Maryland

<h2 id="history">History</h2>
Main articles: <a href="/facts/History_of_Maryland/Q6qXLTyn">History of Maryland</a> and <a href="/facts/Native_American_tribes_in_Maryland/yIfn6SmJ">Native American tribes in Maryland</a>
<h3>17th century</h3>
<h4>Maryland's first colonial settlement</h4>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Province_of_Maryland/81lppC22">Province of Maryland</a>
Present-day Maryland was originally inhabited by tribes such as the <a href="/facts/Piscataway_people/KCrGwPau">Piscataway</a> (including the <a href="/facts/Patuxent_people/Yz4c1Tyj">Patuxent</a>), the <a href="/facts/Nanticoke_people/dhRStCo3">Nanticoke</a> (including the <a href="/facts/Tockwogh/GVDBcJwl">Tocwogh</a>, the <a href="/facts/Ozinie/pwLjr1bT">Ozinie</a> and other subdivisions), the <a href="/facts/Powhatan/eqy5N4rd">Powhatan</a>, the <a href="/facts/Lenape/nPwqEfld">Lenape</a>, the <a href="/facts/Susquehannock/Lgxa2W7t">Susquehannock</a>, the <a href="/facts/Shawnee/TMzjMIJy">Shawnee</a>, the <a href="/facts/Tutelo/hf5e9UHe">Tutelo</a>, the <a href="/facts/Saponi/GnBxo3RL">Saponi</a>, the <a href="/facts/Pocomoke_people/WIVChjFK">Pocomoke</a> and the <a href="/facts/Massawomeck_people/2RFBjKk3">Massawomeck</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a>[self-published source?] <a href="/facts/George_Calvert,_1st_Baron_Baltimore/dGJqhAch">George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore</a> (1579–1632), sought a charter from King <a href="/facts/Charles_I_of_England/r7IEjNGh">Charles I</a> for the territory between <a href="/facts/Massachusetts/9uumCbFI">Massachusetts</a> to the north and <a href="/facts/Virginia/g2kucGdn">Virginia</a> to the immediate south.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a>
After Baltimore died in April 1632, the charter was granted to his son, <a href="/facts/Cecilius_Calvert,_2nd_Baron_Baltimore/H5zGMPha">Cecilius Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore</a> (1605–1675), on June 20, 1632. Officially, the new "Maryland Colony" was named in honor of <a href="/facts/Henrietta_Maria_of_France/B2wJ2d5c">Henrietta Maria of France</a>, wife of Charles I.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a> Lord Baltimore initially proposed the name "Crescentia", the land of growth or increase, but "the King proposed Terra Mariae [Mary Land], which was concluded on and inserted in the bill."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a>
The original capital of Maryland was <a href="/facts/St._Mary%27s_City,_Maryland/Nd0VpIMY">St. Mary's City</a>, on the north shore of the <a href="/facts/Potomac_River/a6pTbEn0">Potomac River</a>, and the county surrounding it was the first erected and created in the province,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a> first called Augusta Carolina, after the King, and later named <a href="/facts/St._Mary%27s_County,_Maryland/QXlj9Plq">St. Mary's County</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a>
Lord Baltimore's first settlers arrived in the new colony in March 1634, with his younger brother, <a href="/facts/Leonard_Calvert/88gEHL52">Leonard Calvert</a> (1606–1647), as first provincial <a href="/facts/Governor_of_Maryland/N4exoMo1">Governor of Maryland</a>. They made their first permanent settlement at <a href="/facts/St._Mary%27s_City,_Maryland/Nd0VpIMY">St. Mary's City</a> in what is now <a href="/facts/St._Mary%27s_County,_Maryland/QXlj9Plq">St. Mary's County</a>. They purchased the site from the <a href="/facts/Paramount_chief/KSuNr6U6">paramount chief</a> of the region, who was eager to establish trade. St. Mary's became the first <a href="/facts/State_capital/bP14ERWs">capital</a> of Maryland, and remained so for 60 years until 1695. More settlers soon followed. Their tobacco crops were successful and quickly made the new colony profitable. However, given the incidence of <a href="/facts/Malaria/rN3g58CX">malaria</a>, <a href="/facts/Yellow_fever/feT3DIKu">yellow fever</a>, and <a href="/facts/Typhoid/bKPTIYLl">typhoid</a>, life expectancy in Maryland was about 10 years less than in <a href="/facts/New_England/ufw2BmSl">New England</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a>

<h4>Persecution of Catholics</h4>
See also: <a href="/facts/Plundering_Time/NLUHbM8q">Plundering Time</a>
Maryland was founded to provide a haven for England's <a href="/facts/Catholic_Church/rJ4F4gqH">Roman Catholic</a> minority.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a>
Although Maryland was the most heavily Catholic of the English mainland colonies, the religion was still in the minority, consisting of less than 10% of the total population.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a>
In 1642, a number of <a href="/facts/Puritans/BJQsWCfT">Puritans</a> left <a href="/facts/Virginia/g2kucGdn">Virginia</a> for Maryland and founded the city of Providence, now called <a href="/facts/Annapolis,_Maryland/X4WV6NXR">Annapolis</a>, on the western shore of the upper <a href="/facts/Chesapeake_Bay/IBeolBQc">Chesapeake Bay</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a> A dispute with traders from Virginia over <a href="/facts/Kent_Island/bparADdH">Kent Island</a> in the Chesapeake led to armed conflict. In 1644, <a href="/facts/William_Claiborne/LfQngVd4">William Claiborne</a>, a Puritan, seized Kent Island while his associate, the <a href="/facts/Roundheads/8VCBEMF9">pro-Parliament</a> Puritan <a href="/facts/Richard_Ingle/oATPstdQ">Richard Ingle</a>, took over St. Mary's.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a> Both used religion as a tool to gain popular support. The two years from 1644 to 1646 when Claiborne and his Puritan associates held sway were known as "The Plundering Time". They captured Jesuit priests, imprisoned them, then sent them back to England.
In 1646, <a href="/facts/Leonard_Calvert/88gEHL52">Leonard Calvert</a> returned with troops, recaptured St. Mary's City, and restored order. The House of Delegates passed the "Act concerning Religion" in 1649 granting religious liberty to all <a href="/facts/Trinitarianism/2eElg705">Trinitarian</a> Christians.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a>
In 1650, the Puritans revolted against the proprietary government. "Protestants swept the Catholics out of the legislature ... and religious strife returned."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a> The Puritans set up a new government prohibiting both <a href="/facts/Roman_Catholic_Church/rJ4F4gqH">Roman Catholicism</a> and <a href="/facts/Church_of_England/A1CoKeGz">Anglicanism</a>. The Puritan revolutionary government persecuted Maryland Catholics during its reign, known as the "plundering time". Mobs burned down all the original Catholic churches of southern Maryland. The Puritan rule lasted until 1658 when the Calvert family and Lord Baltimore regained proprietary control and re-enacted the Toleration Act.
After England's <a href="/facts/Glorious_Revolution/R2r13My4">Glorious Revolution</a> in 1688, Maryland outlawed Catholicism. In 1704, the Maryland General Assembly prohibited Catholics from operating schools, limited the corporate ownership of property to hamper religious orders from expanding or supporting themselves, and encouraged the conversion of Catholic children.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a> The celebration of the Catholic sacraments was also officially restricted. This state of affairs lasted until after the <a href="/facts/American_Revolutionary_War/8MxJNtcU">American Revolutionary War</a> (1775–1783). Wealthy Catholic planters built chapels on their land to practice their religion in relative secrecy.
Into the 18th century, individual priests and lay leaders claimed Maryland farms belonging to the Jesuits as personal property and <a href="/facts/Bequest/rkaN8Sxu">bequeathed</a> them in order to evade the legal restrictions on religious organizations' owning property.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a>

<h3>Border disputes (1681–1760)</h3>
Main articles: <a href="/facts/Penn%E2%80%93Calvert_Boundary_Dispute/7s6fJQl4">Penn–Calvert Boundary Dispute</a> and <a href="/facts/Cresap%27s_War/1IzQJnB9">Cresap's War</a>

The royal charter granted Maryland the land north of the <a href="/facts/Potomac_River/a6pTbEn0">Potomac River</a> up to the <a href="/facts/40th_parallel_north/LLETD40F">40th parallel</a>. A problem arose when <a href="/facts/Charles_II_of_England/Acc7cFtF">Charles II</a> granted a charter for the <a href="/facts/Province_of_Pennsylvania/5d7o3Qew">Province of Pennsylvania</a>, which defined Pennsylvania's southern border as the 40th parallel, identical to Maryland's northern border. But the grant indicated that Charles II and <a href="/facts/William_Penn/LMWEtMpa">William Penn</a> assumed the 40th parallel would pass close to <a href="/facts/New_Castle,_Delaware/TpDe7bIN">New Castle, Delaware</a>, where it falls north of <a href="/facts/Philadelphia/2bFFCCTU">Philadelphia</a>, which Penn already designated as Pennsylvania's capital city. Negotiations ensued after the problem was discovered in 1681.
A compromise proposed by Charles II in 1682 was undermined by Penn's receiving the additional grant of what is now Delaware.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a> Penn successfully argued that the Maryland charter entitled Lord Baltimore only to unsettled lands, and Dutch settlement in Delaware predated his charter. The dispute remained unresolved for nearly a century, carried on by the descendants of William Penn and Lord Baltimore—the <a href="/facts/Baron_Baltimore/L1tGGpUm">Calvert family</a>, which controlled Maryland, and the <a href="/facts/William_Penn/LMWEtMpa">Penn family</a>, which controlled Pennsylvania.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a>
The border dispute with Pennsylvania led to Cresap's War in the 1730s. Hostilities erupted in 1730 and escalated through the first half of the decade, culminating in the deployment of military forces by Maryland in 1736 and by Pennsylvania in 1737. The armed phase of the conflict ended in May 1738 with the intervention of King George II, who compelled the negotiation of a cease-fire. A provisional agreement had been established in 1732.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a>
Negotiations continued until a final agreement was signed in 1760. The agreement defined the border between Maryland and Pennsylvania as the line of latitude now known as the <a href="/facts/Mason%E2%80%93Dixon_line/A5Dh95uL">Mason–Dixon line</a>. Maryland's border with Delaware was based on the <a href="/facts/Transpeninsular_Line/r5zerlTI">Transpeninsular Line</a> and the <a href="/facts/Twelve-Mile_Circle/5KRf8Lvj">Twelve-Mile Circle</a> around New Castle.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a>

<h3>18th century</h3>
Main articles: <a href="/facts/American_Revolutionary_War/8MxJNtcU">American Revolutionary War</a>, <a href="/facts/Maryland_in_the_American_Revolution/ktFmDddS">Maryland in the American Revolution</a>, <a href="/facts/Lee_Resolution/25bhsBmz">Lee Resolution</a>, <a href="/facts/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence/UyTgzfpx">United States Declaration of Independence</a>, <a href="/facts/Philadelphia_campaign/y3y3CF64">Philadelphia campaign</a>, <a href="/facts/Articles_of_Confederation/moLUKdUP">Articles of Confederation § Ratification</a>, <a href="/facts/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)/PRu5PJj4">Treaty of Paris (1783)</a>, <a href="/facts/Mount_Vernon_Conference/6BXK6evT">Mount Vernon Conference</a>, <a href="/facts/Annapolis_Convention_(1786)/MEsfskS7">Annapolis Convention (1786)</a>, <a href="/facts/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)/uNI8Quky">Constitutional Convention (United States)</a>, <a href="/facts/Admission_to_the_Union/puyGUkAG">Admission to the Union</a>, and <a href="/facts/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union/RCcIFsJI">List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union</a>
Most of the English colonists arrived in Maryland as <a href="/facts/Indentured_servant/M6Xac7fV">indentured servants</a>, and had to serve a several years' term as laborers to pay for their passage.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a> In the early years, the line between indentured servants and African slaves or laborers was fluid, and white and black laborers commonly lived and worked together, and formed unions. <a href="/facts/Mixed-race/6Lw9XVgR">Mixed-race</a> children born to white mothers were considered free by the principle of <a href="/facts/Partus_sequitur_ventrem/UrId0Gq6">partus sequitur ventrem</a>, by which children took the social status of their mothers, a principle of slave law that was adopted throughout the colonies, following Virginia in 1662.
Many of the free black families migrated to Delaware, where land was cheaper.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a> As the flow of indentured laborers to the colony decreased with improving economic conditions in England, planters in Maryland imported thousands more slaves and racial caste lines hardened.
Maryland was one of the <a href="/facts/Thirteen_Colonies/H50dauTJ">thirteen colonies</a> that revolted against British rule in the <a href="/facts/American_Revolution/zy1F0LxK">American Revolution</a>. Near the end of the <a href="/facts/American_Revolutionary_War/8MxJNtcU">American Revolutionary War</a> (1775–1783), on February 2, 1781, Maryland became the last and 13th state to approve the ratification of the <a href="/facts/Articles_of_Confederation/moLUKdUP">Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union</a>, first proposed in 1776 and adopted by the <a href="/facts/Second_Continental_Congress/576P61Ah">Second Continental Congress</a> in 1778, which brought into being the United States as a united, <a href="/facts/Sovereignty/QnYhTTem">sovereign</a> and <a href="/facts/Nation_state/1T5FVEJP">national state</a>. It also became the seventh state admitted to the Union after ratifying the new federal Constitution in 1788. In December 1790, prior to the move of the national capital from <a href="/facts/Philadelphia/2bFFCCTU">Philadelphia</a> in 1800, Maryland donated land selected by first President <a href="/facts/George_Washington/ucb7mE4Q">George Washington</a> to the <a href="/facts/Federal_government_of_the_United_States/VJCxUaf7">federal government</a> for its creation. The land was provided along the north shore of the <a href="/facts/Potomac_River/a6pTbEn0">Potomac River</a> from <a href="/facts/Montgomery_County,_Maryland/Sz1bANJV">Montgomery</a> and <a href="/facts/Prince_George%27s_County,_Maryland/2kzz4nEm">Prince George's</a> counties, as well as from <a href="/facts/Fairfax_County,_Virginia/VL57Lbe4">Fairfax County</a> and <a href="/facts/Alexandria,_Virginia/GLS42Yf4">Alexandria</a> on the south shore of the Potomac in <a href="/facts/Virginia/g2kucGdn">Virginia</a>; however, the land donated by the Commonwealth of Virginia was later returned to that state by the <a href="/facts/District_of_Columbia_retrocession/YqLzukI3">District of Columbia retrocession</a> in 1846.

<h3>19th century</h3>

Influenced by a changing economy, revolutionary ideals, and preaching by ministers, numerous planters in Maryland freed their slaves in the 20 years after the <a href="/facts/American_Revolution/zy1F0LxK">Revolutionary War</a>. Across the Upper South the free black population increased from less than 1% before the war to 14% by 1810.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a> Abolitionists <a href="/facts/Harriet_Tubman/uAttIqV3">Harriet Tubman</a> and <a href="/facts/Frederick_Douglass/mxnR4v2t">Frederick Douglass</a> were born slaves during this time in <a href="/facts/Dorchester_County,_Maryland/B3ecqzLM">Dorchester County</a> and <a href="/facts/Talbot_County,_Maryland/JLH1IAyp">Talbot County</a>, respectively.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a>
During the <a href="/facts/War_of_1812/D94xlnn8">War of 1812</a>, the British military attempted to capture Baltimore, which was protected by <a href="/facts/Fort_McHenry/9xz12cKx">Fort McHenry</a>. During its bombardment the song "<a href="/facts/The_Star-Spangled_Banner/GrMnRnSd">The Star-Spangled Banner</a>" was written by <a href="/facts/Francis_Scott_Key/9VJE7AkN">Francis Scott Key</a>; it was later adopted as the national anthem.
National Road, later renamed <a href="/facts/U.S._Route_40_in_Maryland/fkHkRweR">U.S. Route 40</a>, was authorized in 1817 as the federal highway, and ran from <a href="/facts/Baltimore/ncJvTzBU">Baltimore</a> to <a href="/facts/St._Louis/22beLecX">St. Louis</a>. The <a href="/facts/Baltimore_and_Ohio_Railroad/qSpE5pY1">Baltimore and Ohio Railroad</a> (B&O), the first chartered railroad in the United States, opened its first section of track for regular operation in 1830 between Baltimore and <a href="/facts/Ellicott_City,_Maryland/4tbycy94">Ellicott City</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a> and in 1852 it became the first rail line to reach the <a href="/facts/Ohio_River/wSAPrwfS">Ohio River</a> from the eastern seaboard.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a>

<h4>Civil War</h4>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Maryland_in_the_American_Civil_War/dPFelbTV">Maryland in the American Civil War</a>

The state remained in the Union during the <a href="/facts/American_Civil_War/A9FT3ksD">American Civil War</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a> due in significant part to demographics and Federal intervention. The 1860 census, held shortly before the outbreak of the civil war, showed that 49% of Maryland's African Americans were <a href="/facts/Free_black/DCVzowpd">free</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a>
Governor <a href="/facts/Thomas_Holliday_Hicks/kw2Cn7dF">Thomas Holliday Hicks</a> suspended the state legislature, and to help ensure <a href="/facts/1861_Maryland_gubernatorial_election/LsKfVn7N">the election</a> of a new pro-union governor and legislature, President <a href="/facts/Abraham_Lincoln/F8VqYAsA">Abraham Lincoln</a> had a number of its pro-slavery politicians arrested, including the Mayor of Baltimore, <a href="/facts/George_William_Brown_(mayor)/Mn5Lldmd">George William Brown</a>; suspended several civil liberties, including habeas corpus; and ordered artillery placed on <a href="/facts/Federal_Hill,_Baltimore,_Maryland/1Ged3Hrx">Federal Hill</a> overlooking Baltimore.
In April 1861, Federal units and state regiments were attacked as they marched through Baltimore, sparking the <a href="/facts/Baltimore_riot_of_1861/XjcLPhgx">Baltimore riot of 1861</a>, the first bloodshed in the Civil War.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a> Of the 115,000 Marylanders who joined the military during the Civil War, around 85,000, or 77%, joined the <a href="/facts/Union_army/WaDC9c06">Union army</a>, while the remainder joined the <a href="/facts/Confederate_Army/XlqneAzz">Confederate Army</a>. The largest and most significant battle in the state was the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Antietam/Qp9F3LTz">Battle of Antietam</a> on September 17, 1862, near <a href="/facts/Sharpsburg,_Maryland/rUoL9BWe">Sharpsburg</a>. Although a tactical draw, the battle was considered a strategic Union victory and a <a href="/facts/Turning_point_of_the_American_Civil_War/qGxwdefs">turning point</a> of the war.

<h4>Post-Civil War</h4>
A new state constitution in 1864 <a href="/facts/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States/GCRJLaJl">abolished</a> slavery and Maryland was first recognized as a "Free State" in that context.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a> Following passage of constitutional amendments that granted voting rights to <a href="/facts/Freedmen/12NuMqwR">freedmen</a>, in 1867 the state extended suffrage to non-white males.
The <a href="/facts/History_of_the_United_States_Democratic_Party/syykwY1I">Democratic Party</a> rapidly regained power in the state from <a href="/facts/History_of_the_United_States_Republican_Party/GTFuKouv">Republicans</a>. Democrats replaced the Constitution of 1864 with the <a href="/facts/Maryland_Constitution_of_1867/N6Cs6xTa">Constitution of 1867</a>. Following the end of Reconstruction in 1877, Democrats devised means of <a href="/facts/Disfranchisement_after_Reconstruction_era/fx6eoAYg">disenfranchising</a> blacks, initially by physical intimidation and voter fraud, later by constitutional amendments and laws. Blacks and immigrants, however, resisted Democratic Party disfranchisement efforts in the state. Maryland blacks were part of a biracial Republican coalition elected to state government in 1896–1904 and comprised 20% of the electorate.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a>
Compared to some other states, blacks were better established both before and after the civil war. Nearly half the black population was free before the war, and some had accumulated property. Half the population lived in cities. Literacy was high among blacks and, as Democrats crafted means to exclude them, suffrage campaigns helped reach blacks and teach them how to resist.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a> Whites did impose <a href="/facts/Racial_segregation/c7QArpIR">racial segregation</a> in public facilities and <a href="/facts/Jim_Crow/uds2gQn8">Jim Crow</a> laws, which effectively lasted until the passage of federal civil rights legislation in the mid-1960s.
Baltimore grew significantly during the <a href="/facts/Industrial_Revolution/B6E3Fasm">Industrial Revolution</a>, due in large part to its seaport and good railroad connections, attracting European immigrant labor. Many manufacturing businesses were established in the Baltimore area after the Civil War. Baltimore businessmen, including <a href="/facts/Johns_Hopkins/DvdDT6TQ">Johns Hopkins</a>, <a href="/facts/Enoch_Pratt/rPqR9KhS">Enoch Pratt</a>, <a href="/facts/George_Peabody/rVwkpQU7">George Peabody</a>, and <a href="/facts/Henry_Walters/2jtv3MYL">Henry Walters</a>, founded notable city institutions that bear their names, including respectively a <a href="/facts/Johns_Hopkins_University/56US0mHw">university</a>, <a href="/facts/Enoch_Pratt_Free_Library/zeWfuuR2">library system</a>, <a href="/facts/Peabody_Institute/oAQmvGyV">music and dance conservatory</a>, and <a href="/facts/Walters_Art_Museum/5XVRo2Y7">art museum</a>.
<a href="/facts/Cumberland,_Maryland/zpk9Gmhw">Cumberland</a> was Maryland's second-largest city in the 19th century. Nearby supplies of natural resources along with railroads fostered its growth into a major manufacturing center.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a>

<h3>20th century</h3>

The <a href="/facts/Progressive_Era/VhKLrvcU">Progressive Era</a> of the late 19th and early 20th centuries brought political reforms. In a series of laws passed between 1892 and 1908, reformers worked for standard state-issued ballots (rather than those distributed and marked by the parties); obtained closed voting booths to prevent party workers from "assisting" voters; initiated <a href="/facts/Partisan_primary/rTfSBXDc">primary elections</a> to keep party bosses from selecting candidates; and had candidates listed without party symbols, which discouraged the <a href="/facts/Illiterate/GpXB3QbJ">illiterate</a> from participating. These measures worked against ill-educated whites and blacks. Blacks resisted such efforts, with suffrage groups conducting voter education.
Blacks defeated three efforts to disenfranchise them, making alliances with immigrants to resist various Democratic campaigns.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a> Disenfranchisement bills in 1905, 1907, and 1911 were rebuffed, in large part because of black opposition. Blacks comprised 20% of the electorate and immigrants comprised 15%, and the legislature had difficulty devising requirements against blacks that did not also disadvantage immigrants.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a>
The Progressive Era also brought reforms in working conditions for Maryland's labor force. In 1902, the state regulated conditions in <a href="/facts/Mining/g6uDIFab">mines</a>; outlawed <a href="/facts/Child_labor/rhdNHpXK">child laborers</a> under the age of 12; mandated compulsory school attendance; and enacted the nation's first <a href="/facts/Workers%27_compensation/avDNLtY7">workers' compensation</a> law. The workers' compensation law was overturned in the courts, but was redrafted and finally enacted in 1910.
The <a href="/facts/Great_Baltimore_Fire/DepIj11v">Great Baltimore Fire</a> of 1904 burned for more than 30 hours, destroying 1,526 buildings and spanning 70 city blocks. More than 1,231 <a href="/facts/Firefighter/483TlnYB">firefighters</a> worked to bring the blaze under control.
With the nation's <a href="/facts/World_War_I/vITTUanQ">entry into World War I</a> in 1917, new military bases such as <a href="/facts/Fort_George_G._Meade/c7BkDSaR">Camp Meade</a>, the <a href="/facts/Aberdeen_Proving_Ground/Rjp4aEGj">Aberdeen Proving Ground</a>, and the <a href="/facts/Edgewood_Arsenal/Rjp4aEGj">Edgewood Arsenal</a> were established. Existing facilities, including <a href="/facts/Fort_McHenry/9xz12cKx">Fort McHenry</a>, were greatly expanded.
After Georgia congressman <a href="/facts/William_D._Upshaw/SnNYrq8h">William D. Upshaw</a> criticized Maryland openly in 1923 for not passing <a href="/facts/Prohibition_in_the_United_States/53aVxXXb">Prohibition</a> laws, Baltimore Sun editor Hamilton Owens coined the "Free State" nickname for Maryland in that context, which was popularized by <a href="/facts/H._L._Mencken/lqVefBMF">H. L. Mencken</a> in a series of newspaper editorials.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51">51</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52">52</a>
Maryland's urban and rural communities had different experiences during the <a href="/facts/Great_Depression/5K13wcg0">Great Depression</a>. The "<a href="/facts/Bonus_Army/WW2YSxpY">Bonus Army</a>" marched through the state in 1932 on its way to Washington, D.C. Maryland instituted its first <a href="/facts/Income_tax/VVmmfxKU">income tax</a> in 1937 to generate revenue for schools and welfare.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53">53</a>
Passenger and freight steamboat service, once important throughout Chesapeake Bay and its many tributary rivers, ended in 1962.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54">54</a>
Baltimore was a major war production center during <a href="/facts/World_War_II/2efV5L1U">World War II</a>. The biggest operations were <a href="/facts/Bethlehem_Steel/s1gd00WP">Bethlehem Steel</a>'s Fairfield Yard, which built <a href="/facts/Liberty_ship/JuXDDY97">Liberty ships</a>; and <a href="/facts/Glenn_L._Martin_Company/RnRRsWQc">Glenn Martin</a>, an aircraft manufacturer.
Maryland experienced population growth following World War II. Beginning in the 1960s, as suburban growth took hold around Washington, D.C. and Baltimore, the state began to take on a more mid-Atlantic culture as opposed to the traditionally Southern and Tidewater culture that previously dominated most of the state. Agricultural tracts gave way to residential communities, some of them carefully planned such as <a href="/facts/Columbia,_Maryland/kvYeS4q2">Columbia</a>, <a href="/facts/St._Charles,_Maryland/gUN0oK4B">St. Charles</a>, and <a href="/facts/Montgomery_Village,_Maryland/F7y9SubC">Montgomery Village</a>. Concurrently the <a href="/facts/Interstate_Highway_System/99o39I6K">Interstate Highway System</a> was built throughout the state, most notably <a href="/facts/Interstate_95_in_Maryland/TJxJTAm6">I-95</a>, <a href="/facts/Interstate_695_(Maryland)/pXWWkn8f">I-695</a>, and the <a href="/facts/Interstate_495_(Capital_Beltway)/XBQYzPPT">Capital Beltway</a>, altering travel patterns. In 1952, the eastern and western halves of Maryland were linked for the first time by the <a href="/facts/Chesapeake_Bay_Bridge/JSEghN3X">Chesapeake Bay Bridge</a>, which replaced a nearby <a href="/facts/Ferry/5ysqHULA">ferry</a> service.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55">55</a>
Maryland's regions experienced economic changes following WWII. Heavy manufacturing declined in Baltimore. In Maryland's four westernmost counties, industrial, railroad, and coal mining jobs declined. On the lower <a href="/facts/Eastern_Shore_of_Maryland/DeFTuW9w">Eastern Shore</a>, family farms were bought up by major concerns and large-scale poultry farms and vegetable farming became prevalent. In Southern Maryland, tobacco farming nearly vanished due to suburban development and a state tobacco buy-out program in the 1990s.
In an effort to reverse depopulation due to the loss of working-class industries, Baltimore initiated <a href="/facts/Urban_renewal/xAKjesVQ">urban renewal</a> projects in the 1960s with <a href="/facts/Charles_Center/5QvK782W">Charles Center</a> and the <a href="/facts/Baltimore_World_Trade_Center/oUr9Rbze">Baltimore World Trade Center</a>. Some resulted in the break-up of intact residential neighborhoods, producing social volatility, and some older residential areas around the harbor have had units renovated and have become popular with new populations.

<h2 id="geography">Geography</h2>
See also: <a href="/facts/Geography_of_Maryland/tVy9fC1n">Geography of Maryland</a>, <a href="/facts/List_of_islands_of_Maryland/XCmfBPFb">List of islands of Maryland</a>, and <a href="/facts/List_of_rivers_of_Maryland/rJq2602n">List of rivers of Maryland</a>

Maryland has an area of 12,406.68 square miles (32,133.2 km2) and is comparable in overall area with <a href="/facts/Belgium/YKuMXP5j">Belgium</a> [11,787 square miles (30,530 km2)].<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56">56</a> It is the 42nd-largest and 9th-smallest state and is closest in size to the state of <a href="/facts/Hawaii/ImxFefeK">Hawaii</a> [10,930.98 square miles (28,311.1 km2)], the next smallest state. The next largest state is Maryland's neighbor, <a href="/facts/West_Virginia/USP8LtCq">West Virginia</a>, which is nearly twice the size of Maryland [24,229.76 square miles (62,754.8 km2)].

<h3>Description</h3>

Maryland possesses a variety of <a href="/facts/Topography/SS8Bx4t9">topography</a> within its borders, contributing to its nickname America in Miniature.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57">57</a> It ranges from sandy <a href="/facts/Dunes/Hq26h9hh">dunes</a> dotted with seagrass in the east, to low marshlands teeming with wildlife and large <a href="/facts/Taxodium/YH5cG5yo">bald cypress</a> near the Chesapeake Bay, to gently rolling hills of oak forests in the <a href="/facts/Piedmont_(United_States)/EoTcRzIL">Piedmont Region</a>, and <a href="/facts/Pine/HvMa9uc1">pine</a> groves in the <a href="/facts/List_of_mountains_in_Maryland/4M2GFP4S">Maryland mountains</a> to the west.
Maryland is bounded on its north by <a href="/facts/Pennsylvania/HGqC5bBm">Pennsylvania</a>, on its north and east by <a href="/facts/Delaware/4n4I3Rhu">Delaware</a>, on its east by the <a href="/facts/Atlantic_Ocean/EI4uChIb">Atlantic Ocean</a>, and on its south and west, across the <a href="/facts/Potomac_River/a6pTbEn0">Potomac River</a>, by <a href="/facts/West_Virginia/USP8LtCq">West Virginia</a> and <a href="/facts/Virginia/g2kucGdn">Virginia</a>. The mid-portion of its border with Virginia is interrupted by <a href="/facts/Washington,_D.C./enXPK156">Washington, D.C.</a>, which sits on land that was originally part of <a href="/facts/Montgomery_County,_Maryland/Sz1bANJV">Montgomery</a> and <a href="/facts/Prince_George%27s_County,_Maryland/2kzz4nEm">Prince George's</a> counties and including <a href="/facts/Georgetown_(Washington,_D.C.)/HaTUJkwQ">Georgetown, Maryland</a>, which was ceded to the United States federal government in 1790 to form the Washington, D.C. <a href="/facts/Chesapeake_Bay/IBeolBQc">Chesapeake Bay</a> nearly bisects the state, and the counties east of the bay are known collectively as the <a href="/facts/Eastern_Shore_of_Maryland/DeFTuW9w">Eastern Shore</a>.
Most of the state's waterways are part of the Chesapeake Bay watershed, with the exceptions of a tiny portion of extreme western <a href="/facts/Garrett_County,_Maryland/mudRUhL1">Garrett County</a> (drained by the <a href="/facts/Youghiogheny_River/d7fmC3Cz">Youghiogheny River</a> as part of the watershed of the <a href="/facts/Mississippi_River/RduarPzj">Mississippi River</a>), the eastern half of Worcester County (which drains into Maryland's Atlantic coastal bays), and a small portion of the state's northeast corner (which drains into the <a href="/facts/Delaware_River/7uFoPlAI">Delaware River</a> watershed). So prominent is the Chesapeake in Maryland's geography and economic life that there has been periodic agitation to change the state's official nickname to the "Bay State", a nickname that has been used by <a href="/facts/Massachusetts/9uumCbFI">Massachusetts</a> for decades.
The highest point in Maryland, with an elevation of 3,360 feet (1,020 m), is <a href="/facts/Backbone_Mountain/vn1sTTtx">Hoye Crest on Backbone Mountain</a>, in the southwest corner of <a href="/facts/Garrett_County,_Maryland/mudRUhL1">Garrett County</a>, near the border with West Virginia, and near the headwaters of the North Branch of the Potomac River. Close to the small town of <a href="/facts/Hancock,_Maryland/FnsItz35">Hancock</a>, in western Maryland, about two-thirds of the way across the state, less than 2 miles (3.2 km) separates its borders,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58">58</a> the <a href="/facts/Mason%E2%80%93Dixon_line/A5Dh95uL">Mason–Dixon line</a> to the north, and the northwards-arching <a href="/facts/Potomac_River/a6pTbEn0">Potomac River</a> to the south.
Portions of Maryland are included in various official and unofficial geographic regions. For example, the <a href="/facts/Delmarva_Peninsula/Yr2LXCBp">Delmarva Peninsula</a> is composed of the Eastern Shore counties of Maryland, the entire <a href="/facts/State_of_Delaware/4n4I3Rhu">state of Delaware</a>, and the two counties that make up the <a href="/facts/Eastern_Shore_of_Virginia/RTKYsCaa">Eastern Shore of Virginia</a>, whereas the westernmost counties of Maryland are considered part of <a href="/facts/Appalachia/GGjCgGyK">Appalachia</a>. Much of the Baltimore–Washington corridor lies just south of the Piedmont in the Coastal Plain,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59">59</a> though it straddles the border between the two regions.

<h3>Geology</h3>
Earthquakes in Maryland are infrequent and small due to the state's distance from seismic/earthquake zones.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60">60</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61">61</a> The <a href="/facts/Moment_magnitude_scale/jLCldUuF">M</a>5.8 <a href="/facts/2011_Virginia_earthquake/77wCyjde">Virginia earthquake in 2011</a> was felt moderately throughout Maryland. Buildings in the state are not well-designed for earthquakes and can suffer damage easily.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62">62</a> As well as this, notably <a href="/facts/2024_New_Jersey_earthquake/FULqbpwh">a M4.8 earthquake</a> from <a href="/facts/Tewksbury_Township,_New_Jersey/wcuw87rX">Tewksbury</a> in central New Jersey was felt slightly throughout Maryland.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63">63</a>
Maryland has no natural lakes, mostly due to the lack of glacial history in the area.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64">64</a> All lakes in the state today were constructed, mostly via dams.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65">65</a> <a href="/facts/Buckel%27s_Bog/p5sk3VnP">Buckel's Bog</a> is believed by geologists to have been a remnant of a former natural lake.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66">66</a>
Maryland has shale formations containing natural gas, where fracking is theoretically possible.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67">67</a>

<h3>Flora</h3>

As is typical of states on the <a href="/facts/East_Coast_of_the_United_States/vrKUc0Wl">East Coast</a>, Maryland's plant life is abundant and healthy. An adequate volume of annual precipitation helps to support many types of plants, including <a href="/facts/Seagrass/3DcPAsCr">seagrass</a> and various <a href="/facts/Phragmites/7EmIKLTQ">reeds</a> at the smaller end of the spectrum to the gigantic <a href="/facts/Wye_Oak/VoIznmth">Wye Oak</a>, a huge example of <a href="/facts/White_oak/or49dFSM">white oak</a>, the state tree, which can grow over 70 feet (21 m) tall.
<a href="/facts/Middle_Atlantic_coastal_forests/HtLqclj9">Middle Atlantic coastal forests</a>, typical of the southeastern <a href="/facts/Atlantic_coastal_plain/a1X95GUy">Atlantic coastal plain</a>, grow around Chesapeake Bay and on the <a href="/facts/Delmarva_Peninsula/Yr2LXCBp">Delmarva Peninsula</a>. Moving west, a mixture of <a href="/facts/Northeastern_coastal_forests/lcbYp6JD">Northeastern coastal forests</a> and <a href="/facts/Southeastern_mixed_forests/81IScwQb">Southeastern mixed forests</a> cover the central part of the state. The <a href="/facts/Appalachian_Mountains/f7X1GBDE">Appalachian Mountains</a> of western Maryland are home to <a href="/facts/Appalachian-Blue_Ridge_forests/kPHN6k6g">Appalachian-Blue Ridge forests</a>. These give way to <a href="/facts/Appalachian_mixed_mesophytic_forests/yNuMtF96">Appalachian mixed mesophytic forests</a> near the West Virginia border.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68">68</a>
Many foreign species are cultivated in the state, some as ornamentals, others as novelty species. Included among these are the <a href="/facts/Lagerstroemia/0je1rfbz">crape myrtle</a>, <a href="/facts/Italian_cypress/MaVpaBby">Italian cypress</a>, <a href="/facts/Magnolia_grandiflora/84MsAzsl">southern magnolia</a>, <a href="/facts/Live_oak/0Nq8IImf">live oak</a> in the warmer parts of the state,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69">69</a> and even <a href="/facts/Hardy_palms/fgpULo3K">hardy palm trees</a> in the warmer central and eastern parts of the state.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70">70</a> USDA plant <a href="/facts/Hardiness_zone/zhPbV4Qb">hardiness zones</a> in the state range from Zones 5 and 6 in the extreme western part of the state to Zone 7 in the central part, and Zone 8 around the southern part of the coast, the bay area, and parts of <a href="/facts/Baltimore_Metropolitan_Area/X9abxn19">metropolitan Baltimore</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71">71</a> Invasive plant species, such as <a href="/facts/Kudzu/fco1pgG9">kudzu</a>, <a href="/facts/Tree_of_heaven/H0jjFV75">tree of heaven</a>, <a href="/facts/Multiflora_rose/4vs6Nq1b">multiflora rose</a>, and <a href="/facts/Microstegium_vimineum/htV6JQ3z">Japanese stiltgrass</a>, stifle growth of endemic plant life.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72">72</a> Maryland's state flower, the <a href="/facts/Rudbeckia_hirta/g8JNXvaq">black-eyed susan</a>, grows in abundance in wild flower groups throughout the state.

<h3>Fauna</h3>

The state harbors a considerable number of <a href="/facts/White-tailed_deer/Y8FXTnhj">white-tailed deer</a>, especially in the woody and mountainous west of the state, and overpopulation can become a problem. Mammals can be found ranging from the mountains in the west to the central areas and include <a href="/facts/American_black_bear/lezPKsnd">black bears</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73">73</a> <a href="/facts/Bobcat/8xkRLsIu">bobcats</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74">74</a> foxes, <a href="/facts/Coyote/RXpwhVfb">coyotes</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75">75</a> raccoons, and otters.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76">76</a>
There is a population of rare wild (feral) horses found on <a href="/facts/Assateague_Island/RNBQ1NEN">Assateague Island</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77">77</a> They are believed to be descended from horses who escaped from Spanish galleon shipwrecks.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78">78</a> Every year during the last week of July, they are captured and swim across a shallow bay for sale at <a href="/facts/Chincoteague,_Virginia/noVn8wHT">Chincoteague, Virginia</a>, a conservation technique which ensures the tiny island is not overrun by the horses.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79">79</a> The ponies and their sale were popularized by the children's book, <a href="/facts/Misty_of_Chincoteague_(novel)/7SL8e5v3">Misty of Chincoteague</a>.
The purebred <a href="/facts/Chesapeake_Bay_Retriever/8nJT1D7W">Chesapeake Bay Retriever</a> dog was bred specifically for water sports, hunting and search and rescue in the Chesapeake area.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80">80</a> In 1878, the Chesapeake Bay Retriever was the first individual retriever breed recognized by the <a href="/facts/American_Kennel_Club/xKz0s8Rm">American Kennel Club</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81">81</a> and was later adopted by the <a href="/facts/University_of_Maryland,_Baltimore_County/pfoJHKIW">University of Maryland, Baltimore County</a> as their mascot.
Maryland's reptile and amphibian population includes the <a href="/facts/Diamondback_terrapin/kbzNsREr">diamondback terrapin</a> turtle, which was adopted as the mascot of <a href="/facts/University_of_Maryland,_College_Park/Wmc5R1kM">University of Maryland, College Park</a>, as well as the threatened <a href="/facts/Eastern_box_turtle/V2sAud2F">Eastern box turtle</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82">82</a> The state is part of the territory of the <a href="/facts/Baltimore_oriole/dtJbmjlw">Baltimore oriole</a>, which is the official state bird and mascot of the <a href="/facts/Major_League_Baseball/4WW9yef3">MLB</a> team the <a href="/facts/Baltimore_Orioles/f5LSUyof">Baltimore Orioles</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83">83</a> Aside from the oriole, <a href="/facts/List_of_Maryland_birds/HeyShqEz">435 other species of birds</a> have been reported from Maryland.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84">84</a>
The state insect is the <a href="/facts/Baltimore_checkerspot/NdaYs417">Baltimore checkerspot butterfly</a>, although it is not as common in Maryland as it is in the southern edge of its range.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85">85</a>

<h3>Environment</h3>
Maryland joined with neighboring states during the end of the 20th century to improve the health of the <a href="/facts/Chesapeake_Bay/IBeolBQc">Chesapeake Bay</a>. The bay's aquatic life and seafood industry have been threatened by development and by fertilizer and livestock waste entering the bay.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86">86</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87">87</a>
In 2007, Forbes.com rated Maryland as the fifth "Greenest" state in the country, behind three of the <a href="/facts/Pacific_States/I4cXGCq0">Pacific States</a> and Vermont. Maryland ranks 40th in total energy consumption nationwide, and it managed less toxic waste per capita than all but six states in 2005.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88">88</a> In April 2007, Maryland joined the <a href="/facts/Regional_Greenhouse_Gas_Initiative/hVwG5Klk">Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative</a> (RGGI) — a regional initiative, formed by all the Northeastern states, Washington, D.C., and three Canadian provinces, to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89">89</a> In March 2017, Maryland became the first state with proven gas reserves to ban fracking by passing a law against it. Vermont has such a law, but no shale gas, and New York has such a ban, though it was made by executive order.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90">90</a>
In 2023, <a href="/facts/AES_Corporation/507qlR9J">AES Corporation</a> announced its intent to retire the 23-year-old <a href="/facts/Warrior_Run_Generating_Station/FQ42HVfF">Warrior Run coal plant</a> in June 2024. It was the state's last coal-fired power plant that did not already have plans to shut down.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91">91</a>

<h3>Climate</h3>
Further information: <a href="/facts/Climate_change_in_Maryland/MInr4SaU">Climate change in Maryland</a>

Maryland has a wide array of climates, due to local variances in elevation, proximity to water, and protection from colder weather due to <a href="/facts/Katabatic_wind/3H6Ay619">downslope winds</a>.
The eastern half of Maryland, which includes <a href="/facts/Ocean_City,_Maryland/6f2r2V35">Ocean City</a>, <a href="/facts/Salisbury,_Maryland/PTIBSCB4">Salisbury</a>, <a href="/facts/Annapolis/X4WV6NXR">Annapolis</a>, and the southern and eastern suburbs of Washington, D.C., and <a href="/facts/Baltimore/ncJvTzBU">Baltimore</a>, lies on the <a href="/facts/Atlantic_Coastal_Plain/a1X95GUy">Atlantic Coastal Plain</a>, with flat topography and sandy or muddy soil. This region has a <a href="/facts/Humid_subtropical_climate/vr1kMhwS">humid subtropical climate</a> (<a href="/facts/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification/VDcr86hF">Köppen</a> Cfa), with hot, humid summers and cool to cold winters; it falls under USDA <a href="/facts/Hardiness_zone/zhPbV4Qb">Hardiness zone</a> 8a.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92">92</a>
The <a href="/facts/Piedmont_(United_States)/EoTcRzIL">Piedmont</a> region, which includes northern and western greater Baltimore, <a href="/facts/Westminster,_Maryland/I9YrYCJ1">Westminster</a>, <a href="/facts/Gaithersburg,_Maryland/NU2ItqFm">Gaithersburg</a>, <a href="/facts/Frederick,_Maryland/9SrWUyBP">Frederick</a>, and <a href="/facts/Hagerstown,_Maryland/fJfh20Lf">Hagerstown</a>, has average seasonal snowfall totals generally exceeding 20 inches (51 cm), and, as part of USDA Hardiness zones 7b and 7a,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93">93</a> temperatures below 10 °F (−12 °C) are less rare. From the <a href="/facts/Cumberland_Valley/4ahj78Tc">Cumberland Valley</a> on westward, the climate begins to transition to a <a href="/facts/Humid_continental_climate/m5J175oK">humid continental climate</a> (Köppen Dfa).
In western Maryland, the higher elevations of <a href="/facts/Allegany_County,_Maryland/NLBAo6Vy">Allegany</a> and <a href="/facts/Garrett_County,_Maryland/mudRUhL1">Garrett</a> counties, including the cities of <a href="/facts/Cumberland,_Maryland/zpk9Gmhw">Cumberland</a>, <a href="/facts/Frostburg,_Maryland/mvIfIPBv">Frostburg</a>, and <a href="/facts/Oakland,_Maryland/0Ldvz8d6">Oakland</a>, display more characteristics of the humid continental zone, due in part to elevation. They fall under USDA Hardiness zones 6b and below.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94">94</a>
Precipitation in the state is characteristic of the <a href="/facts/East_Coast_of_the_United_States/vrKUc0Wl">East Coast</a>. Annual rainfall ranges from 35 to 45 inches (890 to 1,140 mm) with more in higher elevations. Nearly every part of Maryland receives 3.5–4.5 inches (89–114 mm) per month of rain. Average annual snowfall varies from 9 inches (23 cm) in the coastal areas to over 100 inches (250 cm) in the western mountains of the state.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95">95</a>
Because of its location near the <a href="/facts/East_Coast_of_the_United_States/vrKUc0Wl">Atlantic Coast</a>, Maryland is somewhat vulnerable to <a href="/facts/Tropical_cyclones/FQzVXly7">tropical cyclones</a>, although the <a href="/facts/Delmarva_Peninsula/Yr2LXCBp">Delmarva Peninsula</a> and the outer banks of <a href="/facts/North_Carolina/VhKNTULI">North Carolina</a> provide a large buffer, such that strikes from major hurricanes (category 3 or above) occur infrequently. More often, Maryland gets the remnants of a tropical system that has already come ashore and released most of its energy. Maryland averages around 30–40 days of thunderstorms a year, and averages around six tornado strikes annually.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96">96</a>

Monthly average high and low temperatures for various Maryland cities and landmarks (covering breadth and width of the state)<table><tbody><tr><th>City</th><th>Jan</th><th>Feb</th><th>Mar</th><th>Apr</th><th>May</th><th>Jun</th><th>Jul</th><th>Aug</th><th>Sep</th><th>Oct</th><th>Nov</th><th>Dec</th></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Oakland,_Maryland/0Ldvz8d6">Oakland</a></th><td>34 °F (1 °C)16 °F (−9 °C)</td><td>38 °F (3 °C)17 °F (−8 °C)</td><td>48 °F (9 °C)25 °F (−4 °C)</td><td>59 °F (15 °C)34 °F (1 °C)</td><td>68 °F (20 °C)45 °F (7 °C)</td><td>75 °F (24 °C)53 °F (12 °C)</td><td>79 °F (26 °C)58 °F (14 °C)</td><td>78 °F (26 °C)56 °F (13 °C)</td><td>71 °F (22 °C)49 °F (9 °C)</td><td>62 °F (17 °C)37 °F (3 °C)</td><td>50 °F (10 °C)28 °F (−2 °C)</td><td>39 °F (4 °C)21 °F (−6 °C)</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Cumberland,_Maryland/zpk9Gmhw">Cumberland</a></th><td>41 °F (5 °C)22 °F (−6 °C)</td><td>46 °F (8 °C)24 °F (−4 °C)</td><td>56 °F (13 °C)32 °F (0 °C)</td><td>68 °F (20 °C)41 °F (5 °C)</td><td>77 °F (25 °C)51 °F (11 °C)</td><td>85 °F (29 °C)60 °F (16 °C)</td><td>89 °F (32 °C)65 °F (18 °C)</td><td>87 °F (31 °C)63 °F (17 °C)</td><td>80 °F (27 °C)55 °F (13 °C)</td><td>69 °F (21 °C)43 °F (6 °C)</td><td>57 °F (14 °C)34 °F (1 °C)</td><td>45 °F (7 °C)26 °F (−3 °C)</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Hagerstown,_Maryland/fJfh20Lf">Hagerstown</a></th><td>39 °F (4 °C)22 °F (−6 °C)</td><td>42 °F (6 °C)23 °F (−5 °C)</td><td>52 °F (11 °C)30 °F (−1 °C)</td><td>63 °F (17 °C)39 °F (4 °C)</td><td>72 °F (22 °C)50 °F (10 °C)</td><td>81 °F (27 °C)59 °F (15 °C)</td><td>85 °F (29 °C)64 °F (18 °C)</td><td>83 °F (28 °C)62 °F (17 °C)</td><td>76 °F (24 °C)54 °F (12 °C)</td><td>65 °F (18 °C)43 °F (6 °C)</td><td>54 °F (12 °C)34 °F (1 °C)</td><td>43 °F (6 °C)26 °F (−3 °C)</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Frederick,_Maryland/9SrWUyBP">Frederick</a></th><td>42 °F (6 °C)26 °F (−3 °C)</td><td>47 °F (8 °C)28 °F (−2 °C)</td><td>56 °F (13 °C)35 °F (2 °C)</td><td>68 °F (20 °C)45 °F (7 °C)</td><td>77 °F (25 °C)54 °F (12 °C)</td><td>85 °F (29 °C)63 °F (17 °C)</td><td>89 °F (32 °C)68 °F (20 °C)</td><td>87 °F (31 °C)66 °F (19 °C)</td><td>80 °F (27 °C)59 °F (15 °C)</td><td>68 °F (20 °C)47 °F (8 °C)</td><td>56 °F (13 °C)38 °F (3 °C)</td><td>45 °F (7 °C)30 °F (−1 °C)</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Baltimore,_Maryland/ncJvTzBU">Baltimore</a></th><td>42 °F (6 °C)29 °F (−2 °C)</td><td>46 °F (8 °C)31 °F (−1 °C)</td><td>54 °F (12 °C)39 °F (4 °C)</td><td>65 °F (18 °C)48 °F (9 °C)</td><td>75 °F (24 °C)57 °F (14 °C)</td><td>85 °F (29 °C)67 °F (19 °C)</td><td>90 °F (32 °C)72 °F (22 °C)</td><td>87 °F (31 °C)71 °F (22 °C)</td><td>80 °F (27 °C)64 °F (18 °C)</td><td>68 °F (20 °C)52 °F (11 °C)</td><td>58 °F (14 °C)43 °F (6 °C)</td><td>46 °F (8 °C)33 °F (1 °C)</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Elkton,_Maryland/lLYDMaRp">Elkton</a></th><td>42 °F (6 °C)24 °F (−4 °C)</td><td>46 °F (8 °C)26 °F (−3 °C)</td><td>55 °F (13 °C)32 °F (0 °C)</td><td>67 °F (19 °C)42 °F (6 °C)</td><td>76 °F (24 °C)51 °F (11 °C)</td><td>85 °F (29 °C)61 °F (16 °C)</td><td>88 °F (31 °C)66 °F (19 °C)</td><td>87 °F (31 °C)65 °F (18 °C)</td><td>80 °F (27 °C)57 °F (14 °C)</td><td>69 °F (21 °C)45 °F (7 °C)</td><td>58 °F (14 °C)36 °F (2 °C)</td><td>46 °F (8 °C)28 °F (−2 °C)</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Ocean_City,_Maryland/6f2r2V35">Ocean City</a></th><td>45 °F (7 °C)28 °F (−2 °C)</td><td>46 °F (8 °C)29 °F (−2 °C)</td><td>53 °F (12 °C)35 °F (2 °C)</td><td>61 °F (16 °C)44 °F (7 °C)</td><td>70 °F (21 °C)53 °F (12 °C)</td><td>79 °F (26 °C)63 °F (17 °C)</td><td>84 °F (29 °C)68 °F (20 °C)</td><td>82 °F (28 °C)67 °F (19 °C)</td><td>77 °F (25 °C)60 °F (16 °C)</td><td>68 °F (20 °C)51 °F (11 °C)</td><td>58 °F (14 °C)39 °F (4 °C)</td><td>49 °F (9 °C)32 °F (0 °C)</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Waldorf,_Maryland/q2p3kDyX">Waldorf</a></th><td>44 °F (7 °C)26 °F (−3 °C)</td><td>49 °F (9 °C)28 °F (−2 °C)</td><td>58 °F (14 °C)35 °F (2 °C)</td><td>68 °F (20 °C)43 °F (6 °C)</td><td>75 °F (24 °C)53 °F (12 °C)</td><td>81 °F (27 °C)62 °F (17 °C)</td><td>85 °F (29 °C)67 °F (19 °C)</td><td>83 °F (28 °C)65 °F (18 °C)</td><td>78 °F (26 °C)59 °F (15 °C)</td><td>68 °F (20 °C)47 °F (8 °C)</td><td>59 °F (15 °C)38 °F (3 °C)</td><td>48 °F (9 °C)30 °F (−1 °C)</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Point_Lookout_State_Park/z21jgj2L">Point Lookout State Park</a></th><td>47 °F (8 °C)29 °F (−2 °C)</td><td>51 °F (11 °C)31 °F (−1 °C)</td><td>60 °F (16 °C)38 °F (3 °C)</td><td>70 °F (21 °C)46 °F (8 °C)</td><td>78 °F (26 °C)55 °F (13 °C)</td><td>86 °F (30 °C)64 °F (18 °C)</td><td>89 °F (32 °C)69 °F (21 °C)</td><td>87 °F (31 °C)67 °F (19 °C)</td><td>81 °F (27 °C)60 °F (16 °C)</td><td>71 °F (22 °C)49 °F (9 °C)</td><td>61 °F (16 °C)41 °F (5 °C)</td><td>50 °F (10 °C)32 °F (0 °C)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="13"><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97">97</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98">98</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99">99</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100">100</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101">101</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102">102</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103">103</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104">104</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105">105</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106">106</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3>Cities and metro areas</h3>
See also: <a href="/facts/Maryland_statistical_areas/kypkuVFo">Maryland statistical areas</a>

Most of the population of Maryland lives in the central region of the state, in the <a href="/facts/Baltimore_metropolitan_area/X9abxn19">Baltimore metropolitan area</a> and <a href="/facts/Washington_metropolitan_area/tn4yeESo">Washington metropolitan area</a>, both of which are part of the <a href="/facts/Baltimore%E2%80%93Washington_metropolitan_area/EUs75hBy">Baltimore–Washington metropolitan area</a>. The majority of Maryland's population is concentrated in the cities and suburbs surrounding <a href="/facts/Washington,_D.C./enXPK156">Washington, D.C.</a>, and in and around <a href="/facts/Baltimore/ncJvTzBU">Baltimore</a>, Maryland's most populous city. Historically, these and many other Maryland cities developed along the <a href="/facts/Atlantic_Seaboard_fall_line/jrKXhWlP">Fall Line</a>, the line along which rivers, brooks, and streams are interrupted by rapids and waterfalls. Maryland's capital city, <a href="/facts/Annapolis,_Maryland/X4WV6NXR">Annapolis</a>, is one exception to this pattern since it lies along the banks of the <a href="/facts/Severn_River_(Maryland)/I5SgmP19">Severn River</a>, close to where it empties into the <a href="/facts/Chesapeake_Bay/IBeolBQc">Chesapeake Bay</a>.
The Eastern Shore is less populous and more rural, as are the counties of western Maryland. The two westernmost counties of Maryland, <a href="/facts/Allegany_County,_Maryland/NLBAo6Vy">Allegany</a> and <a href="/facts/Garrett_County,_Maryland/mudRUhL1">Garrett</a>, are mountainous and sparsely populated, resembling West Virginia and <a href="/facts/Appalachia/GGjCgGyK">Appalachia</a> more than they do the rest of the state. Both eastern and western Maryland are, however, dotted with cities of regional importance, such as <a href="/facts/Ocean_City,_Maryland/6f2r2V35">Ocean City</a>, <a href="/facts/Princess_Anne,_Maryland/nUTwmJt7">Princess Anne</a>, and <a href="/facts/Salisbury,_Maryland/PTIBSCB4">Salisbury</a> on the <a href="/facts/Eastern_Shore_of_Maryland/DeFTuW9w">Eastern Shore</a> and <a href="/facts/Cumberland,_Maryland/zpk9Gmhw">Cumberland</a>, <a href="/facts/Frostburg,_Maryland/mvIfIPBv">Frostburg</a>, and <a href="/facts/Hancock,_Maryland/FnsItz35">Hancock</a> in <a href="/facts/Western_Maryland/HR35GTV6">Western Maryland</a>. Southern Maryland is still somewhat rural, but suburbanization from Washington, D.C., has encroached significantly since the 1960s; important local population centers include <a href="/facts/Lexington_Park,_Maryland/hBpVrX3z">Lexington Park</a>, <a href="/facts/Prince_Frederick,_Maryland/pz58MG9l">Prince Frederick</a>, <a href="/facts/California,_Maryland/jdXQkpT1">California</a>, and <a href="/facts/Waldorf,_Maryland/q2p3kDyX">Waldorf</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107">107</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108">108</a>

<table><tbody><tr><th colspan="10">   Largest cities or towns in Maryland<a href="/facts/2020_United_States_census/dTEm5TRr">2020 U.S. Census</a> populations</th></tr><tr><th></th><th>Rank</th><th><a href="/facts/List_of_cities_in_Maryland/tE8vcSXg">Name</a></th><th><a href="/facts/List_of_counties_in_Maryland/Xd1Fmv60">County</a></th><th>Pop.</th><th></th></tr><tr><td rowspan="11"><a href="/facts/Baltimore/ncJvTzBU">Baltimore</a><a href="/facts/Columbia,_Maryland/kvYeS4q2">Columbia</a></td><td>1</td><td><a href="/facts/Baltimore/ncJvTzBU">Baltimore</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Independent_city_(United_States)/ymWnITpl">Independent city</a></td><td>585,708</td><td rowspan="11"><a href="/facts/Germantown,_Maryland/xNeQDbeG">Germantown</a><a href="/facts/Waldorf,_Maryland/q2p3kDyX">Waldorf</a></td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Columbia,_Maryland/kvYeS4q2">Columbia</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Howard_County,_Maryland/h3hKo4XA">Howard</a></td><td>104,681</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td><a href="/facts/Germantown,_Maryland/xNeQDbeG">Germantown</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Montgomery_County,_Maryland/Sz1bANJV">Montgomery</a></td><td>91,249</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td><a href="/facts/Waldorf,_Maryland/q2p3kDyX">Waldorf</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Charles_County,_Maryland/WAvXVhLN">Charles</a></td><td>81,410</td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td><a href="/facts/Silver_Spring,_Maryland/JlVlKDsU">Silver Spring</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Montgomery_County,_Maryland/Sz1bANJV">Montgomery</a></td><td>81,015</td></tr><tr><td>6</td><td><a href="/facts/Frederick,_Maryland/9SrWUyBP">Frederick</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Frederick_County,_Maryland/THCIo95b">Frederick</a></td><td>78,171</td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td><a href="/facts/Ellicott_City,_Maryland/4tbycy94">Ellicott City</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Howard_County,_Maryland/h3hKo4XA">Howard</a></td><td>75,947</td></tr><tr><td>8</td><td><a href="/facts/Glen_Burnie,_Maryland/PtYLKLtT">Glen Burnie</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Anne_Arundel_County,_Maryland/RmEmA1D6">Anne Arundel</a></td><td>72,891</td></tr><tr><td>9</td><td><a href="/facts/Gaithersburg,_Maryland/NU2ItqFm">Gaithersburg</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Montgomery_County,_Maryland/Sz1bANJV">Montgomery</a></td><td>69,657</td></tr><tr><td>10</td><td><a href="/facts/Bethesda,_Maryland/6Ap8BkWN">Bethesda</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Montgomery_County,_Maryland/Sz1bANJV">Montgomery</a></td><td>68,056</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2 id="demographics">Demographics</h2>
See also: <a href="/facts/List_of_counties_in_Maryland/Xd1Fmv60">List of counties in Maryland</a>, <a href="/facts/List_of_incorporated_places_in_Maryland/tE8vcSXg">List of incorporated places in Maryland</a>, and <a href="/facts/List_of_census-designated_places_in_Maryland/wdA0LvGw">List of census-designated places in Maryland</a>

Historical population<table><tbody><tr><th scope="col">Census</th><th scope="col">Pop.</th><th scope="col">Note</th><th scope="col">%±</th></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/1790_United_States_census/yDzhBK5c">1790</a></th><td>319,728</td><td></td><td>—</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/1800_United_States_census/csGedvpF">1800</a></th><td>341,548</td><td></td><td>6.8%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/1810_United_States_census/wUUYwXMt">1810</a></th><td>380,546</td><td></td><td>11.4%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/1820_United_States_census/1KJ1g64w">1820</a></th><td>407,350</td><td></td><td>7.0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/1830_United_States_census/5xDCq8CY">1830</a></th><td>447,040</td><td></td><td>9.7%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/1840_United_States_census/2Uf0Swfy">1840</a></th><td>470,019</td><td></td><td>5.1%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/1850_United_States_census/WTl410x7">1850</a></th><td>583,034</td><td></td><td>24.0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/1860_United_States_census/E3jCbqK4">1860</a></th><td>687,049</td><td></td><td>17.8%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/1870_United_States_census/oTcEXqLs">1870</a></th><td>780,894</td><td></td><td>13.7%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/1880_United_States_census/b380C0t1">1880</a></th><td>934,943</td><td></td><td>19.7%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/1890_United_States_census/RWFwbtDd">1890</a></th><td>1,042,390</td><td></td><td>11.5%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/1900_United_States_census/P5KTGX4m">1900</a></th><td>1,188,044</td><td></td><td>14.0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/1910_United_States_census/tx8Dybwo">1910</a></th><td>1,295,346</td><td></td><td>9.0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/1920_United_States_census/qo2C2mIy">1920</a></th><td>1,449,661</td><td></td><td>11.9%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/1930_United_States_census/3WmH6q6D">1930</a></th><td>1,631,526</td><td></td><td>12.5%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/1940_United_States_census/CgDsD5ud">1940</a></th><td>1,821,244</td><td></td><td>11.6%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/1950_United_States_census/4dUrAXAY">1950</a></th><td>2,343,001</td><td></td><td>28.6%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/1960_United_States_census/W9P7TDzt">1960</a></th><td>3,100,689</td><td></td><td>32.3%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/1970_United_States_census/r1LsT35a">1970</a></th><td>3,922,399</td><td></td><td>26.5%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/1980_United_States_census/UjEXH7Ba">1980</a></th><td>4,216,975</td><td></td><td>7.5%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/1990_United_States_census/uPN5syw5">1990</a></th><td>4,781,468</td><td></td><td>13.4%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/2000_United_States_census/oFBpAEqK">2000</a></th><td>5,296,486</td><td></td><td>10.8%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/2010_United_States_census/RoYVI17A">2010</a></th><td>5,773,552</td><td></td><td>9.0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/2020_United_States_census/dTEm5TRr">2020</a></th><td>6,177,224</td><td></td><td>7.0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">2024 (est.)</th><td>6,263,220</td><td></td><td>1.4%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">Source: 1910–2020<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109">109</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
In the <a href="/facts/2020_United_States_census/dTEm5TRr">2020 United States census</a>, the <a href="/facts/United_States_Census_Bureau/heKtzoXX">United States Census Bureau</a> found that population of Maryland was 6,185,278 people, a 7.1% increase from the <a href="/facts/2010_United_States_census/RoYVI17A">2010 United States census</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110">110</a> The United States Census Bureau estimated that the population of Maryland was 6,045,680 on July 1, 2019, a 4.71% increase from the 2010 United States census and an increase of 2,962, from the prior year. This includes a natural increase since the last census of 269,166 (464,251 births minus 275,093 deaths) and an increase due to net migration of 116,713 people into the state. <a href="/facts/Immigration_to_the_United_States/KT75X7Uc">Immigration</a> from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 129,730 people, and migration within the country produced a net loss of 13,017 people.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111">111</a> In 2018, The top countries of origin for Maryland's immigrants were <a href="/facts/El_Salvador/6Plzw4vr">El Salvador</a> (11%), <a href="/facts/India/1kKHcnxM">India</a> (6%), <a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p">China</a> (5%), <a href="/facts/Nigeria/gbW17BX8">Nigeria</a> (5%), and the <a href="/facts/Philippines/ARpmxXQV">Philippines</a> (4%).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112">112</a> The <a href="/facts/Center_of_population/XlRJj9Lx">center of population</a> of Maryland is located on the county line between <a href="/facts/Anne_Arundel_County,_Maryland/RmEmA1D6">Anne Arundel County</a> and <a href="/facts/Howard_County,_Maryland/h3hKo4XA">Howard County</a>, in the <a href="/facts/Unincorporated_area/q4EGarYy">unincorporated community</a> of <a href="/facts/Jessup,_Maryland/DjFwl5q4">Jessup</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113">113</a>
Maryland's history as a <a href="/facts/Border_states_(Civil_War)/5JSeCYb4">border state</a> has led it to exhibit characteristics of both the <a href="/facts/Northern_United_States/rEDDwPGk">Northern</a> and the <a href="/facts/Southern_United_States/ppnGuAtB">Southern</a> regions of the United States. Generally, rural <a href="/facts/Western_Maryland/HR35GTV6">Western Maryland</a> between the <a href="/facts/Eastern_Panhandle_of_West_Virginia/c2FeDokQ">West Virginian Panhandle</a> and <a href="/facts/Pennsylvania/HGqC5bBm">Pennsylvania</a> has an <a href="/facts/Appalachia/GGjCgGyK">Appalachian</a> culture; the <a href="/facts/Southern_Maryland/RhXmC6Db">Southern</a> and Eastern Shore regions of Maryland embody a <a href="/facts/Culture_of_the_Southern_United_States/IsoXVazR">Southern culture</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114">114</a> while densely populated Central Maryland – radiating outward from <a href="/facts/Baltimore/ncJvTzBU">Baltimore</a> and <a href="/facts/Washington,_D.C./enXPK156">Washington, D.C.</a> – has more in common with that of the <a href="/facts/Northeastern_United_States/Xa8zQlkM">Northeast</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115">115</a> The U.S. Census Bureau designates Maryland as one of the <a href="/facts/South_Atlantic_States/p81sqcUq">South Atlantic States</a>, but it is commonly associated with the <a href="/facts/Mid-Atlantic_States/DTl6eo5b">Mid-Atlantic States</a> and <a href="/facts/Northeastern_United_States/Xa8zQlkM">Northeastern United States</a> by other federal agencies, the media, and some residents.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116">116</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117">117</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:118" href="#fn:118">118</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:119" href="#fn:119">119</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:120" href="#fn:120">120</a>
According to <a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development/wSllVu8s">HUD</a>'s 2022 <a href="/facts/Annual_Homeless_Assessment_Report_to_Congress/sv8voRan">Annual Homeless Assessment Report</a>, there were an estimated 5,349 <a href="/facts/Homelessness/uqVV2c5R">homeless</a> people in Maryland.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:121" href="#fn:121">121</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:122" href="#fn:122">122</a>

<h3>Birth data</h3>
As of 2011, 58.0 percent of Maryland's population younger than age 1 were minority background.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:123" href="#fn:123">123</a>
Note: Births in the table do not add up because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number.

Live births by single race/ethnicity of mother<table><tbody><tr><th><a href="/facts/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census/TmVxjULy">Race</a></th><th>2013<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:124" href="#fn:124">124</a></th><th>2014<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:125" href="#fn:125">125</a></th><th>2015<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:126" href="#fn:126">126</a></th><th>2016<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:127" href="#fn:127">127</a></th><th>2017<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:128" href="#fn:128">128</a></th><th>2018<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:129" href="#fn:129">129</a></th><th>2019<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:130" href="#fn:130">130</a></th><th>2020<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:131" href="#fn:131">131</a></th><th>2021<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:132" href="#fn:132">132</a></th><th>2022<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:133" href="#fn:133">133</a></th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/White_Americans/H6ToYC5Q">White</a>:</td><td>41,474 (57.6%)</td><td>42,525 (57.5%)</td><td>42,471 (57.7%)</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td></tr><tr><td>> <a href="/facts/Non-Hispanic_whites/oBCzIsEn">Non-Hispanic White</a></td><td>32,568 (45.2%)</td><td>33,178 (44.9%)</td><td>32,412 (44.0%)</td><td>31,278 (42.8%)</td><td>29,809 (41.6%)</td><td>29,585 (41.6%)</td><td>28,846 (41.1%)</td><td>28,060 (40.9%)</td><td>28,193 (41.3%)</td><td>27,333 (39.7%)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/African_Americans/pTgcAdo8">Black</a></td><td>24,764 (34.4%)</td><td>25,339 (34.3%)</td><td>25,017 (34.0%)</td><td>22,829 (31.2%)</td><td>22,327 (31.1%)</td><td>21,893 (30.8%)</td><td>21,494 (30.6%)</td><td>20,869 (30.4%)</td><td>20,449 (29.9%)</td><td>20,438 (29.7%)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Asian_Americans/LEbUc3Gb">Asian</a></td><td>5,415 (7.5%)</td><td>5,797 (7.8%)</td><td>5,849 (7.9%)</td><td>5,282 (7.2%)</td><td>5,276 (7.3%)</td><td>4,928 (6.9%)</td><td>4,928 (7.0%)</td><td>4,595 (6.7%)</td><td>4,431 (6.5%)</td><td>4,480 (6.5%)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States/lr8Qmd6N">American Indian</a></td><td>300 (0.4%)</td><td>260 (0.3%)</td><td>279 (0.4%)</td><td>104 (0.1%)</td><td>127 (0.2%)</td><td>114 (0.2%)</td><td>113 (0.2%)</td><td>79 (0.1%)</td><td>83 (0.1%)</td><td>113 (0.2%)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans/rIBPIUd3">Hispanic</a> (of any race)</td><td>10,515 (14.6%)</td><td>10,974 (14.8%)</td><td>11,750 (16.0%)</td><td>11,872 (16.2%)</td><td>12,223 (17.1%)</td><td>12,470 (17.5%)</td><td>12,872 (18.3%)</td><td>13,034 (19.0%)</td><td>13,164 (19.3%)</td><td>14,398 (20.9%)</td></tr><tr><td>Total Maryland</td><td>71,953 (100%)</td><td>73,921 (100%)</td><td>73,616 (100%)</td><td>73,136 (100%)</td><td>71,641 (100%)</td><td>71,080 (100%)</td><td>70,178 (100%)</td><td>68,554 (100%)</td><td>68,285 (100%)</td><td>68,782 (100%)</td></tr></tbody></table>
Since 2016, data for births of <a href="/facts/White_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans/TLrSlNIj">White Hispanic</a> origin are not collected, but included in one Hispanic group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

Country of birth (2022)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:134" href="#fn:134">134</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:135" href="#fn:135">135</a><table><tbody><tr><th>Birthplace</th><th>Population</th></tr><tr><td>United States</td><td>4,999,873</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/El_Salvador/6Plzw4vr">El Salvador</a></td><td>105,778</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/India/1kKHcnxM">India</a></td><td>60,535</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p">China</a></td><td>43,499</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Nigeria/gbW17BX8">Nigeria</a></td><td>39,185</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Guatemala/MoMcSnla">Guatemala</a></td><td>38,222</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Philippines/ARpmxXQV">Philippines</a></td><td>37,020</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/South_Korea/pCobAaVw">South Korea</a></td><td>34,091</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Mexico/IT5bwhdh">Mexico</a></td><td>33,833</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Ethiopia/LVujNp5v">Ethiopia</a></td><td>28,554</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Jamaica/jeDulmwE">Jamaica</a></td><td>26,068</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Honduras/75jMlRQ1">Honduras</a></td><td>21,991</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Cameroon/QnrdY05C">Cameroon</a></td><td>19,934</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Vietnam/0ulfA8Eq">Vietnam</a></td><td>19,082</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Peru/dBt7XrYD">Peru</a></td><td>17,414</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Pakistan/cbIsvJy1">Pakistan</a></td><td>16,386</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Ghana/IkUw32Ya">Ghana</a></td><td>14,722</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Dominican_Republic/u36V3Nsb">Dominican Republic</a></td><td>13,880</td></tr><tr><td>   <a href="/facts/Nepal/yWCzTBR2">Nepal</a></td><td>8,646-25,000<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:136" href="#fn:136">136</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3>Language and ancestry</h3>

As of 2016, the most spoken languages in Maryland other than English were <a href="/facts/Spanish_language/95BgYNfv">Spanish</a> (9%), <a href="/facts/Chinese_language/771ruUY1">Chinese</a> (1.2%), West African languages (mostly <a href="/facts/Yoruba_language/q5osdFqR">Yoruba</a> and <a href="/facts/Igbo_language/K08WN17k">Igbo</a>, 1%), <a href="/facts/French_language/qe1DnaQh">French</a> (1%), <a href="/facts/Korean_language/dmNnRxAA">Korean</a> (0.7%), <a href="/facts/Afroasiatic_languages/fzqjWd0q">Afro-Asiatic languages</a> (mostly <a href="/facts/Amharic/zVHLsajh">Amharic</a>, 0.6% and <a href="/facts/Arabic/A1e66hVV">Arabic</a>, 0.4%), and <a href="/facts/Tagalog_language/G8UARRIl">Tagalog</a> (0.6%). Other languages with a large number of speakers in Maryland include <a href="/facts/Vietnamese_language/J3Pbx58C">Vietnamese</a> (0.4%), <a href="/facts/Russian_language/ETXrTgHV">Russian</a> (0.4%), <a href="/facts/Hindi/n1QIEeCC">Hindi</a> (0.3%), <a href="/facts/Urdu/oLrhuXc6">Urdu</a> (0.3%), <a href="/facts/Persian_language/jfUYbHbt">Persian</a> (0.3%), <a href="/facts/Nepali_language/TSC8VdAw">Nepali</a> (0.3%), <a href="/facts/Haitian_Creole/9serl3cP">Haitian Creole</a> (0.2%), and <a href="/facts/Telugu_language/yV5dQWhw">Telugu</a> (0.2%).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:137" href="#fn:137">137</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:138" href="#fn:138">138</a>

Racial breakdown of population of Maryland<table><tbody><tr><th>Racial composition</th><th>1970<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:139" href="#fn:139">139</a></th><th>1990<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:140" href="#fn:140">140</a></th><th>2000<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:141" href="#fn:141">141</a></th><th>2010<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:142" href="#fn:142">142</a></th><th>2020<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:143" href="#fn:143">143</a></th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/White_Americans/H6ToYC5Q">White</a></td><td>81.5%</td><td>71.0%</td><td>64.0%</td><td>60.8%</td><td>58.5%</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/African_Americans/pTgcAdo8">Black</a></td><td>17.8%</td><td>24.9%</td><td>27.9%</td><td>29.8%</td><td>31.1%</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Asian_Americans/LEbUc3Gb">Asian</a></td><td>0.5%</td><td>2.9%</td><td>4.0%</td><td>5.5%</td><td>6.7%</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States/lr8Qmd6N">Native American</a></td><td>0.1%</td><td>0.3%</td><td>0.3%</td><td>0.3%</td><td>0.6%</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census/TmVxjULy">Other race</a></td><td>0.1%</td><td>0.9%</td><td>1.8%</td><td>3.6%</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Multiracial_Americans/vAdY6SRS">Two or more races</a></td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>2.0%</td><td>2.9%</td><td>2.9%</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Non-Hispanic_whites/oBCzIsEn">Non-Hispanic whites</a></td><td>80.4%</td><td>69.6%</td><td>62.1%</td><td>54.7%</td><td>50.0%</td></tr></tbody></table>

In 1970, the U.S. Census Bureau reported Maryland's population as 17.8 percent African-American and 80.4 percent non-Hispanic White.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:144" href="#fn:144">144</a>
In 2019, <a href="/facts/Non-Hispanic_whites/oBCzIsEn">non-Hispanic white Americans</a> were 49.8% of Maryland's population (<a href="/facts/White_Americans_in_Maryland/osAy8XEE">White Americans</a>, including <a href="/facts/White_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans/TLrSlNIj">White Hispanics</a>, were 57.3%), which made Maryland a <a href="/facts/Majority_minority/xbLNjKXo">majority minority</a> state.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:145" href="#fn:145">145</a> 50.2% of Maryland's population is non-white, or is Hispanic or Latino, the highest percentage of any state on the <a href="/facts/East_Coast_of_the_United_States/vrKUc0Wl">East Coast</a>, and the highest percentage after the majority-minority states of <a href="/facts/Hawaii/ImxFefeK">Hawaii</a>, <a href="/facts/New_Mexico/wosJCGaW">New Mexico</a>, <a href="/facts/Texas/B987WHF0">Texas</a>, <a href="/facts/California/zLW2vdQJ">California</a>, <a href="/facts/Nevada/HNWhCrQv">Nevada</a>, and <a href="/facts/Washington,_D.C./enXPK156">Washington, D.C.</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:146" href="#fn:146">146</a> By 2031, minorities are projected to become the majority of voting eligible residents of Maryland.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:147" href="#fn:147">147</a> Maryland's multiculturalism and diversity can be explained by its historically large African American population, and immigration brought by the importance of the D.C. and Baltimore areas, especially from Central America, Africa, the Caribbean, and Asia.
<a href="/facts/African_Americans_in_Maryland/56n5aLVh">African Americans</a> form a sizable portion of the state's population, 31.1% as of 2020.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:148" href="#fn:148">148</a> Most are descendants of people transported to the area as slaves from West Africa. Concentrations of African Americans live in <a href="/facts/Baltimore,_Maryland/ncJvTzBU">Baltimore City</a>, <a href="/facts/Prince_George%27s_County,_Maryland/2kzz4nEm">Prince George's County</a>, <a href="/facts/Charles_County,_Maryland/WAvXVhLN">Charles County</a>, western parts of <a href="/facts/Baltimore_County,_Maryland/rgMN6zIn">Baltimore County</a>, and the southern Eastern Shore. Charles County and Prince George's County are the two counties where African Americans are the most successful monetarily in the country, with average household incomes much higher than in the rest of the country. As a former slave state, Maryland has had a large African-American population for much of its history; African American populations have increased over time with the <a href="/facts/Great_Migration_(African_American)/q5Cvobkb">Great Migration</a> to the D.C. and Baltimore areas, and in more recent times with the <a href="/facts/New_Great_Migration/aGU1VQyB">New Great Migration</a> and with movement out from Washington D.C. into Montgomery, Prince George's, and Charles counties, as a result of gentrification and rising housing costs in D.C. causing many African Americans to leave. Prince George's County in particular has been a magnet for African Americans from D.C. to move to for decades; it is often referred to as "Ward 9" of D.C.
Maryland has by far the highest percentage of residents born in Africa out of any state; residents of African descent include 20th-century and later immigrants from <a href="/facts/Nigerian_American/V4IqLtdQ">Nigeria</a>, particularly of the <a href="/facts/Igbo_American/8JXF17en">Igbo</a> and <a href="/facts/Yoruba_people/x8tcApLL">Yoruba</a> tribes; <a href="/facts/Ethiopia/LVujNp5v">Ethiopia</a>, particularly <a href="/facts/Amhara_people/PvjCsS7l">Amharas</a> with significant <a href="/facts/Oromo_people/coSGhdzs">Oromo</a> and <a href="/facts/Tigrayans/NGNULzzv">Tigrayan</a> populations; <a href="/facts/Cameroon/QnrdY05C">Cameroon</a>, <a href="/facts/Ghana/IkUw32Ya">Ghana</a>, <a href="/facts/Sierra_Leone/gWP9YL0v">Sierra Leone</a>, and <a href="/facts/Kenya/Y9Ko9pQu">Kenya</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:149" href="#fn:149">149</a> Maryland also hosts populations from other African and <a href="/facts/West_Indian_American/Q4K3KgfQ">Caribbean</a> nations. Maryland's African immigrant population is generally well-educated and is most concentrated in the inner suburbs of Baltimore and D.C. Nigerians are the fourth-largest immigrant group in Maryland, and are largely concentrated in the Baltimore area and surrounding suburbs, as well as Prince George's county. Many immigrants from the <a href="/facts/Horn_of_Africa/jU4Xk52j">Horn of Africa</a>, especially <a href="/facts/Ethiopia/LVujNp5v">Ethiopia</a>, have settled in Maryland, with large communities in the suburbs of Washington, D.C., particularly in Montgomery and Prince George's counties. The <a href="/facts/Washington_metropolitan_area/tn4yeESo">Washington metropolitan area</a> has the world's largest population of <a href="/facts/Ethiopians_in_Washington,_D.C./C80a9tKn">Ethiopians</a> outside of Ethiopia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:150" href="#fn:150">150</a> The Ethiopian community of Greater D.C. was historically based in the <a href="/facts/Adams_Morgan/L6kLDhNg">Adams Morgan</a> and <a href="/facts/Shaw,_Washington,_D.C./l30HbUew">Shaw</a> neighborhoods of Washington, D.C., but as the community has grown, many Ethiopians have settled in <a href="/facts/Silver_Spring,_Maryland/JlVlKDsU">Silver Spring</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:151" href="#fn:151">151</a> The Ethiopian American population in Maryland and the rest of the D.C. area is largely <a href="/facts/Amharic/zVHLsajh">Amharic</a>-speaking, but there are significant numbers of speakers of <a href="/facts/Oromo_language/axmPP527">Oromo</a> and <a href="/facts/Tigrinya_language/KjCdk0vI">Tigrinya</a> speakers as well. The Washington metropolitan area is also home to a large <a href="/facts/Eritrean_Americans/hqcUsX62">Eritrean</a> community.
The top reported ancestries by Maryland residents are: <a href="/facts/German_American/KoI8oW3Y">German</a> (15%), <a href="/facts/Irish_American/zs4XIVfN">Irish</a> (11%), <a href="/facts/English_American/8YY7vxwl">English</a> (8%), <a href="/facts/Americans/srd9GJ5U">American</a> (7%), <a href="/facts/Italian_American/xrp3KgVX">Italian</a> (6%), and <a href="/facts/Polish_American/6Qm9BuPH">Polish</a> (3%).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:152" href="#fn:152">152</a>
<a href="/facts/Irish_American/zs4XIVfN">Irish American</a> populations can be found <a href="/facts/History_of_the_Irish_in_Baltimore/zGkjKLP5">throughout the Baltimore area</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:153" href="#fn:153">153</a> and the Northern and Eastern suburbs of Washington, D.C., in Maryland, who were descendants of those who moved out to the suburbs<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:154" href="#fn:154">154</a> of Washington, D.C.'s once predominantly Irish neighborhoods<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:155" href="#fn:155">155</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:156" href="#fn:156">156</a>), as well as Western Maryland, where Irish immigrant laborers helped to build the B&O Railroad.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:157" href="#fn:157">157</a> Smaller but much older Irish populations can be found in Southern Maryland, with some roots dating as far back as the early Maryland colony.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:158" href="#fn:158">158</a> This population, however, still remains culturally very active and yearly festivals are held.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:159" href="#fn:159">159</a>
A large percentage of the population of the <a href="/facts/Eastern_Shore_of_Maryland/DeFTuW9w">Eastern Shore</a> and <a href="/facts/Southern_Maryland/RhXmC6Db">Southern Maryland</a> are descendants of <a href="/facts/British_American/Yah6UQoU">British American</a> ancestry. The Eastern Shore was settled by Protestants, chiefly <a href="/facts/Methodist/XXvj9D0G">Methodist</a> and the southern counties were initially settled by English Catholics. Western and northern Maryland have large <a href="/facts/German-American/KoI8oW3Y">German-American</a> populations.
More recent European immigrants of the late 19th and early 20th century settled first in Baltimore, attracted to its industrial jobs. These groups were largely of <a href="/facts/History_of_the_Jews_in_Baltimore/s0cB624w">Jewish</a>, <a href="/facts/History_of_the_Italians_in_Baltimore/WCchqTqu">Italian</a>, <a href="/facts/History_of_the_Greeks_in_Baltimore/jwFCEEpy">Greek</a>, <a href="/facts/History_of_the_Poles_in_Baltimore/3FDH6dka">Polish</a>, <a href="/facts/History_of_the_Czechs_in_Baltimore/AfJ7nAe7">Czech</a>, <a href="/facts/History_of_the_Lithuanians_in_Baltimore/XYtAe7n7">Lithuanian</a>, <a href="/facts/History_of_Russians_in_Baltimore/g9wkNwl1">Russian</a> and <a href="/facts/History_of_the_Ukrainians_in_Baltimore/DkM7Vtn3">Ukrainian</a> descent. The Greek community includes a number of <a href="/facts/Greek_Jews/b1R5KLUx">Greek Jews</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:160" href="#fn:160">160</a> These <a href="/facts/Southern_Europe/MlkLQsUc">Southern</a> and <a href="/facts/Eastern_Europe/f5CDGzNA">Eastern European</a> immigrants were largely concentrated in Southeast Baltimore and significantly influenced the unique culture of the city; although many have moved out into surrounding areas of Baltimore County due to gentrification, the city retains the culture and influence of these immigrants, and cultural events celebrating these communities are common in Baltimore. Maryland has had a significant <a href="/facts/American_Jews/zXED0Gus">Jewish American</a> presence since the early 20th century, with large numbers of Jewish immigrants to the Baltimore area, followed by Jewish migration to the Washington D.C. area; Maryland has the fifth-highest percentage of Jewish residents in the country (including Washington D.C.), with 239,000 Jews making up four percent of the population, and the <a href="/facts/Washington%E2%80%93Baltimore_combined_statistical_area/EUs75hBy">Washington–Baltimore combined statistical area</a>, which has the seventh-largest number of Jews of any combined metropolitan area in the country, with a Jewish population estimated at 300,000.
The shares of European immigrants born in Eastern Europe increased significantly between 1990 and 2010. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, and Czechoslovakia, many immigrants from Eastern Europe came to the United States—12 percent of whom currently reside in Maryland.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:161" href="#fn:161">161</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:162" href="#fn:162">162</a>
Hispanic immigrants of the later 20th century have settled in <a href="/facts/Aspen_Hill,_Maryland/G0z2JNuf">Aspen Hill</a>, <a href="/facts/Hyattsville,_Maryland/M4cjB29l">Hyattsville</a>/<a href="/facts/Langley_Park,_Maryland/xTXh7QFu">Langley Park</a>, <a href="/facts/Glenmont,_Maryland/p5YhrU6L">Glenmont</a>/<a href="/facts/Wheaton,_Maryland/Qye4Srf0">Wheaton</a>, <a href="/facts/Bladensburg,_Maryland/03Pj8Gv3">Bladensburg</a>, <a href="/facts/Riverdale_Park,_Maryland/mCn6sJ0D">Riverdale Park</a>, <a href="/facts/Gaithersburg,_Maryland/NU2ItqFm">Gaithersburg</a>, as well as <a href="/facts/Highlandtown,_Baltimore/ay5Gj0tw">Highlandtown</a> and <a href="/facts/Greektown,_Baltimore/plcql4bR">Greektown</a> in East Baltimore. Maryland has the highest percentage of residents of <a href="/facts/Central_America/CXKgTuxC">Central American</a> origin of any state. <a href="/facts/Salvadoran_American/C6QRK7Xb">Salvadorans</a> are the largest Hispanic group in Maryland, and Maryland has the largest percentage of Salvadoran residents of any state. The D.C. area also has the highest percentage of Salvadorans of any American metro area, who are particularly concentrated in Prince George's and Montgomery counties, and has the second-highest total number of Salvadorans after the <a href="/facts/Greater_Los_Angeles/AcoFV9Jh">Los Angeles area</a>. Other Hispanic groups with significant populations in the state include <a href="/facts/Mexican_American/sw5sfgPF">Mexicans</a>, <a href="/facts/Guatemalans/KdRvu1zS">Guatemalans</a>, <a href="/facts/Honduran_American/a7N6d3IX">Hondurans</a>, <a href="/facts/People_of_the_Dominican_Republic/tlLnzktx">Dominicans</a>, <a href="/facts/Peruvians/5GSQ1HVq">Peruvians</a>, and <a href="/facts/Puerto_Ricans/zEvr37Sv">Puerto Ricans</a>, along with growing populations of <a href="/facts/Brazilians/GenvRYa8">Brazilians</a>, <a href="/facts/Colombians/4wJoLuEC">Colombians</a>, <a href="/facts/Ecuadorians/QAroXgWz">Ecuadorians</a>, and <a href="/facts/Bolivians/gLFCh52U">Bolivians</a>. Maryland's Hispanic population is especially concentrated in Montgomery County and Prince George's County, with other large populations in the Baltimore area and <a href="/facts/Frederick_County,_Maryland/THCIo95b">Frederick County</a>. Maryland has one of the most diverse Hispanic populations in the country, with significant populations from various <a href="/facts/Spanish_Caribbean/AGJfs1tl">Caribbean</a> and <a href="/facts/Central_America/CXKgTuxC">Central American</a> nations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:163" href="#fn:163">163</a>
Caribbean Americans have a significant presence in Maryland, especially <a href="/facts/Jamaican_Americans/o7u5URvu">Jamaican Americans</a>, who make up 0.6% of the population and have had a significant presence and influence in Maryland's politics and culture; Maryland's current governor, <a href="/facts/Wes_Moore/Ih6sKBeb">Wes Moore</a>, is the son of a Jamaican immigrant mother. Other Caribbean American nationalities with a large population in Maryland include <a href="/facts/People_of_the_Dominican_Republic/tlLnzktx">Dominicans</a>, <a href="/facts/Haitians/ABd8GRrv">Haitians</a>, <a href="/facts/Trinidadians_and_Tobagonians/tdoko1P7">Trinidadians and Tobagonians</a>, and <a href="/facts/Guyanese_people/mtnQoyaz">Guyanese</a>. Caribbean Americans are most concentrated in Prince George's County, the city of Baltimore, and Baltimore County.
Asian Americans are concentrated in the suburban counties surrounding Washington, D.C., and in Baltimore suburbs, especially <a href="/facts/Howard_County,_Maryland/h3hKo4XA">Howard County</a>, with <a href="/facts/Chinese_Americans/mjGFo4om">Chinese American</a>, <a href="/facts/Korean_American/enJdsk1A">Korean American</a> and <a href="/facts/Taiwanese_American/Uz72685l">Taiwanese American</a> communities in <a href="/facts/Rockville,_Maryland/JA0lGBte">Rockville</a>, <a href="/facts/Gaithersburg,_Maryland/NU2ItqFm">Gaithersburg</a>, and <a href="/facts/Germantown,_Maryland/xNeQDbeG">Germantown</a>. Chinese in particular form the second largest group of Asian Americans, and are the largest group in Montgomery County. Maryland also has a large Korean American population, especially in Howard County, where there is a <a href="/facts/Koreatown/lC8roqvH">Koreatown</a> in <a href="/facts/Ellicott_City,_Maryland/4tbycy94">Ellicott City</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:164" href="#fn:164">164</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:165" href="#fn:165">165</a> <a href="/facts/Filipino_American/yfDR9lAm">Filipino Americans</a>, the largest group of Southeast Asians, form major communities in Montgomery, Prince George's, and Charles counties; other large groups of Southeast Asians include Vietnamese, who are concentrated in Montgomery County, and Burmese, who are concentrated in Frederick, Howard, and Baltimore Counties. Maryland has a very large and diverse <a href="/facts/South_Asian_Americans/IwtW5jN3">South Asian American</a> population that has had a major presence in the state since the 1970s. <a href="/facts/Indian_Americans/7GkRE0Ps">Indian Americans</a> are the largest Asian group in Maryland, making up 1.7 percent of the population, and live throughout the state, especially in <a href="/facts/Montgomery_County,_Maryland/Sz1bANJV">Montgomery</a> and <a href="/facts/Howard_County,_Maryland/h3hKo4XA">Howard</a> counties, with large numbers in <a href="/facts/Baltimore_County,_Maryland/rgMN6zIn">Baltimore</a>, <a href="/facts/Frederick_County,_Maryland/THCIo95b">Frederick</a>, and <a href="/facts/Prince_George%27s_County,_Maryland/2kzz4nEm">Prince George's</a> counties. The Indian American population is culturally and linguistically diverse, with the Indian languages spoken most being <a href="/facts/Hindi/n1QIEeCC">Hindi</a>, <a href="/facts/Gujarati_language/kGKRRbwe">Gujarati</a>, <a href="/facts/Telugu_language/yV5dQWhw">Telugu</a>, and <a href="/facts/Tamil_language/7I0lHL0d">Tamil</a>. There are also large <a href="/facts/Pakistani_Americans/yLGxhSvz">Pakistani American</a> populations throughout the D.C. and Baltimore areas, especially in Baltimore County and Howard County, and a large <a href="/facts/Bangladeshi_Americans/UPW6IRQF">Bangladeshi American</a> community in the D.C. area. Maryland has one of the largest populations of <a href="/facts/Nepalese_Americans/AqqbSBUb">Nepali Americans</a>, including <a href="/facts/Bhutanese_Americans/qPVwNvxV">Bhutanese Americans</a> of Nepali descent, in the U.S., many of whom are recent immigrants or refugees who sought asylum after <a href="/facts/Lhotshampa/9PFagknd">expulsion from Bhutan</a> or the <a href="/facts/April_2015_Nepal_earthquake/aeyNrIVD">2015 Nepal earthquake</a>; there are an estimated 20,000 to 25,000 Nepalis in Maryland, concentrated in the Baltimore area with significant populations in the D.C. area. The first Nepali American elected to a state legislature, <a href="/facts/Harry_Bhandari/B5cDm0tI">Harry Bhandari</a>, was elected in Maryland, representing part of Baltimore County.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:166" href="#fn:166">166</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:167" href="#fn:167">167</a> There are three <a href="/facts/State-recognized_tribes_in_the_United_States/hLzQtfWq">state-recognized tribes</a>, and in 2020, 31,845 identified as being Native American alone, and 96,805 did in combination with one or more other races.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:168" href="#fn:168">168</a>
Attracting educated Asians and Africans to the professional jobs in the region, Maryland has the fifth-largest proportions of racial minorities in the country.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:169" href="#fn:169">169</a>
In 2006, 645,744 were counted as foreign born, which represents mainly people from Latin America and Asia. About four percent are <a href="/facts/Undocumented_immigrants/bSFppH6r">undocumented immigrants</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:170" href="#fn:170">170</a>
According to The Williams Institute's analysis of the 2010 U.S. census, 12,538 same-sex couples are living in Maryland, representing 5.8 same-sex couples per 1,000 households.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:171" href="#fn:171">171</a>
<a href="/facts/Romani_people/HAj6w0kU">Romani people</a> are present in Maryland.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:172" href="#fn:172">172</a>

<h3>Religion</h3>

<table><tbody><tr><th colspan="5">Religion in Maryland (2014)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:173" href="#fn:173">173</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2">Religion</td><td></td><td colspan="2">Percent</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Protestant/NXja4K3g">Protestant</a></td><td> </td><td colspan="2">52%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Irreligion/wr8NFHPJ">None</a></td><td> </td><td colspan="2">23%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Catholic/YpnKqaEL">Catholic</a></td><td> </td><td colspan="2">15%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Judaism/tjQ5Tgs6">Jewish</a></td><td> </td><td colspan="2">3%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">Other faiths</td><td> </td><td colspan="2">2%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Buddhism/G0wsjrSl">Buddhist</a></td><td> </td><td colspan="2">1%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Hinduism/oxV9YvQh">Hindu</a></td><td> </td><td colspan="2">1%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Islam/zDLbL45C">Islam</a></td><td> </td><td colspan="2">1%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Mormonism/79tBTq3q">Mormon</a></td><td> </td><td colspan="2">1%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Eastern_Orthodoxy/5n20Akh5">Orthodox Christian</a></td><td> </td><td colspan="2">1%</td></tr></tbody></table>

Maryland has been historically prominent to <a href="/facts/Catholic_Church_in_the_United_States/cW6Q4oxk">American Catholic tradition</a> because the English <a href="/facts/Colony_of_Maryland/81lppC22">colony of Maryland</a> was intended by <a href="/facts/George_Calvert/dGJqhAch">George Calvert</a> as a haven for English Catholics. Baltimore was the seat of the first Catholic bishop in the U.S. (1789), and <a href="/facts/Emmitsburg/8Nh3dnJD">Emmitsburg</a> was the home and burial place of the first American-born citizen to be <a href="/facts/Canonized/TJCQys00">canonized</a>, <a href="/facts/St._Elizabeth_Ann_Seton/Vz2uRcq5">St. Elizabeth Ann Seton</a>. <a href="/facts/Georgetown_University/GRubgGhB">Georgetown University</a>, the first Catholic University, was founded in 1789 in what was then part of Maryland; it became a part of the District of Columbia when it was created in the 1790s. The <a href="/facts/Basilica_of_the_National_Shrine_of_the_Assumption_of_the_Virgin_Mary/wtGTnfTM">Basilica of the National Shrine of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary</a> in Baltimore was the first Roman Catholic cathedral built in the United States, and the <a href="/facts/Archbishop_of_Baltimore/09VkAXAr">Archbishop of Baltimore</a> is, albeit without formal primacy, the United States' quasi-<a href="/facts/Primate_(bishop)/N60QPnf0">primate</a>, and often a cardinal. Among the immigrants of the 19th and 20th centuries from eastern and southern Europe were many Catholics.
Despite its historic relevance to the Catholic Church in the United States, the percentage of Catholics in the state of Maryland is below the national average of 20%. Demographically, both Protestants and those identifying with no religion are more numerous than Catholics.
According to the <a href="/facts/Pew_Research_Center/082PuVBq">Pew Research Center</a> in 2014, 69 percent of Maryland's population identifies themselves as <a href="/facts/Christians/15hE11VR">Christian</a>. Nearly 52% of the adult population are <a href="/facts/Protestants/NXja4K3g">Protestants</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:174" href="#fn:174">174</a> Following Protestantism, <a href="/facts/Catholicism/rJ4F4gqH">Catholicism</a> is the second largest religious affiliation, comprising 15% percent of the population.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:175" href="#fn:175">175</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:176" href="#fn:176">176</a> <a href="/facts/Amish/5MX4wRT3">Amish</a>/<a href="/facts/Mennonite/pFLcS0Pg">Mennonite</a> communities are found in <a href="/facts/St._Mary%27s_County,_Maryland/QXlj9Plq">St. Mary's</a>, <a href="/facts/Garrett_County,_Maryland/mudRUhL1">Garrett</a>, and <a href="/facts/Cecil_County,_Maryland/VtkuxQN9">Cecil</a> counties.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:177" href="#fn:177">177</a> <a href="/facts/Judaism/tjQ5Tgs6">Judaism</a> is the largest non-Christian religion in Maryland, with 241,000 adherents, or four percent of the total population.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:178" href="#fn:178">178</a> <a href="/facts/American_Jews/zXED0Gus">Jews</a> are numerous throughout <a href="/facts/Montgomery_County,_Maryland/Sz1bANJV">Montgomery County</a> and in <a href="/facts/Pikesville,_Maryland/JUGlDPku">Pikesville</a> and <a href="/facts/Owings_Mills/wNCwXvb3">Owings Mills</a> northwest of Baltimore. An estimated 81,500 Jewish Americans live in Montgomery County, constituting approximately 10% of the total population.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:179" href="#fn:179">179</a> The <a href="/facts/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church/m8VpCo8n">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a>'s world headquarters and <a href="/facts/Ahmadiyya/z8p7s0FC">Ahmadiyya</a> Muslims' national headquarters are located in <a href="/facts/Silver_Spring,_Maryland/JlVlKDsU">Silver Spring</a>, just outside <a href="/facts/Washington,_D.C./enXPK156">Washington, D.C.</a>
Per the <a href="/facts/Public_Religion_Research_Institute/SCJKe7k4">Public Religion Research Institute</a> in 2020, 61 percent of Maryland's population identified with Christianity.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:180" href="#fn:180">180</a> Protestantism and Roman Catholicism continued to dominate the Christian landscape, and the Jewish community remained at 3% of the total religious population. Of the unaffiliated, the PRRI study determined their increase to 28% of the population.

<h3>LGBT population</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/LGBT_rights_in_Maryland/rzj3ax49">LGBT rights in Maryland</a>
Maryland has one of the highest percentages of LGBT people in its populace out of any state; 5.7% of Marylanders identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, or queer, the highest of any state. (Washington, D.C. ranks higher with a LGBT population of 8.6%.) Maryland ranks as one of the best states in the nation for rights of the LGBT community, with protections against discrimination enacted since 2001 for sexuality and 2014 for gender, same-sex marriage legalization in 2013, bans on conversion therapy enacted in 2018, abolition of the gay panic defense in 2021, and issuance in 2023 of an executive order protecting the rights of transgender individuals. In 2020, Montgomery County unanimously passed an ordinance implementing an LGBTIQ+ bill of rights.
The first person known to describe himself as a <a href="/facts/Drag_queen/MsDbP6FC">drag queen</a> was <a href="/facts/William_Dorsey_Swann/HJYDkERK">William Dorsey Swann</a>, born enslaved in Hancock, Maryland. Swann was the first American on record who pursued legal and political action to defend the <a href="/facts/LGBTQ_community/LpXxRsVU">LGBTQ community</a>'s <a href="/facts/Right_to_assemble/zDxVFral">right to assemble</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:181" href="#fn:181">181</a>
In February 2010, Attorney General <a href="/facts/Doug_Gansler/FHG8mpCN">Doug Gansler</a> issued an opinion stating that Maryland law should honor <a href="/facts/Same-sex_marriage/J2dpSgaV">same-sex marriages</a> from out of state. At the time, the state Supreme Court wrote a decision upholding marriage discrimination.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:182" href="#fn:182">182</a>
On March 1, 2012, Maryland Governor <a href="/facts/Martin_O%27Malley/E1x8yUKW">Martin O'Malley</a> signed the freedom to marry bill into law after it passed in the state legislature. Opponents of same-sex marriage began collecting signatures to overturn the law, which faced a referendum, as Question 6, in the November 2012 election.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:183" href="#fn:183">183</a> A January 2011 Gonzales Research & Marketing Strategies poll showed 51% support for marriage in the state.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:184" href="#fn:184">184</a>
In May 2012, Maryland's Court of Appeals ruled that the state will recognize marriages of same-sex couples who married out-of-state, no matter the outcome of the November election.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:185" href="#fn:185">185</a> Voters upheld the bill, passing Question 6 with 52% to 48% on November 6, 2012. Same-sex couples began marrying in Maryland on January 1, 2013.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:186" href="#fn:186">186</a>

<h2 id="economy">Economy</h2>
See also: <a href="/facts/Business_in_Maryland/FPEb3gwk">Business in Maryland</a>, <a href="/facts/List_of_federal_installations_in_Maryland/07pLVz7t">List of federal installations in Maryland</a>, <a href="/facts/List_of_shopping_malls_in_Maryland/og9CItcy">List of shopping malls in Maryland</a>, and <a href="/facts/Maryland_locations_by_per_capita_income/c1Qu2EFD">Maryland locations by per capita income</a>

The <a href="/facts/Bureau_of_Economic_Analysis/uLVyugSB">Bureau of Economic Analysis</a> estimates that Maryland's gross state product in 2016 was $382.4 billion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:187" href="#fn:187">187</a> However, Maryland has been using <a href="/facts/Genuine_Progress_Indicator/DRx5Pjmd">Genuine Progress Indicator</a>, an indicator of well-being, to guide the state's development, rather than relying only on growth indicators like GDP.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:188" href="#fn:188">188</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:189" href="#fn:189">189</a> According to the <a href="/facts/United_States_Census_Bureau/heKtzoXX">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, Maryland households are currently the wealthiest in the country, with a 2013 median household income of $72,483,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:190" href="#fn:190">190</a> which puts it ahead of <a href="/facts/New_Jersey/pI5k19S7">New Jersey</a> and <a href="/facts/Connecticut/LeDhYdJG">Connecticut</a>, which are second and third respectively. Two of Maryland's counties, Howard and Montgomery, are the second and eleventh <a href="/facts/Highest-income_counties_in_the_United_States/FNTwUVmT">wealthiest counties in the nation</a> respectively. Maryland has the most millionaires per capita in 2013, with a ratio of 7.7 percent.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:191" href="#fn:191">191</a> Also, the state's poverty rate of 7.8 percent is the lowest in the country.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:192" href="#fn:192">192</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:193" href="#fn:193">193</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:194" href="#fn:194">194</a> <a href="/facts/Per_capita_personal_income_in_the_United_States/md60KRlY">Per capita personal income</a> in 2006 was $43,500, fifth in the nation. As of March 2022, the state's unemployment rate was 4.6 percent.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:195" href="#fn:195">195</a>
Maryland's economy benefits from the state's proximity to the federal government in <a href="/facts/Washington,_D.C./enXPK156">Washington, D.C.</a>, with an emphasis on technical and administrative tasks for the defense/aerospace industry and bio-research laboratories, as well as staffing of satellite government headquarters in the suburban or exurban Baltimore/Washington area. Ft. Meade serves as the headquarters of the <a href="/facts/Defense_Information_Systems_Agency/h0FJXnJj">Defense Information Systems Agency</a>, <a href="/facts/United_States_Cyber_Command/G09JxTAm">United States Cyber Command</a>, and the <a href="/facts/National_Security_Agency/Sg6MGV1o">National Security Agency</a>/<a href="/facts/Central_Security_Service/l4womv7o">Central Security Service</a>. In addition, a number of educational and medical research institutions are located in the state. The various components of The <a href="/facts/Johns_Hopkins_University/56US0mHw">Johns Hopkins University</a> and its medical research facilities are now the largest single employer in the Baltimore area.
Manufacturing, while large in dollar value, is highly diversified with no sub-sector contributing over 20 percent of the total. Typical forms of manufacturing include electronics, computer equipment, and chemicals. The once-mighty primary metals sub-sector, which once included what was then the largest steel factory in the world at <a href="/facts/Sparrows_Point/gsmPrrIG">Sparrows Point</a>, still exists, but is pressed with foreign competition, <a href="/facts/Bankruptcy/EAztPnMf">bankruptcies</a>, and <a href="/facts/Merger/YfczSf3M">mergers</a>. During World War II, the Glenn Martin Company (now part of <a href="/facts/Lockheed_Martin/URp9BQpA">Lockheed Martin</a>) airplane factory employed some 40,000 people.
Mining other than construction materials is virtually limited to coal, which is located in the mountainous western part of the state. The brownstone quarries in the east, which gave Baltimore and Washington much of their characteristic architecture in the mid-19th century, were once a predominant natural resource. Historically, there used to be small gold-mining operations in Maryland, some near Washington, but these no longer exist.
In 2022, the top private employers by number of employees were <a href="/facts/BYK_Additives_%26_Instruments/wCMWkUDz">BYK Gardner</a>, <a href="/facts/Clean_Harbors/HPcLSHp0">Clean Harbors</a>, <a href="/facts/Holy_Cross_Hospital_(Silver_Spring)/mhlRUnY8">Holy Cross Hospital</a>, <a href="/facts/Johns_Hopkins_Bayview_Medical_Center/bI0hAGFp">Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center</a>, <a href="/facts/Johns_Hopkins_University_Applied_Physics_Laboratory/PN4H87V9">Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory</a>, <a href="/facts/Johns_Hopkins_University_School_of_Medicine/Mh6EHzKP">Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine</a>, <a href="/facts/University_of_Maryland/Wmc5R1kM">Maryland Neuroimaging Center</a>, <a href="/facts/Northrop_Grumman/M6keKE1A">Northrop Grumman</a>, <a href="/facts/University_System_of_Maryland/kQyukEB4">University of Maryland</a>, and <a href="/facts/University_of_Maryland_Medical_Center/Iy9zrHvI">University of Maryland Medical Center</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:196" href="#fn:196">196</a>
In the first three years of Maryland <a href="/facts/Sports_betting/UdGNRcyF">sports betting</a>, over $10.2 billion was bet on sports. Based on the regulations, the state has earned over $116 million towards the <a href="/facts/Blueprint_for_Maryland%27s_Future/X1rLddoW">Blueprint for Maryland's Future</a> Fund as of November 2024.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:197" href="#fn:197">197</a>

<h3>Port of Baltimore</h3>
One major service activity is transportation, centered on the <a href="/facts/Port_of_Baltimore/Xqf1gtjv">Port of Baltimore</a> and its related <a href="/facts/Railroad/9nJQbsDV">rail</a> and trucking access. The port ranked 17th in the U.S. by tonnage in 2008.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:198" href="#fn:198">198</a> Although the port handles a wide variety of products, the most typical imports are raw materials and bulk commodities, such as <a href="/facts/Iron_ore/rQMEvgMh">iron ore</a>, <a href="/facts/Petroleum/IQV0bHVd">petroleum</a>, <a href="/facts/Sugar/jb5KXRHT">sugar</a>, and <a href="/facts/Fertilizer/ysh3r6NJ">fertilizers</a>, often distributed to the relatively close manufacturing centers of the inland <a href="/facts/Midwest/VanHjkw2">Midwest</a> via good overland transportation. The port also receives several brands of imported motor vehicles and is the number one auto port in the U.S.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:199" href="#fn:199">199</a>
Baltimore City is among the top 15 largest ports in the nation,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:200" href="#fn:200">200</a> and was one of six major U.S. ports that were part of the February 2006 <a href="/facts/Dubai_Ports_World_controversy/G29r1UKj">controversy</a> over the <a href="/facts/Dubai_Ports_World/FSI2WqbY">Dubai Ports World</a> deal.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:201" href="#fn:201">201</a> The state as a whole is heavily industrialized, with a prosperous economy and influential technology centers. Its computer industries are some of the most sophisticated in the United States, and the federal government has invested heavily in the area. Maryland is home to several large military bases and scores of high-level government jobs.
The <a href="/facts/Chesapeake_and_Delaware_Canal/vnyYuwAu">Chesapeake and Delaware Canal</a> is a 14 miles (23 km) <a href="/facts/Canal/pBE8LsJx">canal</a> on the Eastern Shore that connects the waters of the Delaware River with those of the Chesapeake Bay, and in particular with the Port of Baltimore, carrying 40 percent of the port's ship traffic.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:202" href="#fn:202">202</a>

<h3>Fishing</h3>
Maryland has a large food-production sector. A large component of this is commercial <a href="/facts/List_of_freshwater_fishes_of_Maryland/prCfngK3">fishing</a>, centered in the Chesapeake Bay, but also including activity off the short Atlantic seacoast. The largest catches by species are the <a href="/facts/Callinectes_sapidus/sALQqVAs">blue crab</a>, <a href="/facts/Oysters/ctvJgcks">oysters</a>, <a href="/facts/Striped_bass/u3leW5XA">striped bass</a>, and <a href="/facts/Menhaden/tT00eIDH">menhaden</a>. The Bay also has overwintering waterfowl in its wildlife refuges. The waterfowl support a <a href="/facts/Birdwatching/bbMgsxIW">tourism sector of sportsmen</a>.

<h3>Agriculture</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Agriculture_in_Maryland/tVy9fC1n">Agriculture in Maryland</a>

Maryland has large areas of fertile agricultural land in its coastal and <a href="/facts/Piedmont_Plateau/EoTcRzIL">Piedmont</a> zones, though this land use is being encroached upon by urbanization. Agriculture is oriented to dairy farming (especially in foothill and piedmont areas) for nearby large city milksheads, plus specialty perishable horticulture crops, such as <a href="/facts/Cucumber/eq1DFox9">cucumbers</a>, <a href="/facts/Watermelon/Tvtd0dDa">watermelons</a>, <a href="/facts/Sweet_corn/1CLCdRHD">sweet corn</a>, <a href="/facts/Tomato/3d5Xsqw7">tomatoes</a>, <a href="/facts/Cucumis_melo/TkJM6SHx">melons</a>, <a href="/facts/Squash_(fruit)/obYd9RFa">squash</a>, and <a href="/facts/Peas/hlndxpId">peas</a> (Source:USDA Crop Profiles). The southern counties of the western shoreline of Chesapeake Bay are warm enough to support a <a href="/facts/Tobacco/bTD4RUPQ">tobacco</a> <a href="/facts/Cash_crop/fwvVrxLT">cash crop</a> zone, which has existed since early Colonial times, but declined greatly after a state government buy-out in the 1990s. There is also a large automated <a href="/facts/Chicken/RD2eTd83">chicken</a>-farming sector in the state's southeastern part; <a href="/facts/Salisbury,_Maryland/PTIBSCB4">Salisbury</a> is home to <a href="/facts/Perdue_Farms/VxJgEawg">Perdue Farms</a>. Maryland's food-processing plants are the most significant type of manufacturing by value in the state. Farming suffers from weeds as anywhere else, including an unusual <a href="/facts/Multiple_herbicide_resistance/FN93bvrk">multiply resistant</a> ragweed (<a href="/facts/Ambrosia_artemisiifolia/Bm31tmjq">Ambrosia artemisiifolia</a>) found by Rousonelos et al., 2012 with both <a href="/facts/ALS_resistance/656jB1oo">ALS-</a> and <a href="/facts/PPO_resistance/EEPAC2oV">PPO</a>-resistances<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:203" href="#fn:203">203</a> and which by 2016 had developed a third, <a href="/facts/EPSP_resistance/LU5Y1R3b">EPSP resistance</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:204" href="#fn:204">204</a> This ragweed population is a drag on <a href="/facts/Soybean/reNwxvo2">soybean</a> cultivation and, as of May 7, 2022<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maryland&action=edit">[update]</a>, is the worst multiresistant weed problem in the state.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:205" href="#fn:205">205</a>

<h3>Biotechnology</h3>
Maryland is a major center for <a href="/facts/Life_sciences/9HYkCgqe">life sciences</a> research and development. With more than 400 biotechnology companies located there, Maryland is the fourth largest nexus in this field in the United States.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:206" href="#fn:206">206</a>
Institutions and government agencies with an interest in research and development located in Maryland include the <a href="/facts/Johns_Hopkins_University/56US0mHw">Johns Hopkins University</a>, the <a href="/facts/Johns_Hopkins_Applied_Physics_Laboratory/PN4H87V9">Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory</a>, more than one campus of the <a href="/facts/University_System_of_Maryland/kQyukEB4">University System of Maryland</a>, <a href="/facts/Goddard_Space_Flight_Center/WfoEKknM">Goddard Space Flight Center</a>, the <a href="/facts/United_States_Census_Bureau/heKtzoXX">United States Census Bureau</a>, the <a href="/facts/National_Institutes_of_Health/G3Eytfcc">National Institutes of Health</a> (NIH), the <a href="/facts/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology/gr9Fnh85">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a> (NIST), the <a href="/facts/National_Institute_of_Mental_Health/EqxY3XXy">National Institute of Mental Health</a> (NIMH), the <a href="/facts/Walter_Reed_National_Military_Medical_Center/16hLt4yk">Walter Reed National Military Medical Center</a>, the federal <a href="/facts/Food_and_Drug_Administration/rCEnh9WB">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA), the <a href="/facts/Howard_Hughes_Medical_Institute/YEu3w6qy">Howard Hughes Medical Institute</a>, the <a href="/facts/Celera_Genomics/9bEVX6TQ">Celera Genomics</a> company, the <a href="/facts/J._Craig_Venter_Institute/DbkzaphX">J. Craig Venter Institute</a> (JCVI), and <a href="/facts/AstraZeneca/KTPcnWfE">AstraZeneca</a> (formerly <a href="/facts/MedImmune/XUetNJfI">MedImmune</a>).
Maryland is home to defense contractor <a href="/facts/Emergent_BioSolutions/tln6tf2b">Emergent BioSolutions</a>, which manufactures and provides an <a href="/facts/Anthrax_vaccine/elB8tHuK">anthrax vaccine</a> to U.S. government military personnel.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:207" href="#fn:207">207</a>

<h3>Tourism</h3>
See also: <a href="/facts/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_Maryland/rJpo75da">List of National Historic Landmarks in Maryland</a>

Tourism is popular in Maryland. Many tourists visit Baltimore, the beaches of the Eastern Shore, and the nature of western Maryland. Attractions in Baltimore include the <a href="/facts/Harborplace/6gRvzX0e">Harborplace</a>, the <a href="/facts/Baltimore_Aquarium/6Y03zN6B">Baltimore Aquarium</a>, <a href="/facts/Fort_McHenry/9xz12cKx">Fort McHenry</a>, as well as the <a href="/facts/Camden_Yards/9z5Wppyv">Camden Yards</a> baseball stadium. <a href="/facts/Ocean_City,_Maryland/6f2r2V35">Ocean City</a> on the Atlantic Coast has been a popular beach destination in summer, particularly since the <a href="/facts/Chesapeake_Bay_Bridge/JSEghN3X">Chesapeake Bay Bridge</a> was built in 1952 connecting the Eastern Shore to the more populated Maryland cities.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:208" href="#fn:208">208</a> The state capital of <a href="/facts/Annapolis/X4WV6NXR">Annapolis</a> offers sites such as the <a href="/facts/Maryland_State_House/1u5oxAcP">state capitol building</a>, the <a href="/facts/Colonial_Annapolis_Historic_District/UrrhGTz6">historic district</a>, and the waterfront. Maryland also has several sites of interest to military history, given Maryland's role in the <a href="/facts/Maryland_in_the_American_Civil_War/dPFelbTV">American Civil War</a> and in the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Baltimore/5EVmv8tc">War of 1812</a>. Other attractions include the historic and picturesque towns along the <a href="/facts/Chesapeake_Bay/IBeolBQc">Chesapeake Bay</a>, such as <a href="/facts/St._Mary%27s_City,_Maryland/Nd0VpIMY">Saint Mary's</a>, Maryland's first colonial settlement and original capital.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:209" href="#fn:209">209</a>

<h3>Healthcare</h3>
Main articles: <a href="/facts/List_of_hospitals_in_Maryland/19o6UmpY">List of hospitals in Maryland</a> and <a href="/facts/Maryland_hospital_payment_system/7ylJq24D">Maryland hospital payment system</a>
As of 2017, the top two health insurers including all types of insurance were <a href="/facts/CareFirst_BlueCross_BlueShield/YrEJwDfC">CareFirst BlueCross BlueShield</a> with 47% market share followed by <a href="/facts/UnitedHealth_Group/Fdyxrw5J">UnitedHealth Group</a> at 15%.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:210" href="#fn:210">210</a>
Maryland has experimented with healthcare payment reforms, notably beginning in the 1970s with an <a href="/facts/All-payer_rate_setting/3RFrjUuz">all-payer rate setting</a> program regulated by the Health Services Cost Review Commission.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:211" href="#fn:211">211</a> In 2014, it switched to a global budget revenue system, whereby hospitals receive a <a href="/facts/Capitation_(healthcare)/BsxsU6II">capitated</a> payment to care for their population.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:212" href="#fn:212">212</a>

<h2 id="transportation">Transportation</h2>
The <a href="/facts/Maryland_Department_of_Transportation/jeerRD58">Maryland Department of Transportation</a> oversees most transportation in the state through its various administration-level agencies.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:213" href="#fn:213">213</a> The independent <a href="/facts/Maryland_Transportation_Authority/Nh0JbCK1">Maryland Transportation Authority</a> maintains and operates the state's eight toll facilities.

<h3>Roads</h3>
See also: <a href="/facts/List_of_Interstate_Highways_in_Maryland/xQ0WAxAu">List of Interstate Highways in Maryland</a>, <a href="/facts/List_of_Maryland_state_highways/gEHy4rU9">List of Maryland state highways</a>, <a href="/facts/List_of_minor_Maryland_state_highways/F8uGNAXS">List of minor Maryland state highways</a>, and <a href="/facts/List_of_former_Maryland_state_highways/1YkTulFx">List of former Maryland state highways</a>

Maryland's <a href="/facts/Interstate_Highway_System/99o39I6K">Interstate highways</a> include 110 miles (180 km) of <a href="/facts/Interstate_95_in_Maryland/TJxJTAm6">Interstate 95</a> (I-95), which enters the northeast portion of the state, travels through <a href="/facts/Baltimore/ncJvTzBU">Baltimore</a>, and becomes part of the eastern section of the <a href="/facts/Interstate_495_(Capital_Beltway)/XBQYzPPT">Capital Beltway</a> to the <a href="/facts/Woodrow_Wilson_Bridge/Nzb2M7Rq">Woodrow Wilson Bridge</a>. <a href="/facts/Interstate_68_in_Maryland/tgUHudh7">I-68</a> travels 81 miles (130 km), connecting the western portions of the state to <a href="/facts/Interstate_70_in_Maryland/Nqm8lnPK">I-70</a> at the small town of Hancock. I-70 enters from Pennsylvania north of Hancock and continues east for 93 miles (150 km) to Baltimore, connecting <a href="/facts/Hagerstown,_Maryland/fJfh20Lf">Hagerstown</a> and <a href="/facts/Frederick,_Maryland/9SrWUyBP">Frederick</a> along the way.
<a href="/facts/Interstate_83_in_Maryland/zcWSHx5Q">I-83</a> has 34 miles (55 km) in Maryland and connects Baltimore to southern central Pennsylvania (<a href="/facts/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania/dLwCq0dz">Harrisburg</a> and <a href="/facts/York,_Pennsylvania/HwzbxG6B">York, Pennsylvania</a>). Maryland also has an 11-mile (18 km) portion of <a href="/facts/Interstate_81_in_Maryland/pe7rPMuS">I-81</a> that travels through the state near Hagerstown. <a href="/facts/Interstate_97/Nb6tf0jE">I-97</a>, fully contained within Anne Arundel County and the shortest (17.6 miles (28.3 km)) one- or two-digit interstate highway in the contiguous US, connects the Baltimore area to the Annapolis area.
There are also several <a href="/facts/List_of_auxiliary_Interstate_Highways/u9w3ezJa">auxiliary Interstate highways</a> in Maryland. Among them are two beltways encircling the major cities of the region: <a href="/facts/Interstate_695_(Maryland)/pXWWkn8f">I-695</a>, the McKeldin (Baltimore) Beltway, which encircles Baltimore; and a portion of <a href="/facts/Interstate_495_(Capital_Beltway)/XBQYzPPT">I-495</a>, the Capital Beltway, which encircles <a href="/facts/Washington,_D.C./enXPK156">Washington, D.C.</a> <a href="/facts/Interstate_270_(Maryland)/6MuKRc9Y">I-270</a>, which connects the Frederick area with <a href="/facts/Northern_Virginia/VaGqB5aV">Northern Virginia</a> and Washington, D.C. through major suburbs to the northwest of Washington, is a major commuter route and is as wide as fourteen lanes at points. <a href="/facts/Interstate_895_(Maryland)/zQGfgtKz">I-895</a>, also known as the Harbor Tunnel Thruway, provides an alternate route to I-95 across <a href="/facts/Baltimore_Harbor/Xqf1gtjv">Baltimore Harbor</a>.
Both I-270 and the Capital Beltway were extremely <a href="/facts/Traffic_congestion/CTl1sfGX">congested</a>; however, the <a href="/facts/Intercounty_Connector/TjrNo6Ln">Intercounty Connector</a> (ICC; <a href="/facts/Maryland_Route_200/TjrNo6Ln">MD 200</a>) has alleviated some congestion over time. Construction of the ICC was a major part of the campaign platform of former Governor <a href="/facts/Robert_Ehrlich/AuooXjg1">Robert Ehrlich</a>, who was in office from 2003 until 2007, and of Governor <a href="/facts/Martin_O%27Malley/E1x8yUKW">Martin O'Malley</a>, who succeeded him. <a href="/facts/Interstate_595_(Maryland)/x79ohVxw">I-595</a>, which is an <a href="/facts/Unsigned_highway/vEnWU3MU">unsigned highway</a> concurrent with <a href="/facts/U.S._Route_50_in_Maryland/x79ohVxw">US 50</a>/<a href="/facts/U.S._Route_301_in_Maryland/agrGxUkx">US 301</a>, is the longest unsigned interstate in the country and connects <a href="/facts/Prince_George%27s_County,_Maryland/2kzz4nEm">Prince George's County</a> and Washington, D.C. with <a href="/facts/Annapolis,_Maryland/X4WV6NXR">Annapolis</a> and the <a href="/facts/Eastern_Shore_of_Maryland/DeFTuW9w">Eastern Shore</a> via the <a href="/facts/Chesapeake_Bay_Bridge/JSEghN3X">Chesapeake Bay Bridge</a>.
Maryland also has a <a href="/facts/State_highway/c9dMrH4M">state highway</a> system that contains routes numbered from 2 through 999, however most of the higher-numbered routes are either unsigned or are relatively short. Major state highways include Routes <a href="/facts/Maryland_Route_2/tTUmpH2J">2</a> (Governor Ritchie Highway/Solomons Island Road/Southern Maryland Blvd.), <a href="/facts/Maryland_Route_4/vTdhRdXS">4</a> (<a href="/facts/Pennsylvania_Avenue_(Washington,_D.C.)/PXByNymV">Pennsylvania Avenue</a>/Southern Maryland Blvd./Patuxent Beach Road/St. Andrew's Church Road), <a href="/facts/Maryland_Route_5/nUgqCKEb">5</a> (Branch Avenue/Leonardtown Road/Point Lookout Road), <a href="/facts/Maryland_Route_32/2xWG9r7Y">32</a>, <a href="/facts/Maryland_Route_45/hWsdSpb4">45</a> (York Road), <a href="/facts/Maryland_Route_97/vhFYSpA9">97</a> (Georgia Avenue), <a href="/facts/Maryland_Route_100/NUtzeN3S">100</a> (Paul T. Pitcher Memorial Highway), <a href="/facts/Maryland_Route_210/qSzhyRaY">210</a> (Indian Head Highway), <a href="/facts/Maryland_Route_235/ScAVeDg6">235</a> (Three Notch Road), <a href="/facts/Maryland_Route_295/BKbgtTgk">295</a> (Baltimore-Washington Parkway), <a href="/facts/Maryland_Route_355/jHHFYHxs">355</a> (Wisconsin Avenue/Rockville Pike/Frederick Road), <a href="/facts/Maryland_Route_404/RHKjpvMU">404</a> (Queen Anne Highway/ Shore Highway), and <a href="/facts/Maryland_Route_650/yokLysE5">650</a> (New Hampshire Avenue).

<h3>Airports</h3>
See also: <a href="/facts/Aviation_in_Maryland/hanNEtHg">Aviation in Maryland</a> and <a href="/facts/List_of_airports_in_Maryland/VhFmSRbe">List of airports in Maryland</a>
Maryland's largest airport is <a href="/facts/Baltimore-Washington_International_Thurgood_Marshall_Airport/zgmX3Sxu">Baltimore-Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport</a>, more commonly referred to as BWI. The airport is named for the Baltimore-born <a href="/facts/Thurgood_Marshall/meKXFT3I">Thurgood Marshall</a>, the first African-American <a href="/facts/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States/rJHothwW">Supreme Court justice</a>. The only other airports with commercial service are at <a href="/facts/Hagerstown_Regional_Airport/33gpJmKa">Hagerstown</a> and <a href="/facts/Wicomico_Regional_Airport/SjTT9bLf">Salisbury</a>.
The Maryland suburbs of Washington, D.C. are also served by the other two airports in the region, <a href="/facts/Ronald_Reagan_Washington_National_Airport/s3K59P1r">Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport</a> and <a href="/facts/Dulles_International_Airport/LVrznPXy">Dulles International Airport</a>, both in <a href="/facts/Northern_Virginia/VaGqB5aV">Northern Virginia</a>. The <a href="/facts/College_Park_Airport/Drepe51n">College Park Airport</a> is the nation's oldest, founded in 1909, and is still used. <a href="/facts/Wilbur_Wright/byU6xEkD">Wilbur Wright</a> trained military aviators at this location.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:214" href="#fn:214">214</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:215" href="#fn:215">215</a>

<h3>Rail</h3>
See also: <a href="/facts/List_of_Maryland_railroads/dh7R5qkx">List of Maryland railroads</a>

<table><tbody><tr><th><ul><li>v</li><li>t</li><li>e</li></ul>Maryland passenger rail stations</th></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td><table><tbody><tr><td colspan="2"> <table><tbody><tr><td><a href="/facts/Floridian_(train)/uTPdzlSB">Floridian</a></td></tr><tr><td>to <a href="/facts/Chicago_Union_Station/LHngXjRT">Chicago</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Cumberland_station_(Maryland)/hXbd89Ly">Cumberland</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">Via <a href="/facts/West_Virginia/USP8LtCq">West Virginia</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <table><tbody><tr><td><a href="/facts/Brunswick_Line/txG9vsTc">Brunswick Line</a></td></tr><tr><td>to <a href="/facts/Martinsburg_station/hc7jTdNW">Martinsburg</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"> <table><tbody><tr><td><a href="/facts/Northeast_Corridor/9XXxRFh2">Northeast Corridor</a></td></tr><tr><td>to <a href="/facts/South_Station/IvQAlPFH">Boston South</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Brunswick_station_(Maryland)/YKADDGel">Brunswick</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Perryville_station/ElY6tS13">Perryville</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Point_of_Rocks_station/RIgHAFzl">Point of Rocks</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Aberdeen_station_(Maryland)/nCCt1nnr">Aberdeen</a> <a href="/facts/Amtrak/cHtG5Ub3"></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Edgewood_station_(MARC)/ULesVu1V">Edgewood</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Frederick_station/Vbczp36E">Frederick</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Martin_State_Airport_station/aUgUNXmu">Martin Airport</a> <a href="/facts/Martin_State_Airport/YFE8k6We"></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Monocacy_station/lxcRHUf8">Monocacy</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Baltimore_Penn_Station/naCCkdAr">Penn Station</a> <a href="/facts/Amtrak/cHtG5Ub3"></a> <a href="/facts/Baltimore_Light_Rail/gTYRPtFC"></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/West_Baltimore_station/3QeEKuu6">West Baltimore</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Dickerson_station/MBDoQF8c">Dickerson</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Halethorpe_station/PopvdYly">Halethorpe</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Camden_Station/WV45sTM4">Camden Station</a> <a href="/facts/Baltimore_Light_RailLink/gTYRPtFC"></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Barnesville_station/6YkVfdBY">Barnesville</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/BWI_Rail_Station/2qxLaxSY">BWI Airport</a> <a href="/facts/Baltimore%E2%80%93Washington_International_Airport/zgmX3Sxu"></a> <a href="/facts/Amtrak/cHtG5Ub3"></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Boyds_station/4yKWyVsb">Boyds</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/St._Denis_station_(MARC)/PmQjgY4d">St. Denis</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Dorsey_station/BDeUqWSw">Dorsey</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Germantown_station_(MARC)/ew5H2XFX">Germantown</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Odenton_station/yKnzxg3s">Odenton</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Jessup_station/zgF6bHBy">Jessup</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Metropolitan_Grove_station/Tm0SYHvh">Metropolitan Grove</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Savage_station/LQHl744H">Savage</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Bowie_State_station/Ys5B1MtN">Bowie State</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Gaithersburg_station/w2wKwCtS">Gaithersburg</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Laurel_Race_Track_station/VKGcYTjI">Laurel Race Track</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Laurel_station_(MARC)/1ntJloz8">Laurel</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Washington_Grove_station/RK6x4CKF">Washington Grove</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Seabrook_station/LFna2IMg">Seabrook</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Muirkirk_station_(MARC)/sPfrECce">Muirkirk</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Washington_Metro/xtx2ffeS"></a> <a href="/facts/Amtrak/cHtG5Ub3"></a> <a href="/facts/Rockville_station/dBPJtloP">Rockville</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Greenbelt_station/7YH2AU21">Greenbelt</a> <a href="/facts/Washington_Metro/xtx2ffeS"></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Garrett_Park_station/4JSYPylc">Garrett Park</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/New_Carrollton_station/nb1IxRYM">New Carrollton</a> <a href="/facts/Washington_Metro/xtx2ffeS"></a> <a href="/facts/Amtrak/cHtG5Ub3"></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Kensington_station_(Maryland)/F4KDyKbz">Kensington</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/College_Park%E2%80%93University_of_Maryland_station/wtc401xV">College Park</a> <a href="/facts/Washington_Metro/xtx2ffeS"></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Washington_Metro/xtx2ffeS"></a> <a href="/facts/Silver_Spring_station/0p68V7dB">Silver Spring</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Riverdale_station_(MARC)/R3hl2mFR">Riverdale</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <table><tbody><tr><td><a href="/facts/Brunswick_Line/txG9vsTc">Brunswick Line</a> to <a href="/facts/Washington_Union_Station/WG2MyhvB">D.C.</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Floridian_(train)/uTPdzlSB">Floridian</a> to <a href="/facts/Miami_station_(Amtrak)/pMnEsE9L">Miami</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"> <table><tbody><tr><td><a href="/facts/Camden_Line/4kDcNrAp">Camden Line</a></td></tr><tr><td>to <a href="/facts/Washington,_D.C._station/WG2MyhvB">Washington, D.C.</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"> <table><tbody><tr><td><a href="/facts/Penn_Line/8j0uhKDu">Penn Line</a> and <a href="/facts/Amtrak/cHtG5Ub3">Amtrak</a></td></tr><tr><td>to <a href="/facts/Washington_Union_Station/WG2MyhvB">Washington, D.C.</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td><table><tbody><tr><th>Key</th></tr><tr><td><table><tbody><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/MARC_Train/MMYoyRNH"></a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Brunswick_Line/txG9vsTc">Brunswick Line</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Camden_Line/4kDcNrAp">Camden Line</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Penn_Line/8j0uhKDu">Penn Line</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Amtrak/cHtG5Ub3"></a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Amtrak/cHtG5Ub3">Amtrak</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table>

<a href="/facts/Amtrak/cHtG5Ub3">Amtrak</a> trains, including the high-speed <a href="/facts/Acela_Express/YDhsUK4I">Acela Express</a> serve <a href="/facts/Pennsylvania_Station_(Baltimore)/naCCkdAr">Penn Station</a> in <a href="/facts/Baltimore/ncJvTzBU">Baltimore</a>, <a href="/facts/BWI_Rail_Station/2qxLaxSY">BWI Airport</a>, <a href="/facts/New_Carrollton_(Washington_Metro)/nb1IxRYM">New Carrollton</a>, and <a href="/facts/Aberdeen_(Amtrak_station)/nCCt1nnr">Aberdeen</a> along the <a href="/facts/Washington,_D.C./enXPK156">Washington, D.C.</a> to <a href="/facts/Boston/exjfn6xf">Boston</a> <a href="/facts/Northeast_Corridor/9XXxRFh2">Northeast Corridor</a>. Train service is provided to <a href="/facts/Rockville,_Maryland/JA0lGBte">Rockville</a> and <a href="/facts/Cumberland,_Maryland/zpk9Gmhw">Cumberland</a> by <a href="/facts/Amtrak/cHtG5Ub3">Amtrak</a>'s Washington, D.C., to <a href="/facts/Chicago/yPMokrXH">Chicago</a> <a href="/facts/Capitol_Limited_(Amtrak)/EIvgM19n">Capitol Limited</a>.
The <a href="/facts/WMATA/Ep9Esq4F">WMATA</a>'s <a href="/facts/Washington_Metro/xtx2ffeS">Metrorail</a> <a href="/facts/Rapid_transit/bbhkQbAW">rapid transit</a> and <a href="/facts/Metrobus_(Washington,_D.C.)/r5gmksAy">Metrobus</a> local bus systems (the <a href="/facts/List_of_United_States_rapid_transit_systems_by_ridership/BzGzxC8U">2nd</a> and <a href="/facts/List_of_United_States_local_bus_agencies_by_ridership/oJMUsDFS">6th</a> busiest in the nation of their respective modes) provide service in Montgomery and Prince George's counties and connect them to Washington D.C.. The <a href="/facts/Maryland_Transit_Administration/tSh4s909">Maryland Transit Administration</a> (often abbreviated as "MTA Maryland"), a state agency part of the <a href="/facts/Maryland_Department_of_Transportation/jeerRD58">Maryland Department of Transportation</a> also provides transit services within the state. Headquartered in Baltimore, MTA's transit services are largely focused on central Maryland, as well as some portions of the Eastern Shore and Southern MD. Baltimore's <a href="/facts/Baltimore_Light_RailLink/gTYRPtFC">Light RailLink</a> and <a href="/facts/Baltimore_Metro_SubwayLink/7hWpMAHP">Metro SubwayLink</a> systems serve its densely populated inner-city and the surrounding suburbs. The MTA also serves the city and its suburbs with its <a href="/facts/MTA_Maryland_bus_service/sq6LStud">local bus</a> service (the <a href="/facts/List_of_United_States_local_bus_agencies_by_ridership/oJMUsDFS">9th largest system</a> in the nation). The MTA's <a href="/facts/Maryland_Transit_Administration/tSh4s909">Commuter Bus</a> system provides express coach service on longer routes connecting Washington, D.C. and Baltimore to parts of Central and Southern MD as well as the Eastern Shore. The commuter rail service, known as <a href="/facts/Maryland_Area_Rail_Commuter/MMYoyRNH">MARC</a>, operates three lines which all terminate at <a href="/facts/Washington_Union_Station/WG2MyhvB">Washington Union Station</a> and provide service to Baltimore's <a href="/facts/Baltimore_Penn_Station/naCCkdAr">Penn</a> and <a href="/facts/Camden_Station/WV45sTM4">Camden</a> stations, <a href="/facts/Perryville,_Maryland/cNwHdxcX">Perryville</a>, <a href="/facts/Frederick,_Maryland/9SrWUyBP">Frederick</a>, and <a href="/facts/Martinsburg,_West_Virginia/1g4lWhXM">Martinsburg, West Virginia</a>. In addition, many suburban counties operate local bus systems which connect to and complement the larger MTA and WMATA/Metro services.
The MTA will also administer the <a href="/facts/Purple_Line_(Maryland)/8jgBCnkr">Purple Line</a>, an under-construction light rail line that will connect the Maryland branches of the <a href="/facts/Red_Line_(Washington_Metro)/4UIVX57m">Red</a>, <a href="/facts/Green_Line_(Washington_Metro)/t6kxPVUc">Green</a>/<a href="/facts/Yellow_Line_(Washington_Metro)/oBfXj9RC">Yellow</a>, and <a href="/facts/Orange_Line_(Washington_Metro)/T5s1KyFR">Orange</a> lines of the Washington Metro, as well as offer transfers to all three lines of the MARC commuter rail system.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:216" href="#fn:216">216</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:217" href="#fn:217">217</a>
<a href="/facts/Freight_rail_transport/uejxQ9yb">Freight rail transport</a> is handled principally by two <a href="/facts/Class_I_railroad/W95R4cj7">Class I railroads</a>, as well as several smaller regional and local carriers. <a href="/facts/CSX_Transportation/c7PvWozd">CSX Transportation</a> has more extensive <a href="/facts/Rail_tracks/erncmXfX">trackage</a> throughout the state, with 560 miles (900 km),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:218" href="#fn:218">218</a> followed by <a href="/facts/Norfolk_Southern_Railway/peLhLe8N">Norfolk Southern Railway</a>. Major <a href="/facts/Rail_yard/QRc4HtLB">rail yards</a> are located in Baltimore and Cumberland,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:219" href="#fn:219">219</a> with an <a href="/facts/Intermodal_freight_transport/CrPgyURe">intermodal</a> terminal (rail, truck and marine) in Baltimore.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:220" href="#fn:220">220</a>

<h2 id="law-and-government">Law and government</h2>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Government_of_Maryland/AjAAtNqy">Government of Maryland</a>
See also: <a href="/facts/List_of_Governors_of_Maryland/ppCTnqxy">List of Governors of Maryland</a>, <a href="/facts/Maryland_Army_National_Guard/2HcF6NRg">Maryland Army National Guard</a>, and <a href="/facts/Maryland_Air_National_Guard/N40F1zu1">Maryland Air National Guard</a>

The <a href="/facts/Government_of_Maryland/AjAAtNqy">government of Maryland</a> is conducted according to the <a href="/facts/Maryland_Constitution/N6Cs6xTa">state constitution</a>. The government of Maryland, like the other 49 <a href="/facts/Politics_of_the_United_States/huMQkzQD">state governments</a>, has exclusive authority over matters that lie entirely within the state's borders, except as limited by the <a href="/facts/Constitution_of_the_United_States/AJlEWNR3">Constitution of the United States</a>.
Power in Maryland is divided among three branches of government: <a href="/facts/Executive_branch/fPCCh3VU">executive</a>, <a href="/facts/Legislative_branch/ycUCe91S">legislative</a>, and <a href="/facts/Judicial_branch/CvMkSB6T">judicial</a>. The <a href="/facts/Maryland_General_Assembly/woJLkqEN">Maryland General Assembly</a> is composed of the <a href="/facts/Maryland_House_of_Delegates/WNF3hRm7">Maryland House of Delegates</a> and the <a href="/facts/Maryland_Senate/Sak2SAHu">Maryland Senate</a>. <a href="/facts/Governor_of_Maryland/N4exoMo1">Maryland's governor</a> is unique in the United States as the office is vested with significant authority in budgeting. Unlike many other states, significant autonomy is granted to many of Maryland's <a href="/facts/County_(United_States)/DAjCz23J">counties</a>.
Most of the business of government is conducted in <a href="/facts/Annapolis,_Maryland/X4WV6NXR">Annapolis</a>, the state <a href="/facts/Capital_(political)/p06rGdJC">capital</a>; however some cabinet departments and state officials have their offices in <a href="/facts/Baltimore/ncJvTzBU">Baltimore</a>. Elections for governor and most statewide offices, as well as most county elections, are held in <a href="/facts/United_States_midterm_election/bWa587og">midterm-election years</a> (even-numbered years not divisible by four).
The judicial branch of state government consists of one united <a href="/facts/Maryland_District_Court/mGBIsW1s">District Court of Maryland</a> that sits in every county and Baltimore City, as well as 24 <a href="/facts/Maryland_Circuit_Courts/4FuP6fSH">Circuit Courts</a> sitting in each County and Baltimore City, the latter being courts of general jurisdiction for all civil disputes over $30,000, all equitable jurisdiction and major criminal proceedings. The intermediate appellate court is known as the <a href="/facts/Appellate_Court_of_Maryland/keHas3RT">Appellate Court of Maryland</a> and the <a href="/facts/State_supreme_court/VP2WnrNl">state supreme court</a> is the <a href="/facts/Supreme_Court_of_Maryland/05aJmnkY">Supreme Court of Maryland</a>. The appearance of the justices of the Supreme Court of Maryland is unique; Maryland is the only state whose justices wear red robes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:221" href="#fn:221">221</a>

<h3>Taxation</h3>
Maryland imposes five <a href="/facts/Income_tax/VVmmfxKU">income tax</a> brackets, ranging from 2 to 6.25 percent of personal income.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:222" href="#fn:222">222</a> The city of Baltimore and Maryland's 23 counties levy local "piggyback" income taxes at rates between 1.25 and 3.2 percent of Maryland taxable income. Local officials set the rates and the revenue is returned to the local governments quarterly. The top income tax bracket of 9.45 percent is the fifth highest combined state and local income tax rates in the country, behind New York City's 11.35 percent, California's 10.3 percent, Rhode Island's 9.9 percent, and Vermont's 9.5 percent.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:223" href="#fn:223">223</a>
Maryland's state <a href="/facts/Sales_tax/0yo5u4qh">sales tax</a> is six percent.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:224" href="#fn:224">224</a> All real property in Maryland is subject to the <a href="/facts/Property_tax/S0Euhhxq">property tax</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:225" href="#fn:225">225</a> Generally, properties that are owned and used by religious, charitable, or educational organizations or property owned by the federal, state or local governments are exempt.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:226" href="#fn:226">226</a> Property tax rates vary widely.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:227" href="#fn:227">227</a> No restrictions or limitations on property taxes are imposed by the state, meaning cities and counties can set tax rates at the level they deem necessary to fund governmental services.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:228" href="#fn:228">228</a>

<h3>Elections</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Elections_in_Maryland/6P37TtdW">Elections in Maryland</a>
Further information: <a href="/facts/Political_party_strength_in_Maryland/cXINpRro">Political party strength in Maryland</a>

Following the <a href="/facts/American_Civil_War/A9FT3ksD">American Civil War</a>, Maryland's elections have <a href="/facts/Political_party_strength_in_Maryland/cXINpRro">largely been controlled</a> by the <a href="/facts/U.S._Democratic_Party/MNe3nDrL">Democratic Party</a>, which accounted for 54.9% of the state's registered voters as of May 2017.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:229" href="#fn:229">229</a>
State elections are dominated by <a href="/facts/Baltimore/ncJvTzBU">Baltimore</a> and four populous suburban counties bordering <a href="/facts/Washington,_D.C./enXPK156">Washington, D.C.</a>, and Baltimore: <a href="/facts/Montgomery_County,_Maryland/Sz1bANJV">Montgomery</a>, <a href="/facts/Prince_George%27s_County,_Maryland/2kzz4nEm">Prince George's</a>, <a href="/facts/Anne_Arundel_County,_Maryland/RmEmA1D6">Anne Arundel</a>, and <a href="/facts/Baltimore_County/rgMN6zIn">Baltimore counties</a>. As of July 2017,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:230" href="#fn:230">230</a> 66 percent of the state's population resides in these six jurisdictions, most of which contain large, traditionally Democratic <a href="/facts/Voting_bloc/lvIzsw9K">voting blocs</a>: <a href="/facts/African_Americans/pTgcAdo8">African Americans</a> in Baltimore City and Prince George's; <a href="/facts/Federal_government_of_the_United_States/VJCxUaf7">federal</a> employees in Prince George's, Anne Arundel, and Montgomery; and <a href="/facts/Postgraduate_education/VhXDbhBz">post-graduates</a> in Montgomery. The remainder of the state, particularly <a href="/facts/Western_Maryland/HR35GTV6">Western Maryland</a> and the <a href="/facts/Eastern_Shore_of_Maryland/DeFTuW9w">Eastern Shore</a>, is more supportive of <a href="/facts/Republican_Party_(United_States)/XXM1EVPr">Republicans</a>. One of Maryland's best known political figures is a Republican – former governor <a href="/facts/Spiro_Agnew/xCWTD1UH">Spiro Agnew</a>, who pled <a href="/facts/Nolo_contendere/vozfnhEW">no contest</a> to tax evasion and resigned in 1973.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:231" href="#fn:231">231</a>
In <a href="/facts/1980_United_States_presidential_election/70vx94U4">1980</a>, Maryland was one of six states to vote for <a href="/facts/Jimmy_Carter/Rr4UyAVX">Jimmy Carter</a>. In <a href="/facts/1992_United_States_presidential_election/sj7PoYSy">1992</a>, <a href="/facts/Bill_Clinton/x5mwYkVh">Bill Clinton</a> fared better in Maryland than any other state, except his home state of <a href="/facts/Arkansas/Qun124UP">Arkansas</a>. In <a href="/facts/1996_United_States_presidential_election/pAE3e0Dc">1996</a>, Maryland was Clinton's sixth best; in <a href="/facts/2000_United_States_presidential_election/VvudLd5N">2000</a>, Maryland ranked fourth for Gore; and in <a href="/facts/2004_United_States_presidential_election/rlEGvrHT">2004</a>, <a href="/facts/John_Kerry/K1HWRIMo">John Kerry</a> showed his fifth-best performance in Maryland. In <a href="/facts/2008_United_States_presidential_election/GEIXYxXu">2008</a>, <a href="/facts/Barack_Obama/76wUMgL1">Barack Obama</a> won the state's 10 electoral votes with 61.9 percent of the vote, to <a href="/facts/John_McCain/faE5g7r7">John McCain</a>'s 36.5 percent.
In 2002, former Governor <a href="/facts/Robert_Ehrlich/AuooXjg1">Robert Ehrlich</a> was the first Republican to be elected to that office in four decades, and after one term, he lost his seat to <a href="/facts/Baltimore_Mayor/okxqW1vN">Baltimore Mayor</a> and Democrat <a href="/facts/Martin_O%27Malley/E1x8yUKW">Martin O'Malley</a>. Ehrlich ran again for governor in 2010, losing again to O'Malley.

Voter registration and party enrollment in Marylandas of May 2024<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:232" href="#fn:232">232</a><table><tbody><tr><th colspan="2">Party</th><th>Total</th><th>Percentage</th></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Democratic_Party_(United_States)/MNe3nDrL">Democratic</a></td><td>2,214,915</td><td>52.75%</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Republican_Party_(United_States)/XXM1EVPr">Republican</a></td><td>1,000,668</td><td>23.83%</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Independents / unaffiliated</td><td>907,899</td><td>21.62%</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)/Wf4brzDk">Libertarian</a></td><td>19,018</td><td>0.45%</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/No_Labels/Jjqz0lPU">No Labels</a></td><td>1,858</td><td>0.04%</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Other parties</td><td>54,299</td><td>1.29%</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2">Total</th><th>4,185,173</th><th>100.00%</th></tr></tbody></table>
The 2006 election brought no change in the pattern of Democratic dominance. After Democratic Senator <a href="/facts/Paul_Sarbanes/b2dsWY2c">Paul Sarbanes</a> announced that he was retiring, Democratic Congressman <a href="/facts/Benjamin_Cardin/Kl8h12wa">Benjamin Cardin</a> defeated Republican Lieutenant Governor <a href="/facts/Michael_S._Steele/oobtI18o">Michael S. Steele</a>, with 55 percent of the vote, against Steele's 44 percent.
While Republicans typically win more counties in statewide elections by piling up large margins in the west and east, they are usually overcome by the densely populated and solidly Democratic Baltimore–Washington axis. In <a href="/facts/2008_United_States_presidential_election_in_Maryland/XqQpzxJc">2008</a>, for instance, McCain won 17 counties to Obama's six (plus Baltimore City). While McCain won most of the western and eastern counties by margins of 2-to-1 or more, he was almost completely shut out in the larger counties surrounding Baltimore and Washington; every large county except Anne Arundel went for Obama, who won by 25 points statewide.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:233" href="#fn:233">233</a>
From 2007 to 2011, U.S. Congressman <a href="/facts/Steny_Hoyer/wwAbJMTt">Steny Hoyer</a> (<a href="/facts/Maryland%27s_5th_congressional_district/nKQYbtqf">MD-5</a>), a <a href="/facts/Democratic_Party_(United_States)/MNe3nDrL">Democrat</a>, was elected as <a href="/facts/Majority_Leader/wb7fSPfa">Majority Leader</a> for the <a href="/facts/110th_United_States_Congress/6NkhrMsg">110th Congress</a> and <a href="/facts/111th_United_States_Congress/3mMbaeIv">111th Congress</a> of the <a href="/facts/United_States_House_of_Representatives/cdBPb9pY">House of Representatives</a>, serving in that post again from 2019 to 2023. In addition, Hoyer served as House Minority Whip from 2003 to 2006 and 2012 to 2018. His district covers parts of <a href="/facts/Anne_Arundel_County,_Maryland/RmEmA1D6">Anne Arundel</a> and <a href="/facts/Prince_George%27s_County,_Maryland/2kzz4nEm">Prince George's</a> counties, in addition to all of <a href="/facts/Charles_County,_Maryland/WAvXVhLN">Charles</a>, <a href="/facts/Calvert_County,_Maryland/jhN68nLN">Calvert</a>, and <a href="/facts/Saint_Mary%27s_County,_Maryland/QXlj9Plq">St. Mary's</a> counties in <a href="/facts/Southern_Maryland/RhXmC6Db">southern Maryland</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:234" href="#fn:234">234</a>
In 2010, Republicans won control of most counties. The Democratic Party remained in control of eight county governments, including that of <a href="/facts/Baltimore/ncJvTzBU">Baltimore</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:235" href="#fn:235">235</a>
In <a href="/facts/2022_Maryland_gubernatorial_election/6yGLYBk8">2022</a>, <a href="/facts/Wes_Moore/Ih6sKBeb">Wes Moore</a> became the first Democrat elected Governor of Maryland since <a href="/facts/2010_Maryland_gubernatorial_election/XfEAdgps">2010</a>, replacing Republican <a href="/facts/Larry_Hogan/Cxeuj2Sq">Larry Hogan</a>, who did not run for re-election due to term limits. Moore is the first African-American elected Governor of Maryland, and the fifth African-American governor in American history.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:236" href="#fn:236">236</a>

<h2 id="media">Media</h2>
A well-known newspaper in Maryland is <a href="/facts/The_Baltimore_Sun/J4m8Ylfh">The Baltimore Sun</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:237" href="#fn:237">237</a>
Many residents of the <a href="/facts/Washington_metropolitan_area/tn4yeESo">Washington metropolitan area</a> receive <a href="/facts/The_Washington_Post/dRvzvqJc">The Washington Post</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:238" href="#fn:238">238</a>
The most populous areas are served by either <a href="/facts/Baltimore/ncJvTzBU">Baltimore</a> or <a href="/facts/Washington,_D.C./enXPK156">Washington, D.C.</a> broadcast stations. The Eastern Shore is served primarily by <a href="/facts/Broadcasting/AV1f3dGy">broadcast media</a> based around the <a href="/facts/Delmarva_Peninsula/Yr2LXCBp">Delmarva Peninsula</a>; the northeastern section receives both Baltimore and <a href="/facts/Philadelphia/2bFFCCTU">Philadelphia</a> stations. <a href="/facts/Garrett_County,_Maryland/mudRUhL1">Garrett County</a>, which is mountainous, is served by stations from <a href="/facts/Pittsburgh/42yPHyS0">Pittsburgh</a>, and requires cable or satellite for reception. Maryland is served by statewide <a href="/facts/PBS/E6q9udH8">PBS</a> member station <a href="/facts/Maryland_Public_Television/fwV54v8u">Maryland Public Television</a> (MPT).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:239" href="#fn:239">239</a>

<h2 id="education">Education</h2>
<h3>Primary and secondary education</h3>
See also: <a href="/facts/List_of_school_districts_in_Maryland/40uEtfv7">List of school districts in Maryland</a>, <a href="/facts/List_of_high_schools_in_Maryland/AtVkMWK5">List of high schools in Maryland</a>, and <a href="/facts/Arts_and_culture_of_Maryland/CXKtqVj4">Arts and culture of Maryland</a>

Education Week ranked Maryland #1 in its nationwide 2009–2013 Quality Counts reports.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:240" href="#fn:240">240</a> Primary and secondary education in Maryland is overseen by the <a href="/facts/Maryland_State_Department_of_Education/xjQWkln5">Maryland State Department of Education</a>, which is headquartered in <a href="/facts/Baltimore,_Maryland/ncJvTzBU">Baltimore</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:241" href="#fn:241">241</a> The highest educational official in the state is the <a href="/facts/Superintendent_(education)/MLAQNkPl">State Superintendent of Schools</a>, who is appointed by the <a href="/facts/Board_of_education/IhgUfymp">State Board of Education</a> to a four-year term of office. The Maryland General Assembly has given the Superintendent and State Board autonomy to make educationally related decisions, limiting its influence on the day-to-day functions of public education. Each county and county-equivalent in Maryland has a <a href="/facts/List_of_school_districts_in_Maryland/40uEtfv7">local Board of Education</a> charged with running the public schools in that particular jurisdiction.
The budget for education was $5.5 billion in 2009, representing about 40 percent of the state's general fund.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:242" href="#fn:242">242</a> Data from the 2017 census shows that, among large school districts, four Maryland districts are in the top six for per-pupil annual spending, exceeded only by the Boston and New York City districts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:243" href="#fn:243">243</a>
Maryland has a broad range of private primary and secondary schools. Many of these are affiliated with various religious sects, including <a href="/facts/Parochial_schools/TwQn1yIp">parochial schools</a> of the <a href="/facts/Catholic_Church/rJ4F4gqH">Catholic Church</a>, <a href="/facts/Quaker/CQFqeKAJ">Quaker</a> schools, <a href="/facts/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church/m8VpCo8n">Seventh-day Adventist</a> schools, and <a href="/facts/Judaism/tjQ5Tgs6">Jewish</a> schools. In 2003, Maryland law was changed to allow for the creation of publicly funded charter schools, although the charter schools must be approved by their local Board of Education and are not exempt from state laws on education, including collective bargaining laws.
In 2008, the state led the entire country in the percentage of students passing <a href="/facts/Advanced_Placement/KpQMzBJ3">Advanced Placement</a> examinations. 23.4 percent of students earned passing grades on the AP tests given in May 2008. This marks the first year that Maryland earned this honor.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:244" href="#fn:244">244</a> Three Maryland high schools (in Montgomery County) were ranked among the top 100 in the country by US News in 2009, based in large part on AP test scores.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:245" href="#fn:245">245</a>

<h3>Colleges and universities</h3>
See also: <a href="/facts/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Maryland/kzS7rLLD">List of colleges and universities in Maryland</a>
Maryland has several historic and renowned private colleges and universities, the most prominent of which is <a href="/facts/Johns_Hopkins_University/56US0mHw">Johns Hopkins University</a>, founded in 1876 with a grant from Baltimore entrepreneur <a href="/facts/Johns_Hopkins/DvdDT6TQ">Johns Hopkins</a>.
The first public university in the state is the <a href="/facts/University_of_Maryland,_Baltimore/kbrYvVLu">University of Maryland, Baltimore</a>, which was founded in 1807 and contains the University of Maryland's only public academic <a href="/facts/University_of_Maryland_School_of_Medicine/prRFGCVs">health</a>, human services, and one of two <a href="/facts/University_of_Maryland_School_of_Law/rdkyfP6k">law centers</a> (the other being the <a href="/facts/University_of_Baltimore_School_of_Law/Ld6hldex">University of Baltimore School of Law</a>). Seven professional and graduate schools train the majority of the state's physicians, nurses, dentists, lawyers, social workers, and pharmacists.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:246" href="#fn:246">246</a> The flagship university and largest undergraduate institution in Maryland is the <a href="/facts/University_of_Maryland,_College_Park/Wmc5R1kM">University of Maryland, College Park</a> which was founded as the Maryland Agricultural College in 1856 and became a public <a href="/facts/Land_grant_college/hCRoj5g0">land grant college</a> in 1864. <a href="/facts/Towson_University/HtQkl6MR">Towson University</a>, founded in 1866, is the state's second largest university.
In 1974, Maryland, along with seven other states, mainly in the South, submitted plans to desegregate its state universities; Maryland's plans were approved by the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:247" href="#fn:247">247</a>
Baltimore is home to the <a href="/facts/University_of_Maryland,_Baltimore_County/pfoJHKIW">University of Maryland, Baltimore County</a> and the <a href="/facts/Maryland_Institute_College_of_Art/kFzEWkTV">Maryland Institute College of Art</a>. The majority of public universities in the state (Bowie State University, Coppin State University, Frostburg State University, Salisbury University and the University of Maryland-Eastern Shore) are affiliated with the <a href="/facts/University_System_of_Maryland/kQyukEB4">University System of Maryland</a>. Two state-funded institutions, <a href="/facts/Morgan_State_University/6SndkYTU">Morgan State University</a> and <a href="/facts/St._Mary%27s_College_of_Maryland/EjwUYG8t">St. Mary's College of Maryland</a>, as well as two federally funded institutions, the <a href="/facts/Uniformed_Services_University_of_the_Health_Sciences/AFrgabEJ">Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences</a> and the <a href="/facts/United_States_Naval_Academy/zKBGBBUC">United States Naval Academy</a>, are not affiliated with the University System of Maryland. The <a href="/facts/University_of_Maryland_Global_Campus/xcYK9qk2">University of Maryland Global Campus</a> is the largest public university in Maryland<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:248" href="#fn:248">248</a> and one of the largest distance-learning institutions in the world.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:249" href="#fn:249">249</a>
<a href="/facts/St._John%27s_College_(Annapolis/Santa_Fe)/jKYjWnDh">St. John's College</a> in <a href="/facts/Annapolis,_Maryland/X4WV6NXR">Annapolis</a> and <a href="/facts/Washington_College/LRaMtvyy">Washington College</a> in <a href="/facts/Chestertown,_Maryland/kH6Xr0Xz">Chestertown</a>, both private institutions, are the oldest colleges in the state and among the oldest in the country. Other private institutions include <a href="/facts/Mount_St._Mary%27s_University/wnkt1AlM">Mount St. Mary's University</a>, <a href="/facts/McDaniel_College/E7UhMXAQ">McDaniel College</a> (formerly known as Western Maryland College), <a href="/facts/Hood_College/3InuY6JA">Hood College</a>, <a href="/facts/Stevenson_University/P9BgebuU">Stevenson University</a> (formerly known as Villa Julie College), <a href="/facts/Loyola_University_Maryland/GDjPxnPd">Loyola University Maryland</a>, and <a href="/facts/Goucher_College/rHBUTp8c">Goucher College</a>, among others.

<h3>Public libraries</h3>
Maryland's 24 public library systems deliver public education for everyone in the state of Maryland through a curriculum that comprises three pillars: Self-Directed Education (books and materials in all formats, e-resources), Research Assistance & Instruction (individualized research assistance, classes for students of all ages), and Instructive & Enlightening Experiences (e.g., Summer Reading Clubs, author events).
Maryland's library systems include, in part:

<ul><li><a href="/facts/Anne_Arundel_County_Public_Library/FNbPENNA">Anne Arundel County Public Library</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Baltimore_County_Public_Library/YojoqnBp">Baltimore County Public Library</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Cecil_County_Public_Library/3vebbykG">Cecil County Public Library</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Enoch_Pratt_Free_Library/zeWfuuR2">Enoch Pratt Free Library</a></li>
<li>Frederick County Public Library</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Harford_County_Public_Library/8zEB5WjL">Harford County Public Library</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Howard_County_Public_Library/K2nA03ng">Howard County Public Library</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Montgomery_County_Public_Libraries/mseNplhR">Montgomery County Public Libraries</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Prince_George%27s_County_Memorial_Library_System/eBofdYbd">Prince George's County Memorial Library System</a></li>
<li>St. Mary's County Public Library<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:250" href="#fn:250">250</a></li></ul>
Many of the library systems have established formalized partnerships with other educational institutions in their counties and regions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:251" href="#fn:251">251</a>

<h2 id="sports">Sports</h2>
See also: <a href="/facts/Sports_in_Maryland/r5fCro8y">Sports in Maryland</a> and <a href="/facts/List_of_people_from_Maryland/qQc9Mz6R">List of people from Maryland § Athletes</a>

With two major metropolitan areas, Maryland has a number of major and minor professional sports franchises. Two <a href="/facts/National_Football_League/cBH0hxRV">National Football League</a> teams play in Maryland, the <a href="/facts/Baltimore_Ravens/kdREN8t3">Baltimore Ravens</a> in <a href="/facts/Baltimore,_Maryland/ncJvTzBU">Baltimore</a> and the <a href="/facts/Washington_Commanders/p82QWsuQ">Washington Commanders</a> in <a href="/facts/Landover,_Maryland/EeQ3Antz">Landover</a>. The <a href="/facts/History_of_the_Baltimore_Colts/TtBbtDgd">Baltimore Colts</a> represented the NFL in Baltimore from 1953 to 1983 before moving to <a href="/facts/Indianapolis/r8BQof9G">Indianapolis</a>.
The <a href="/facts/Baltimore_Orioles/f5LSUyof">Baltimore Orioles</a> are the state's <a href="/facts/Major_League_Baseball/4WW9yef3">Major League Baseball</a> franchise. The <a href="/facts/National_Hockey_League/sLo4QAS8">National Hockey League</a>'s <a href="/facts/Washington_Capitals/tGnoQSlC">Washington Capitals</a> and the <a href="/facts/National_Basketball_Association/Vd3EUFfa">National Basketball Association</a>'s <a href="/facts/Washington_Wizards/9uxpDMUD">Washington Wizards</a> formerly played in Maryland, until the construction of an arena in Washington, D.C. in 1997 (now known as <a href="/facts/Capital_One_Arena/uSKdGmmL">Capital One Arena</a>). <a href="/facts/University_of_Maryland,_College_Park/Wmc5R1kM">University of Maryland</a>'s team is the <a href="/facts/Maryland_Terrapins/0sJDxjnL">Maryland Terrapins</a>.
Maryland enjoys considerable historical repute for the talented sports players of its past, including <a href="/facts/Cal_Ripken_Jr./ygfTExTM">Cal Ripken Jr.</a> and <a href="/facts/Babe_Ruth/LUfkyx62">Babe Ruth</a>. In 2012, <a href="/facts/The_Baltimore_Sun/J4m8Ylfh">The Baltimore Sun</a> published a list of Maryland's top ten athletes in the state's history. The list includes Babe Ruth, Cal Ripken Jr, <a href="/facts/Johnny_Unitas/F5lwED9V">Johnny Unitas</a>, <a href="/facts/Brooks_Robinson/V7xq964k">Brooks Robinson</a>, <a href="/facts/Frank_Robinson/CuLa2Nqo">Frank Robinson</a>, <a href="/facts/Ray_Lewis/U7gJR3Lx">Ray Lewis</a>, <a href="/facts/Michael_Phelps/0fnXbsaa">Michael Phelps</a>, <a href="/facts/Jimmie_Foxx/FGuMlHw9">Jimmie Foxx</a>, <a href="/facts/Jim_Parker_(American_football)/u9cjDQTN">Jim Parker</a>, and <a href="/facts/Wes_Unseld/JSXC41wk">Wes Unseld</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:252" href="#fn:252">252</a>
Other professional sports franchises in the state include three affiliated <a href="/facts/Minor_league_baseball/7vFxYneR">minor league baseball</a> teams, one <a href="/facts/Independent_league_baseball/63tWGmTs">independent league baseball</a> team, the <a href="/facts/Baltimore_Blast_(current)/MLG03lQl">Baltimore Blast</a> indoor soccer team, two indoor football teams and three low-level outdoor soccer teams. Maryland is also home to one of the three races in horse racing's annual Triple Crown, the <a href="/facts/Preakness_Stakes/0aMvJMIV">Preakness Stakes</a>, which is run every spring at <a href="/facts/Pimlico_Race_Course/xqawynjm">Pimlico Race Course</a> in Baltimore. <a href="/facts/Baltimore_Stallions/9dkz7xCM">The Baltimore Stallions</a> were a Canadian Football Team in the <a href="/facts/Canadian_Football_League/hx7zXKAb">CFL</a> that played the 1994–95 season.
<a href="/facts/Congressional_Country_Club/wId2CUut">Congressional Country Club</a> has hosted three golf tournaments for the <a href="/facts/U.S._Open_(golf)/UwjTDQzQ">U.S. Open</a> and a <a href="/facts/PGA_Championship/MGaQICkb">PGA Championship</a>.
The official state sport of Maryland, since 1962, is <a href="/facts/Jousting/1SQVlY1G">jousting</a>; the official team sport since 2004 is <a href="/facts/Lacrosse/Un6Tbhs8">lacrosse</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:253" href="#fn:253">253</a> The <a href="/facts/National_Lacrosse_Hall_of_Fame/cANUFTBC">National Lacrosse Hall of Fame</a> is located in <a href="/facts/Sparks,_Maryland/r9lWITk7">Sparks, Maryland</a> at the <a href="/facts/US_Lacrosse/CpzWgAyX">USA Lacrosse</a> headquarters. In 2008, intending to promote physical fitness for all ages, <a href="/facts/Walking/Mow1X5Im">walking</a> became the official state exercise. Maryland is the first state with an official state exercise.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:254" href="#fn:254">254</a>

<h2 id="friendship-partners">Friendship partners</h2>
Maryland has relationships with many provinces, states, and other administrative divisions worldwide.

<ul><li><a href="/facts/Liberia/U99yfl2k"></a> <a href="/facts/Bong_County/xyYBDVq2">Bong</a> and <a href="/facts/Maryland_County/vKgYTwkx">Maryland Counties</a>, in <a href="/facts/Liberia/U99yfl2k">Liberia</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:255" href="#fn:255">255</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Mexico/IT5bwhdh"></a> <a href="/facts/Jalisco/AEPhKbol">Jalisco</a>, <a href="/facts/Mexico/IT5bwhdh">Mexico</a> (1996)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:256" href="#fn:256">256</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Nigeria/gbW17BX8"></a> <a href="/facts/Cross_River_State/92A1QTKC">Cross River</a> and <a href="/facts/Ondo_State/3kXscFSw">Ondo States</a>, <a href="/facts/Nigeria/gbW17BX8">Nigeria</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:257" href="#fn:257">257</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:258" href="#fn:258">258</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/South_Africa/vvXQpLgq"></a> <a href="/facts/KwaZulu-Natal/uKrg6YKI">KwaZulu-Natal</a>, <a href="/facts/South_Africa/vvXQpLgq">South Africa</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:259" href="#fn:259">259</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Indonesia/vQnWU3IW"></a> <a href="/facts/Medan_Marelan/Vsa2xR4G">Medan Marelan</a>, <a href="/facts/Indonesia/vQnWU3IW">Indonesia</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:260" href="#fn:260">260</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul>
<li>Maryland portal</li><li>United States portal</li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Index_of_Maryland-related_articles/z2Bqvqrq">Index of Maryland-related articles</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Outline_of_Maryland/g7FaQ3FD">Outline of Maryland</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/List_of_people_from_Maryland/qQc9Mz6R">List of people from Maryland</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/USS_Maryland/xD8dR4D1">USS Maryland</a>, 4 ships</li></ul>
<h2 id="notes">Notes</h2>

<h2 id="bibliography">Bibliography</h2>

<ul><li>Brugger, Robert J. (1988). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fNspu2FxwUwC&pg=PP1">Maryland, A Middle Temperament: 1634–1980</a>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8018-5465-1.</li>
<li>Chappelle, Susan Ellery Green; et al. (1986). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zw87C-gF8GgC&pg=PP1">Maryland: A History of its People</a>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8018-3005-1.</li>
<li>Davis, William Wilkins. Religion and Politics in Maryland on the Eve of the Civil War: The Letters of W. Wilkins Davis. Foreword by Charles W. Mitchell. 1988; rev. ed., Eugene, Ore.: Wipf & Stock, 2009.</li>
<li>Denton, Lawrence M. (1995). A Southern Star for Maryland. Baltimore: Publishing Concepts. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-9635159-3-3.</li>
<li>Marsh, Carole (2011). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QEALLg_Yo0wC&pg=PA5">My First Pocket Guide About Maryland</a>. Gallopade International. p. 5. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9780635086280.</li></ul>

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>

<ul><li><a href="https://www.maryland.gov/Pages/default.aspx?jse=0">Official website</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.visitmaryland.org/">Maryland Office of Tourism</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090105205944/http://visitmaryland.org/">Archived</a> January 5, 2009, at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a></li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101229213555/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/state/state_energy_profiles.cfm?sid=MD">Energy Data & Statistics for Maryland</a>[usurped]</li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070219020312/http://www.usgs.gov/state/state.asp?State=MD">USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Maryland</a>[usurped]</li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120111154525/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/24000.html">U.S. Census Bureau</a>[usurped]</li>
<li><a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09755b.htm">Catholic Encyclopedia article</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100612165717/http://newadvent.org/cathen/09755b.htm">Archived</a> June 12, 2010, at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/state-fact-sheets/state-data.aspx?StateFIPS=24&StateName=Maryland#.U8A5S_ldUeo">Maryland State Facts from USDA</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160824212759/http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/state-fact-sheets/state-data.aspx?StateFIPS=24&StateName=Maryland#.U8A5S_ldUeo">Archived</a> August 24, 2016, at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a></li>
<li> Geographic data related to <a href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/162112">Maryland</a> at <a href="/facts/OpenStreetMap/Hd3yejum">OpenStreetMap</a></li>
<li><a href="http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/speccol/maps/carto/html/carto_h.html">Maryland State Archives: Special Collections, Map Collections</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110160015/https://msa.maryland.gov/msa/speccol/maps/carto/html/carto_h.html">Archived</a> November 10, 2018, at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.mdhs.org/library/research-resources/county-maps">Maryland Historical Society: County Maps</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200719235924/https://www.mdhs.org/library/research-resources/county-maps">Archived</a> July 19, 2020, at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a></li>
<li><a href="http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/speccol/1399/carto/html/hopkins.html">The Huntingfield Map Collection</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200630123831/https://msa.maryland.gov/msa/speccol/1399/carto/html/hopkins.html">Archived</a> June 30, 2020, at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a></li>
<li><a href="https://guides.loc.gov/maryland-state-guide">Maryland: State Resource Guide, from the Library of Congress</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230419133131/https://guides.loc.gov/maryland-state-guide">Archived</a> April 19, 2023, at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul>

<a href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Maryland¶ms=39_N_77_W_dim:300000_region:US-MD_type:adm1st&title=State+of+Maryland">39°N 77°W / 39°N 77°W / 39; -77 (State of Maryland)</a>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">In American English, the first syllable is pronounced /ˈmɛr-/ even by the minority of speakers who contrast the vowels in merry /ˈmɛri/ and Mary /ˈmɛəri/. The pronunciation /ˈmɛərɪlənd/ MAIR-il-ənd is the predominant one in British Received Pronunciation.[8] <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" target="_blank">/wiki/Help:IPA/English</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">"Mid-Atlantic Home : Mid–Atlantic Information Office". U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Archived from the original on April 8, 2019. Retrieved July 27, 2017. <a href="https://www.bls.gov/regions/mid-atlantic/" target="_blank">https://www.bls.gov/regions/mid-atlantic/</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">"Census Regions and Divisions of the United States" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved February 25, 2025. <a href="https://www2.census.gov/geo/pdfs/maps-data/maps/reference/us_regdiv.pdf" target="_blank">https://www2.census.gov/geo/pdfs/maps-data/maps/reference/us_regdiv.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">"Maryland - 2023 - III.B. Overview of the State". mchb.tvisdata.hrsa.gov. Archived from the original on January 3, 2024. Retrieved January 3, 2024. <a href="https://mchb.tvisdata.hrsa.gov/Narratives/Overview/5f6bf77b-2287-4416-9871-38c1d74644fd" target="_blank">https://mchb.tvisdata.hrsa.gov/Narratives/Overview/5f6bf77b-2287-4416-9871-38c1d74644fd</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">"Baltimore". Encyclopædia Britannica. June 18, 2023. Archived from the original on July 19, 2019. Retrieved April 25, 2019. <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Baltimore" target="_blank">https://www.britannica.com/place/Baltimore</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">"People, Tribes and Bands". Maryland Manual On-line: A Guide to Maryland and its Government. Maryland State Archives. Archived from the original on July 17, 2019. Retrieved August 25, 2019. <a href="https://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/01glance/native/html/01native.html" target="_blank">https://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/01glance/native/html/01native.html</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">"George Calvert and Cecilius Calvert, Barons Baltimore" William Hand Browne, Nabu Press (August 1, 2010), ISBN 117662539X ISBN 978-1176625396 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Krugler, John D. (2004). English and Catholic : the Lords Baltimore in the seventeenth century. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0801879630. OCLC 53967315. <a href="978-0801879630" target="_blank">978-0801879630</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Andrews, Matthew Page (1929). History of Maryland: Province and State. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Doran & Company, Inc. pp. 3–5. <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">"The Charter of Maryland : 1632". avalon.law.yale.edu. December 18, 1998. Archived from the original on March 25, 2015. Retrieved May 2, 2018. <a href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/ma01.asp" target="_blank">http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/ma01.asp</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">"Avalon Project—Maryland Toleration Act; September 21, 1649". avalon.law.yale.edu. Archived from the original on November 25, 2009. Retrieved May 3, 2018. <a href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/maryland_toleration.asp" target="_blank">http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/maryland_toleration.asp</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">"State Median Household Income Patterns: 1990–2010". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on October 26, 2011. Retrieved August 6, 2012. <a href="http://proximityone.com/stmhi0910.htm" target="_blank">http://proximityone.com/stmhi0910.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Tom Horton; William Chesapeake Bay Foundation (2013). Turning the Tide: Saving the Chesapeake Bay. Island Press. p. 221. ISBN 9781610911160. <a href="9781610911160" target="_blank">9781610911160</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">"Baltimore". Encyclopædia Britannica. June 18, 2023. Archived from the original on July 19, 2019. Retrieved April 25, 2019. <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Baltimore" target="_blank">https://www.britannica.com/place/Baltimore</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">"Maryland Facts". Visit Maryland. Archived from the original on April 25, 2019. Retrieved April 25, 2019. <a href="https://www.visitmaryland.org/info/maryland-facts" target="_blank">https://www.visitmaryland.org/info/maryland-facts</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">"Maryland Indian Tribes and Languages". www.native-languages.org. Retrieved September 3, 2024. <a href="https://www.native-languages.org/maryland.htm" target="_blank">https://www.native-languages.org/maryland.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Stewart, George R. (1967) [1945]. Names on the Land: A Historical Account of Place-Naming in the United States (Sentry (3rd) ed.). Houghton Mifflin. pp. 42–43. <a href="/wiki/George_R._Stewart" target="_blank">/wiki/George_R._Stewart</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">Marsh 2011, p. 5. - Marsh, Carole (2011). My First Pocket Guide About Maryland. Gallopade International. p. 5. ISBN 9780635086280. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QEALLg_Yo0wC&pg=PA5" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=QEALLg_Yo0wC&pg=PA5</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Andrews, Matthew Page (1929). History of Maryland: Province and State. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Doran & Company, Inc. pp. 3–5. <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Masser, Kristin P. "Maryland In Focus—St. Mary's County". Maryland State Archives. Archived from the original on October 10, 2017. Retrieved September 6, 2017. <a href="http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/speccol/photos/lowe/html/sm_2.html" target="_blank">http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/speccol/photos/lowe/html/sm_2.html</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">History of Maryland, p. 32 <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">"Maryland—The Catholic Experiment". www.ushistory.org. Archived from the original on March 22, 2016. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160322155310/http://www.ushistory.org/us/5a.asp" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160322155310/http://www.ushistory.org/us/5a.asp</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">Greenwell, Megan (August 21, 2008). "Religious Freedom Byway Would Recognize Maryland's Historic Role". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on February 17, 2021. Retrieved May 3, 2014. <a href="/wiki/Megan_Greenwell" target="_blank">/wiki/Megan_Greenwell</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">Wilder, Craig Steven (2016). "War and Priests: Catholic Colleges and Slavery in the Age of Revolution". In Beckert, Seth; Rockman, Seth (eds.). Slavery's Capitalism: A New History of American Economic Development. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania. p. 233. ISBN 978-0-8122-4841-8. <a href="978-0-8122-4841-8" target="_blank">978-0-8122-4841-8</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">Taylor, Owen M., History of Annapolis (1872) p. 5 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vr9ib-I1WlIC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=Vr9ib-I1WlIC</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">Brenner, Robert. Merchants and Revolution London:Verso. 2003, ISBN 1-85984-333-6 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">"Maryland—The Catholic Experiment". www.ushistory.org. Archived from the original on March 22, 2016. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160322155310/http://www.ushistory.org/us/5a.asp" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160322155310/http://www.ushistory.org/us/5a.asp</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">"Maryland—The Catholic Experiment". www.ushistory.org. Archived from the original on March 22, 2016. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160322155310/http://www.ushistory.org/us/5a.asp" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160322155310/http://www.ushistory.org/us/5a.asp</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">Wilder, Craig Steven (2016). "War and Priests: Catholic Colleges and Slavery in the Age of Revolution". In Beckert, Seth; Rockman, Seth (eds.). Slavery's Capitalism: A New History of American Economic Development. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania. p. 233. ISBN 978-0-8122-4841-8. <a href="978-0-8122-4841-8" target="_blank">978-0-8122-4841-8</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">Wilder, Craig Steven (2016). "War and Priests: Catholic Colleges and Slavery in the Age of Revolution". In Beckert, Seth; Rockman, Seth (eds.). Slavery's Capitalism: A New History of American Economic Development. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania. p. 233. ISBN 978-0-8122-4841-8. <a href="978-0-8122-4841-8" target="_blank">978-0-8122-4841-8</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">Hubbard, Bill Jr. (2009). American Boundaries: the Nation, the States, the Rectangular Survey. University of Chicago Press. pp. 21–23. ISBN 978-0-226-35591-7. <a href="978-0-226-35591-7" target="_blank">978-0-226-35591-7</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">Hubbard, Bill Jr. (2009). American Boundaries: the Nation, the States, the Rectangular Survey. University of Chicago Press. pp. 21–23. ISBN 978-0-226-35591-7. <a href="978-0-226-35591-7" target="_blank">978-0-226-35591-7</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">Hubbard, Bill Jr. (2009). American Boundaries: the Nation, the States, the Rectangular Survey. University of Chicago Press. pp. 21–23. ISBN 978-0-226-35591-7. <a href="978-0-226-35591-7" target="_blank">978-0-226-35591-7</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">Hubbard, Bill Jr. (2009). American Boundaries: the Nation, the States, the Rectangular Survey. University of Chicago Press. pp. 21–23. ISBN 978-0-226-35591-7. <a href="978-0-226-35591-7" target="_blank">978-0-226-35591-7</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">"Indentured Servants and the Pursuits of Happiness" Archived January 4, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Crandall Shifflett, Virginia Tech. <a href="http://www.folger.edu/html/folger_institute/jamestown/c_shifflet.htm" target="_blank">http://www.folger.edu/html/folger_institute/jamestown/c_shifflet.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:36">Paul Heinegg. Free African Americans in Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Maryland and Delaware Archived August 7, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 15, 2008. <a href="http://www.freeafricanamericans.com/" target="_blank">http://www.freeafricanamericans.com/</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:37">Peter Kolchin, American Slavery: 1619–1877, New York: Hill and Wang, 1993, pp. 81–82 <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:38">"Harriet Tubman". HISTORY. October 29, 2009. Archived from the original on January 19, 2019. Retrieved January 18, 2019. <a href="https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/harriet-tubman" target="_blank">https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/harriet-tubman</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:39">Douglass, Frederick (2003). Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. New York, NY: Barnes & Noble Classics. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-59308-041-9. <a href="978-1-59308-041-9" target="_blank">978-1-59308-041-9</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:40">Dilts, James D. (1993). The Great Road: The Building of the Baltimore and Ohio, the Nation's First Railroad, 1828–1853. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press. p. 80. ISBN 978-0-8047-2235-3. <a href="978-0-8047-2235-3" target="_blank">978-0-8047-2235-3</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:41">Stover, John F. (1987). History of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-911198-81-2. <a href="978-0-911198-81-2" target="_blank">978-0-911198-81-2</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:42">Walter Coffey (April 29, 2016). "Maryland Remains in the Union". The Civil War Months. Walter Coffey. Archived from the original on August 17, 2016. Retrieved July 7, 2016. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160817135903/https://civilwarmonths.com/2016/04/29/maryland-remains-in-the-union/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160817135903/https://civilwarmonths.com/2016/04/29/maryland-remains-in-the-union/</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:43">Peter Kolchin, American Slavery: 1619–1877, New York: Hill and Wang, 1993, pp. 81–82 <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:44">Vogler, Mark E. (April 18, 2009). "Civil War Guard on duty in Baltimore to save President Street Station". eagletribune.com. Eagle Tribune. Archived from the original on April 19, 2009. Retrieved April 28, 2015. <a href="https://archive.today/20090419134532/http://www.eagletribune.com/punews/local_story_107204538.html" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20090419134532/http://www.eagletribune.com/punews/local_story_107204538.html</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:45">"Maryland at a Glance: Nicknames". Maryland State Archives. September 29, 2015. Archived from the original on January 22, 2018. Retrieved February 8, 2018. <a href="http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/01glance/html/nickname.html" target="_blank">http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/01glance/html/nickname.html</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:46">Tuck, Stephen (Spring 2013). "Democratization and the Disfranchisement of African Americans in the US South during the Late 19th Century" (PDF). Reading for "Challenges of Democratization". Archived from the original (PDF) on February 23, 2014. Retrieved February 11, 2014 – via Brandon Kendhammer, Ohio University. <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Tuck" target="_blank">/wiki/Stephen_Tuck</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:47">Tuck, Stephen (Spring 2013). "Democratization and the Disfranchisement of African Americans in the US South during the Late 19th Century" (PDF). Reading for "Challenges of Democratization". Archived from the original (PDF) on February 23, 2014. Retrieved February 11, 2014 – via Brandon Kendhammer, Ohio University. <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Tuck" target="_blank">/wiki/Stephen_Tuck</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:48">"Bird's Eye View of Cumberland, Maryland 1906". World Digital Library. 1906. Archived from the original on October 3, 2013. Retrieved July 22, 2013. <a href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11374/" target="_blank">http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11374/</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:49">Tuck, Stephen (Spring 2013). "Democratization and the Disfranchisement of African Americans in the US South during the Late 19th Century" (PDF). Reading for "Challenges of Democratization". Archived from the original (PDF) on February 23, 2014. Retrieved February 11, 2014 – via Brandon Kendhammer, Ohio University. <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Tuck" target="_blank">/wiki/Stephen_Tuck</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:50">Tuck, Stephen (Spring 2013). "Democratization and the Disfranchisement of African Americans in the US South during the Late 19th Century" (PDF). Reading for "Challenges of Democratization". Archived from the original (PDF) on February 23, 2014. Retrieved February 11, 2014 – via Brandon Kendhammer, Ohio University. <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Tuck" target="_blank">/wiki/Stephen_Tuck</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:51">"Maryland at a Glance: Nicknames". Maryland State Archives. September 29, 2015. Archived from the original on January 22, 2018. Retrieved February 8, 2018. <a href="http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/01glance/html/nickname.html" target="_blank">http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/01glance/html/nickname.html</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:52">Dayhoff, Kevin (October 7, 2012). "Eagle Archive: Here's a toast to Maryland's origins as 'The Free State'". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on February 9, 2018. Retrieved February 8, 2018. <a href="http://www.baltimoresun.com/ph-ce-eagle-archive-1008-20121003-story.html" target="_blank">http://www.baltimoresun.com/ph-ce-eagle-archive-1008-20121003-story.html</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:53">Cairns, Huntington (December 1937). "History and Constitutionality of the Maryland Income Tax Law". Maryland Law Review. Legal History, Theory and Process Commons. UM Carey Law. pp. 1, 6. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved August 19, 2015. ... 1937 Special Session of the Maryland Legislature imposed an income tax ... expenditure of public funds for the benefit of able-bodied persons whose inability to support themselves arises from the prevalence of widespread unemployment. <a href="http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1093&context=mlr" target="_blank">http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1093&context=mlr</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:54">"The Steamboats of Chesapeake Bay". Archived from the original on August 4, 2020. Retrieved March 9, 2020. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804222419/http://calvertmarinemuseum.com/DocumentCenter/View/2347/-Bugeye-Times-Winter-2017?bidId=" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20200804222419/http://calvertmarinemuseum.com/DocumentCenter/View/2347/-Bugeye-Times-Winter-2017?bidId=</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:55">"William Preston Lane Jr. Memorial Bay Bridge—History". baybridge.com. Archived from the original on July 1, 2008. Retrieved February 5, 2008. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080701104741/http://www.baybridge.com/cms/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=16&Itemid=" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20080701104741/http://www.baybridge.com/cms/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=16&Itemid=</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:56">"Belgium". CIA World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. May 15, 2008. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved May 15, 2008. Area—comparative: about the size of Maryland <a href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/belgium/" target="_blank">https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/belgium/</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:57">Kelly, John (June 26, 2021). "Maryland calls itself America in miniature". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 26, 2023. <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/maryland-tourism-mountains-ocean/2021/06/26/9dc84ed2-d5f1-11eb-ae54-515e2f63d37d_story.html" target="_blank">https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/maryland-tourism-mountains-ocean/2021/06/26/9dc84ed2-d5f1-11eb-ae54-515e2f63d37d_story.html</a> <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:58">"Hancock—C&O Canal Trust". Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Trust. Archived from the original on November 25, 2020. Retrieved October 22, 2020. <a href="https://www.canaltrust.org/pyvtowns/hancock/" target="_blank">https://www.canaltrust.org/pyvtowns/hancock/</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:59">Delgado, Patricia (December 2011). "Chesapeake Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve in Maryland Site Profile" (PDF). Maryland Department of Natural Resources. p. 54. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 25, 2017. Retrieved May 21, 2017. Map showing ... Maryland physiographic provinces <a href="http://dnr.maryland.gov/waters/cbnerr/Documents/publications/CBNERRMD_SiteProfile_Dec2011.pdf" target="_blank">http://dnr.maryland.gov/waters/cbnerr/Documents/publications/CBNERRMD_SiteProfile_Dec2011.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:60">"M2.0—Maryland". Archived from the original on January 17, 2013. Retrieved November 25, 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130117073422/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/dyfi/events/ld/01015030/us/index.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130117073422/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/dyfi/events/ld/01015030/us/index.html</a> <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:61">"M3.4—Maryland Potomac–Shenandoah Region". Archived from the original on November 2, 2012. Retrieved November 25, 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121102234322/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/dyfi/events/us/2010yua6/us/index.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20121102234322/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/dyfi/events/us/2010yua6/us/index.html</a> <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:62">Reger, James P. "Earthquakes and Maryland". Maryland Geological Survey. Archived from the original on October 26, 2013. Retrieved December 25, 2018. <a href="http://www.mgs.md.gov/geology/geohazards/earthquakes_and_maryland.html" target="_blank">http://www.mgs.md.gov/geology/geohazards/earthquakes_and_maryland.html</a> <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:63">"Earthquake hits New Jersey, causing tremors in Maryland but no major damage". Baltimore Sun. April 5, 2024. Archived from the original on April 25, 2024. Retrieved April 25, 2024. <a href="https://www.baltimoresun.com/2024/04/05/minor-earthquake-hits-new-jersey-causing-tremors-in-maryland/" target="_blank">https://www.baltimoresun.com/2024/04/05/minor-earthquake-hits-new-jersey-causing-tremors-in-maryland/</a> <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:64">"Maryland's Lakes and Reservoirs: FAQ". Maryland Geological Survey. January 24, 2007. Archived from the original on May 29, 2010. Retrieved February 3, 2008. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100529054449/http://www.mgs.md.gov/esic/fs/fs15.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20100529054449/http://www.mgs.md.gov/esic/fs/fs15.html</a> <a href="#fnref:64" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:65">Maryland.gov, "Maryland at a glance" Archived January 10, 2019, at the Wayback Machine. Accessed December 3, 2018. <a href="https://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/01glance/html/lakes.html" target="_blank">https://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/01glance/html/lakes.html</a> <a href="#fnref:65" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:66">Rosenwald, Michael S. (July 30, 2012). "Fact: Maryland has no natural lakes". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved June 10, 2015. <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/rosenwald-md/post/fact-maryland-has-no-natural-lakes/2012/07/30/gJQAbtgdKX_blog.html" target="_blank">https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/rosenwald-md/post/fact-maryland-has-no-natural-lakes/2012/07/30/gJQAbtgdKX_blog.html</a> <a href="#fnref:66" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:67">Pamela Wood (March 27, 2017). "Maryland General Assembly approves fracking ban". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on April 1, 2017. Retrieved April 1, 2017. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170401232604/http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/politics/bs-md-fracking-ban-passes-20170327-story.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170401232604/http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/politics/bs-md-fracking-ban-passes-20170327-story.html</a> <a href="#fnref:67" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:68">Olson, D. M.; Dinerstein, E.; et al. (2001). "Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World: A New Map of Life on Earth". BioScience. 51 (11): 933–938. doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0933:TEOTWA]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0006-3568. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1641%2F0006-3568%282001%29051%5B0933%3ATEOTWA%5D2.0.CO%3B2" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1641%2F0006-3568%282001%29051%5B0933%3ATEOTWA%5D2.0.CO%3B2</a> <a href="#fnref:68" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:69">"Zone Hardiness Map through Prairie Frontier". Prairiefrontier.com. Archived from the original on February 7, 2011. Retrieved October 24, 2010. <a href="http://www.prairiefrontier.com/pages/hardiness/zone.html" target="_blank">http://www.prairiefrontier.com/pages/hardiness/zone.html</a> <a href="#fnref:69" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:70">John Leeds Bozman (1837). The history of Maryland: from its first settlement, in 1633, to the restoration, in 1660; with a copious introduction, and notes and illustrations. J. Lucas & E.K. Deaver. p. 24. <a href="https://archive.org/details/historymaryland00bozmgoog" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/historymaryland00bozmgoog</a> <a href="#fnref:70" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:71">"Hardiness Zones". Arbor Day Foundation. Archived from the original on June 29, 2018. Retrieved March 5, 2013. <a href="http://www.arborday.org/media/zones.cfm" target="_blank">http://www.arborday.org/media/zones.cfm</a> <a href="#fnref:71" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:72">"Invasive Species of concern in Maryland". Mdinvasivesp.org. Archived from the original on January 3, 2010. Retrieved October 24, 2010. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100103082840/http://www.mdinvasivesp.org/list_terrestrial_plants.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20100103082840/http://www.mdinvasivesp.org/list_terrestrial_plants.html</a> <a href="#fnref:72" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:73">"Maryland Animals". Archived from the original on August 30, 2007. Retrieved August 30, 2007. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070830021023/http://www.sailor.lib.md.us/MD_topics/res/env_ani.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20070830021023/http://www.sailor.lib.md.us/MD_topics/res/env_ani.html</a> <a href="#fnref:73" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:74">Therres, Glenn (Fall 2007). "Lions in our mountains? The mystery of cougars in Maryland" (PDF). Wildlife and Heritage. Maryland Department of Natural Resources. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 19, 2011. Retrieved July 6, 2009. Historically bobcats were distributed statewide but during the post colonization period densities began to plummet. By the mid-1900s, populations had probably reached all-time lows, with remnant populations existing only in western Maryland. This prompted the Department of Natural Resources (DNR) to classify them as a state-listed "Species of Special Concern." During the past quarter century, occupied range and densities have increased markedly. Results from the annual Bowhunter Survey and the Hunter Mail survey have identified bobcat sightings in 14 of Maryland's 23 counties. Currently, bobcats have dual legal classification in Maryland. In addition to the Species of Special Concern designation, they are also defined as a Game Animal / Furbearer with a closed harvest season. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110419203123/http://www.dnr.state.md.us/naturalresource/fall2007/lions.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110419203123/http://www.dnr.state.md.us/naturalresource/fall2007/lions.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:74" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:75">"Coyotes in Maryland". Maryland Department of Natural Resources. Archived from the original on August 15, 2011. Retrieved September 16, 2011. Coyotes were historically a western species with core populations found west of the Mississippi River. Alterations and/or elimination of competing predators during the post-European colonization period facilitated rapid range expansion into eastern North America during the 20th Century. Established populations now occur in every state and province in North America. Coyotes are a relatively new addition to local ecosystems, and were first documented in Maryland during 1972. Initial substantiated sightings occurred in Cecil, Frederick and Washington counties. Since that time population densities and occupied range have expanded incrementally and coyotes now occur statewide. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110815030808/http://www.dnr.state.md.us/wildlife/Hunt_Trap/furbearers/coyote.asp" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110815030808/http://www.dnr.state.md.us/wildlife/Hunt_Trap/furbearers/coyote.asp</a> <a href="#fnref:75" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:77">"Assateague Island National Seashore wild Ponies". Assateagueisland.com. Archived from the original on March 4, 2010. Retrieved October 24, 2010. <a href="http://www.assateagueisland.com/wildlife/pony.htm" target="_blank">http://www.assateagueisland.com/wildlife/pony.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:77" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:82">"Eastern Box Turtle". Maryland Biodiversity Project. Archived from the original on July 9, 2018. Retrieved July 8, 2018. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180709010633/https://www.marylandbiodiversity.com/viewSpecies.php?species=865" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20180709010633/https://www.marylandbiodiversity.com/viewSpecies.php?species=865</a> <a href="#fnref:82" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:85">Euphydryas phaeton (Drury, 1773) Archived September 6, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, Butterflies and Moths of North America <a href="http://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/species?l=1753" target="_blank">http://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/species?l=1753</a> <a href="#fnref:85" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:98">"Monthly Averages for Oakland, MD". weather.com. Archived from the original on September 27, 2013. Retrieved September 28, 2013. <a href="http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/USMD0294" target="_blank">http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/USMD0294</a> <a href="#fnref:98" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:99">"Station Name: MD Cumberland 2". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on May 25, 2017. Retrieved March 5, 2013. <a href="ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/1981-2010/products/station/USC00182282.normals.txt" target="_blank">ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/1981-2010/products/station/USC00182282.normals.txt</a> <a href="#fnref:99" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:100">"Monthly Averages for Hagerstown, MD". weather.com. Archived from the original on September 27, 2013. Retrieved September 28, 2013. <a href="http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/USMD0195" target="_blank">http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/USMD0195</a> <a href="#fnref:100" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:101">"Station Name: MD Frederick Police Brks". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on May 25, 2017. Retrieved March 5, 2013. <a href="ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/1981-2010/products/station/USC00183348.normals.txt" target="_blank">ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/1981-2010/products/station/USC00183348.normals.txt</a> <a href="#fnref:101" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:102">"Station Name: MD MD Sci Ctr Baltimore". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on May 25, 2017. Retrieved February 27, 2013. <a href="ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/1981-2010/products/station/USW00093784.normals.txt" target="_blank">ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/1981-2010/products/station/USW00093784.normals.txt</a> <a href="#fnref:102" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:103">"Monthly Averages for Elkton, MD (21921)". The Weather Channel. Archived from the original on November 6, 2018. Retrieved May 21, 2017. <a href="http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/21921" target="_blank">http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/21921</a> <a href="#fnref:103" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:104">"Station Name: MD Ocean City Muni Ap". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on May 25, 2017. Retrieved March 5, 2013. <a href="ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/1981-2010/products/station/USW00093786.normals.txt" target="_blank">ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/1981-2010/products/station/USW00093786.normals.txt</a> <a href="#fnref:104" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:105">"Monthly Averages for Waldorf, MD". The Weather Channel. Archived from the original on November 6, 2018. Retrieved May 21, 2017. <a href="http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/USMD0414" target="_blank">http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/USMD0414</a> <a href="#fnref:105" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:106">"Monthly Averages for Point Lookout State Park [Scotland, MD]". The Weather Channel. Archived from the original on November 10, 2018. Retrieved May 21, 2017. <a href="https://weather.com/weather/monthly/l/20687" target="_blank">https://weather.com/weather/monthly/l/20687</a> <a href="#fnref:106" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:107">"Calvert County, Maryland's Success in Controlling Sprawl". Environmental Protection Agency. Archived from the original on September 13, 2016. Retrieved September 3, 2016. <a href="https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyNET.exe/P1000II5.TXT?ZyActionD=ZyDocument&Client=EPA&Index=2000+Thru+2005&Docs=&Query=&Time=&EndTime=&SearchMethod=1&TocRestrict=n&Toc=&TocEntry=&QField=&QFieldYear=&QFieldMonth=&QFieldDay=&IntQFieldOp=0&ExtQFieldOp=0&XmlQuery=&File=D%3A%5Czyfiles%5CIndex%20Data%5C00thru05%5CTxt%5C00000014%5CP1000II5.txt&User=ANONYMOUS&Password=anonymous&SortMethod=h%7C-&MaximumDocuments=1&FuzzyDegree=0&ImageQuality=r75g8/r75g8/x150y150g16/i425&Display=hpfr&DefSeekPage=x&SearchBack=ZyActionL&Back=ZyActionS&BackDesc=Results%20page&MaximumPages=1&ZyEntry=1&SeekPage=x&ZyPURL" target="_blank">https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyNET.exe/P1000II5.TXT?ZyActionD=ZyDocument&Client=EPA&Index=2000+Thru+2005&Docs=&Query=&Time=&EndTime=&SearchMethod=1&TocRestrict=n&Toc=&TocEntry=&QField=&QFieldYear=&QFieldMonth=&QFieldDay=&IntQFieldOp=0&ExtQFieldOp=0&XmlQuery=&File=D%3A%5Czyfiles%5CIndex%20Data%5C00thru05%5CTxt%5C00000014%5CP1000II5.txt&User=ANONYMOUS&Password=anonymous&SortMethod=h%7C-&MaximumDocuments=1&FuzzyDegree=0&ImageQuality=r75g8/r75g8/x150y150g16/i425&Display=hpfr&DefSeekPage=x&SearchBack=ZyActionL&Back=ZyActionS&BackDesc=Results%20page&MaximumPages=1&ZyEntry=1&SeekPage=x&ZyPURL</a> <a href="#fnref:107" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:108">Shields, Todd (February 16, 1997). "On Edge". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 3, 2016. <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/local/longterm/library/growth/part1/southmd.htm" target="_blank">https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/local/longterm/library/growth/part1/southmd.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:108" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:109">"Historical Population Change Data (1910–2020)". Census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on April 29, 2021. Retrieved May 1, 2021. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210429012609/https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20210429012609/https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html</a> <a href="#fnref:109" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:110">"Historical Population Change Data (1910–2020)". Census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on April 29, 2021. Retrieved May 1, 2021. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210429012609/https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20210429012609/https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html</a> <a href="#fnref:110" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:111">"QuickFacts Maryland; United States". 2018 Population Estimates. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. February 7, 2019. Archived from the original on February 9, 2019. Retrieved February 7, 2019. <a href="https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/md,US/PST045218" target="_blank">https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/md,US/PST045218</a> <a href="#fnref:111" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:112">"Immigrants in Maryland" (PDF). American Immigration Council. 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 11, 2023. Retrieved August 12, 2023. <a href="https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/sites/default/files/research/immigrants_in_maryland.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/sites/default/files/research/immigrants_in_maryland.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:112" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:113">"Population and Population Centers by State—2000". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on December 12, 2001. Retrieved December 5, 2008. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011212170351/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/cenpop/statecenters.txt" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20011212170351/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/cenpop/statecenters.txt</a> <a href="#fnref:113" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:114">"The South As It's [sic] Own Nation". League of the South. 2004. Archived from the original on June 5, 2008. Retrieved May 23, 2008. On the other hand, areas beyond these thirteen States maintain their Southern culture to varying degrees. Much of Missouri remains basically Southern, as do parts of southern Maryland and Maryland's eastern shore. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080605104450/http://dixienet.org/New%20Site/thesouthasitsownnation.shtml" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20080605104450/http://dixienet.org/New%20Site/thesouthasitsownnation.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:114" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:115">Beck, John; Randall, Aaron & Frandsen, Wendy (June 27, 2007). "Southern Culture: An Introduction" (PDF). Durham, North Carolina: Carolina Academic Press. pp. 14–15. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved May 23, 2008. Kentucky, Missouri, West Virginia, and Maryland – slaveholding states and regions before the Civil War that did not secede from the Union – are also often included as part of the South. As border states, these states always were crossroads of values and customs, and today parts of Maryland seem to have become part of the 'Northeast'. <a href="http://www.cap-press.com/pdf/1517.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.cap-press.com/pdf/1517.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:115" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:116">"Regions of the United States". American Memory. The Library of Congress. Archived from the original on May 28, 2010. Retrieved August 11, 2009. <a href="http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/gmdhtml/rrhtml/regdef.html" target="_blank">http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/gmdhtml/rrhtml/regdef.html</a> <a href="#fnref:116" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:117">"Region 3: The Mid-Atlantic States". U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Archived from the original on July 27, 2010. Retrieved August 11, 2009. <a href="http://www.epa.gov/region03/index.htm" target="_blank">http://www.epa.gov/region03/index.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:117" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:118">"Your Local FBI Office". Federal Bureau of Investigation. Archived from the original on August 15, 2009. Retrieved August 11, 2009. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090815093807/http://www.fbi.gov/contact/fo/fo.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090815093807/http://www.fbi.gov/contact/fo/fo.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:118" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:119">"Routes Serving the Northeast". National Railroad Passenger Corporation. Archived from the original on August 15, 2009. Retrieved August 11, 2009. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090815025107/http://www.amtrak.com/servlet/ContentServer?pagename=Amtrak%2FPage%2FBrowse_Routes_Page&c=Page&cid=1081256321410&ssid=134" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090815025107/http://www.amtrak.com/servlet/ContentServer?pagename=Amtrak%2FPage%2FBrowse_Routes_Page&c=Page&cid=1081256321410&ssid=134</a> <a href="#fnref:119" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:120">"Best Regional Colleges". The Princeton Review. Archived from the original on February 6, 2010. Retrieved August 11, 2009. <a href="http://www.princetonreview.com/best-regional-colleges.aspx" target="_blank">http://www.princetonreview.com/best-regional-colleges.aspx</a> <a href="#fnref:120" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:121">"2007-2022 PIT Counts by State". Archived from the original on March 14, 2023. Retrieved March 11, 2023. <a href="https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huduser.gov%2Fportal%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fxls%2F2007-2022-PIT-Counts-by-State.xlsx&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK" target="_blank">https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huduser.gov%2Fportal%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fxls%2F2007-2022-PIT-Counts-by-State.xlsx&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK</a> <a href="#fnref:121" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:122">"The 2022 Annual Homelessness Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on March 11, 2023. Retrieved March 11, 2023. <a href="https://www.huduser.gov/portal/sites/default/files/pdf/2022-AHAR-Part-1.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.huduser.gov/portal/sites/default/files/pdf/2022-AHAR-Part-1.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:122" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:123">Exner, Rich (June 3, 2012). "Americans under age 1 now mostly minorities, but not in Ohio: Statistical Snapshot". The Plain Dealer. Archived from the original on July 14, 2016. Retrieved February 19, 2020. <a href="http://www.cleveland.com/datacentral/index.ssf/2012/06/americas_under_age_1_populatio.html" target="_blank">http://www.cleveland.com/datacentral/index.ssf/2012/06/americas_under_age_1_populatio.html</a> <a href="#fnref:123" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:124">"Births: Final Data for 2013" (PDF). National Vital Statistics Reports. 64 (1). National Center for Health Statistics: 35–36. January 15, 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 11, 2017. Retrieved February 19, 2020. <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_01.pdf#page=35" target="_blank">https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_01.pdf#page=35</a> <a href="#fnref:124" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:125">"Births: Final Data for 2014" (PDF). National Vital Statistics Reports. 64 (12). National Center for Health Statistics: 35–36. December 23, 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 14, 2017. Retrieved February 19, 2020. <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_12.pdf#page=35" target="_blank">https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_12.pdf#page=35</a> <a href="#fnref:125" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:126">"Births: Final Data for 2015" (PDF). National Vital Statistics Reports. 66 (1). National Center for Health Statistics: 38, 40. January 5, 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 31, 2017. Retrieved February 19, 2020. <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr66/nvsr66_01.pdf#page=38" target="_blank">https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr66/nvsr66_01.pdf#page=38</a> <a href="#fnref:126" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:127">"Births: Final Data for 2016" (PDF). National Vital Statistics Reports. 67 (1). National Center for Health Statistics: 25. January 31, 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 3, 2018. Retrieved February 19, 2020. <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_01.pdf#page=25" target="_blank">https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_01.pdf#page=25</a> <a href="#fnref:127" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:128">"Births: Final Data for 2017" (PDF). National Vital Statistics Reports. 67 (8). National Center for Health Statistics: 20. November 7, 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 1, 2019. Retrieved February 19, 2020. <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_08-508.pdf#page=20" target="_blank">https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_08-508.pdf#page=20</a> <a href="#fnref:128" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:129">"Births: Final Data for 2018" (PDF). National Vital Statistics Reports. 68 (13). National Center for Health Statistics: 20. November 27, 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 28, 2019. Retrieved February 19, 2020. <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr68/nvsr68_13-508.pdf#page=20" target="_blank">https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr68/nvsr68_13-508.pdf#page=20</a> <a href="#fnref:129" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:130">Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Osterman, Michelle J.K.; Driscoll, Anne K. (March 23, 2021). "Births: Final Data for 2019" (PDF). National Vital Statistics Reports. 70 (2). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: 1–51. PMID 33814033. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 23, 2021. Retrieved March 30, 2021. <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr70/nvsr70-02-508.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr70/nvsr70-02-508.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:130" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:131">"Data" (PDF). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 10, 2022. Retrieved February 20, 2022. <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr70/nvsr70-17.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr70/nvsr70-17.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:131" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:132">"Data" (PDF). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 1, 2023. Retrieved February 3, 2022. <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr72/nvsr72-01.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr72/nvsr72-01.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:132" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:133">"Data" (PDF). www.cdc.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 4, 2024. Retrieved April 5, 2024. <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr73/nvsr73-02.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr73/nvsr73-02.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:133" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:134">"Immigrants in Maryland". American Immigration Council. May 1, 2015. Archived from the original on January 30, 2023. Retrieved January 30, 2023. <a href="https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/research/immigrants-in-maryland" target="_blank">https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/research/immigrants-in-maryland</a> <a href="#fnref:134" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:135">"Biggest sources of immigrants to Maryland". Stacker. Archived from the original on January 30, 2023. Retrieved January 30, 2023. <a href="https://stacker.com/maryland/biggest-sources-immigrants-maryland" target="_blank">https://stacker.com/maryland/biggest-sources-immigrants-maryland</a> <a href="#fnref:135" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:136">As of 2022–2023, there were only 8,646 Nepali immigrants in Maryland; however, numerous sources cite the number of Nepali or Nepali-Bhutanese immigrants and refugees in Maryland as between 20,000 and 25,000, considering that the community has often been undercounted. <a href="#fnref:136" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:137">"The Demographic Statistical Atlas of the United States - Statistical Atlas". statisticalatlas.com. Archived from the original on January 30, 2023. Retrieved January 30, 2023. <a href="https://statisticalatlas.com/state/Maryland/Languages" target="_blank">https://statisticalatlas.com/state/Maryland/Languages</a> <a href="#fnref:137" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:138">acutrans19 (September 28, 2022). "Top 10 Languages of Maryland". Acutrans | Certified Translation Services. Archived from the original on January 30, 2023. Retrieved January 30, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) <a href="https://acutrans.com/top-10-languages-of-maryland/" target="_blank">https://acutrans.com/top-10-languages-of-maryland/</a> <a href="#fnref:138" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:139">Yax, Laura K. "Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States". Archived from the original on July 25, 2008. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080725044857/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20080725044857/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html</a> <a href="#fnref:139" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:140">Yax, Laura K. "Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States". Archived from the original on July 25, 2008. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080725044857/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20080725044857/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html</a> <a href="#fnref:140" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:141">[1][usurped]
 <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231204035006/https://censusviewer.com/city/MD" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20231204035006/https://censusviewer.com/city/MD</a> <a href="#fnref:141" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:142">"Maryland QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau". Archived from the original on February 7, 2015. Retrieved January 14, 2015. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150207070852/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/24000.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20150207070852/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/24000.html</a> <a href="#fnref:142" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:143">"QuickFacts: Maryland". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 26, 2020. Retrieved July 16, 2021. <a href="https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/MD/PST045219" target="_blank">https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/MD/PST045219</a> <a href="#fnref:143" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:144">"Maryland—Race and Hispanic Origin: 1790 to 1990". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 25, 2008. Retrieved April 18, 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080725044857/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20080725044857/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html</a> <a href="#fnref:144" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:145">"B03002 Hispanic or Latino Origin by Race – Maryland – 2019 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates". U.S. Census Bureau. July 1, 2019. Archived from the original on March 4, 2021. Retrieved November 23, 2020. <a href="https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=B03002&g=0400000US24&tid=ACSDT1Y2019.B03002&hidePreview=true" target="_blank">https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=B03002&g=0400000US24&tid=ACSDT1Y2019.B03002&hidePreview=true</a> <a href="#fnref:145" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:172">https://www.mdhistory.org/the-gypsy-queen-of-baltimore/#:~:text=Habersham%20is%20only%20the%20most,the%20neighborhood%20of%20Cherry%20Hill. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) <a href="https://www.mdhistory.org/the-gypsy-queen-of-baltimore/#:~:text=Habersham%20is%20only%20the%20most,the%20neighborhood%20of%20Cherry%20Hill" target="_blank">https://www.mdhistory.org/the-gypsy-queen-of-baltimore/#:~:text=Habersham%20is%20only%20the%20most,the%20neighborhood%20of%20Cherry%20Hill</a> <a href="#fnref:172" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:173">"Religious composition of adults in Maryland". Religious Landscape Study. The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. 2017. Archived from the original on October 10, 2017. Retrieved October 5, 2017. <a href="https://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/state/maryland/" target="_blank">https://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/state/maryland/</a> <a href="#fnref:173" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:174">Including Evangelical Protestants (18%), Mainline Protestants (18%), and Historically[further explanation needed] Black Protestants (16%)[155] <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Protestants" target="_blank">/wiki/Evangelical_Protestants</a> <a href="#fnref:174" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:248">Miyares, Javier (April 8, 2020). "Education Viewpoint: This pandemic puts online education in the spotlight". Baltimore Business Journal. Archived from the original on February 20, 2021. Retrieved May 16, 2020. <a href="https://www.bizjournals.com/baltimore/news/2020/04/08/viewpoint-this-pandemic-puts-online-education-in.html" target="_blank">https://www.bizjournals.com/baltimore/news/2020/04/08/viewpoint-this-pandemic-puts-online-education-in.html</a> <a href="#fnref:248" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:249">D'Amato, Pete (May 1, 2020). "Coronavirus accelerates higher education's trend toward distance learning". The Hechinger Report. Archived from the original on May 16, 2020. Retrieved May 16, 2020. <a href="https://hechingerreport.org/coronavirus-accelerates-higher-educations-trend-toward-distance-learning/" target="_blank">https://hechingerreport.org/coronavirus-accelerates-higher-educations-trend-toward-distance-learning/</a> <a href="#fnref:249" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:250">"Home". Archived from the original on November 15, 2016. Retrieved November 14, 2016. <a href="https://cosmos.somd.lib.md.us/" target="_blank">https://cosmos.somd.lib.md.us/</a> <a href="#fnref:250" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:251">"Institute of Museum and Library Services—Maryland State Profile". IMLS. Archived from the original on February 27, 2019. Retrieved February 26, 2019. <a href="https://www.imls.gov/grants/grants-state/state-profiles/maryland" target="_blank">https://www.imls.gov/grants/grants-state/state-profiles/maryland</a> <a href="#fnref:251" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:252">"Top 10 Maryland athletes in The Sun's 175-year history". Baltimore Sun. May 16, 2012. Archived from the original on January 20, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130120112259/http://www.baltimoresun.com/sports/bal-top-175-top-10-story-gallery,0,2436595.storygallery" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130120112259/http://www.baltimoresun.com/sports/bal-top-175-top-10-story-gallery,0,2436595.storygallery</a> <a href="#fnref:252" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:253">"State Symbols". Maryland State Archives. Archived from the original on May 27, 2010. Retrieved December 6, 2007. <a href="http://www.msa.md.gov/msa/mdmanual/01glance/html/symbols/sport.html" target="_blank">http://www.msa.md.gov/msa/mdmanual/01glance/html/symbols/sport.html</a> <a href="#fnref:253" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:255">"Bong County & Maryland County, Liberia". Maryland Sister States. Archived from the original on September 4, 2021. Retrieved September 4, 2021. <a href="https://www.marylandsisterstates.org/about-bong-county-maryland-county-liberia/" target="_blank">https://www.marylandsisterstates.org/about-bong-county-maryland-county-liberia/</a> <a href="#fnref:255" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:256">"State of Jalisco, Mexico". Maryland Sister States. Archived from the original on September 3, 2021. Retrieved September 4, 2021. <a href="https://www.marylandsisterstates.org/about-state-of-jalisco-mexico" target="_blank">https://www.marylandsisterstates.org/about-state-of-jalisco-mexico</a> <a href="#fnref:256" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:257">"Cross River State, Nigeria". Maryland Sister States. Archived from the original on September 18, 2021. Retrieved September 4, 2021. <a href="https://www.marylandsisterstates.org/about-cross-river-state-nigeria/" target="_blank">https://www.marylandsisterstates.org/about-cross-river-state-nigeria/</a> <a href="#fnref:257" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:258">"Ondo State, Nigeria". Maryland Sister States. Archived from the original on September 18, 2021. Retrieved September 4, 2021. <a href="https://www.marylandsisterstates.org/about-ondo-state-nigeria/" target="_blank">https://www.marylandsisterstates.org/about-ondo-state-nigeria/</a> <a href="#fnref:258" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:259">"Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa". Maryland Sister States. Archived from the original on September 4, 2021. Retrieved September 4, 2021. <a href="https://www.marylandsisterstates.org/kwazulu-natal-south-africa/" target="_blank">https://www.marylandsisterstates.org/kwazulu-natal-south-africa/</a> <a href="#fnref:259" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:260">"It turns out that this is the origin of Marelan, one of the sub-districts in Medan City". Net24jam.id. Archived from the original on October 22, 2023. Retrieved October 10, 2022. <a href="https://net24jam.id/ternyata-ini-asal-usul-marelan-salah-satu-kecamatan-di-kota-medan/" target="_blank">https://net24jam.id/ternyata-ini-asal-usul-marelan-salah-satu-kecamatan-di-kota-medan/</a> <a href="#fnref:260" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Maryland open-in-new

Maryland