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Timeline of computing 2020–present
Historical timeline

This article presents a detailed timeline of events in the history of computing from 2020 to the present. For narratives explaining the overall developments, see the history of computing.

Significant events in computing include events relating directly or indirectly to software, hardware and wetware. Excluded (except in instances of significant functional overlap) are:

  • events in general robotics
  • events about uses of computational tools in biotechnology and similar fields (except for improvements to the underlying computational tools) as well as events in media-psychology except when those are directly linked to computational tools

Currently excluded are:

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2025

AI

  • On January 14, the New York Times, The New York Daily News, and the Center of Investigative Reporting have a hearing in a combined lawsuit against OpenAI.1
  • OpenAI develops a model called "GPT 4b-micro", which suggests ways that protein factors could be re-engineered to become more effective.2
  • DeepSeek releases DeepSeek-R1 on 20th January, a large language model based on DeepSeek-V3 utilising a chain-of-thought process similar to OpenAI o1.3

2024

AI

Hardware

Internet penetration

2023

AI

Further information: Generative artificial intelligence

  • Chatbot and text-generating AI, ChatGPT (released on 30 Nov 2022), a large language model, became popular, with some considering the large public's attention as unwarranted hype as potential applications are limited. Similar software such as Cleverbot existed for many years, and the software is, on the fundamental level, not structured toward accuracy – e.g. providing seemingly credible but incorrect answers to queries and operating "without a contextual understanding of the language" – but only toward essentially the authenticity of mimicked human language.1718192021 It was estimated that only two months after its launch, it had 100 million active users.22 Applications may include solving or supporting school writing assignments,23 malicious social bots (e.g. for misinformation, propaganda, and scams),2425 and providing inspiration (e.g. for artistic writing or in design or ideation in general).2627
  • Google released chatbot Bard due to effects of the ChatGPT release,28 with potential for integration into its Web search and, like ChatGPT software, also as a software development helper tool.29 DuckDuckGo released the DuckAssist feature integrated into its search engine that summarizes information from Wikipedia to answer search queries that are questions. The experimental feature was shut down without explanation on 12 April.303132 There has been further development regarding LLMs or ChatGPT as user interfaces of Wikipedia or as software using its structured knowledge by others.3334 It may demonstrate an alternative approach to ChatGPT whose fundamental algorithms are not designed to generate text that is true, including for example "hallucinations" and fake citations or misinformation more generally.3536 Elicit.org may provide a free alternative to this tool.3738 A broader alternative approach to the software's Q&A applications and use of text generation for assignments may be the improvement of media literacy and Web search skills in education systems.
  • Further LLM developments during what has been called an "AI boom" included: local or open source versions of LLaMA which was leaked in March,394041 news outlets reported on GPT4-based Auto-GPT that given natural language commands uses the Internet and other tools in attempts to understand and achieve its tasks with unclear or so-far little practicality,42 a systematic evaluation of answers from four "generative search engines" suggested their outputs "appear informative, but frequently contain unsupported statements and inaccurate citations",43 a multi-modal open source tool for understanding and generating speech,44 a data scientist argued that "researchers need to collaborate to develop open-source LLMs that are transparent" and independent,45 Stability AI launched an open source LLM.46
  • A method for editing NeRF scenes, a novel media technique from 2020,47 with natural language commands was demonstrated by Nvidia.4849
  • An open letter "Pause Giant AI Experiments" initiated by the Future of Life Institute called for "AI labs to immediately pause for at least 6 months the training of AI systems more powerful than GPT-4" due to "profound risks to society and humanity".5051 It received substantial media attention and also contributed to speculations about perceived large LLM potential). At the time there was extensive media coverage of views that regard ChatGPT as a potential step towards AGI or sentient machines, also extending to some academic works (e.g. a popular preprint by a company).52 The coverage focused on such views may not represent the majority expert views and, for example, some researchers noted that e.g. the ability to generate coherent text and imitations are not the same as understanding language.53 A set of techniques under development included self-refining code or text.54
  • ChatGPT was shown to outperform human doctors in responding to online medical questions when measured on quality and empathy by "a team of licensed health care professionals",5556 albeit the chatbot may have previously been trained with these reddit question and answers threads.
  • News outlets reported on a preprint that described the development of a large language model software that can answer medical questions with a 67.6% accuracy on MedQA and nearly matched human clinician performance when answering open-ended medical questions, Med-PaLM. The AI makes use of comprehension-, recall of knowledge-, and medical reasoning-algorithms but remains inferior to clinicians.575859 As of 2023, humans often – if not most often – conduct query-based web searches, read websites and/or conduct physical doctor's visits to inquire health information, despite various difficulties,60616263 partly as they typically did not undergo any formal training in media literacy,64 digital literacy6566 or health literacy,67 as such is not part of schools curricula in most education systems as of 2023.686970
  • A novel potentially significantly more efficient text-to-image approach, as implemented in MUSE, was reported.7172
  • A first successful autonomous long-duration operation, including simulated combat, of a modified F-16 fighter jet, X-62A, by two AI software was reported.737475
  • A text-to-speech synthesizer, VALL-E, that can be trained to mimic anybody's voice with just three seconds of voice data and may produce the most natural-sounding results to date, was reported in a preprint.7677
  • A use of world models for a wide range of domains that make decisions using e.g. different 3D worlds and reward frequencies and outperforms previous approaches, DreamerV3, was reported as a step towards general artificial intelligence in a preprint.7879
  • A large language model, ProGen, that can generate functional protein sequences with a predictable function, with input including tags specifying protein properties, was reported.8081
  • A deep-learning model, ZFDesign, for zinc finger design for any genomic target for gene- and epigenetic-editing was reported.8283
  • Software for generating 3D dynamic scenes (text-to-4D), MAV3D, was reported.8485
  • A study reported the development of deep learning algorithms to identify technosignature candidates, finding 8 potential alien signals not detected earlier.8687
  • An international norms and arms control proposal for artificial intelligence in the military (such as LAWs and weapons decision-making), the "Political Declaration on Responsible Military Use of Artificial Intelligence and Autonomy]", was published by the U.S. government.888990 The first international summit on military AI led to a joint unbinding statement by the U.S., China and other nations, with some external calls for starting negotiations on an internationally binding law or an enforcement-mechanisms-driven law.91
  • The world's first COVID-19 drug designed by generative AI was approved for human use, with clinical trials expected to begin in China. The new drug, ISM3312, was developed by Insilico Medicine.92
  • The LLM GPT-4 was launched by OpenAI.9394 It and ChatGPT based on it continued to receive major global media attention.
  • Researchers suggested that growing influence of industry in AI research means that "public interest alternatives for important AI tools may become increasingly scarce".95
  • Google revealed PaLM-E, an embodied multimodal language model with 562 billion parameters.9697
  • Researchers demonstrated an open source 'AI scientist' that can create models of natural phenomena from knowledge axioms and experimental data, showing the software can rediscover physical laws like "Kepler's third law of planetary motion, Einstein's relativistic time-dilation law, and Langmuir's theory of adsorption" using logical reasoning and a few data points.9899
  • Researchers demonstrated a non-invasive brain-reading method. It can translate a person's neural activity into a continuous stream of text using fMRI data and transformer machine learning. Prior training data is required for this semantic decoding. Participants listened to stories for 16 hours while their brain activity was recorded.100
  • A new AI algorithm developed by Baidu was shown to boost the antibody response of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines by 128 times.101
  • A preprint introduces the concept of "thought cloning" by which AI use data of or imitate human thinking.110
  • Metaresearchers showed that AI trained with study-author-networks data could generate scientifically promising "alien" hypotheses that would likely not be considered otherwise.111
  • A study provides an overview and living review of open source LLMs, assessing the levels of openness of their differentiated elements and reviewing the risks of relying on proprietary software or the importance of open source AI.112

Software-hardware systems

Software

Hardware and wetware

  • Researchers reported the development of neuromorphic AI hardware using nanowires (see also 2020-04-20) physically mimicking the brain's activity in identifying and remembering an image from memory.201202 A university reported on a demonstration of multisensory motion cue integration by a neuromorphic nerve for robots.203

2022

AI

Software-hardware systems

Software

Further information: Open-source software development § Funding

Hardware

2021

  • A study found that carbon emissions from Bitcoin mining in China – where a majority of the proof-of-work algorithm that generates current economic value is computed, largely fueled by nonrenewable sources – had accelerated rapidly and would soon exceed total annual emissions of countries like Italy, interfering with climate change mitigation commitments.365366
  • Neuralink revealed a male macaque with chips embedded on each side of its brain, playing a mind-controlled version of Pong. While similar technology has been demonstrated for decades, and wireless implants have existed for years, some observers noted that the organization increased the number of implanted electrodes that are read wirelessly.367368369
  • Scientists reviewed materials strategies for organic neuromorphic devices, suggesting that "their biocompatibility and mechanical conformability give them an advantage for creating adaptive biointerfaces, brain-machine interfaces, and biology-inspired prosthetics".370371[relevant?]
  • Researchers published the first in-depth study of Web browser tab interfaces. They found that many people struggle with tab overload and conducted surveys and interviews about people's tab use. Thereby they formalized pressures for closing tabs and for keeping tabs open. The authors then developed related UI design considerations which could enable better tools and changes to the code of Web browsers – like Firefox – that allow knowledge workers and other users to better manage their tabs.372373
  • Operation of the U.S. Colonial Pipeline was interrupted by a ransomware cyber attack.374
  • A new record for the smallest single-chip system was achieved, occupying a total volume of less than 0.1 mm³.375376
  • In the debate regarding the cognitive impacts of smartphones and digital technology, a group reported that, contrary to widespread belief, scientific evidence does not show that these technologies harm biological cognitive abilities and that they instead change predominant ways of cognition – such as a reduced need to remember facts or conduct mathematical calculations by pen and paper outside contemporary schools. However, some activities – like reading novels – that require long attention-spans and don't feature ongoing rewarding stimulation may become more challenging in general.390391
  • Open 3D Engine – a game engine that is free and open source software (FOSS) and has GNU/Linux support – was released.392
  • Researchers used a brain–computer interface to enable a man who was paralyzed since 2003 to produce comprehensible words and sentences by decoding signals from electrodes in the speech areas of his brain.393394
  • Japan achieved a new world record Internet speed: 319 Tbit/s over ~3000 km which, albeit not being the fastest speed overall, beats the previous record of 178 Tbit/s.395396
  • Scientists reported that worldwide adolescent loneliness and depression increased substantially after 2012 and that loneliness in contemporary schools appears to be associated with smartphone access and Internet use.397398
  • DeepMind announced that its AlphaFold AI had predicted the structures of over 350,000 proteins, including 98.5% of the ~20,000 proteins in the human body. The 3D data along with their degrees of confidence for accuracy was made freely available with a database, doubling the previous number of protein structures in the public domain.399
  • Scientists published the first complete neuron-level-resolution 3D map of a monkey brain which they scanned within 100 hours.400401
  • Scientists concluded that personal carbon allowances (PCAs) could be a component of climate change mitigation. They found that the economic recovery from COVID-19 and novel digital technology capacities open a window of opportunity for first implementations. PCAs would consist of – e.g. monetary – credit-feedbacks and decreasing default levels of per capita emissions concessions. The researchers found that recent advances in machine learning technology and "smarter home and transport options make it possible to easily track and manage a large share of individuals' emissions" and that feedback effective in engaging individuals to reduce their energy-related emissions and relevant new personalized apps could be designed.405406407 Issues may include privacy, evaluating emissions from individuals co-running multinational companies and the availability and prices of products and services.

    Further information: Personal carbon trading § Research and development

  • Cerebras announced a new hardware and software platform that can support AI models of 120 trillion parameters, enabling neural networks greater than the equivalent number of human brain synapses.408
  • Pathogen researchers reported the development of machine learning models for genome-based early detection and prioritization of high-risk potential zoonotic viruses in animals prior to spillover to humans. They concluded that their tool could be used for virus surveillance for pandemic prevention via (i.a.) measures of "early investigation and outbreak preparedness" and would have been capable of predicting SARS-CoV-2 as a high-risk strain.409410
  • A loss of public IP routes to the Facebook DNS servers due to malfunctioning capacity-assessment code, routinely triggered after configuration changes of routers of the company's data centers, resulted in stoppage of BGP routing information broadcasts caused the 2021 Facebook outage.411412
  • A study of data traffic by popular smartphones running variants of the Android software found substantial by-default data collection and sharing with no opt-out (i.e. even the NetGuard firewall, which is not installed by default, may not reliably and completely prevent such data traffic) and implications for users' privacy, control and security.413414
  • Media outlets reported novel technologies for virtual try-ons of clothes for more sustainable fashion and improved online shopping, which increased relative to shopping at local shops that store clothes due to the COVID-19 pandemic.415416
  • A method of DNA data storage with 100 times the density of previous techniques was announced.417
  • Scientists demonstrated that grown brain cells integrated into digital systems can carry out goal-directed tasks with performance-scores. In particular, playing a simulated (via electrophysiological stimulation) Pong which the cells learned to play faster than known machine intelligence systems, albeit to a lower skill-level than both AI and humans, was reported. Moreover, the study suggested it provides the "first empirical evidence" of information-processing capacity differences between neurons from different species.418419

    Further information: Wetware computer § Prototypes

  • Researchers reported the development of organic low-power neuromorphic electronics which they built into a robot, enabling it to learn sensorimotorically within the real world, rather than via simulations like in the study above. For the chip, polymers were used and coated with an ion-rich gel to enable the material to carry an electric charge like real neurons.420421
  • Researchers reported the development of a system of machine learning and hyperspectral camera that can distinguish between 12 different types of plastics such as PET and PP for automated separation of waste of, as of 2020, highly unstandardized422[additional citation(s) needed] plastics products and packaging.423424

    Further information: Waste sorting § Mechanisms for automated sorting

  • A scientific review summarized research and data about telemedicine. Its results indicated that, in general, outcomes of such ICT-use are as good as in-person care with health care use staying similar.425426
  • The Log4Shell security vulnerability in a Java logging framework was publicly disclosed two weeks after its discovery. Because of the ubiquity of the affected software, experts have described it as a most serious computer vulnerability.427 In a high-level meeting, the importance of security maintenance of open-source software – often also carried out largely by few volunteers – to national security was clarified.428429
  • Researchers reported the development of a database and analysis tool about perovskite solar cells which systematically integrates over 15,000 publications, in particular device-data about over 42,400 of such photovoltaic devices. Authors described the site – which requires signing up to access the data and uses software that is partly open source but to date not free software430 – as a participative "Wikipedia for perovskite solar cell research" and suggest that extensively capturing the progress of an entire field including interactive data exploration functionalities could also be applicable to many fields in materials science, engineering and biosciences.431432
  • A third433 main convergent graphical shell (Maui Shell) and UI framework (MauiKit), based on KDE/Kirigami, for the GNU/Linux operating system on smartphones, desktops and other devices, was released.434435436437

2020

Awards and challenges

To display all pages, subcategories and images click on the "►":
Computer-related events (11 C, 10 P)

Further information: List of computer-related awards and List of computer science awards

See also: Software bug

Award / challengeYearRecipient/s / winner/sDescription
FSF Free Software Awards – Advancement of Free Software award2020Bradley M. KuhnFor his work in enforcing the GNU General Public License (GPL) and promoting copyleft through his position at Software Freedom Conservancy.471472
FSF Free Software Awards – Advancement of Free Software award2021Paul EggertA computer scientist who teaches in the Department of Computer Science at the University of California, Los Angeles, contributor to the GNU operating system for over thirty years and current maintainer of the Time Zone Database.473474475
FSF Free Software Awards – Social benefit award2020CiviCRMFree program that nonprofit organizations around the world use to manage their mailings and contact databases476477
FSF Free Software Awards – Social benefit award2021SecuRepairsAn association of information security experts who support the right to repair478479480
FSF Free Software Awards – Award for outstanding new Free Software contributor2020Alyssa RosenzweigLeads the Panfrost project,481 a project to reverse engineer and implement a free driver for the Mali series of graphics processing units (GPUs) used on a wide variety of single-board computers and mobile phones.482483
FSF Free Software Awards – Award for outstanding new Free Software contributor2021Protesilaos StavrouA philosopher who since 2019 has become a mainstay of the GNU Emacs community through his blog posts, conference talks, livestreams, and code contributions.484485486

Digital policy

See also: IT law

Open policy proposals

Open digital policy proposals (4 P) American Data Privacy and Protection Act EPrivacy Regulation European Chips Act Regulation to Prevent and Combat Child Sexual Abuse

Deaths

2025

2024

2023

2022

2021

2020

Further topics

Very broad outlines of topic domains and topics with substantial progress during the decade not yet included above with a Further information: link:

Software

COVID-19

Economic events and economics

General topics

New releases

To display all pages, subcategories and images click on the "►":
2020s software (10 C)
2020s robots (2 C, 1 P)
Mobile phones introduced in the 2020s (6 C)

See also

See also: Category:Computing timelines

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Computing in the 2020s.

References

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