/">Council of the European Union Agreements and conventions database</a></li> <li><a href="http://ec.europa.eu/world/agreements/default.home.do">European External Action Service Treaties Office Database</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131214085320/http://www.enpi-info.eu/">EU Neighbourhood Info Centre</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140426235959/http://www.enpi-info.eu/library/">EU Neighbourhood Library</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Association Agreements" (PDF). European External Action Service. 11 May 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 April 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120401163320/http://www.eeas.europa.eu/association/docs/agreements_en.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120401163320/http://www.eeas.europa.eu/association/docs/agreements_en.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Accord créant une association entre la Communauté économique européenne et la Grèce". Official Journal of the European Union (in French). P 26/1963: 294–342. 18 February 1963. 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