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Timeline of free and open-source software
open-in-new
<h2 id="1970s">1970s</h2> <table><tbody><tr><th>Date</th><th>Project</th><th>Event</th><th>Achievements</th></tr><tr><td>1976</td><td><a href="/facts/Emacs/BvGxuAxQ">Emacs</a></td><td>The original EMACS was a set of Editor MACroS for the TECO editor written in 1976 by <a href="/facts/Richard_Stallman/hhoPN0Mw">Richard Stallman</a>, initially together with <a href="/facts/Guy_L._Steele_Jr./amHwRA1l">Guy L. Steele Jr.</a> Later in 1984 the GNU Emacs was released under a GNU General Public License.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a></td><td>Longest continuously-developed GNU project</td></tr><tr><td>1978</td><td><a href="/facts/Berkeley_Software_Distribution/XQKcURrh">BSD</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Bill_Joy/3I8ehVtu">Bill Joy</a> started compiling the first Berkeley Software Distribution (1BSD), which was released on March 9, 1978.</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="1980s">1980s</h2> <table><tbody><tr><th>Date</th><th>Project</th><th>Event</th><th>Achievements</th></tr><tr><td>1982</td><td><a href="/facts/TeX/HDrl3Yvd">TeX</a></td><td>Originally written by <a href="/facts/Donald_Knuth/GozNzDM6">Donald Knuth</a> in 1978, the new version of TeX was rewritten from scratch and was published in 1982.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a></td><td>One of the longest continuously-developed open source projects</td></tr><tr><td>1983, September</td><td><a href="/facts/GNU_Project/mjc8AwM6">GNU Project</a></td><td>Announced by Richard Stallman on <a href="/facts/Usenet/lYJWFBR6">Usenet</a> as a project to create a "Free Unix"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a></td><td>Became the standard userland for <a href="/facts/Linux/9FvCKSTq">Linux</a> (c. 1991); <a href="/facts/USENIX_Lifetime_Achievement_Award/2wz6aQwq">USENIX Lifetime Achievement Award</a> (2001)</td></tr><tr><td>1984</td><td><a href="/facts/X_Window_System/ac2vRIQL">X Window System</a></td><td>X originated at <a href="/facts/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology/Xk49vNA8">MIT</a> in 1984. The current protocol version, <a href="/facts/X_Window_System/ac2vRIQL">X11</a>, appeared in September 1987. The <a href="/facts/X.Org_Foundation/YGJCfVRM">X.Org</a> Foundation now leads the X project, with the current reference implementation, X.org Server, available as free software under the <a href="/facts/MIT_License/8llAQtlk">MIT License</a> and similar permissive licenses.</td><td>Most popular windowing system implementation for desktop Linux and all Unix operating systems, excluding Mac OS X</td></tr><tr><td>1985</td><td><a href="/facts/PostgreSQL/LHdXuHfl">POSTGRES</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Michael_Stonebraker/XevuvaKt">Michael Stonebraker</a> returned to Berkeley in 1985, and began a post-Ingres project to address the problems with contemporary database systems that had become increasingly clear during the early 1980s.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1987</td><td><a href="/facts/GNU_Compiler_Collection/t07jh01k">GCC</a></td><td>Written by <a href="/facts/Richard_Stallman/hhoPN0Mw">Richard Stallman</a> with contributions from others as the C compiler for the GNU Project. Later the project would be known as the GNU Compiler Collection.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1987</td><td><a href="/facts/Perl/fx31kjlT">Perl</a></td><td>Perl, the <a href="/facts/Dynamic_programming_language/j8cQm8RF">dynamic programming language</a> was created by <a href="/facts/Larry_Wall/gF8DqA5h">Larry Wall</a> and first released in 1987.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1988</td><td><a href="/facts/Bash_(Unix_shell)/RrYLtEJT">Bash</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Brian_Fox_(programmer)/5U7jg3bJ">Brian Fox</a> began <a href="/facts/Computer_programming/QmSsFnu0">coding</a> Bash on January 10, 1988, after <a href="/facts/Richard_Stallman/hhoPN0Mw">Richard Stallman</a> became dissatisfied with the lack of progress being made by a prior developer.</td></tr><tr><td>1989</td><td><a href="/facts/Berkeley_Software_Distribution/XQKcURrh">BSD</a></td><td>Networking Release 1 (Net/1) was made available to non-licensees of AT&T code and was <a href="/facts/Free_software/IaoVtJXn">freely redistributable</a> under the terms of the <a href="/facts/BSD_license/XLtmLp5x">BSD license</a>.</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="1990s">1990s</h2> <table><tbody><tr><th>Date</th><th>Project</th><th>Event</th><th>Achievements</th></tr><tr><td>1990</td><td><a href="/facts/Z_shell/VhqrFpq0">Zsh</a></td><td>Paul Falstad wrote the first version of Zsh in 1990.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1991</td><td><a href="/facts/Linux_kernel/dlkduHuA">Linux kernel</a></td><td>Started by <a href="/facts/Linus_Torvalds/EdDKP534">Linus Torvalds</a>, Since the initial release of its source code in 1991, it would grow from a small number of C files under a license prohibiting commercial distribution to its state in 2007 of about 290 megabytes of source under the GNU General Public License.</td><td>Many, including: Most popular kernel used by top 500 supercomputers. Most popular kernel in mobile devices sold in 2013.</td></tr><tr><td>1991</td><td><a href="/facts/Python_(programming_language)/YbuGqofa">Python</a></td><td>First released by <a href="/facts/Guido_van_Rossum/xADcJVjl">Guido van Rossum</a> in 1991.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1992</td><td><a href="/facts/386BSD/XpTXP1ca">386BSD</a></td><td>386BSD was written mainly by Berkeley alumni <a href="/facts/Lynne_Jolitz/lTFNuyHG">Lynne Jolitz</a> and <a href="/facts/William_Jolitz/VArtSUgK">William Jolitz</a>. The 386BSD releases made to the public beginning in 1992.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1992</td><td><a href="/facts/Samba_(software)/Huyc2pnX">Samba</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Andrew_Tridgell/TdEys7vd">Andrew Tridgell</a> developed the first version of Samba in 1992, at the Australian National University.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1993, March</td><td><a href="/facts/NetBSD/PTm5HWls">NetBSD</a></td><td>The project began as a result of frustration within the 386BSD developer community with the pace and direction of the operating system's development. The four founders of the NetBSD project were Chris Demetriou, Theo de Raadt, Adam Glass and Charles Hannum.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1993</td><td><a href="/facts/Lua_(programming_language)/xkBCgta0">Lua</a></td><td>Lua was created in 1993 by <a href="/facts/Roberto_Ierusalimschy/pPEtzl35">Roberto Ierusalimschy</a>, Luiz Henrique de Figueiredo, and Waldemar Celes, members of the Computer Graphics Technology Group (Tecgraf) at the <a href="/facts/Pontifical_Catholic_University_of_Rio_de_Janeiro/jK3DM6lG">Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro</a>, in <a href="/facts/Brazil/QHkG46GL">Brazil</a>.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1993, August</td><td><a href="/facts/R_(programming_language)/LSrkr8K8">R</a></td><td>First released by <a href="/facts/Ross_Ihaka/mF4ccPtG">Ross Ihaka</a> and <a href="/facts/Robert_Gentleman_(statistician)/8qM9fEBU">Robert Gentleman</a> at the <a href="/facts/University_of_Auckland/J1DeQIhv">University of Auckland</a>, NZ</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1993, Dec</td><td><a href="/facts/FreeBSD/RKsFTm7F">FreeBSD</a></td><td>FreeBSD's development began in 1993 with a quickly growing, unofficial patchkit maintained by users of the 386BSD operating system. The first official release was FreeBSD 1.0 in December 1993.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1993</td><td><a href="/facts/Wine_(software)/JF0wHs7y">Wine</a></td><td>Bob Amstadt (the initial project leader) and Eric Youngdale started the project in 1993 as a way to run <a href="/facts/Microsoft_Windows/bwhAhuSL">Windows</a> applications on Linux.</td><td>Now able to run vast numbers of Windows applications and video games</td></tr><tr><td>1994, March</td><td><i><a href="/facts/Linux_Journal/m7rosgex">Linux Journal</a></i></td><td>First issue of the first <a href="/facts/Computer_magazine/4oR1f7hE">computer magazine</a> dedicated to Linux.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1994, March</td><td><a href="/facts/Berkeley_Software_Distribution/XQKcURrh">BSD</a></td><td>4.4BSD-Lite was released that no longer require a USL source license.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1995, June</td><td><a href="/facts/PHP/vU6YRJX0">PHP</a></td><td>Originally created by <a href="/facts/Rasmus_Lerdorf/kIA4GNwF">Rasmus Lerdorf</a> in 1994, it was released publicly in June 1995.</td><td>Formed part of the most popular web development stack (<a href="/facts/LAMP_(software_bundle)/vUeXaEXW">LAMP</a>) in the 1990s and 2000s</td></tr><tr><td>1995</td><td><a href="/facts/GIMP/01Phx7Vp">GIMP</a></td><td>Created by <a href="/facts/Spencer_Kimball_(computer_programmer)/mHKmehhf">Spencer Kimball</a> and <a href="/facts/Peter_Mattis/R02WLFyy">Peter Mattis</a>, the project originally stood for General Image Manipulation Program.</td><td>Used by <a href="/facts/Cinema_of_the_United_States/1HpkUBfd">Hollywood</a>, in the <a href="/facts/Fork_(software_development)/D6khxhpr">forked</a> form of <a href="/facts/CinePaint/oSTruKWL">CinePaint</a> (formerly known as Film Gimp)</td></tr><tr><td>1995</td><td><a href="/facts/Ruby_(programming_language)/BeYSaPSR">Ruby</a></td><td>Created by <a href="/facts/Yukihiro_Matsumoto/hjveNJkj">Yukihiro Matsumoto</a>, the programming language drew greater attention in the 2000s due to the <a href="/facts/Ruby_on_Rails/aG5P6uon">Ruby on Rails</a> web development framework</td><td>Became extremely popular with <a href="/facts/Dot-com_company/AMucgbRW">internet startups</a></td></tr><tr><td>1996</td><td><a href="/facts/Apache_HTTP_Server/tcmWYYUq">Apache</a></td><td>The first version of the Apache web server was created by <a href="/facts/Robert_McCool/C1mozyGk">Robert McCool</a>, who was heavily involved with the <a href="/facts/National_Center_for_Supercomputing_Applications/vNNK19se">NCSA</a> web server, known simply as <a href="/facts/NCSA_HTTPd/TGkGRAj9">NCSA HTTPd</a>.</td><td>Most popular web server</td></tr><tr><td>1996</td><td><a href="/facts/KDE/PCh32IWA">KDE</a></td><td>KDE was founded in 1996 by <a href="/facts/Matthias_Ettrich/BjVB7dr3">Matthias Ettrich</a>, who was then a student at the Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1997, August</td><td><a href="/facts/GNOME/EFMNBmpR">GNOME</a></td><td>The initial project leaders for GNOME were <a href="/facts/Miguel_de_Icaza/nsV8caYm">Miguel de Icaza</a> and <a href="/facts/Federico_Mena/EFMNBmpR">Federico Mena</a>.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1999, August</td><td><a href="/facts/OpenOffice.org/561WcNgg">OpenOffice.org</a></td><td>Originally developed as the proprietary software application suite <a href="/facts/StarOffice/XbjDHKRV">StarOffice</a> by the German company StarDivision, the code was purchased in 1999 by <a href="/facts/Sun_Microsystems/VJ9EzEFd">Sun Microsystems</a>. The code was made available free of charge in August 1999. On July 19, 2000, Sun Microsystems announced that it was making the source code of StarOffice available for download under both the LGPL and the <a href="/facts/Sun_Industry_Standards_Source_License/dFp05zD6">Sun Industry Standards Source License</a> (SISSL)</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="2000s">2000s</h2> <table><tbody><tr><th>Date</th><th>Project</th><th>Event</th><th>Achievements</th></tr><tr><td>2000</td><td><a href="/facts/LLVM/nPmcspQN">LLVM</a></td><td>Compiler toolkit, started at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. Initially a research project and known as "Low-Level Virtual Machine".</td><td>Adopted by <a href="/facts/Apple_Inc./oTJYta3k">Apple</a> as their primary compilation platform for <a href="/facts/MacOS/Y93vVpTm">Mac OS X</a></td></tr><tr><td>2001</td><td><a href="/facts/Free_Software_Foundation_Europe/rluztDw1">Free Software Foundation Europe</a></td><td>Founded to support free software and oppose <a href="/facts/Software_patent/wI6RrYh3">software patents</a> in Europe</td><td>Theodor Heuss Medal (2010)</td></tr><tr><td>2002</td><td><a href="/facts/Blender_(software)/yzuvB0fL">Blender</a></td><td>Formerly <a href="/facts/Proprietary_software/9zcskxYL">proprietary software</a>, released as open source in 2002 after a <a href="/facts/Crowdfunding/u9gwrlYI">crowdfunding</a> campaign</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2002</td><td><a href="/facts/MediaWiki/MbkLUTor">MediaWiki</a></td><td>There was no name for the project, until the Wikimedia Foundation was announced in June 2003, when name MediaWiki was coined by a Wikipedia contributor.</td><td>Integral to the development of <a href="/facts/Wikipedia/KDRNKWnc">Wikipedia</a></td></tr><tr><td>2003, February</td><td><a href="/facts/New_Zealand_Open_Source_Society/N4aA4eom">New Zealand Open Source Society</a></td><td>New Zealand Open Source Society (NZOSS), a non-profit organization and incorporated society began with a suggestive letter by David Lane to the government, along with 400 supporters signatures to begin the advancement of open software in New Zealand.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2003, April</td><td><a href="/facts/Firefox/xez2zv8H">Firefox</a></td><td>Descended from the <a href="/facts/Mozilla_Application_Suite/XbBP7wRE">Mozilla Application Suite</a>, the project started as an experimental branch of the <a href="/facts/Mozilla_Project/FevL9Itn">Mozilla Project</a>. Originally titled Phoenix, then renamed as Firebird, the project was finally named Mozilla Firefox. The version 1.0 was released on November 9, 2004.</td><td>The second most popular web browser in the world until 2012.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>2003, May</td><td><a href="/facts/WordPress/mrrCX1Fx">WordPress</a></td><td>a free and open-source <a href="/facts/Content_management_system/CCk4vIxV">content management system</a> (CMS) written in <a href="/facts/PHP/vU6YRJX0">PHP</a> and paired with a <a href="/facts/MySQL/QEEDNBDP">MySQL</a> or <a href="/facts/MariaDB/QWobVFIq">MariaDB</a> database.</td><td>Most popular content management system in the world</td></tr><tr><td>2004</td><td><a href="/facts/Ubuntu/0WDd7hkb">Ubuntu</a></td><td>a user friendly linux distro</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2005</td><td><a href="/facts/Git/U5Ty9QmQ">Git</a></td><td>Created by Linux founder Linus Torvalds</td><td>World's most popular <a href="/facts/Distributed_version_control/PDAlqzRE">distributed revision control system</a></td></tr><tr><td>2008, September</td><td><a href="/facts/Chromium_(web_browser)/F1S8sAEt">Chromium</a></td><td>Released by Google</td><td>Forms the majority of the code in <a href="/facts/Google_Chrome/4INfWq37">Google Chrome</a>, the most popular web browser in the world</td></tr><tr><td>2008</td><td><a href="/facts/Android_(operating_system)/nNyHb0xz">Android</a></td><td>Released by Google</td><td>Most popular mobile platform in the world</td></tr><tr><td>2009</td><td><a href="/facts/ChromiumOS/rHSqcS74">ChromiumOS</a></td><td>Released by Google</td><td>Has since enjoyed popular use in types of devices known as <a href="/facts/Chromebook/6aAkFzLV">Chromebooks</a> and Chromeboxes</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>By the 2000s the number of open source software packages in wide use was so large that it would be infeasible to make a definitive list. </p> <h2 id="2010s">2010s</h2> <table><tbody><tr><th>Date</th><th>Project</th><th>Event</th><th>Achievements</th></tr><tr><td>2010, March</td><td><a href="/facts/Linaro/fcKezxXr">Linaro</a></td><td>Founded</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2010</td><td><a href="/facts/LibreOffice/MInj5kF7">LibreOffice</a></td><td><a href="/facts/LibreOffice/MInj5kF7">LibreOffice</a> is released; a free open office suite including applications such as word processing, spreadsheets, drawing and database.</td><td>Available in over 100 languages.</td></tr><tr><td>2010</td><td><a href="/facts/Android_(operating_system)/nNyHb0xz">Android</a></td><td>Becomes most popular <a href="/facts/Smartphone/cSIrBMWG">smartphone</a> operating system (OS),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> later became most popular general purpose OS overall.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2011</td><td><a href="/facts/Git/U5Ty9QmQ">Git</a></td><td>Microsoft survey of 1,000 software developers reveals that Git is the most popular version control system among developers<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2011</td><td><a href="/facts/Bootstrap_(front-end_framework)/3m5HALpd">Bootstrap</a></td><td>Free <a href="/facts/Cascading_Style_Sheets/tA90XBQo">CSS</a> and <a href="/facts/JavaScript/XhhIIEsl">JavaScript</a> development starting kit, released by <a href="/facts/Twitter/VWwDNGUm">Twitter</a></td><td>Becomes most popular repository on <a href="/facts/GitHub/n1hNCsc3">GitHub</a> (2012)</td></tr><tr><td>2012</td><td><a href="/facts/Google_Chrome/4INfWq37">Google Chrome</a>, based on Chromium</td><td>Overtakes <a href="/facts/Internet_Explorer/uL8a4Y5l">Internet Explorer</a> to become most widely used web browser, according to <a href="/facts/StatCounter/AptgfdPv">StatCounter</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2013</td><td><a href="/facts/Firefox_OS/pBLG4suy">Firefox OS</a></td><td>Mobile phone operating system, released by <a href="/facts/Mozilla_Foundation/Y1xYJsDm">Mozilla Foundation</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2013 (Q2)</td><td><a href="/facts/Android_(operating_system)/nNyHb0xz">Android</a></td><td>Overtakes <a href="/facts/IOS/mK5cggH5">iOS</a> to become most popular <a href="/facts/Tablet_computer/6pGX2I7b">tablet</a> operating system<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2013, September</td><td><a href="/facts/SteamOS/fL2Je1Ge">SteamOS</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Valve_Corporation/zlRE5vJL">Valve</a>'s new Linux-based operating system for its Steambox consoles, intended to promote <a href="/facts/Linux_gaming/fNRbS1Vh">Linux gaming</a> and spread <a href="/facts/Linux_adoption/j8vjzQYz">Linux adoption</a> in the high-end video game sector</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2014, February</td><td><a href="/facts/Vue.js/AojblWPD">Vue.js</a></td><td>The <a href="/facts/JavaScript_framework/8f1CVHDX">JavaScript framework</a> Vue.js is released</td><td>Becomes most popular JavaScript framework on GitHub</td></tr><tr><td>2019, July</td><td><a href="/facts/Debian/cBd93qfJ">Debian</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Debian/cBd93qfJ">Debian</a> 10 "Buster" is released<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="2020s">2020s</h2> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Timeline_of_computing_2020%25E2%2580%2593present/mwV6yhbT">Timeline of computing 2020–present</a></p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Date</th><th>Project</th><th>Event</th><th>Achievements</th></tr><tr><td>2020, June</td><td><a href="/facts/Linux/9FvCKSTq">Linux</a></td><td>The Linux operating systems market share breaks the 3% marker for the first time in June 2020, reaching 3.57% in July 2020.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/History_of_free_and_open-source_software/3hFsHMAX">History of free and open-source software</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_free_and_open-source_software_packages/l3x4PXwn">List of free and open-source software packages</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Timeline_of_programming_languages/LyrQzvGm">Timeline of programming languages</a> – many programming languages are open source</li> <li><a href="/facts/Timeline_of_operating_systems/VUkt443G">Timeline of operating systems</a> – quite a few operating systems are open source</li> <li><a href="/facts/Linux_adoption/j8vjzQYz">Timeline of Linux adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Timeline_of_the_open-access_movement/tvh72w6G">Timeline of the open-access movement</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/History_of_Linux/ULcAXP7R">History of Linux</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Linux_kernel/dlkduHuA">Linux kernel § History</a></li></ul></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080407115446/http://eu.conecta.it/paper/brief_history_open_source.html">A brief history of open-source software</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Yu-wei, Lin (June 2005), "Epistemologically Multiple Actor-Centred System: or EMACS at Work!" (PDF), System Design Frontier, vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 25–35, retrieved April 21, 2013. <a href="http://www.hwswworld.com/pdfs/frontier16.pdf#page=25" target="_blank">http://www.hwswworld.com/pdfs/frontier16.pdf#page=25</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Beebe, Nelson H. F. (2003), "25 Years of TEX and METAFONT: Looking Back and Looking Forward" (PDF), TUGboat, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 7–30, archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016, retrieved April 21, 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002219/http://cta.tug.org/TUGboat/Articles/tb25-1/beebe-2003keynote.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002219/http://cta.tug.org/TUGboat/Articles/tb25-1/beebe-2003keynote.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Richard Stallman. "new Unix implementation". <a href="https://www.gnu.org/gnu/initial-announcement.en.html" target="_blank">https://www.gnu.org/gnu/initial-announcement.en.html</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"Desktop Browser Market Share Worldwide". statcounter.com. <a href="https://gs.statcounter.com/browser-market-share/desktop/worldwide/#monthly-200901-201807" target="_blank">https://gs.statcounter.com/browser-market-share/desktop/worldwide/#monthly-200901-201807</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Hachman, Mark (October 5, 2010). "Nielsen: Android Is Most Popular Smartphone OS | News & Opinion". PCMag.com. Retrieved August 12, 2013. <a href="https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2370259,00.asp" target="_blank">https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2370259,00.asp</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Ravi Mandalia (July 20, 2011). "Microsoft Survey Reveals GitHub, Git Most Popular among Developers". IT Pro Portal. Retrieved September 28, 2013. <a href="http://www.itproportal.com/2011/07/20/microsoft-survey-reveals-github-git-most-popular-among-developers/" target="_blank">http://www.itproportal.com/2011/07/20/microsoft-survey-reveals-github-git-most-popular-among-developers/</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Devin Coldewey (September 27, 2013). "Android overtakes iPad in tablet race". NBC News. Retrieved September 28, 2013. <a href="http://www.nbcnews.com/technology/android-overtakes-ipad-tablet-race-8C11278308" target="_blank">http://www.nbcnews.com/technology/android-overtakes-ipad-tablet-race-8C11278308</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"Debian 10: Playing catch-up with the rest of the Linux world (that's a good thing)". Ars Technica. September 11, 2019. 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