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Ivatan language
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<h2 id="introduction">Introduction</h2> <p>Ivatan is especially characterized by its words, which mostly have the letter <i>v</i>, as in <i>vakul</i>, <i>Ivatan</i>, and <i>valuga</i>. While related to the Northern Philippine group of languages, Ivatan, having been isolated, is most close to the two other members of the Bashiic sub-group of languages, <a href="/facts/Yami_language/CBXwd2GH">Yami</a> (Tao) and <a href="/facts/Itbayat_language/tYbuUQpn">Itbayat</a>, neither of which is indigenous to Luzon. Ibatan dialect, spoken on the nearby Babuyan group of islands, is so similar to Ivatan that it is not entirely clear whether it should be classified as a dialect of Ivatan or a separate language, though each does receive its own code in ISO taxonomy. </p><p>Ivatan has two dialects; Basco Ivatan, more commonly known as Ivasay, spoken on the main island of Batan, and Southern Ivatan or Isamurung, spoken on the southern half of Batan and on the most southern island, Sabtang.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="variations-in-language">Variations in language</h2> <p>In the capital of Basco and the surrounding northern half of Batan, the area encompassed by Ivasayen, <i>t</i> is prominent, whereas in the Isamurongen zone to the south (Mahatao, Ivana, Uyugan and Sabtang) that phoneme becomes a <i>ch</i>. </p><p>Examples of the more visible variations of the Ivasayen and Isamurongen words and pronunciations are: </p> <ul><li><i>tiban</i> ('to look') in Basco is <i>chiban</i> in the southern towns</li> <li><i>antiyaw</i> ('later') in Basco is <i>anchiyaw</i> in the southern towns</li> <li><i>kabatiti</i> ('patola') in Basco is <i>kabachichi</i> in the southern towns</li> <li><i>timoy</i> ('rain') in Basco is <i>chimoy</i> in the southern towns</li></ul> <p>Itbayaten is sometimes also considered a dialect. 2% of the total vocabulary does not occur in Ivatan dialects. Examples of different Ivasayen, Isamurongen and Itbayaten words that have the same English translation: </p> <ul><li><i>adkan</i> ('to kiss') in Basco and the southern towns is <i>umahan</i> in Itbayat.</li> <li><i>arava</i> ('none') in Basco and the southern towns is <i>aralih</i> in Itbayat.</li> <li><i>bago</i> ('pig') in Basco and the southern towns is <i>kuyis</i> in Itbayat.</li> <li><i>otioyan</i> ('nest') in Basco is <i>ochoyan</i> in the southern towns and <i>hangtay</i> in Itbayat.</li> <li><i>ipes</i> ('tail') in Basco is <i>vochivot</i> in the southern towns and also <i>ipes</i> in Itbayat.</li></ul> <p>Ivatan and <a href="/facts/Filipino_language/sFspmMjH">Filipino</a> words are sometimes combined, as in the Ivatan word <i>mapatak</i>. It is derived from <i>marunong</i> (Filipino) and <i>chapatak</i> (Ivatan), literally 'someone who knows', which were then compounded to form the word <i>mapatak</i>. This is the result of the influence of non-Ivatans who tend to speak the language and were then eventually adopted. </p><p>Examples of <a href="/facts/Metathesis_(linguistics)/qPNPuQW1">metathesis</a> in Ivatan include <i>iskarayla</i> for <i>iskalayra</i> ('stairs') and <i>tumaraya</i> for <i>tumayara</i> ('going up'). </p><p>Ivatan slang includes examples such as <i>tanchew</i>, coined from <i>mirwa ta anchiyaw</i> – literally 'we’ll meet again later', and <i>nganmu</i>, coined from <i>jinu ngayan mu</i>, literally 'where are you going'. These are results of shortening Ivatan phrases or sentences into one or two words, depending on usage. </p><p>Common Ivatan expressions have various origins such as: </p> <ul><li><i>Dios mamajes</i> or <i>Dios Mamajes nu mapia</i>Literally: 'God reward you with goodness' or 'God bless you'Usage: Used to show gratitude to someone</li> <li><i>Dios mavidin</i>Literally: 'May God remain with you'Usage: Used by the person who is leaving</li> <li><i>Dios machivan</i>Literally: 'May God go with you'Usage: Used by the person who is staying behind</li></ul> <h2 id="phonology">Phonology</h2> Vowels of Ivatan<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a><table><tbody><tr><th></th><th><a href="/facts/Front_vowel/htKQs3AT">Front</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Central_vowel/IFSaKUe9">Central</a></th><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Back_vowel/gyHoGCH0">Back</a></th></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Close_vowel/Ne6tHQHR">Close</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Close_front_unrounded_vowel/rSUdlCPU">i</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Close_back_unrounded_vowel/vlG9cpwT">ɯ</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Close_back_rounded_vowel/gqlQLfse">u</a></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Mid_vowel/uzjGLRhf">Mid</a></th><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel/VwS9cKWJ">o</a></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Open_vowel/roS0Y7lA">Open</a></th><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Open_front_unrounded_vowel/s80pvmYh">a</a></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>/u/ can also be lowered to [<a href="/facts/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel/4taYcT5v">ʊ</a>]. Vowel [e] only occurs in loanwords from <a href="/facts/Spanish_language/95BgYNfv">Spanish</a>, <a href="/facts/Ilocano_language/mFGocggQ">Ilocano</a>, and <a href="/facts/Tagalog_language/G8UARRIl">Tagalog</a>. </p> Consonants of Ivatan<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a><table><tbody><tr><th colspan="2"></th><th><a href="/facts/Labial_consonant/bv4MqTMf">Labial</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Alveolar_consonant/B6VkW2EX">Alveolar</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Palatal_consonant/KLcKyXE8">Palatal</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Velar_consonant/blWClp79">Velar</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Glottal_consonant/rMdEdLxH">Glottal</a></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Nasal_consonant/m6D3cVhe">Nasal</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_bilabial_nasal/1pd7NK2x">m</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_nasal/0CEs8314">n</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_palatal_nasal/dLa9YG49">ɲ</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_velar_nasal/r6v5q92L">ŋ</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Plosive/okC9pztc">Plosive</a>/<a href="/facts/Affricate/Fn2y7FIA">Affricate</a></th><th>voiceless</th><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive/w4M9Igp6">p</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive/1GaDe2Vy">t</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate/14FYMJvN">tʃ</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_velar_plosive/dDppVb6e">k</a></td><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Glottal_stop/Xfqy2ArP">ʔ</a></td></tr><tr><th>voiced</th><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_bilabial_plosive/6ReC9arR">b</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_plosive/A6hNvmCp">d</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate/o7oYJUqz">dʒ</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_velar_plosive/f6udTvfQ">ɡ</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Fricative/1FQuuhfX">Fricative</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_labiodental_fricative/v9lESng4">v</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative/WLKtEYDe">s</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_velar_fricative/ESy9fy1G">ɣ</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_glottal_fricative/lfRB7CPW">h</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Approximant/SXrlw7zY">Approximant</a></th><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant/dgbHhqeK">l</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_palatal_approximant/v0NVCbUh">j</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_labial%25E2%2580%2593velar_approximant/HLDqbrvr">w</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Tap_consonant/5SFjKYlX">Tap</a></th><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps/EvQ781EU">ɾ</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>/h/ can also be heard as a velar fricative [<a href="/facts/Voiceless_velar_fricative/mrKPhobk">x</a>]. Ivatan is one of the Philippine languages that do not exhibit [ɾ]-[d] allophony. </p> <h2 id="grammar">Grammar</h2> <h3>Pronouns</h3> <p>The following set of pronouns is found in the Ivatan language.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><th rowspan="2" colspan="3"></th><th colspan="2">Nominative</th><th colspan="2">Genitive</th><th rowspan="2">Locative</th></tr><tr><th>free</th><th>bound</th><th>free</th><th>bound</th></tr><tr><th rowspan="3">1st person</th><th colspan="2">singular</th><td><i>yaken</i></td><td><i>'ako</i></td><td><i>niaken</i></td><td><i>ko</i></td><td><i>diaken</i></td></tr><tr><th rowspan="2">plural</th><th>exclusive</th><td><i>yamen</i></td><td><i>kami</i></td><td><i>niamen</i></td><td><i>namen</i></td><td><i>diamen</i></td></tr><tr><th>inclusive</th><td><i>yaten</i></td><td><i>ta</i></td><td><i>niaten</i></td><td><i>ta</i></td><td><i>diaten</i></td></tr><tr><th rowspan="2">2nd person</th><th colspan="2">singular</th><td><i>'imo</i></td><td><i>'ka</i></td><td><i>nimo</i></td><td><i>mo</i></td><td><i>dimo</i></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2">plural</th><td><i>'inio</i></td><td><i>kamo</i></td><td><i>ninio</i></td><td><i>nio</i></td><td><i>dinio</i></td></tr><tr><th rowspan="2">3rd person</th><th colspan="2">singular</th><td><i>sia</i></td><td><i>sia</i></td><td><i>nia</i></td><td><i>na</i></td><td><i>dia</i></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2">plural</th><td><i>sira/sa</i></td><td><i>sira/sa</i></td><td><i>nira</i></td><td><i>da</i></td><td><i>dira</i></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="cultural-terms-of-the-ivatan-people">Cultural terms of the Ivatan people</h2> <ul><li><i>uve</i>, <i>uvi</i>, <i>sudi</i> – <a href="/facts/Yam_(vegetable)/b0E3kuD1">yam</a>; <a href="/facts/Staple_crop/GNo3putV">staple crop</a></li> <li><i>sudi</i> – <a href="/facts/Taro/VS4naoHU">taro</a></li> <li><i>wakay</i> – <a href="/facts/Sweet_potato/CFN3IMdj">sweet potato</a></li> <li><i>bulyas</i> – onions</li> <li><i>baka</i> – cow</li> <li><i>kaddin</i> – goat</li> <li><i>kayvayvanan</i> – friendship; cooperative work by a community which starts at the blow of a shell horn called a <i>vodiadong</i></li> <li><i>payohoan</i> – helping one another; work club of teenagers who alternate their shifts</li> <li><i>faluwa</i>; <i>chinarem</i>; <i>tataya</i> – three boats used for fishing</li> <li><i>kabbata</i> – legends</li> <li><i>laji</i> – lyric folk songs</li> <li><i>kalusan</i> – working songs</li> <li><i>sisyavak</i> – humorous anecdotes and tales</li> <li><i>kabbuni</i> – riddles</li> <li><i>pananahan</i> – proverbs</li> <li><i>vachi</i> – song leader</li> <li><i>mais</i> – corn</li> <li><i>paray</i> – rice plant</li> <li><i>dukay</i> – <a href="/facts/Lesser_yam/9nIngm2y">lesser yam</a></li> <li><i>rakarakanen</i> – vegetables</li> <li><i>hagsa</i> – an extinct wild deer[<i>which?</i>]</li> <li><i>vulaw a bagu</i> – <a href="/facts/Wild_boar/Sk8TgJkS">wild boar</a></li> <li><i>tatus</i> – <a href="/facts/Coconut_crabs/WWAmgcef">coconut crabs</a></li> <li><i>lakasan</i> – tops of wooden trunks used for storing cloth and other valuables which serve as benches</li> <li><i>dulang</i> – low dining table</li> <li><i>bangku</i> – low bench</li> <li><i>rahaung</i>, <i>camarin</i> – a storeroom for larger farm equipment such as plows, harrows, sleds, cards, and the ox-drawn pole used for clearing off sweet potatoes and other vines from fields being prepared for re-cultivation</li> <li><i>vuyavuy</i> – <i><a href="/facts/Phoenix_loureiroi/33WCjNBu">Phoenix loureiroi</a></i>, a small <a href="/facts/Arecaceae/5bN6Wwcr">palm</a> growing usually on <a href="/facts/Batanes/vazp6MqX">Batanes</a> coastal hills</li> <li><i>talugung</i> – a kind of conical hat woven from strips made from the stalk of a local plant called <i>nini</i></li> <li><i>pasikin</i> – small <a href="/facts/Bamboo/wGPJ2cEA">bamboo</a> or <a href="/facts/Rattan/bwJ3AeWK">rattan</a> baskets worn on the back</li> <li><i>lukoy</i> – <a href="/facts/Bolo_knife/t17JKtuy">bolo knife</a></li> <li><i>suhut</i> – sheath of a bolo knife</li> <li><i>suut</i>, <i>vakul</i> – a head-and-back covering woven from the stripped leaves of banana or the <i>vuyavuy</i></li> <li><i>alat</i> – baskets</li> <li><i>batulinaw</i> – a necklace made of hollow globules (1½ cm. in diameter) interspersed with smaller pieces of gold in floral patterns and held together by a string made of fiber</li> <li><i>tamburin</i> – an all-gold necklace whose beads are smaller and more ornate than the <i>batulinaw</i>, and lockets</li> <li><i>seseng</i>, <i>pamaaw</i>, <i>chingkakawayan</i>, <i>liyano</i>, <i>de pelo</i>, <i>dima s'bato</i>, <i>pitu s'bato</i>, <i>de perlas</i>, <i>bumbolya</i>, <i>karakol</i>, <i>pinatapatan</i> – traditional earrings that come from the Spanish period</li> <li><i>angang</i> – jars</li> <li><i>dibang</i> – <a href="/facts/Flying_fish/QFGUTTbX">flying fish</a></li> <li><i>payi</i> – <a href="/facts/Lobster/c5eYu72w">lobster</a></li> <li><i>arayu</i> – <a href="/facts/Dorado/SM1WeYuK">dorado</a></li> <li><i>mataw</i> – dorado fisherman</li> <li><i>tipuho</i> – <a href="/facts/Breadfruit/5Ggtr0gx">breadfruit</a></li> <li><i>uhango</i> – <a href="/facts/Pandanus_amaryllifolius/TcvlQYl1">pandan</a></li> <li><i>tamidok</i> – fern</li> <li><i>chayi</i> – fruit similar to lychee Pometia Pinnata</li> <li><i>soot</i> – generic term referring to the <a href="/facts/Ivatan_people/3rbj48y9">Ivatan</a> rain cape made from the finely stripped leaves of the <i>vuyavuy</i> palm.</li> <li><i>vakul</i> – woman's <i>soot</i>, worn on the head.</li> <li><i>kanayi</i> – man's <i>soot</i>, worn on the shoulders.</li> <li><i>falowa</i> – Ivatan boat, now usually motorized, for 10–20 passengers.</li> <li><i>tataya</i> – Ivatan <a href="/facts/Dory_(boat)/6y2BCQYT">dory</a> with twin oars, for 2–4 passengers.</li> <li><i>timban</i> – church</li> <li><i>vanuwa</i> – port</li> <li><i>avayat</i> – a broad directional term used to indicate the west, a western direction or the western side.</li> <li><i>valugan</i> – a broad directional term sued to indicate the east, an eastern direction or the eastern side.</li> <li><i>palek</i> – <a href="/facts/Sugar_cane/925qszH4">sugar cane</a> wine</li> <li><i>malisto</i> – fast</li> <li><i>mawadi</i> – slow</li> <li><i>mavid</i> – beautiful</li> <li><i>kuman</i> – eat</li> <li><i>minem</i> – drink</li> <li><i>bapor</i>, <i>tataya</i> – boat</li> <li><i>taw</i> – sea</li> <li><i>ranum</i> – water</li> <li><i>salawsaw</i> – wind</li> <li><i>kayvan</i> – friend</li> <li><i>mahakay</i> – man</li> <li><i>mavakes</i> – woman</li> <li><i>masalawsaw</i> – windy</li> <li><i>makuhat</i> – hot</li> <li><i>matimuy/machimuy</i> – raindrops</li></ul> <h2 id="phrases">Phrases</h2> <ul><li>Hello – <i>Kapian capa nu dios</i></li> <li>How are you? – <i>Ara ca mangu?</i></li> <li>I am fine – <i>Taytu aco a mapia</i></li> <li>I am not fine – <i>Ara coava mapia</i></li> <li>Thank you – <i>Dios mamajes</i></li> <li>Where are you going? – <i>Ngayan mo?</i></li> <li>I am going to... – <i>Mangay aco du...</i></li> <li>Where is ___? – <i>Ara dino si ___?</i></li> <li>Straight ahead – <i>Direcho</i></li> <li>How much? – <i>Manyi Pira?</i></li> <li>How many? – <i>Pira?</i></li> <li>Good – <i>Mapia</i></li> <li>No good – <i>Mapia/Mavid ava</i></li> <li>Yes – <i>Oon</i></li> <li>I want ___ – <i>Makey ako no ___</i></li> <li>I don't want – <i>Makey aco ava</i></li> <li>I have a problem – <i>Mian problema ko</i></li> <li>No problem – <i>Arava o problema</i></li> <li>Good luck – <i>Mapia palak</i></li> <li>What's your name? – <i>Angu ngaran mo?</i></li> <li>Where is the house of ___? – <i>Jino vahay da ___?</i></li> <li>There – <i>du nguya</i>, <i>du daw</i>, <i>dawri</i></li> <li>Here – <i>diaya</i></li> <li>Hungry – <i>mapteng</i></li> <li>Thirsty – <i>ma-waw</i></li> <li>Tired – <i>mavanah</i>, <i>chinagagan</i> (south), <i>navanax</i></li> <li>Happy – <i>masuyot</i>, <i>masaray</i></li> <li>Whistling – <i>mamito</i>, <i>mihiñoxay</i> (Itbayat)</li> <li>Soft – <i>mahma</i>, <i>maxma</i> & <i>mayuxma</i> (Itbayat)</li> <li>Sea – <i>taw</i>, <i>hawa</i> (Itbayat)</li> <li>Bird – <i>manumanok</i>, <i>kangkang</i> (Itbayat)</li> <li>Perpendicular – <i>maybatbat</i>, <i>mipatinu-nong</i> (Itbayat)</li> <li>Mud – <i>hetek</i>, <i>xetek</i> (Itbayat)</li> <li>Yesterday – <i>kakuyab</i></li> <li>Afternoon – <i>makuyab</i></li> <li>When are we going? – <i>Antin mangu ta mangay?</i></li> <li>When are you going to cut your hair? – <i>Antin mangu ka mapagugud?</i></li></ul> <h2 id="ivatan-words">Ivatan words</h2> <h3>Etymology</h3> <p>Coined words are two words combined to form one new word. </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Sentence</th><th>Coined word</th><th>Meaning</th><th>Usage</th></tr><tr><td><i>Mirwa ta anchiyaw</i></td><td><i>Tanchew</i></td><td>We'll meet again later.</td><td>Street language</td></tr><tr><td><i>Jinu ngayan mu</i></td><td><i>Nganmu</i></td><td>Where are you going?</td><td>Street language</td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Similarities with other Philippine languages</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th> </th><th>Person</th><th>House</th><th>Dog</th><th>Coconut</th><th>Day</th><th>New</th></tr><tr><td>Ivatan</td><td><i>Tawu</i></td><td><i>Vahay</i></td><td><i>Chitu</i></td><td><i>Niyuy</i></td><td><i>Araw</i></td><td><i>Va-yu</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Tagalog_language/G8UARRIl">Tagalog</a></td><td><i>Tao</i></td><td><i>Bahay</i></td><td><i>Aso</i></td><td><i>Niyog</i></td><td><i>Araw</i></td><td><i>Bago</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Bikol_language/pTRNGLl6">Bikol</a></td><td><i>Tawo</i></td><td><i>Harong</i></td><td><i>Ayam</i></td><td><i>Niyog</i></td><td><i>Aldaw</i></td><td><i>Ba-go</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Cebuano_language/0vPDCHcX">Cebuano</a></td><td><i>Tawo</i></td><td><i>Balay</i></td><td><i>Iro</i></td><td><i>Lubi</i></td><td><i>Adlaw</i></td><td><i>Bag-o</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Tausug_language/yDe3vmrR">Tausug</a></td><td><i>Tau</i></td><td><i>Bay</i></td><td><i>Iru'</i></td><td><i>Niyug</i></td><td><i>Adlaw</i></td><td><i>Ba-gu</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Kinaray-a_language/69n3ssAF">Kinaray-a</a></td><td><i>Taho</i></td><td><i>Balay</i></td><td><i>Ayam</i></td><td><i>Niyog</i></td><td><i>Adlaw</i></td><td><i>Bag-o</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Kapampangan_language/0PNrjUcS">Kapampangan</a></td><td><i>Tau</i></td><td><i>Bale</i></td><td><i>Asu</i></td><td><i>Ngungut</i></td><td><i>Aldo</i></td><td><i>Bayu</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Pangasinan_language/jm6bFsyJ">Pangasinan</a></td><td><i>Too</i></td><td><i>Abong</i></td><td><i>Aso</i></td><td><i>Niyog</i></td><td><i>Agew</i></td><td><i>Balo</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Ilocano_language/mFGocggQ">Ilocano</a></td><td><i>Tao</i></td><td><i>Balay</i></td><td><i>Aso</i></td><td><i>Niog</i></td><td><i>Aldaw</i></td><td><i>Baro</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Gaddang_language/B9Vx9hmE">Gaddang</a></td><td><i>Tolay</i></td><td><i>Balay</i></td><td><i>Atu</i></td><td><i>Ayog</i></td><td><i>Aw</i></td><td><i>Bawu</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Tboli_language/wNGFjFGe">Tboli</a></td><td><i>Tau</i></td><td><i>Gunu</i></td><td><i>Ohu</i></td><td><i>Lefo</i></td><td><i>Kdaw</i></td><td><i>Lomi</i></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Similarities with the Tao language</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th> </th><th>Day</th><th>Home</th><th>Friend</th><th>Eat</th><th>Drink</th></tr><tr><td>Ivatan</td><td><i>Araw</i></td><td><i>Vahay</i></td><td><i>Cayvan</i></td><td><i>Kuman</i></td><td><i>Minom</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Yami_language/CBXwd2GH">Yami</a> 雅美/達悟</td><td><i>Araw</i></td><td><i>Vahay</i></td><td><i>Kagagan</i></td><td><i>Kuman</i></td><td><i>Minum</i></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Accommodation</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th></th><th>Room</th><th>Mail</th><th>Water</th><th>Time</th></tr><tr><td>Ivasayen</td><td><i>Cuarto</i></td><td><i>Tulas</i></td><td><i>Danum</i></td><td><i>Oras</i></td></tr><tr><td>Itbayaten</td><td><i>Cuarto</i></td><td><i>Turas</i></td><td><i>Ranum</i></td><td><i>Oras</i></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Approval and disapproval</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th></th><th>Good</th><th>Of course</th><th>Ok</th><th>Pretty</th><th>Yes</th><th>No</th><th>Nothing</th><th>Perhaps</th></tr><tr><td>Ivasayen</td><td><i>Mapia</i></td><td><i>Siyempre</i></td><td><i>Okay</i></td><td><i>Mavid</i></td><td><i>Oon</i></td><td><i>Omba</i></td><td><i>Arava</i></td><td><i>Siguro</i></td></tr><tr><td>Itbayaten</td><td><i>Map'pia</i></td><td><i>Siyempre</i></td><td><i>Okay</i></td><td><i>Mavij</i></td><td><i>Uwen</i></td><td><i>Engga</i></td><td><i>Aralih</i></td><td><i>Siguro</i></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Colors</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th></th><th>Black</th><th>Blue</th><th>Brown</th><th>Dark</th><th>Gray</th><th>Green</th><th>Light</th><th>Red</th><th>White</th><th>Yellow</th></tr><tr><td>Ivasayen</td><td><i>Mavajeng</i></td><td><i>Maanil</i></td><td><i>Chocolati</i></td><td><i>Masari</i></td><td><i>Mavuavo</i></td><td><i>Berde</i></td><td><i>Marial</i></td><td><i>Mavaya</i></td><td><i>Maydac</i></td><td><i>Mañujama</i></td></tr><tr><td>Itbayaten</td><td><i>Mavaweng</i></td><td><i>A'sul</i></td><td><i>Chocolati</i></td><td><i>Masarih</i></td><td><i>Mavu-avo</i></td><td><i>Birdi</i></td><td><i>Marengang</i></td><td><i>Mavayah</i></td><td><i>Mahilak</i></td><td><i>Mayuxama</i></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Days of the week</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th></th><th>Sunday</th><th>Monday</th><th>Tuesday</th><th>Wednesday</th><th>Thursday</th><th>Friday</th><th>Saturday</th></tr><tr><td>Ivasayen</td><td><i>Domingo</i></td><td><i>Lunis</i></td><td><i>Martis</i></td><td><i>Miyirkolis</i></td><td><i>Juibis</i></td><td><i>Biyernis</i></td><td><i>Sabado</i></td></tr><tr><td>Itbayaten</td><td><i>Lumingu</i></td><td><i>Lunis</i></td><td><i>Martis</i></td><td><i>Mirkulis</i></td><td><i>Juybis</i></td><td><i>Birnis</i></td><td><i>Sabalu</i></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Direction</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th></th><th>Left</th><th>Right</th><th>Straight ahead</th></tr><tr><td>Ivasayen</td><td><i>Huli</i></td><td><i>Wanan</i></td><td><i>Diricho</i></td></tr><tr><td>Itbayaten</td><td><i>Guri</i></td><td><i>Wanan</i></td><td><i>Diricho</i></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Cardinal numbers</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th></th><th>Zero</th><th>One</th><th>Two</th><th>Three</th><th>Four</th><th>Five</th><th>Six</th><th>Seven</th><th>Eight</th><th>Nine</th><th>Ten</th></tr><tr><td>Ivayasen</td><td><i>Siro</i>, <i>abu</i></td><td><i>Asa</i></td><td><i>Dadua</i></td><td><i>Tatdu</i></td><td><i>Apat</i></td><td><i>Dadima</i></td><td><i>Anem</i></td><td><i>Papito</i></td><td><i>Wawajo</i></td><td><i>Sasyam</i></td><td><i>Sapujo</i></td></tr><tr><td>Itbayaten</td><td><i>Siro</i>, <i>a'bu</i></td><td><i>A'sa</i></td><td><i>Daduha</i></td><td><i>Atlu</i></td><td><i>A'pat</i></td><td><i>Lalima</i></td><td><i>A'nem</i></td><td><i>Pito</i></td><td><i>Waxo</i></td><td><i>Sasyam</i></td><td><i>Sapuxu</i></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="writing-system">Writing system</h2> <p>Ivatan is written using the Latin alphabet. As Ivatan is primarily a spoken language and seldom used in written form, there is currently no consistent way of writing the language and different conventions may be used by different writers. An orthography devised for use in public schools by the Department of Education uses the full 26-letter Latin alphabet, with three extra letters, <i>ch</i>, <i>ñ</i>, and <i>ng</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p><p>The <a href="/facts/Schwa/5TvL9LSb">schwa</a> sound, or uh, is normally represented by the letter <i>e</i> as in <i>Dios Mamajes</i>, 'di-yos-ma-ma-huhs', and <i>palek</i> 'pa-luhk'. </p> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul> <li>Philippines portal</li><li>Language portal</li></ul> Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for <i>Ivatan</i>. <ul><li><a href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED402781.pdf">Ivatan Language Packet</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050514033320/http://www.ncca.gov.ph/culture%26arts/cularts/ccta/northern/northern-batanes.htm">The Ivatan</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120722084104/http://asian-lp.uga.edu/jpn_html/yami/chpt.1.html">Affiliation with the Yami of Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.bansa.org/?q=dictionaries/cmd&dict_lang=Ivatan">Bansa.org Ivatan Dictionary</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215172411/http://www.bansa.org/?q=dictionaries%2Fcmd&dict_lang=Ivatan">Archived</a> 15 December 2018 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930201256/http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/translation/Ivatan/">Ivatan-English Dictionary</a> from <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120223164907/http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/">Webster's Dictionary</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071212194455/http://www.batanesonline.com/LiteraryArts/IvatanLanguage.htm">IVATAN LANGUAGE: AN ANALYSIS – BatanesOnline.com</a></li> <li><a href="http://iloko.tripod.com/Ivatan.htm">Ivatan Language of the Batales Islands</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091027045326/http://uproar.fortunecity.com/sports/490/Batanes/kanta.htm">Batanes: Ivatan Songs composed and / or collected by Manuel Fajardo</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071227064910/http://www.uyuganbatanes.com/history.html">Uyugan, Batanes! On the Web! Batanes</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Ross, Malcolm (2005). "The Batanic Languages in Relation to the Early History of the Malayo-Polynesian Subgroup of Austronesian" (PDF). Journal of Austronesian Studies. 1 (2). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 March 2012. Retrieved 15 October 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120322042836/http://chl.anu.edu.au/linguistics/projects/mdr/Batanic.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120322042836/http://chl.anu.edu.au/linguistics/projects/mdr/Batanic.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Aringay, Marbeth (2023). "Islandness in the Province: The Language of a Migrated Ivatan". doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.11798.32320. Retrieved 11 March 2024. <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372483339" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372483339</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Ivatan People of the Philippines: History, Customs, Culture and Traditions [Batanes Islands]". yodisphere.com. Retrieved 7 January 2024. <a href="https://www.yodisphere.com/2022/09/Ivatan-Batanes-History-Culture-Traditions.html" target="_blank">https://www.yodisphere.com/2022/09/Ivatan-Batanes-History-Culture-Traditions.html</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Hooker, Betty (1972). "Cohesion in Ivatan" (PDF). Asian Studies. 10 (1): 33–43. Retrieved 11 March 2024. <a href="https://www.asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-10-01-1972/hooker%20cohesion%20in%20ivatan.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-10-01-1972/hooker%20cohesion%20in%20ivatan.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Ivatan Language of the Batanes Islands". iloko.tripod.com. Retrieved 7 January 2024. <a href="https://iloko.tripod.com/Ivatan.htm" target="_blank">https://iloko.tripod.com/Ivatan.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Ross, Malcolm (2005). "The Batanic Languages in Relation to the Early History of the Malayo-Polynesian Subgroup of Austronesian" (PDF). Journal of Austronesian Studies. 1 (2). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 March 2012. Retrieved 15 October 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120322042836/http://chl.anu.edu.au/linguistics/projects/mdr/Batanic.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120322042836/http://chl.anu.edu.au/linguistics/projects/mdr/Batanic.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Cottle, Morris (1958). The significant sounds of Ivatan. University of Sydney. <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Cottle, Morris (1958). The significant sounds of Ivatan. University of Sydney. <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Reid, Lawrence Andrew (1966). An Ivatan Syntax. Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications. University of Hawai'i Press. pp. 1–160. JSTOR 20019114. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Gabilo-Cariaso, Georgann (2015). Ortograpiya Ivatan. SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANES. Retrieved 7 June 2020. <a href="https://edoc.pub/final-ivatan-ortho-ver-dec-2015-pdf-free.html" target="_blank">https://edoc.pub/final-ivatan-ortho-ver-dec-2015-pdf-free.html</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>